CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Islamic modernism - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"1e7747df-eb95-4362-bc39-c3be062baafd","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Islamic_modernism","wgTitle":"Islamic modernism","wgCurRevisionId":1259243560,"wgRevisionId":1259243560,"wgArticleId":15050229,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Webarchive template wayback links","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020","Islamic modernism"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Islamic_modernism","wgRelevantArticleId":15050229, "wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":90000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3935373","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="568"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="379"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/640px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="303"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Islamic modernism - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_modernism"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_modernism"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Islamic_modernism rootpage-Islamic_modernism skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Islamic+modernism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Islamic+modernism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Islamic+modernism" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Islamic+modernism" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Themes,_arguments_and_positions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes,_arguments_and_positions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Themes, arguments and positions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Themes,_arguments_and_positions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Themes, arguments and positions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Themes,_arguments_and_positions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beliefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beliefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Beliefs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beliefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Islamic law</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamic_law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apologetics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apologetics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Apologetics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apologetics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_Modernism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_Modernism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History of Modernism</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_of_Modernism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History of Modernism subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History_of_Modernism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ottoman_Tanzimat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ottoman_Tanzimat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Ottoman Tanzimat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ottoman_Tanzimat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Spread</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Egypt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Egypt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Egypt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Egypt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ibn_Ashur's_Maqasid_al-Sharia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ibn_Ashur's_Maqasid_al-Sharia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Ibn Ashur's <i>Maqasid al-Sharia</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ibn_Ashur's_Maqasid_al-Sharia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islamism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Islamism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islamism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Contemporary Era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_on_Revivalist_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_on_Revivalist_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Influence on Revivalist movements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_on_Revivalist_movements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence on Revivalist movements subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_on_Revivalist_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Salafiyya_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Salafiyya_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Salafiyya movement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Salafiyya_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origins_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Revivalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Revivalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Revivalism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Revivalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muslim_Brotherhood" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muslim_Brotherhood"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Muslim Brotherhood</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muslim_Brotherhood-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islamic_modernists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islamic_modernists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Islamic modernists</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islamic_modernists-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Islamic modernists subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Islamic_modernists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Contemporary_Modernists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_Modernists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Contemporary Modernists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_Modernists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Contemporary use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muhammadiyah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muhammadiyah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Muhammadiyah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muhammadiyah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Criticism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Islamic modernism</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="حداثة إسلامية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حداثة إسلامية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="ইসলামি আধুনিকতাবাদ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইসলামি আধুনিকতাবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformisme_isl%C3%A0mic" title="Reformisme islàmic – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Reformisme islàmic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isl%C3%A1msk%C3%BD_modernismus" title="Islámský modernismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Islámský modernismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformismo_isl%C3%A1mico" title="Reformismo islámico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reformismo islámico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islama_reformismo" title="Islama reformismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Islama reformismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C" title="نوگرایی اسلامی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نوگرایی اسلامی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salafisme_moderniste" title="Salafisme moderniste – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Salafisme moderniste" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%A7%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="इस्लामी आधुनिकतावाद – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="इस्लामी आधुनिकतावाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernisme_Islam" title="Modernisme Islam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Modernisme Islam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riformismo_islamico" title="Riformismo islamico – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Riformismo islamico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%99" title="מודרניזם אסלאמי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מודרניזם אסלאמי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A_%D8%B9%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A8_(%D9%85%DA%89%D8%B1%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85)" title="اسلامي عصري توب (مډرنیزم) – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اسلامي عصري توب (مډرنیزم)" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modernismo_isl%C3%A2mico" title="Modernismo islâmico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modernismo islâmico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0slami_modernizm" title="İslami modernizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İslami modernizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="伊斯兰现代主义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊斯兰现代主义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3935373#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Islamic_modernism" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernism"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Islamic_modernism" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Islamic_modernism" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&oldid=1259243560" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Islamic_modernism&id=1259243560&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIslamic_modernism"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FIslamic_modernism"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Islamic_modernism&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3935373" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Movement to reconcile Islam with modern values</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For liberal movements in Islam, see <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism within Islam</a>. For the topic of Islam in the contemporary sociology of religion, see <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="font-size:88%; line-height:188%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sunni_Islam" title="Category:Sunni Islam">a series</a> on</span></span><br /><span style="font-size:188%;"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/200px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/300px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Ahlul_Sunnah.png/400px-Ahlul_Sunnah.png 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah_(Islamic_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqidah (Islamic theology)">Beliefs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tawhid" title="Tawhid">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_and_messengers_in_Islam" title="Prophets and messengers in Islam">Prophets and Messengers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_holy_books" title="Islamic holy books">Holy books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angels_in_Islam" title="Angels in Islam">Angels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Judgement Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predestination_in_Islam" title="Predestination in Islam">Predestination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Sahaba</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Five_Pillars_of_Islam" title="Five Pillars of Islam">Five Pillars</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shahada" title="Shahada">Declaration of Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salah" title="Salah">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawm" class="mw-redirect" title="Sawm">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Pilgrimage</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rightly-Guided Caliphs</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umar" title="Umar">Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Sunni <a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools</a> of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">law</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbali</a></li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size:85%;">Others</span></span> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awza%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Awza'i">Awza'i</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thawri" class="mw-redirect" title="Thawri">Thawri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laythi" class="mw-redirect" title="Laythi">Laythi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jariri" class="mw-redirect" title="Jariri">Jariri</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Sunni schools of theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Ra%27y" title="Ahl al-Ra'y">Ahl al-Ra'y</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a>)</li></ul> <p><span style="position: relative; top: 0.1em;"><span style="font-size:85%;">In terms of <a href="/wiki/Ihsan" title="Ihsan">Ihsan</a>:</span></span> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufis</a> (Ahl <a href="/wiki/Wajd" title="Wajd">al-Wijdan</a> wa <a href="/wiki/Kashf" title="Kashf">al-Kashf</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches#Movements" title="Islamic schools and branches">Contemporary movements</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barelvi_movement" title="Barelvi movement">Barelvi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deobandi_movement" title="Deobandi movement">Deobandi movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_neo-traditionalism" title="Islamic neo-traditionalism">Neo-traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farahi" class="mw-redirect" title="Farahi">Farahi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Holiest_sites_in_Islam" title="Holiest sites in Islam">Holy sites</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Lists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Literature</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam#History" title="Sunni Islam">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Sunnism" title="Anti-Sunnism">Persecution</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sunni_Islam" title="Template:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sunni_Islam" title="Template talk:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni_Islam" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sunni Islam"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Islamic modernism</b> is a movement that has been described as "the first <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> ideological response to the Western cultural challenge",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attempting to reconcile the <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic faith</a> with values perceived as modern such as <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil rights">civil rights</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rationality" title="Rationality">rationality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Egalitarianism" title="Egalitarianism">equality</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Social_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Social progress">progress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It featured a "critical reexamination of the classical conceptions and methods of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a>", and a new approach to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quranic</a> <a href="/wiki/Exegesis" title="Exegesis">exegesis</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-moaddel_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moaddel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A contemporary definition describes it as an "effort to re-read Islam's fundamental sources—the Qur'an and the Sunna, (the practice of the Prophet)—by placing them in their historical context, and then reinterpreting them, non-literally, in the light of the modern context."<sup id="cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Akyol-ruining-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was one of several <a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic movements</a>—including <a href="/wiki/Islamic_secularism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic secularism">Islamic secularism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>—that emerged in the middle of the 19th century in reaction to the rapid changes of the time, especially the perceived onslaught of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western civilization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic modernism differs from secularism in that it insists on the importance of religious faith in public life, and from <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> in that it embraces contemporary European institutions, social processes, and values.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One expression of Islamic modernism, formulated by Mahathir, is that "only when Islam is interpreted so as to be relevant in a world which is different from what it was 1400 years ago, can Islam be regarded as a religion for all ages."<sup id="cite_ref-IFGE2010:127_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IFGE2010:127-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Prominent leaders of the movement include <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Sir Sayyid Ahmed Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Namık Kemal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rifa%27a_at-Tahtawi" title="Rifa'a at-Tahtawi">Rifa'a al-Tahtawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a> (former Sheikh of <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a>), <a href="/wiki/Jamal_ad-Din_al-Afghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani">Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani</a>, and South Asian poet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a>. Since its inception, Islamic modernism has suffered from <a href="/wiki/Co-option" title="Co-option">co-option</a> of its original reformism by both secularist rulers and by "the official <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a></i>" whose "task it is to legitimise" rulers' actions in religious terms.<sup id="cite_ref-Ruthven-318_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruthven-318-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes,_arguments_and_positions"><span id="Themes.2C_arguments_and_positions"></span>Themes, arguments and positions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Themes, arguments and positions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some themes in modern Islamic thought include: </p> <ul><li>The acknowledgement "with varying degrees of criticism or emulation", of the technological, scientific and legal achievements of the West; while at the same time objecting "to Western colonial exploitation of Muslim countries and the imposition of Western secular values" and aiming to develop a modern and dynamic understanding of science among Muslims that would strengthen the Muslim world and prevent further exploitation.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>After traveling to Europe in the late 19th century, Muhammad Abduh came back so impressed with the order and prosperity he saw, he told Egyptians: "I went to the West and saw Islam, but no Muslims; I got back to the East and saw Muslims, but no Islam."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Sayyid Ahmed Khan was said to have not only admired the accomplishments of Britain but to have had an "emotional attachment" to the country.<sup id="cite_ref-ruthven-311_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruthven-311-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beliefs">Beliefs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beliefs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a> sought to harmonize scripture with modern knowledge of natural science; to bridge "the gap between science and religious truth" by "abandoning literal interpretations" of scripture, and questioning the methodology of the collectors of <a href="/wiki/Sahih_hadith" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahih hadith">sahih hadith</a>, i.e. questioning whether what are thought to be some of the most accurately passed down narrations of what the Prophet said and did, are actually divinely revealed.<sup id="cite_ref-ruthven-301_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruthven-301-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some non-literal interpretations Ahmed Khan came to were: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Angel in Islam">Angels</a> are not beings created from light but "'properties' of things or conceptionalizations of the divine moral support which encourages man in his endeavors.<sup id="cite_ref-ruthven-301_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruthven-301-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a> are not beings with free will created from fire, but "projections of evil desires".<sup id="cite_ref-ruthven-301_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruthven-301-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islamic_law">Islamic law</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Islamic law"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cheragh Ali<sup id="cite_ref-Ali-2014-69_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali-2014-69-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Syed Ahmad Khan<sup id="cite_ref-ruthven-302_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruthven-302-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> argued that "the Islamic code of law is not unalterable and unchangeable", and instead could be adopted "to the social and political revolutions going on around it".<sup id="cite_ref-Ali-2014-69_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali-2014-69-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>"Objectives" of Islamic law (<i><a href="/wiki/Maqasid" title="Maqasid">maqasid</a> al-sharia</i>) in support of "public interest", (or <i><a href="/wiki/Maslahah" class="mw-redirect" title="Maslahah">maslahah</a></i>, a secondary source for Islamic jurisprudence) were invoked.<sup id="cite_ref-Djamil_1995,_60_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Djamil_1995,_60-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mausud_2005_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mausud_2005-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was done by Islamic reformists in "many parts of the globe to justify initiatives not addressed in classical commentaries but regarded as of urgent political and ethical concern."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hefner-2016-265_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hefner-2016-265-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Traditional Islamic law was reinterpreted using the four traditional sources of Islamic jurisprudence – the holy book of Islam (<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a>), the reported deeds and sayings of Muhammad (<a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>), consensus of the theologians (<i><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">ijma</a></i>) and juristic reasoning by analogy (<i><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">qiyas</a></i>), plus another source -- independent reasoning to find a solution to a legal question '('<a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a><i>).<sup id="cite_ref-ODI_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></i> <ul><li>the first two sources (the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>) were taken and reinterpreted "to transform the last two (<i>ijma</i> and <i>qiyas</i>) in order to formulate a reformist project in light of the prevailing standards of scientific rationality and modern social theory."<sup id="cite_ref-moaddel_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moaddel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>traditional Islamic law was restricted by limiting its basis to the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and authentic <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a>, i.e. limiting the Sunna with radical <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hanif-72_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hanif-72-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a></i> was employed not to only in the traditional, narrow way to arrive at legal rulings in unprecedented cases, i.e. where Quran, hadith, and rulings of earlier jurists are silent, but for critical independent reasoning in all domains of thought, and perhaps even approving of its use by non-jurists.<sup id="cite_ref-ijtihad_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ijtihad-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>These more or less radical (re)interpretations of the authoritative sources applied particularly to cases of Quranic verses or hadith where literal interpretations conflicts with "modern" views: <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">polygyny</a>, the <i><a href="/wiki/Hadd" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadd">hadd</a></i> (penal) <a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">punishments</a> (chopping off hands, administering lashes, etc.), treatment of <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">unbelievers</a>, waging of <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a>, banning of <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a> or interest on loans (<i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">riba</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>On the topic of <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a>, Islamic scholars like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ibn_al-Amir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ibn al-Amir (page does not exist)">Ibn al-Amir</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-San%27ani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-San'ani (page does not exist)">al-San'ani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ubaidullah_Sindhi" title="Ubaidullah Sindhi">Ubaidullah Sindhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Qaradawi" title="Yusuf al-Qaradawi">Yusuf al-Qaradawi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shibli_Nomani" title="Shibli Nomani">Shibli Nomani</a> distinguished between defensive Jihad (<i>Jihad al-daf</i>) and offensive Jihad (<i>Jihad al-talab</i> or Jihad of choice). They refuted the notion of consensus on <i>Jihad al-talab</i> being a communal obligation (<i>fard kifaya</i>). In support of this view, these scholars referred to the works of classical scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Al-Jassas" title="Al-Jassas">Al-Jassas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a>, etc. According to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a>, the reason for <a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a> against non-Muslims is not their disbelief but the threat they pose to Muslims. Citing <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a>, scholars like <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al_San%27ani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al San'ani (page does not exist)">Al San'ani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qaradawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Qaradawi">Qaradawi</a>, etc. argues that unbelievers need not be fought unless they pose a threat to Muslims. Thus, Jihad is obligatory only as a defensive warfare to respond to aggression or "perfidy" against the Muslim community, and that the "normal and desired state" between Islamic and non-Islamic territories was one of "peaceful coexistence".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petersjihad150_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersjihad150-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WahhabiIslam-236-7_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WahhabiIslam-236-7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly the 18th-century Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> defined Jihad as a defensive military action to protect the Muslim community, and emphasized its defensive aspect in synchrony with later 20th century Islamic writers.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shaltut" title="Mahmud Shaltut">Mahmud Shaltut</a> and other modernists, unbelief was not sufficient cause for declaring jihad.<sup id="cite_ref-WahhabiIslam-236-7_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WahhabiIslam-236-7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petersjihad77_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersjihad77-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Conversion_to_Islam" title="Conversion to Islam">conversion to Islam</a> by unbelievers in fear of death at the hands of jihadists (<a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">mujahideen</a>) was unlikely to prove sincere or lasting.<sup id="cite_ref-WahhabiIslam-236-7_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WahhabiIslam-236-7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petersjihad64_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersjihad64-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much preferable means of conversion was education.<sup id="cite_ref-WahhabiIslam-236-7_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WahhabiIslam-236-7-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Petersjihad65_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Petersjihad65-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They pointed to the verse "No compulsion is there in religion".<sup>[<a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D2%3Averse%3D256">2:256</a>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-Cook-35_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cook-35-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On the topic of <i><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">riba</a></i> (usury), <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Malik" title="Fazlur Rahman Malik">Fazlur Rahman Malik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abd_El-Razzak_El-Sanhuri" title="Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri">Abd El-Razzak El-Sanhuri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Shaltout" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmoud Shaltout">Mahmoud Shaltout</a> all took issue with the jurist orthodoxy that any and all interest was <i>riba</i> and forbidden, believing that there was a difference between interest and <a href="/wiki/Usury" title="Usury">usury</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FKIBP2015:56_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FKIBP2015:56-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These jurists took precedent for their position from the classical scholar <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyya</a> who argued in his treatise "The Removal of Blames from the Great Imams", that scholars are divided on the prohibition of <i>riba al-fadl</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a>, the student of Ibn Taymiyya, also distinguished between <i>riba al-nasi'ah</i> and <i>riba al-fadl</i>, maintaining that only <i>riba al-nasi'ah</i> was prohibited by <i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></i> definitively while the latter was only prohibited in order to stop the charging of interest. According to him, the prohibition of <i>riba al-fadl</i> was less severe and it could be allowed in dire need or greater public interest (<i><a href="/wiki/Maslaha" title="Maslaha">maslaha</a></i>). Hence under a compelling need, an item may be sold with delay in return for dirhams or for another weighed substance despite implicating <i>riba al-nasi'ah</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Concerning <a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">Hudud</a>/hadd, specifically the cutting off the hand of the thief, the "classic modernist argument" is that it should be applied only in a "perfectly just" Islamic society where "there is no want", i.e. where no one steals anything because they need it and can't afford it.<sup id="cite_ref-ruthven-311_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruthven-311-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>According to Mansoor Moaddel, the "modernist exegesis" of the Quran advanced by scholars such as Sayyid Ahmad Khan (1817–1898), Chiragh Ali (1844–1895), Amir Ali (1849–1928), Shibli Nu'mani (1851–1914), and Mumtaz Ali (1860–1935) supported "Islamic feminism" — including women's education and involvement in social affairs, and opposition to polygamy.<sup id="cite_ref-Moaddel-Religion_and_Women-1998_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moaddel-Religion_and_Women-1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apologetics">Apologetics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Apologetics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apologetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Apologetic">Apologetic</a> writing linked aspects of the Islamic tradition with Western ideas and practices, and claimed Western practices in question were originally derived from Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Islamic apologetics has been severely criticized by many scholars as superficial, tendentious and even psychologically destructive, so much so that the term "apologetics" has almost become a term of abuse in the literature on modern Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Modernism">History of Modernism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History of Modernism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity#Islamic_modernists_until_1918" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity § Islamic modernists until 1918</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins">Origins</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Modernist-Fundamentalist_Genealogy_in_Islam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Modernist-Fundamentalist_Genealogy_in_Islam.jpg/220px-Modernist-Fundamentalist_Genealogy_in_Islam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Modernist-Fundamentalist_Genealogy_in_Islam.jpg/330px-Modernist-Fundamentalist_Genealogy_in_Islam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Modernist-Fundamentalist_Genealogy_in_Islam.jpg/440px-Modernist-Fundamentalist_Genealogy_in_Islam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="1092" /></a><figcaption>Islamic Modernism and Fundamentalism Genealogy</figcaption></figure> <p>According to Henri Lauzière, during the second half of the 19th century numerous Muslim reformers began efforts to reconcile Islamic values with the social and intellectual ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a> by purging (alleged) alterations from Islam and adhering to the basic tenets of Islam held during the <a href="/wiki/Rashidun" title="Rashidun">Rashidun</a> era. Their movement is regarded as the precursor to Islamic Modernism.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceF_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceF-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Voll, when faced with new ideas or conflicts with their faith Muslims operated in three different ways: adaptation, conservation, and literalism. Similarly, when juxtaposed with the modern European notion of <a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">reformation</a>, which primarily entails the alignment of conventional doctrines with <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> principles, it led to the emergence of two contrasting and symbiotic camps within the Muslim sphere: adaptionist modernists and literal fundamentalists. Modernists, in their divergence from <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">traditionalist reformers</a>, take umbrage with the term “reform,” deeming it an inaccurate descriptor for the latter’s objectives. Conversely, fundamentalists, driven by their Eurocentric convictions, perceive any semblance of reform as inherently malevolent.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mansoor Moaddel argues that modernism tended to develop in an environment where "pluralism" prevailed and rulers stayed out of religious and ideological debates and disputes. In contrast, Islamic fundamentalism thrived in "bureaucratic authoritarian" states where rulers controlled the means of cultural production, (even though they may have opposed fundamentalism).<sup id="cite_ref-Moaddel-Religion_and_Women-1998_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moaddel-Religion_and_Women-1998-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ottoman_Tanzimat">Ottoman Tanzimat</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ottoman Tanzimat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat era</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Namik_kemal2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Namik_kemal2.jpg/220px-Namik_kemal2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Namik_kemal2.jpg/330px-Namik_kemal2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Namik_kemal2.jpg/440px-Namik_kemal2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="650" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman empire">Ottoman</a> intellectual and activist <a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Namık Kemal</a> (d. 1888)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sayyid_Ahmad_Khan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sayyid_Ahmad_Khan.jpg/220px-Sayyid_Ahmad_Khan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sayyid_Ahmad_Khan.jpg/330px-Sayyid_Ahmad_Khan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Sayyid_Ahmad_Khan.jpg/440px-Sayyid_Ahmad_Khan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="722" data-file-height="1079" /></a><figcaption> Indian educationist and philosopher <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a> (1817–1898)</figcaption></figure> <p>Islamic modernist discourse emerged as an intellectual movement in the second quarter of nineteenth century; during an era of wide-ranging reforms initiated across the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman empire</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a> (1839–1876 C.E). The movement sought to harmonise classical Islamic theological concepts with <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutional</a> ideas and advocated the reformulation of religious values in light of drastic social, political and technological changes. Intellectuals like <a href="/wiki/Nam%C4%B1k_Kemal" title="Namık Kemal">Namık Kemal</a> (1840–1888 C.E) called for popular sovereignty and "<a href="/wiki/Natural_rights_and_legal_rights" title="Natural rights and legal rights">natural rights</a>" of citizens. Major scholarly figures of this movement included the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Imam_of_al-Azhar" title="Grand Imam of al-Azhar">Grand Imam of al-Azhar</a> <a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Attar" title="Hasan al-Attar">Hassan al-Attar</a> (d. 1835), <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Vizier" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Vizier">Ottoman Vizier</a> <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Emin_%C3%82li_Pasha" title="Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha">Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha</a> (d. 1871), <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asian</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Sayyid Ahmad Khan</a> (d. 1898), and <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamal al-Din Afghani</a> (d. 1897). Inspired by their understanding of classical Islamic thought, these rationalist scholars regarded Islam as a religion compatible with <a href="/wiki/Western_philosophy" title="Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern science">modern science</a>. </p><p>At least one branch of Islamic Modernism began as an intellectual movement during the Tanzimat era and was part of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman constitution">Ottoman constitutional</a> movement and newly emerging patriotic trends of <a href="/wiki/Ottomanism" title="Ottomanism">Ottomanism</a> during the mid-19th century. It advocated for novel redefinitions of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman imperial</a> structure, bureaucratic reforms, implementing liberal constitution, centralisation, parliamentary system and was supportive of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Ottomans" title="Young Ottomans">Young Ottoman</a> movement. Although modernist activists agreed with the conservative Ottoman clergy in emphasising the Muslim character of the empire, they also had fierce disputes with them. While the Ottoman clerical establishment called for Muslim unity through the preservation of the dynastic authority and unquestionable <a href="/wiki/Bay%27ah" title="Bay'ah">allegiance</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Sultan">Ottoman Sultan</a>; modernist intellectuals argued that imperial unity was better served through parliamentary reforms and enshrining equal treatment of all Ottoman subjects; Muslim and non-Muslim. The modernist elites frequently invoked religious slogans to gain support for cultural and educational efforts as well as their political efforts to unite the Ottoman empire under a secular constitutional order.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, <i><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafiyya</a></i> movement emerged as an independent <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">revivalist</a> trend in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> amongst the scholarly circles of scripture-oriented <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascene</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulema</a></i> during the 1890s. Although Salafis shared many of the socio-political grievances of the modernist activists, they held different objectives from both the modernist and the wider constitutionalist movements. While the Salafis opposed the autocratic policies of the <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Sultan Abdul Hamid II</a> and the Ottoman clergy; they also intensely denounced the <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularising</a> and centralising tendencies of <i><a href="/wiki/Tanzimat" title="Tanzimat">Tanzimat</a></i> reforms brought forth by the Constitutionalist activists, accusing them of emulating <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread">Spread</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spread"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Eventually the modernist intellectuals formed a secret society known as <i>Ittıfak-ı Hamiyet</i> (Patriotic Alliance) in 1865; which advocated <a href="/wiki/Political_liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Political liberalism">political liberalism</a> and modern <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism" title="Constitutionalism">constitutionalist</a> ideals of <a href="/wiki/Popular_sovereignty" title="Popular sovereignty">popular sovereignty</a> through religious discourse.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this era, numerous intellectuals and social activists like Muhammad Iqbal (1877-1938 C.E) and Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Nahda" title="Nahda">Nahda</a> figure <a href="/wiki/Rifa%27a_at-Tahtawi" title="Rifa'a at-Tahtawi">Rifaa al-Tahtawi</a> (1801–1873). introduced Western ideological themes and ethical notions into local Muslim communities and religious seminaries.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Away from the Ottoman Empire in British India <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a> (1817–1898) was "the first of the modernist thinkers to have a substantial impact upon the Muslim world at large. He founded the <a href="/wiki/Muhammadan_Anglo-Oriental_College" title="Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College">Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College</a> at Aligarh with the intent of producing "an educated elite of Muslims able to compete successfully with Hindus for jobs in the Indian administration". The college provided both training in the "European arts and sciences" and "traditional Islamic studies". He sought to "reconcile the contradictions between Islam as traditionally understood and the modern sciences he so much admired."<sup id="cite_ref-Ruthven-IitW-300_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruthven-IitW-300-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Egypt">Egypt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Egypt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_late_Grand_Moufti.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_late_Grand_Moufti.png/220px-The_late_Grand_Moufti.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_late_Grand_Moufti.png/330px-The_late_Grand_Moufti.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/The_late_Grand_Moufti.png/440px-The_late_Grand_Moufti.png 2x" data-file-width="764" data-file-height="1174" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Ifta_al-Misriyyah#Grand_Muftis" title="Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah">Grand Mufti</a> of <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Dar_al-Ifta_al-Misriyyah" title="Dar al-Ifta al-Misriyyah">Dar al-Ifta</a></i> government body during 1899–1905 C.E</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mahmud_Shaltut_(trimmed).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Mahmud_Shaltut_%28trimmed%29.JPG/220px-Mahmud_Shaltut_%28trimmed%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Mahmud_Shaltut_%28trimmed%29.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption>Egyptian Islamic jurist and scholar <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shaltut" title="Mahmud Shaltut">Mahmud Shaltut</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></div><p> The theological views of the <a href="/wiki/Azharite" class="mw-redirect" title="Azharite">Azharite</a> scholar <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad 'Abduh</a> (d. 1905) were greatly shaped by the 19th century Ottoman intellectual discourse. Similar to the early Ottoman modernists, Abduh tried to bridge the gap between <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> ideals and traditional religious values. He believed that classical Islamic theology was intellectually vigorous and portrayed <i><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></i> (speculative theology) as a logical methodology that demonstrated the rational spirit and vitality of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Key themes of modernists would eventually be adopted by the Ottoman clerical elite who underpinned liberty as a basic Islamic principle. Portraying Islam as a religion that exemplified national development, human societal progress and evolution; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Sheikh-ul-Islams_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of Sheikh-ul-Islams of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Shaykh al-Islam</a> Musa Kazim Efendi (d. 1920) wrote in his article "Islam and Progress" published in 1904 that "the religion of Islam is not an obstacle to progress. On the contrary, it is that which commands and encourages progress; it is the very reason for progress itself."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ali-1.jpg/220px-Ali-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Ali-1.jpg/330px-Ali-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Ali-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Azharite" class="mw-redirect" title="Azharite">Azharite</a> philosopher <a href="/wiki/%27Ali_Abd_al-Raziq" class="mw-redirect" title="'Ali Abd al-Raziq">'Ali Abd al-Raziq</a> (1888–1966 C.E), one of the earliest modernist intellectuals who theorized the separation of state from Islamic religion</figcaption></figure> <p>Commencing in the late nineteenth century and impacting the twentieth-century, <a href="/wiki/Muhammed_Abduh" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed Abduh">Muhammed Abduh</a> and his followers undertook an educational and social project to defend, modernize and revitalize Islam to match Western institutions and social processes. Its most prominent intellectual founder, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a> (d. 1323 AH/1905 CE), was Sheikh of <a href="/wiki/Al-Azhar_University" title="Al-Azhar University">Al-Azhar University</a> for a brief period before his death. This project superimposed the world of the nineteenth century on the extensive body of Islamic knowledge that had accumulated in a different milieu.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These efforts had little impact at first. After Abduh's death, his movement was catalysed by the demise of the Ottoman Caliphate in 1924 and promotion of secular liberalism – particularly with a new breed of writers being pushed to the fore including Egyptian <a href="/wiki/Ali_Abd_al-Raziq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Abd al-Raziq">Ali Abd al-Raziq</a>'s publication attacking Islamic politics for the first time in Muslim history.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent secular writers of this trend including <a href="/wiki/Farag_Foda" title="Farag Foda">Farag Foda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Ashmawi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Ashmawi (page does not exist)">al-Ashmawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhamed_Khalafallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhamed Khalafallah">Muhamed Khalafallah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taha_Husayn" class="mw-redirect" title="Taha Husayn">Taha Husayn</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Husayn_Amin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Husayn Amin (page does not exist)">Husayn Amin</a>, et al., have argued in similar tones.<sup id="cite_ref-EoI_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EoI-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Abduh was skeptical towards many Ahadith (or "Traditions"). Particularly towards those Traditions that are reported through few chains of transmission, even if they are deemed rigorously authenticated in any of the six canonical books of Hadith (known as the <a href="/wiki/Kutub_al-Sittah" title="Kutub al-Sittah">Kutub al-Sittah</a>). Furthermore, he advocated a reassessment of traditional assumptions even in Hadith studies, though he did not devise a systematic methodology before his death.<sup id="cite_ref-hadith_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hadith-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MohamedTaharBenAchour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b0/MohamedTaharBenAchour.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="178" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="148" data-file-height="178" /></a><figcaption>Tunisian judge Ibn Ashur, author of the work "<i>Maqasid al-Shari'ah al-Islamiyyah</i>" (Objectives of Islamic Law)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ibn_Ashur's_Maqasid_al-Sharia"><span id="Ibn_Ashur.27s_Maqasid_al-Sharia"></span>Ibn Ashur's <i>Maqasid al-Sharia</i></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ibn Ashur's Maqasid al-Sharia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Tahir_ibn_Ashur" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur">Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maqasid_al-shari%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqasid al-shari'a">Maqasid al-shari'a</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian people">Tunisian</a> <a href="/wiki/Maliki" class="mw-redirect" title="Maliki">Maliki</a> scholar Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur (1879–1973 C.E) who rose to the position of chief judge at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ez-Zitouna" title="University of Ez-Zitouna">Zaytuna university</a> was a major student of Muhammad 'Abduh. He met 'Abduh in 1903 during his visit to <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> and thereafter became a passionate advocate of 'Abduh's modernist vision. He called for a revamping of the educational curriculum and became noteworthy for his role in revitalising the discourse of <i>Maqasid al-Sharia</i> (<i>Higher Objectives of Islamic Law</i>) in scholarly and intellectual ciricles. Ibn Ashur authored the book <i>Maqasid al-Shari'ah al-Islamiyyah</i> in 1946 which was widely accepted by modernist intellectuals and writers. In his treatise, Ibn Ashur called for a legal theory that is flexible towards 'urf (local customs) and adopted contextualised approach towards re-interpretation of hadiths based on applying the principle of <i>Maqasid</i> (objectives).<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline">Decline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iqbal_as_as_a_Barrister-at-Law.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Iqbal_as_as_a_Barrister-at-Law.gif" decoding="async" width="147" height="227" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="147" data-file-height="227" /></a><figcaption>English-educated South Asian lawyer and Islamic poet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a> (d. 1938 CE) called for a "reconstruction" of Islamic religious thought by differentiating Qur'anic values from its practical expositions in daily life.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After its peak during the early 20th century, the modernist movement would gradually decline after the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire</a> in the 1920s and eventually lost ground to conservative reform movements such as <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>. Following the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_colonialism" class="mw-redirect" title="Western colonialism">Western colonialism</a> of Muslim lands and the advancement of <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secularist</a> trends; Islamic reformers felt betrayed by the Arab nationalists and underwent a crisis. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islamism">Islamism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Islamism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This schism was epitomised by the ideological transformation of <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Sayyid Rashid Rida</a>, a pupil of 'Abduh, who began to resuscitate the treatises of Hanbali theologian <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> and became the "forerunner of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> thought" by popularising his ideals. Unlike 'Abduh and Afghani, Rida and his disciples susbcribed to the <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist theology (Islam)">Hanbali theology</a>. They would openly campaign against adherents of other schools, like the <a href="/wiki/Shi%27Ites" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'Ites">Shi'ites</a>, who they considered deviant. Rida transformed the <a href="/wiki/Islah" title="Islah">Reformation</a> into a puritanical movement that advanced Muslim identitarianism, <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamism</a> and preached the superiority of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic culture</a> while attacking <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernisation</a>. One of the major hallmarks of Rida's movement was his advocacy of a theological doctrine that obligated the establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> led by the <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Ulema</a></i> (Islamic scholars).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rida's <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a>/<a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> doctrines would later be adopted by Islamic scholars and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> movements like the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>. According to the German scholar <a href="/wiki/Bassam_Tibi" title="Bassam Tibi">Bassam Tibi</a>, "Rida's Islamic fundamentalism has been taken up by the Muslim Brethren, a right wing radical movement founded in 1928, which has ever since been in inexorable opposition to secular nationalism."<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_Era">Contemporary Era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contemporary Era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Contemporary Muslim modernism is characterised by its emphasis on the doctrine of <i>Maqasid al-sharia</i> to navigate the currents of modernity and address issues related to <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Muslim-majority_countries" title="Human rights in Muslim-majority countries">international human rights</a>. Another aspect is its promotion of <i>Fiqh al-Aqalliyat</i> (minority jurisprudence) during the late 20th century to answer the challenges facing the growing Muslim minority populations in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">West</a>. Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Abdallah_bin_Bayyah" title="Abdallah bin Bayyah">Abdullah Bin Bayyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">professor</a> of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_studies" title="Islamic studies">Islamic studies</a> at <a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_University" title="King Abdulaziz University">King Abdul Aziz University</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jiddah</a>, is one of the major proponents of <i><a href="/wiki/Fiqh_al-aqall%C4%ABy%C4%81t" title="Fiqh al-aqallīyāt">Fiqh al-Aqalliyat</a></i> and advocates remodelling the legal system based on the principles of <i>Maqasid al-Sharia</i> to suit the sensitivities of the modern era.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_on_Revivalist_movements">Influence on Revivalist movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Influence on Revivalist movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Salafiyya_movement">Salafiyya movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Salafiyya movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Salafi_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Salafi movement">History of the Salafi movement</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks collapsible"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;font-size:88%; line-height:200%;"><span style="font-size:115%;"><span class="nobold">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sunni_Islamic_movements" title="Category:Sunni Islamic movements"><span style="color:blue">a series</span></a> on:</span></span> <br /><span style="font-size:200%;"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi movement</a></span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/200px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/300px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg/400px-View_of_Lejbailat_and_State_Mosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1647" data-file-height="1094" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Imam_Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab_Mosque" title="Imam Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab Mosque</a>, Qatar</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Theology">Theology and Influences</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qayyim_al-Jawziyya" title="Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya">Ibn Qayyim al-Jawziyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kathir" title="Ibn Kathir">Ibn Kathir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Dhahabi" title="Al-Dhahabi">Al-Dhahabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abd_al-Hadi" title="Ibn Abd al-Hadi">Ibn Abd al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Muflih" title="Ibn Muflih">Ibn Muflih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hayya_Al-Sindhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammad Hayya Al-Sindhi">Muhammad Hayaat Al-Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail_Dehlvi" title="Shah Ismail Dehlvi">Ismail Dehlavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Founders and key figures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal al-Din Qasimi">Jamal al-Din Qasimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Ibrahim_Al_ash-Sheikh" title="Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh">Muhammad ibn Ibrahim Al ash-Sheikh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Al-Fawzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Jibrin" title="Ibn Jibrin">Ibn Jibrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Prominent_Salafis" title="Salafi movement">List of Salafi scholars</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Salafi_Islamic_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Salafi Islamic universities and colleges">Notable universities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Qura_University" title="Umm al-Qura University">Umm al-Qura University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_University_of_Madinah" title="Islamic University of Madinah">Islamic University of Madinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imam_Mohammad_Ibn_Saud_Islamic_University" title="Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University">Imam Mohammad Ibn Saud Islamic University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Salafia,_Faisalabad" title="Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad">Jamia Salafia, Faisalabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamia_Salafia,_Varanasi" title="Jamia Salafia, Varanasi">Jamia Salafia, Varanasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Islamic_University" title="International Islamic University">International Islamic University</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Salafi_Islamic_universities_and_colleges" title="Category:Salafi Islamic universities and colleges">List of Salafi Islamic universities</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Trends_within_Salafism" title="Salafi movement">Related ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">Islamic fundamentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhaj" title="Manhaj">Manhaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutbism" title="Qutbism">Qutbism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailaifengye" title="Sailaifengye">Sailaifengye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Salafi jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi-Salafi_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Sufi-Salafi relations">Sufi-Salafi relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazimism" title="Hazimism">Hazimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">International propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism_by_region" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism by region">by country/region</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#CEF2CE;background:#LightGreen;padding:0.2em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Islamic_political_parties" title="List of Islamic political parties">Associated organizations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Nour_Party" title="Al-Nour Party">Al-Nour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authenticity_Party" title="Authenticity Party">Authenticity Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Party" title="People Party">People Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takfir_wal-Hijra" title="Takfir wal-Hijra">Takfir wal-Hijra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_State_of_Iraq_and_the_Levant" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant">Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <p><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a> </p> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/31px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Salafi" title="Template:Salafi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Salafi" title="Template talk:Salafi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Salafi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Salafi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Origins_2">Origins</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The modernist movement led by <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamal Al-Din al-Afghani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad 'Abduh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Tahir_ibn_Ashur" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur">Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a>, and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Ghazali" title="Mohammed al-Ghazali">Mohammed al-Ghazali</a>; shared some of the ideals of the conservative revivalist <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabi</a> movement, such as endeavoring to "return" to the Islamic understanding of the first Muslim generations (<a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf</a>) by reopening the doors of juristic deduction (<i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">ijtihad</a></i>) that they saw as closed.<sup id="cite_ref-hadith_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hadith-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The connection between modernists and Salafists is disputed, with various academics asserting there never really was one.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are those scholars maintain that they used to share the "salafi" designation, but nothing else (Oxford Bibliographies,<sup id="cite_ref-Oxfordbib_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxfordbib-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Quintan Wiktorowicz);<sup id="cite_ref-wiktorowicz_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiktorowicz-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that modernists "al-Afghani and Abduh were hardly Salafis to begin with" (Henri Lauziere);<sup id="cite_ref-Lauzière-blurb_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lauzière-blurb-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or contrary to that, call Al-Afghani, Abduh, and Rida founders of <i>Salafiyya</i> and go on to describe their creation without ever mentioning modernism (<a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(political_scientist)" title="Olivier Roy (political scientist)">Olivier Roy</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-roy-1994-32_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roy-1994-32-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those that believe they did have the same ancestors (a view propagated in early 20th century by French <a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Louis_Massignon" title="Louis Massignon">Louis Massignon</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceG_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceG-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lauziere-2010_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lauziere-2010-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> do not always agree on what happened: Salafists starting out on the side of "enlightenment and modernity" and "inexplicably" turned against these virtues and to puritanism (World News Research);<sup id="cite_ref-world-news-research_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-news-research-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the term "Salafist" was coined by <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a>, a student of Abduh, who later distanced himself from Abduh's teachings in favor of puritanism but was appropriated by one <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a>, so that the world now associates it with al-Albani and his disciples but not with Rida his movement (Ammaar Yasir Qadhi);<sup id="cite_ref-qadhi_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qadhi-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or that it was Muhammad ʿAbduh and Rida who established "enlightened Salafiyya" (modernism) and it was Rashid Rida (no mention of al-Albani) who incrementally transformed it into the Wahhabi-friendly Salafiyya we know today (Raihan Ismail).<sup id="cite_ref-Ismail-rethinking_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ismail-rethinking-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In any case, it is generally agreed that in the early 21st century, conservative <a href="/wiki/Salafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi">Salafi</a> Muslims see their movement as understanding "the injunctions of the sacred texts in their most literal traditional sense", looking up to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyya" title="Ibn Taymiyya">Ibn Taymiyya</a> rather than 19th century Reformers.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Olivier_Roy_(political_scientist)" title="Olivier Roy (political scientist)">Olivier Roy</a> describes the characteristics of the 19th-century movement of the likes of Al-Afghani and Abduh as rejection of cultural themes (<i>adat, urf</i>), rejection of maraboutism (belief in the powers of intervention of those blessed with divine charisma, or <i>baraka</i>), and opposition to rapprochement with other religions. These were standard fundamentalist reformist doctrines. Where Salafists were different was in their rejection of the tradition of the <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a> (Islamic clergy), the ulama's "body of additions and extensions" to the Sunnah and Quran: the <i><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">tafsir</a></i> commentary on the Quran, the four legal schools of <i><a href="/wiki/Madhahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhahib">madhahib</a></i>, philosophy, culture, etc. <i>Salafiyya</i> were traditional in their politics or lack thereof, and unlike later Islamists "made no wholesale condemnations of existing Muslim governments". Issues of governance they were interested in were application of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a> and the reconstitution of the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">ummah</a> (Muslim community), and particularly with the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliphate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-roy-1994-32_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roy-1994-32-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Yasir Qadhi argues that modernism only influenced <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-qadhi_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qadhi-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Quintan Wiktorowicz:</p><blockquote><p>There has been some confusion in recent years because both the Islamic modernists and the contemporary Salafis refer (referred) to themselves as al-salafiyya, leading some observers to erroneously conclude a common ideological lineage. The earlier salafiyya (modernists), however, were predominantly rationalist Asharis.<sup id="cite_ref-wiktorowicz_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiktorowicz-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Bibliographies" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Bibliographies">Oxford Bibliographies</a> distinguishes between the early Islamic modernists, such as Muhammad Abdu who used the term "Salafiyya",<sup id="cite_ref-Oxfordbib_63-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxfordbib-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for example to refer to their attempt at renovation of Islamic thought,<sup id="cite_ref-atzori_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atzori-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the very different, more purist, and traditional <i>Salafiyya</i> of movements, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></i> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both groups wanted to strip away <i><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a></i> (imitation) of post-Salaf doctrine they thought not truly Islamic, but for different reasons. Modernists thought taqlid prevented the Muslims from flourishing because it got in the way of compatibility with the modern world, traditional revivalists simply because (they believed) it was impure. What was needed was not reinterpretation but a religious revival of pure Islam. Muhammad 'Abduh and his movement have sometimes been referred to as "Neo-<i>Mu'tazilites</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> because his ideas are congruent to the <i><a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Mu'tazila</a></i> school of theology.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abduh himself denied being either <i><a href="/wiki/Ash%27ari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash'ari">Ash'ari</a></i> or a <i>Mu'tazilite</i>, although only because he rejected strict <i><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a></i> (conformity) to any one group.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After World War I, some Western scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Louis_Massignon" title="Louis Massignon">Louis Massignon</a> categorising many scripture-oriented <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalist</a> scholars and modernists as part of the paradigm of "<i>Salafiyya</i>"; other scholars dispute this description.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceG_69-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceG-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LauzCite-2016_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LauzCite-2016-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-Lauziere-2010_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lauziere-2010-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Revivalism">Revivalism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Revivalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The rise of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Islamism" title="Pan-Islamism">pan-Islamism</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim World</a> after the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">collapse of the Ottoman empire</a>, would herald the emergence of Salafi religious purism that fervently opposed <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">modernist</a> trends. The <a href="/wiki/Anti-colonial" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-colonial">anti-colonial</a> struggle to restore the <i><a href="/wiki/Worldwide_caliphate" class="mw-redirect" title="Worldwide caliphate">Khilafah</a></i> would become the top priority; manifesting in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a>, a revolutionary movement established in 1928 by the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> school teacher <a href="/wiki/Hassan_al-Banna" title="Hassan al-Banna">Hassan al-Banna</a>. Backed by the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> clerical elites of <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, Salafis who advocated pan-Islamist religious conservatism emerged across the Muslim World, gradually replacing modernists during the <a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">decolonisation</a> period,<sup id="cite_ref-world-news-research_71-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-world-news-research-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and then dominating <a href="/wiki/International_propagation_of_Salafism_and_Wahhabism" class="mw-redirect" title="International propagation of Salafism and Wahhabism">funding for Islam</a> via petroleum export money starting in the 1970s. According to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ammaar_Yasir_Qadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi">Abu Ammaar Yasir Qadhi</a>:</p><blockquote><p>Rashid Rida popularized the term 'Salafī' to describe a particular movement that he spearheaded. That movement sought to reject the ossification of the madhhabs, and rethink through the standard issues of fiqh and modernity, at times in very liberal ways. A young scholar by the name of Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani read an article by Rida, and then took this term and used it to describe another, completely different movement. Ironically, the movement that Rida spearheaded eventually became Modernist Islam and dropped the 'Salafī' label, and the legal methodology that al-Albānī championed – with a very minimal overlap with Rida's vision of Islam – retained the appellation 'Salafī'. Eventually, al-Albānī's label was adopted by the Najdī daʿwah as well, until it spread in all trends of the movement. Otherwise, before this century, the term 'Salafī' was not used as a common label and proper noun. Therefore, the term 'Salafī' has attached itself to an age-old school of theology, the Atharī school.<sup id="cite_ref-qadhi_72-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-qadhi-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revivalists</a>, such as <a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF_%D8%B4%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A2%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A" class="extiw" title="ar:محمود شكري الآلوسي">Mahmud Shukri Al-Alusi</a> (1856–1924 C.E), <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Muhammad Rashid Rida</a> (1865–1935 C.E), and <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_Qasimi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal al-Din Qasimi">Jamal al-Din al-Qasimi</a> (1866–1914 C.E), used <i>Salafiyya</i> as a term primarily to denote the traditionalist Sunni theology, <a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_theology_(Islam)" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist theology (Islam)">Atharism</a>. Rida also regarded the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> movement as part of the <i>Salafiyya</i> trend.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apart from the Wahhabis of Najd, <a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a> theology could also be traced back to the Alusi family in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and scholars such as Rashid Rida in <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After 1905, Rida steered his reformist programme towards the path of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_fundamentalism" title="Islamic fundamentalism">fundamentalist</a> counter-reformation. This tendency led by Rida emphasized following the <i><a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">salaf al-salih</a></i> and became known as the <i>Salafiyya</i> movement, which advocated a re-generation of pristine religious teachings of the early Muslim community.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_S._Dallal" title="Ahmad S. Dallal">Dallal</a>'s interpretation, for Rida, revival and reform were not a function of the quality of the thought of the reformer, nor the extent of reception of the reformer's ideas; rather, a reformer's sphere of influence might be any "large or small locality," and the criterion for judging his views is solely the extent to which these ideas are needed at a particular point in time. He links it to <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab</a> being offered stands on the same footing (and in the same paragraph) with that of <a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Shawkani</a> in Rida's list of revivers. This outlook diminishes the significance of a reformer's ideas having universal value beyond their local origins. Furthermore, the intellectual merit of these ideas becomes of secondary importance in Rida's framework.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The progressive views of the early modernists Afghani and Abduh were soon replaced by the puritan <a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a> tradition espoused by their students; which zealously denounced the ideas of <a href="/wiki/Kuffar" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuffar">non-Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> ideologies like <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>. This theological transformation was led by Syed Rashid Rida who adopted the strict Athari creedal doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a> during the early twentieth century. The <i>Salafiyya</i> movement popularised by Rida would advocate for an <a href="/wiki/Athari" class="mw-redirect" title="Athari">Athari</a>-<a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabi</a> theology. Their promotion of <i><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">Ijtihad</a></i> was based on referring back to a strictly textual methodology.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its traditionalist vision was adopted by the Wahhabi clerical establishment and championed by influential figures such as the <a href="/wiki/Syrians" title="Syrians">Syrian</a>-<a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadith_scholar" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith scholar">Hadith scholar</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Nasiruddin_al-Albani" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani">Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani</a> (d. 1999 C.E/ 1420 A.H).<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a scholarly movement, "Enlightened Salafism" had begun declining some time after the death of Muhammad ʿAbduh in 1905. The puritanical stances of Rashid Rida, accelerated by his support to the Wahhabi movement; transformed <i><a href="/wiki/Salafiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafiyya">Salafiyya</a></i> movement incrementally and became commonly regarded as "traditional Salafism". The divisions between "Enlightened Salafis" inspired by ʿAbduh, and traditional Salafis represented by Rashid Rida and his disciples would eventually exacerbate. Gradually, the modernist Salafis became totally disassociated from the "Salafi" label in popular discourse and would identify as <i>tanwiris</i> (enlightened) or Islamic modernists.<sup id="cite_ref-Ismail-rethinking_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ismail-rethinking-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is how Rida including his lineage of teachers, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Abduh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Afghani</a>, pioneered a <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Protestantism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Protestantism">Protestant</a> styled reform in the late 19th and early 20th century Muslim world as Afghani always aspired for.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They recognized the challenges posed by imperialism but sought integration into the modern European era. They redefined Islamic values and institutions to adapt to the changing times while emphasizing historical precedents to legitimize European institutions with an Islamic touch.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muslim_Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Muslim Brotherhood"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Ikhwani Movement</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> movements like <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> (<i>al-Ikhwān al-Muslimūn</i>) were highly influenced by both Islamic Modernism and <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its founder <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Al-Banna" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Al-Banna">Hassan Al-Banna</a> was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a> and particularly his Salafi student <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a>. Al-Banna attacked the <i><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a></i> of the official <i><a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">ulama</a></i> and insisted only the Qur'an and the best-attested <i>ahadith</i> should be sources of the <i>Sharia</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ruthven-311_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruthven-311-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a dedicated reader of the writings of <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a> and the magazine that Rida published, <i><a href="/wiki/Al-Man%C4%81r_(magazine)" title="Al-Manār (magazine)">Al-Manar</a></i>. Sharing Rida's central concern with the decline of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_culture" title="Islamic culture">Islamic civilization</a>, Al-Banna too believed that this trend could be reversed only by returning to a pure, unadulterated form of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. Like Rida, (and unlike the Islamic modernists) Al-Banna viewed Western <a href="/wiki/Secularism" title="Secularism">secular</a> ideas as the main danger to Islam in the modern age.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernist">Islamic Modernist</a> beliefs were co-opted by secularist rulers and official <i>`ulama</i>, the Brotherhood moved in a traditionalist and conservative direction, as it drew more and more of those Muslims "whose religious and cultural sensibilities had been outraged by the impact of <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernisation</a>" -- being "the only available outlet" for such people.<sup id="cite_ref-ruthven-317_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ruthven-317-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Brotherhood argued for a Salafist solution to the contemporary challenges faced by the <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>, advocating the establishment of an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> through implementation of the <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Shari'ah</a></i>, based on Salafi revivalism.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Muslim Brotherhood officially describes itself as a Salafi movement, the <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Purists" title="Salafi movement">Quietist Salafis</a> often contest their Salafist credentials. The Brotherhood differs from more purist salafis in their strategy for combating the challenge of modernity, and is focused on gaining control of the government. Despite this, both the Brotherhood and more thorough-going Salafists advocate the implementation of <i><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">sharia</a></i> and emphasizes strict doctrinal adherence to the Quran and Sunnah and the <i><a href="/wiki/Salaf" title="Salaf">Salaf al-Salih</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Durie_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durie-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Salafi_activists" title="Salafi movement">Salafi-Activists</a> who have a long tradition of political involvement; are highly active in <a href="/wiki/Islamist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamist">Islamist</a> movements like the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> and its various branches and affiliates.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Brotherhood's slogans and principles expressed by former Egyptian president <a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Morsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohammed Morsi">Mohammed Morsi</a> includes "the Koran is our constitution, the Prophet Muhammad, peace and blessings upon him, is our leader, jihad is our path, and death for the sake of Allah is our most lofty aspiration ... sharia, sharia, and then finally sharia. This nation will enjoy blessing and revival only through the Islamic sharia."<sup id="cite_ref-Durie_97-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Durie-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islamic_modernists">Islamic modernists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Islamic modernists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although not all of the figures named below are from the above-mentioned movement, they all share a more or less modernist thought or/and approach. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a><sup id="cite_ref-moaddel_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moaddel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Egypt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Afghani" title="Jamal al-Din al-Afghani">Jamal al-Din al-Afghani</a><sup id="cite_ref-moaddel_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moaddel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Afghanistan or Persia/Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_al-Ghazali" title="Mohammed al-Ghazali">Mohammed al-Ghazali</a> (Egypt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Tahir_ibn_Ashur" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur">Muhammad al-Tahir ibn Ashur</a> (Tunisia)<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiragh_Ali" title="Chiragh Ali">Chiragh Ali</a> (British India)<sup id="cite_ref-moaddel_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moaddel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PW2001:_971_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW2001:_971-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ameer_Ali" title="Syed Ameer Ali">Syed Ameer Ali</a> (British India)<sup id="cite_ref-moaddel_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moaddel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasim_Amin" title="Qasim Amin">Qasim Amin</a><sup id="cite_ref-Qasim-61_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Qasim-61-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Egypt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malek_Bennabi" title="Malek Bennabi">Malek Bennabi</a><sup id="cite_ref-bennabi_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bennabi-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Algeria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_Bigiev" title="Musa Bigiev">Musa Jarullah Bigeev</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Dahlan">Ahmad Dahlan</a> (Indonesia)<sup id="cite_ref-PW2001:_971_100-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW2001:_971-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farag_Foda" title="Farag Foda">Farag Fawda</a> (neomodernist) (Egypt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdulrauf_Fitrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulrauf Fitrat">Abdulrauf Fitrat</a> (Uzbekistan, then Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a> (British India) <sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingzhai" title="Wang Jingzhai">Wang Jingzhai</a> (China)<sup id="cite_ref-PW2001:_971_100-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW2001:_971-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ahmad_Khalafallah" title="Muhammad Ahmad Khalafallah">Muhammad Ahmad Khalafallah</a> (Egypt)<sup id="cite_ref-LT_104-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LT-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ahmad_Khan" title="Syed Ahmad Khan">Syed Ahmad Khan</a> (British India)<sup id="cite_ref-moaddel_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moaddel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shibli_Nomani" title="Shibli Nomani">Shibli Nomani</a> (British India)<sup id="cite_ref-moaddel_1-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moaddel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghabdennasir_Qursawi" title="Ghabdennasir Qursawi">Ğäbdennasír İbrahim ulı Qursawí</a> (Russia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Shaltout" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahmoud Shaltout">Mahmoud Shaltout</a> (Egypt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Shariati" title="Ali Shariati">Ali Shariati</a> (Iran)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohammed_Taha" title="Mahmoud Mohammed Taha">Mahmoud Mohammed Taha</a> (neomodernist) (Sudan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifa%27a_al-Tahtawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa'a al-Tahtawi">Rifa'a al-Tahtawi</a> (Egypt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Tarzi" title="Mahmud Tarzi">Mahmud Tarzi</a> (Afghanistan)<sup id="cite_ref-PW2001:_971_100-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PW2001:_971-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_Modernists">Contemporary Modernists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Contemporary Modernists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Arkoun" title="Mohammed Arkoun">Mohammed Arkoun</a> (Algeria) <sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaled_Abou_El_Fadl" title="Khaled Abou El Fadl">Khaled Abou El Fadl</a> (United States) <sup id="cite_ref-Bacik_2021_1_107-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bacik_2021_1-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamal_al-Banna" title="Gamal al-Banna">Gamal al-Banna</a> (Egypt)<sup id="cite_ref-LT_104-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LT-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soheib_Bencheikh" title="Soheib Bencheikh">Soheib Bencheikh</a> (France)<sup id="cite_ref-LT_104-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LT-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdennour_Bidar" title="Abdennour Bidar">Abdennour Bidar</a> (France)<sup id="cite_ref-LT_104-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LT-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taha_Hussein" title="Taha Hussein">Taha Hussein</a> (Egypt) <sup id="cite_ref-Bacik_2021_1_107-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bacik_2021_1-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahiduddin_Khan" title="Wahiduddin Khan">Wahiduddin Khan</a> (India)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irshad_Manji" title="Irshad Manji">Irshad Manji</a> (Canada)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdelwahab_Meddeb" title="Abdelwahab Meddeb">Abdelwahab Meddeb</a> (France)<sup id="cite_ref-LT_104-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LT-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Mohammed_Taha" title="Mahmoud Mohammed Taha">Mahmoud Mohammed Taha</a> (Sudan) <sup id="cite_ref-Bacik_2021_1_107-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bacik_2021_1-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Moosa" title="Ebrahim Moosa">Ebrahim Moosa</a> (South Africa)<sup id="cite_ref-Bacik_2021_1_107-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bacik_2021_1-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ramadan" title="Tariq Ramadan">Tariq Ramadan</a> (Switzerland)<sup id="cite_ref-hadith_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hadith-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Tahir-ul-Qadri" title="Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri">Muhammad Tahir-ul-Qadri</a> (Pakistan) <sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amina_Wadud" title="Amina Wadud">Amina Wadud</a> (United States)<sup id="cite_ref-Bacik_2021_1_107-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bacik_2021_1-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_use">Contemporary use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Contemporary use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diyanet_%C4%B0%C5%9Fleri_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_yeni_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Diyanet_%C4%B0%C5%9Fleri_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_yeni_logo.svg/130px-Diyanet_%C4%B0%C5%9Fleri_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_yeni_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Diyanet_%C4%B0%C5%9Fleri_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_yeni_logo.svg/195px-Diyanet_%C4%B0%C5%9Fleri_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_yeni_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Diyanet_%C4%B0%C5%9Fleri_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_yeni_logo.svg/260px-Diyanet_%C4%B0%C5%9Fleri_Ba%C5%9Fkanl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1_yeni_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption> The logo of '<a href="/wiki/Diyanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyanet">Diyanet</a>', the directorate of religious affairs in Turkey</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2008, the state directorate of religious affairs (<a href="/wiki/Diyanet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyanet">Diyanet</a>) for the Republic of Turkey launched the review of all the Ahadith. The school of theology at <a href="/wiki/Ankara_University" title="Ankara University">Ankara University</a> undertook this forensic examination with the aim of removing the centuries-old conservative cultural burden and rediscovering the spirit of reason in the original message of Islam. Fadi Hakura of <a href="/wiki/Chatham_House" title="Chatham House">Chatham House</a> in London compared these revisions to the 16th century Protestant Reformation of Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Turkey has also trained women as theologians, and sent them as senior <a href="/wiki/Imam" title="Imam">Imams</a> known as 'vaizes' all over the country, to explain these re-interpretations.<sup id="cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_109-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Books_ghamidi_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Books_ghamidi_01.jpg/128px-Books_ghamidi_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Books_ghamidi_01.jpg/192px-Books_ghamidi_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Books_ghamidi_01.jpg/256px-Books_ghamidi_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption> The works of the Pakistani modernist Islamic scholar <a href="/wiki/Javed_Ahmed_Ghamidi" class="mw-redirect" title="Javed Ahmed Ghamidi">Javed Ahmed Ghamidi</a>, who belongs to <i>Farahi school of thought</i></figcaption></figure> <p>According to Charles Kennedy, in Pakistan as of 1992 the range of views on the "appropriate role of Islam" runs from "Islamic Modernists" at one end of the spectrum to "Islamic activists" at the other. "Islamic activists" support the expansion of "Islamic law and Islamic practices", "Islamic Modernists" are unenthusiastic to this expansion and "some may even advocate development along the secularist lines of the West".<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muhammadiyah">Muhammadiyah</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Muhammadiyah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Muhammadiyah" title="Muhammadiyah">Muhammadiyah</a></div> <p>The Indonesian Islamic organization <a href="/wiki/Muhammadiyah" title="Muhammadiyah">Muhammadiyah</a> was founded in 1912. Often described as Salafist,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sometimes as <a href="/wiki/Modernism_(Islam_in_Indonesia)" title="Modernism (Islam in Indonesia)">Islamic modernist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Palmier-1954-257_114-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmier-1954-257-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it emphasized the authority of the <i><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Qur'an</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadiths</a></i>, opposing <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taqlid" title="Taqlid">taqlid</a></i> (blind-conformity) to the <a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a>. As of 2006, it is said to have "veered sharply toward a more conservative brand of Islam" under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Din_Syamsuddin" title="Din Syamsuddin">Din Syamsuddin</a>, the head of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Ulema_Council" title="Indonesian Ulema Council">Indonesian Ulema Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many orthodox, fundamentalist, puritan, and traditionalist Muslims strongly opposed modernism as <i><a href="/wiki/Bid%27ah" title="Bid'ah">bid'ah</a></i> and the most dangerous <a href="/wiki/Heresy" title="Heresy">heresy</a> of the day, for its association with Westernization and Western education,<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although some orthodox/traditionalist Muslims, and Muslim scholars agree that going back to the Qur'an and the Sunnah to update Islamic law would not be in violation of the principles of <i><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">fiqh</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs a reliable source. (September 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>One of the leading <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> thinkers and Islamic revivalists, <a href="/wiki/Abul_A%27la_Maududi" title="Abul A'la Maududi">Abul A'la Maududi</a> agreed with Islamic modernists that Islam contained nothing contrary to <a href="/wiki/Reason" title="Reason">reason</a>, and was superior in rational terms to all other religious systems. However, he disagreed with them in their examination of the Quran and the Sunna using reason as the standard. Maududi, instead started from the proposition that "true reason is Islamic", and accepted the Book and the Sunna, not reason, as the final authority. Modernists erred in examining rather than simply obeying the <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> and the Sunna.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Scholar <a href="/wiki/Malise_Ruthven" title="Malise Ruthven">Malise Ruthven</a> argues that the beliefs that were "integral" to at least one prominent modernist (Abduh) -- namely that the basic revealed truths of Islam and the observable, rational truth of science must be, "in the final analysis be identical" -- is problematic. This is because the idea is "based on the essentially medieval premise that science, like scripture itself is a finite body of knowledge awaiting revelation", when in fact science is "a dynamic process of discovery subject to continual revision". The establishment of non-religious institutions of learning in India, Egypt and elsewhere, which Abduh encouraged, "opened the floodgates to secular forces which threatened Islam's intellectual foundations".<sup id="cite_ref-Ruthven-306-7_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruthven-306-7-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advocates of political Islam argue that insofar as Modernism seeks to separate Islam and politics it is adopting the Christian and secular principle of "<a href="/wiki/Render_unto_Caesar" title="Render unto Caesar">Render unto Caesar</a> what is Caesar's", but that politics is inherent in Islam, since Islam encompasses every aspect of life. Some, (<a href="/wiki/Hizb_ut-Tahrir" title="Hizb ut-Tahrir">Hizb ut-Tahrir</a> for example), claim that in Muslim political jurisprudence, philosophy and practice, the Caliphate is the correct Islamic form of government, and that it has "a clear structure comprising a Caliph, assistants (mu'awinoon), governors (wulaat), judges (qudaat) and administrators (mudeeroon)."<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_modernity" title="Islam and modernity">Islam and modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_revival" title="Islamic revival">Islamic revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_and_progressivism_within_Islam" title="Liberalism and progressivism within Islam">Liberalism and progressivism within Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary Islamic philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Reform_Movement" title="Muslim Reform Movement">Muslim Reform Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform (religion)">Reform (religion)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafazzul_Husain_Kashmiri" title="Tafazzul Husain Kashmiri">Tafazzul Husain Kashmiri</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Islamic modernism was the first Muslim ideological response to the Western cultural challenge. Started in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">India</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Egypt" title="History of modern Egypt">Egypt</a> in the second part of the 19th century ... reflected in the work of a group of like-minded <a href="/wiki/Ulama" title="Ulama">Muslim scholars</a>, featuring a critical reexamination of the classical conceptions and methods of <a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">jurisprudence</a> and a formulation of a new approach to <a href="/wiki/Islamic_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Quranic exegesis</a>. This new approach, which was nothing short of an outright rebellion against <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthodox Islam">Islamic orthodoxy</a>, displayed astonishing compatibility with the ideas of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-moaddel_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-moaddel-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muhammad 'Abduh, for example, said a Muslim was obliged to accept only <a href="/wiki/Hadith_terminology#Mutawatir" title="Hadith terminology">mutawatir</a> <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>, and was free to reject others about which he had doubts.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ahmad Amin, in his popular series on Islamic cultural history, cautiously suggested that there were few if any mutawatir hadith (especially, Fajr al-Islam, 10th edition Cairo: Maktabat al-Nahda al-Misriyya, 1965, p. 218; see also G. H. A. Juynboll, The Authenticity of the Tradition Literature: Discussions in Modern Egypt (Leiden: Brill, 1969), and my Faith of a Modern Muslim Intellectual, p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D4%3Averse%3D3">4:3</a> on <a href="/wiki/Polygyny_in_Islam" title="Polygyny in Islam">polygyny in Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D5%3Averse%3D38">5:38</a> on <a href="/wiki/Hudud" title="Hudud">cutting off the hand of the thief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D24%3Averse%3D2">24:2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D24%3Averse%3D3">24:3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D24%3Averse%3D4">24:4</a>, and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D24%3Averse%3D5">24:5</a> on whipping for <a href="/wiki/Fornication" title="Fornication">fornication</a> (the provision of <a href="/wiki/Stoning#Islam" title="Stoning">stoning</a> for <a href="/wiki/Zina" title="Zina">adultery</a> is in the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a>). On <i><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">jihad</a></i> and the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Kafir" title="Kafir">unbelievers</a>, the difficult passages for modernists are the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Sword_Verse" title="Sword Verse">Verses of the Sword</a>", such as <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D9%3Averse%3D5">9:5</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Religion in pre-Islamic Arabia">Arab Pagans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A2002.02.0006%3Asura%3D9%3Averse%3D29">9:29</a> on the <a href="/wiki/People_of_the_Book" title="People of the Book">People of the Book</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Smith's criticism of Farid Wajdi in <i>Islam in Modern History</i><sup id="cite_ref-smith-139-59_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-139-59-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Gibb's complaint about "the intellectual confusions and the paralyzing romanticism which cloud the minds of the modernists of today"<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Lauziere is <a href="/wiki/Associate_Professor" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate Professor">Associate Professor</a> of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">Middle Eastern History</a> at <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_University" title="Northwestern University">Northwestern University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> is, therefore, a modern phenomenon, being the desire of contemporary Muslims to rediscover what they see as the pure, original and authentic Islam, ... However, there is a difference between two profoundly different trends which sought inspiration from the concept of salafiyya. Indeed, between the end of the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century, intellectuals such as Jamal Edin al-Afghani and Muhammad Abdu used salafiyya to mean a renovation of Islamic thought, with features that would today be described as rationalist, modernist and even progressive. This salafiyya movement is often known in the West as "Islamic modernism." However, the term salafism is today generally employed to signify ideologies such as <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_puritanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic puritanism">puritanical</a> ideology of the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Kingdom of Saudi Arabia</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-atzori_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atzori-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"He agreed with them [Islamic Modernists] in holding that Islam required the exercise of reason by the community to understand God's decrees, in believing, therefore, that Islam contains nothing contrary to reason, and in being convinced that Islam as revealed in the Book and the Sunna is superior in purely rational terms to all other systems. But he thought they had gone wrong in allowing themselves to judge the Book and the Sunna by the standard of reason. They had busied themselves trying to demonstrate that "Islam is truly reasonable" instead of starting, as he did, from the proposition that "true reason is Islamic". Therefore they were not sincerely accepting the Book and the Sunna as the final authority, because implicitly they were setting up human reason as a higher authority (the old error of the Mu'tazilites). In Maududi's view, once one has become a Muslim, reason no longer has any function of judgement. From then on its legitimate task is simply to spell out the implications of Islam's clear commands, the rationality of which requires no demonstration."<sup id="cite_ref-Mortimer-Faith-204-moder_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mortimer-Faith-204-moder-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-moaddel-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-moaddel_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moaddel_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moaddel_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moaddel_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moaddel_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moaddel_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moaddel_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moaddel_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-moaddel_1-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMansoor_Moaddel2005" class="citation book cs1">Mansoor Moaddel (16 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dk6BLopmn3gC&q=islamic+modernism"><i>Islamic Modernism, Nationalism, and Fundamentalism: Episode and Discourse</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780226533339" title="Special:BookSources/9780226533339"><bdi>9780226533339</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Modernism%2C+Nationalism%2C+and+Fundamentalism%3A+Episode+and+Discourse&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005-05-16&rft.isbn=9780226533339&rft.au=Mansoor+Moaddel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDk6BLopmn3gC%26q%3Dislamic%2Bmodernism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EoI-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EoI_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EoI_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Encyclopedia of Islam and the Muslim World</i>, Thomson Gale (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Akyol-ruining-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Akyol-ruining_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkyol2020" class="citation web cs1">Akyol, Mustafa (June 12, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hudson.org/research/16131-how-islamists-are-ruining-islam">"How Islamists are Ruining Islam"</a>. <i>Hudson Institute</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hudson+Institute&rft.atitle=How+Islamists+are+Ruining+Islam&rft.date=2020-06-12&rft.aulast=Akyol&rft.aufirst=Mustafa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hudson.org%2Fresearch%2F16131-how-islamists-are-ruining-islam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IFGE2010:127-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-IFGE2010:127_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/">Warde, <i>Islamic finance in the global economy</i>, 2000</a>: p.127</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruthven-318-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ruthven-318_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuthven2006" class="citation book cs1">Ruthven, Malise (2006) [1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=92lQfWj6_VIC&q=since+reformism+has+been+coopted+ruthven&pg=PA318"><i>Islam in the World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 318. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305036" title="Special:BookSources/9780195305036"><bdi>9780195305036</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+World&rft.pages=318&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780195305036&rft.aulast=Ruthven&rft.aufirst=Malise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D92lQfWj6_VIC%26q%3Dsince%2Breformism%2Bhas%2Bbeen%2Bcoopted%2Bruthven%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140327193441/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t253/e9">"Islamic Modernism and Islamic Revival"</a>. Oxford Islamic Studies Online. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t253/e9">the original</a> on March 27, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 March</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Islamic+Modernism+and+Islamic+Revival&rft.pub=Oxford+Islamic+Studies+Online&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordislamicstudies.com%2Farticle%2Fopr%2Ft253%2Fe9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnight2015" class="citation web cs1">Knight, Ben (9 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.dw.com/en/study-why-islam-is-also-western/a-18181294">"Islam and the West"</a>. <i>dw</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw&rft.atitle=Islam+and+the+West&rft.date=2015-01-09&rft.aulast=Knight&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.dw.com%2Fen%2Fstudy-why-islam-is-also-western%2Fa-18181294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruthven-311-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ruthven-311_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruthven-311_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruthven-311_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuthven1984" class="citation book cs1">Ruthven, Malise (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminworld0000ruth_b6b0"><i>Islam in the World</i></a></span> (first ed.). Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminworld0000ruth_b6b0/page/311">311</a>. <q>Theologically, Banna's views were fairly close to those of Abduh and his Salafi disciple, Rashid Rida. He attacked the taqlid of the official 'ulama, insisting that only the Quran and the best-attested hadiths should be the sources of the Sharia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+World&rft.pages=311&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Ruthven&rft.aufirst=Malise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislaminworld0000ruth_b6b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruthven-301-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ruthven-301_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruthven-301_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ruthven-301_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuthven1984" class="citation book cs1">Ruthven, Malise (1984). <i>Islam in the World</i>. Penguin Books. p. 301.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+World&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Ruthven&rft.aufirst=Malise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ali-2014-69-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ali-2014-69_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ali-2014-69_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAli2014" class="citation book cs1">Ali, Cheragh (December 2014). "The Modern Period: Sources". In Anderson, Matthew; Taliaferro, Karen (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/publications/islam-and-religious-freedom-a-sourcebook-of-scriptural-theological-and-legal-texts"><i>Islam and Religious Freedom : A Sourcebook of Scriptural, Theological and Legal Texts</i></a>. The Religious Freedom Project Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs Georgetown University. pp. 69–70<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Modern+Period%3A+Sources&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Religious+Freedom+%3A+A+Sourcebook+of+Scriptural%2C+Theological+and+Legal+Texts.&rft.pages=69-70&rft.pub=The+Religious+Freedom+Project+Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace+%26+World+Affairs+Georgetown+University&rft.date=2014-12&rft.aulast=Ali&rft.aufirst=Cheragh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fpublications%2Fislam-and-religious-freedom-a-sourcebook-of-scriptural-theological-and-legal-texts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruthven-302-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ruthven-302_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuthven1984" class="citation book cs1">Ruthven, Malise (1984). <i>Islam in the World</i>. Penguin Books. p. 302.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+World&rft.pages=302&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Ruthven&rft.aufirst=Malise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Djamil_1995,_60-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Djamil_1995,_60_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Djamil 1995, 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mausud_2005-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mausud_2005_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mausud 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hallaq 2011</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Opwis 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hefner-2016-265-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hefner-2016-265_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHefner2016" class="citation book cs1">Hefner, Robert W. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5a_-DAAAQBAJ&q=maqasid+modernism&pg=PA265">"11. Islamic Ethics and Muslim Feminism in Indonesia"</a>. In Hefner, Robert W. (ed.). <i>Shari'a Law and Modern Muslim Ethics</i>. Indiana University Press. p. 265. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780253022608" title="Special:BookSources/9780253022608"><bdi>9780253022608</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=11.+Islamic+Ethics+and+Muslim+Feminism+in+Indonesia&rft.btitle=Shari%27a+Law+and+Modern+Muslim+Ethics&rft.pages=265&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9780253022608&rft.aulast=Hefner&rft.aufirst=Robert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5a_-DAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmaqasid%2Bmodernism%26pg%3DPA265&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ODI-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ODI_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_L._Esposito2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">John L. Esposito, ed. (2014). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195125580.001.0001/acref-9780195125580-e-2338">"Taqiyah"</a></span>. <i>Ijtihad</i>. <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Islam</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195125580" title="Special:BookSources/9780195125580"><bdi>9780195125580</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ijtihad&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Islam&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780195125580&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Facref%2F9780195125580.001.0001%2Facref-9780195125580-e-2338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Risalat al-Tawhid, 17th Printing, Cairo: Maktabat al-Qahira, 1379/1960, pp. 201–03; English translation by K. Cragg and I. Masa'ad, The Theology of Unity London: Allen and Unwin, 1966, pp. 155–56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hanif-72-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hanif-72_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanif1997" class="citation book cs1">Hanif, N. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RZROS_RT6SEC&q=hadith&pg=PP8"><i>Islam And Modernity</i></a>. Sarup & Sons. p. 72. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788176250023" title="Special:BookSources/9788176250023"><bdi>9788176250023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+And+Modernity&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Sarup+%26+Sons.&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9788176250023&rft.aulast=Hanif&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRZROS_RT6SEC%26q%3Dhadith%26pg%3DPP8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ijtihad-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ijtihad_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzpatrickWalker2014" class="citation book cs1">Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani, eds. (25 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2AtvBAAAQBAJ&q=modernism+and+ijtihad&pg=PA385"><i>Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of</i></a>. Abc-Clio. p. 385. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610691789" title="Special:BookSources/9781610691789"><bdi>9781610691789</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Muhammad+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+the+Prophet+of&rft.pages=385&rft.pub=Abc-Clio&rft.date=2014-04-25&rft.isbn=9781610691789&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2AtvBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dmodernism%2Band%2Bijtihad%26pg%3DPA385&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShepard1987">Shepard (1987)</a>, p. 330</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQASIM_ZAMAN2012" class="citation book cs1">QASIM ZAMAN, MUHAMMAD (2012). <i>Modern Islamic Thought in a Radical Age</i>. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 71, 72, 227, 228, 263–265, 286, 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09645-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-09645-5"><bdi>978-1-107-09645-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Islamic+Thought+in+a+Radical+Age&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=71%2C+72%2C+227%2C+228%2C+263-265%2C+286%2C+315&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-09645-5&rft.aulast=QASIM+ZAMAN&rft.aufirst=MUHAMMAD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersjihad150-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Petersjihad150_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters1996">Peters (1996)</a>, p. 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WahhabiIslam-236-7-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WahhabiIslam-236-7_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WahhabiIslam-236-7_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WahhabiIslam-236-7_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WahhabiIslam-236-7_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDeLong-Bas2004">DeLong-Bas (2004)</a>, pp. 235–37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._DeLong-Bas2004" class="citation book cs1">J. DeLong-Bas, Natana (2004). <i>Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 230, 235, 241. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3"><bdi>0-19-516991-3</bdi></a>. <q><span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"For Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, jihad is always a defensive military action. Here he is synchronous with Islamic modernist writers, who narrow the confines of jihad to defensive action. ... In Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's writings, jihad is a special and specific type of warfare, which can be declared only by the religious leader (imam) and whose purpose is the defense of the Muslim community from aggression." .. "What Shaltut calls for here is not only a defensive response but also the right to live peacefully without fear for life, home, or possessions, all of which is consistent with Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's assertion of jihad as a defensive activity designed to restore order and preserve life and property."... "Ibn Abd al-Wahhab's definition of jihad is restricted to a defensive military action designed to protect and preserve the Muslim community and its right to practice its faith".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahhabi+Islam%3A+From+Revival+and+Reform+to+Global+Jihad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=230%2C+235%2C+241&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516991-3&rft.aulast=J.+DeLong-Bas&rft.aufirst=Natana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersjihad77-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Petersjihad77_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters1996">Peters (1996)</a>, p. 77</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersjihad64-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Petersjihad64_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters1996">Peters (1996)</a>, p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersjihad65-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Petersjihad65_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPeters1996">Peters (1996)</a>, p. 65</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook-35-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cook-35_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook2000" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Michael (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koranveryshorti00cook"><i>The Koran: A Very Short Introduction</i></a></span>. Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/koranveryshorti00cook/page/35">35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192853448" title="Special:BookSources/9780192853448"><bdi>9780192853448</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2015</span>. <q>The Koran: A Very Short Introduction literally a godsend.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Koran%3A+A+Very+Short+Introduction&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780192853448&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkoranveryshorti00cook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FKIBP2015:56-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FKIBP2015:56_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Fazlur_Rahman_Malik#FKIBP2015" title="Fazlur Rahman Malik">Khan, <i>Islamic Banking in Pakistan</i>, 2015</a>: p. 56</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_'Abd_Al-Halim_Ibn_Taymiyya,_Al-Matroudi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ibn 'Abd Al-Halim Ibn Taymiyya, Al-Matroudi, Ahmad, Abdul Hakim (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20839079">"The Removal of Blame from the Great Imāms: An Annotated Translation of Ibn Taymiyyah's. Raf' al-Malām 'an al-A'immat al-A'lām: I"</a>. <i>Islamic Studies</i>. <b>46</b> (3). Islamic Research Institute, International Islamic University, Islamabad: 356–357. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/605489">605489</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Removal+of+Blame+from+the+Great+Im%C4%81ms%3A+An+Annotated+Translation+of+Ibn+Taymiyyah%27s.+Raf%27+al-Mal%C4%81m+%27an+al-A%27immat+al-A%27l%C4%81m%3A+I&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=356-357&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F605489%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Ibn+%27Abd+Al-Halim+Ibn+Taymiyya%2C+Al-Matroudi&rft.aufirst=Ahmad%2C+Abdul+Hakim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20839079&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAzim_Islahi1982" class="citation journal cs1">Azim Islahi, Abdul (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210401121504/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237585926_ECONOMIC_THOUGHT_OF_IBN_AL-QAYYIM_1292_-_1350_AD">"Economic thought of Ibn al-Qayyim(1292-1350)"</a>. <i>International Centre for Research in Islamic Economics</i>. King Abdulaziz University. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237585926">the original</a> on 1 April 2021 – via ResearchGate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Centre+for+Research+in+Islamic+Economics&rft.atitle=Economic+thought+of+Ibn+al-Qayyim%281292-1350%29&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Azim+Islahi&rft.aufirst=Abdul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F237585926&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Moaddel-Religion_and_Women-1998-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moaddel-Religion_and_Women-1998_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moaddel-Religion_and_Women-1998_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoaddel1998" class="citation journal cs1">Moaddel, Mansoor (March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1388032">"Religion and Women: Islamic Modernism versus Fundamentalism"</a>. <i>Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion</i>. <b>37</b> (1): 108–130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1388032">10.2307/1388032</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1388032">1388032</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+for+the+Scientific+Study+of+Religion&rft.atitle=Religion+and+Women%3A+Islamic+Modernism+versus+Fundamentalism&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=108-130&rft.date=1998-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1388032&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1388032%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Moaddel&rft.aufirst=Mansoor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1388032&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFShepard1987">Shepard (1987)</a>, p. 313</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-139-59-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-smith-139-59_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1957" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Wilfred Cantwell (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.537221"><i>Islam In Modern History</i></a>. Digital Library of India Item 2015.537221. pp. 139–59<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+In+Modern+History&rft.pages=139-59&rft.pub=Digital+Library+of+India+Item+2015.537221&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Wilfred+Cantwell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.537221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Modern Trends in Islam", Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1947, pp. 105–06.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceF-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceF_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Henri Lauzière <i>The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century</i> <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a> 2015 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54017-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-54017-9">978-0-231-54017-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoll1982" class="citation book cs1">Voll, John Obert (1982). <i>Islam: Continuity And Change In The Modern World</i>. Syracuse University Press. pp. 10–23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0815626398" title="Special:BookSources/978-0815626398"><bdi>978-0815626398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+Continuity+And+Change+In+The+Modern+World&rft.pages=10-23&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0815626398&rft.aulast=Voll&rft.aufirst=John+Obert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._SeikalyCommins2009" class="citation book cs1">M. Seikaly, Samir; Commins, David (2009). "2: The Resiliency of Empire: Political Identities in Late Ottoman Syria". <i>Configuring Identity in the Modern Arab East</i>. Beirut, Lebanon: <a href="/wiki/American_University_of_Beirut_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="American University of Beirut Press">American University of Beirut Press</a>. pp. 35–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9953-9019-6-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9953-9019-6-1"><bdi>978-9953-9019-6-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+The+Resiliency+of+Empire%3A+Political+Identities+in+Late+Ottoman+Syria&rft.btitle=Configuring+Identity+in+the+Modern+Arab+East&rft.place=Beirut%2C+Lebanon&rft.pages=35-51&rft.pub=American+University+of+Beirut+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-9953-9019-6-1&rft.aulast=M.+Seikaly&rft.aufirst=Samir&rft.au=Commins%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacik2021" class="citation book cs1">Bacik, Gokhan (2021). "Introduction". <i>Contemporary Rationalist Islam in Turkey</i>. London, UK: I.B. Tauris. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-3674-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-3674-7"><bdi>978-0-7556-3674-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Rationalist+Islam+in+Turkey&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-3674-7&rft.aulast=Bacik&rft.aufirst=Gokhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorroll2021" class="citation book cs1">Dorroll, Philip (2021). <i>Islamic Theology in the Turkish Republic</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. pp. 29–33, 55, 75. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-7492-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-7492-4"><bdi>978-1-4744-7492-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Theology+in+the+Turkish+Republic&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=29-33%2C+55%2C+75&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-7492-4&rft.aulast=Dorroll&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuda2007" class="citation book cs1">Auda, Jasser (2007). "5: Contemporary Theories in Islamic Law". <i>Maqasid al-SharÏah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A Systems Approach</i>. Herndon, VA, USA: The International Institute of Islamic Thought. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56564-424-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56564-424-3"><bdi>978-1-56564-424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%3A+Contemporary+Theories+in+Islamic+Law&rft.btitle=Maqasid+al-Shar%C3%8Fah+as+Philosophy+of+Islamic+Law%3A+A+Systems+Approach&rft.place=Herndon%2C+VA%2C+USA&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=The+International+Institute+of+Islamic+Thought&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-56564-424-3&rft.aulast=Auda&rft.aufirst=Jasser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruthven-IitW-300-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ruthven-IitW-300_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuthven2000" class="citation book cs1">Ruthven, Malise (2000). <i>Islam in the World</i> (2nd ed.). Penguin. pp. 300–302. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513841-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513841-2"><bdi>978-0-19-513841-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+World&rft.pages=300-302&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513841-2&rft.aulast=Ruthven&rft.aufirst=Malise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorroll2021" class="citation book cs1">Dorroll, Philip (2021). "1: Origins". <i>Islamic Theology in the Turkish Republic</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-7492-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-7492-4"><bdi>978-1-4744-7492-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1%3A+Origins&rft.btitle=Islamic+Theology+in+the+Turkish+Republic&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-7492-4&rft.aulast=Dorroll&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorroll2021" class="citation book cs1">Dorroll, Philip (2021). "2: Nation". <i>Islamic Theology in the Turkish Republic</i>. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press. p. 54. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-7492-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4744-7492-4"><bdi>978-1-4744-7492-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2%3A+Nation&rft.btitle=Islamic+Theology+in+the+Turkish+Republic&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-4744-7492-4&rft.aulast=Dorroll&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hadith-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hadith_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hadith_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hadith_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onislam.net/english/shariah/hadith/hadith-studies/441636.html">The Modernist Approach to Hadith Studies</a> By Noor al-Deen Atabek| onislam.net| 30 March 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFibn_'Ashur2006" class="citation book cs1">ibn 'Ashur, Muhammad Tahir (2006). <i>Treatise on Maqasid al-Sharia</i>. Translated by Mohammed, el-Tahir el-Mesawy. Herndon, VA, USA: The International Institute of Islamic Thought. pp. xiii–xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56564-422-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-56564-422-0"><bdi>1-56564-422-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatise+on+Maqasid+al-Sharia&rft.place=Herndon%2C+VA%2C+USA&rft.pages=xiii-xv&rft.pub=The+International+Institute+of+Islamic+Thought&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-56564-422-0&rft.aulast=ibn+%27Ashur&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Tahir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuda2007" class="citation book cs1">Auda, Jasser (2007). "6: A Systems Approach to Islamic Juridical Theories". <i>Maqasid al-SharÏah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A Systems Approach</i>. Herndon, VA, USA: The International Institute of Islamic Thought. pp. 196, 225, 229–230, 233–235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56564-424-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56564-424-3"><bdi>978-1-56564-424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=6%3A+A+Systems+Approach+to+Islamic+Juridical+Theories&rft.btitle=Maqasid+al-Shar%C3%8Fah+as+Philosophy+of+Islamic+Law%3A+A+Systems+Approach&rft.place=Herndon%2C+VA%2C+USA&rft.pages=196%2C+225%2C+229-230%2C+233-235&rft.pub=The+International+Institute+of+Islamic+Thought&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-56564-424-3&rft.aulast=Auda&rft.aufirst=Jasser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuda2007" class="citation book cs1">Auda, Jasser (2007). "5: Contemporary Theories in Islamic Law". <i>Maqasid al-SharÏah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A Systems Approach</i>. Herndon, VA, USA: The International Institute of Islamic Thought. pp. 169–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56564-424-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56564-424-3"><bdi>978-1-56564-424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%3A+Contemporary+Theories+in+Islamic+Law&rft.btitle=Maqasid+al-Shar%C3%8Fah+as+Philosophy+of+Islamic+Law%3A+A+Systems+Approach&rft.place=Herndon%2C+VA%2C+USA&rft.pages=169-170&rft.pub=The+International+Institute+of+Islamic+Thought&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-56564-424-3&rft.aulast=Auda&rft.aufirst=Jasser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauziere2016" class="citation book cs1">Lauziere, Henri (2016). <i>The Making of Salafism: ISLAMIC REFORM IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY</i>. New York, Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. p. 237. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-17550-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-17550-0"><bdi>978-0-231-17550-0</bdi></a>. <q>Prior to the fall of the Ottoman Empire, leading reformers who happened to be Salafi in creed were surprisingly open-minded: although they adhered to neo-Hanbali theology,.. The aftermath of the First World War and the expansion of European colonialism, however, paved the way for a series of shifts in thought and attitude. The experiences of Rida offer many examples... he turned against the Shi'is who dared, with reason, to express doubts about the Saudi-Wahhabi project... . Shi'is were not the only victims: Rida and his associates showed their readiness to turn against fellow Salafis who questioned some of the Wahhabis' religious interpretations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Salafism%3A+ISLAMIC+REFORM+IN+THE+TWENTIETH+CENTURY&rft.place=New+York%2C+Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=237&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-231-17550-0&rft.aulast=Lauziere&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Rabil2014" class="citation book cs1">G. Rabil, Robert (2014). <i>Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism</i>. Washington DC, USA: Georgetown University Press. pp. 32–33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62616-116-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62616-116-0"><bdi>978-1-62616-116-0</bdi></a>. <q>Western colonialists established in these countries political orders... that, even though not professing enmity to Islam and its institutions, left no role for Islam in society. This caused a crisis among Muslim reformists, who felt betrayed not only by the West but also by those nationalists, many of whom were brought to power by the West... Nothing reflects this crisis more than the ideological transformation of Rashid Rida (1865–1935)... He also revived the works of Ibn Taymiyah by publishing his writings and promoting his ideas. Subsequently, taking note of the cataclysmic events brought about by Western policies in the Muslim world and shocked by the abolition of the caliphate, he transformed into a Muslim intellectual mostly concerned about protecting Muslim culture, identity, and politics from Western influence. He supported a theory that essentially emphasized the necessity of an Islamic state in which the scholars of Islam would have a leading role... Rida was a forerunner of Islamist thought. He apparently intended to provide a theoretical platform for a modern Islamic state. His ideas were later incorporated in the works of Islamic scholars.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salafism+in+Lebanon%3A+From+Apoliticism+to+Transnational+Jihadism&rft.place=Washington+DC%2C+USA&rft.pages=32-33&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62616-116-0&rft.aulast=G.+Rabil&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG._Rabil2014" class="citation book cs1">G. Rabil, Robert (2014). <i>Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism</i>. Washington DC, USA: Georgetown University Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62616-116-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62616-116-0"><bdi>978-1-62616-116-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Salafism+in+Lebanon%3A+From+Apoliticism+to+Transnational+Jihadism&rft.place=Washington+DC%2C+USA&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Georgetown+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-62616-116-0&rft.aulast=G.+Rabil&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalid_Masud,_Jalloul_Muro2022" class="citation book cs1">Khalid Masud, Jalloul Muro, Muhammad, Hana (2022). "Introduction". <i>Sharia Law in the 21st Century</i>. London, UK: World Scientific Publishing Europe Ltd. pp. xxxxiii–xxxxiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781800611672" title="Special:BookSources/9781800611672"><bdi>9781800611672</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Sharia+Law+in+the+21st+Century&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=xxxxiii-xxxxiv&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing+Europe+Ltd.&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9781800611672&rft.aulast=Khalid+Masud%2C+Jalloul+Muro&rft.aufirst=Muhammad%2C+Hana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarch2010" class="citation book cs1">March, Andrew (2010). <i>Sharia (Islamic Law): Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide</i>. USA: Oxford University Press. pp. 9–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199806218" title="Special:BookSources/9780199806218"><bdi>9780199806218</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sharia+%28Islamic+Law%29%3A+Oxford+Bibliographies+Online+Research+Guide&rft.place=USA&rft.pages=9-10&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780199806218&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=528&">Understanding the Origins of Wahhabism and Salafism</a>| Terrorism Monitor| Volume 3 Issue: 14| July 15, 2005| By: Trevor Stanley</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a509109.pdf">Dillon, Michael R</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407090159/http://www.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a509109.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-04-07 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (p. 33)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conflictsforum.org/briefings/Wahhabism-Salafism-and-Islamism.pdf">Wahhabism, Salafism and Islamism Who Is The Enemy?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140623113340/http://conflictsforum.org/briefings/Wahhabism-Salafism-and-Islamism.pdf">Archived</a> 2014-06-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By Pfr. Ahmad Mousali | American University of Beirut | p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.salafipublications.com/sps/downloads/pdf/MNJ180008.pdf">Historical Development of the Methodologies of al-Ikhwaan al-Muslimeen And Their Effect and Influence Upon Contemporary Salafee Dawah</a> salafipublications.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxfordbib-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Oxfordbib_63-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Oxfordbib_63-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195390155/obo-9780195390155-0070.xml">Salafism, Modernist Salafism from the 20th Century to the Present</a> oxfordbibliographies.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiktorowicz-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wiktorowicz_64-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wiktorowicz_64-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archives.cerium.ca/IMG/pdf/WIKTOROWICZ_2006_Anatomy_of_the_Salafi_Movement.pdf">Anatomy of the Salafi Movement</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160803194142/http://archives.cerium.ca/IMG/pdf/WIKTOROWICZ_2006_Anatomy_of_the_Salafi_Movement.pdf">Archived</a> 2016-08-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> By Quintan Wiktorowicz, Washington, DC, p. 212</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lauzière-blurb-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lauzière-blurb_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauzière2016" class="citation book cs1">Lauzière, Henri (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/lauz17550"><i>The Making of Salafism: Islamic Reform in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Columbia University Press. p. [publisher's advertisement]. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7312/lauz17550">10.7312/lauz17550</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Salafism%3A+Islamic+Reform+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pages=publisher%27s+advertisement&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Flauz17550%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lauzi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F10.7312%2Flauz17550&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nualumnae.org/content/henri-lauzi%C3%A8re-awarded-alumnae-northwestern-university-2020-2023-teaching-professorship">"Henri Lauzière Awarded The Alumnae of Northwestern University 2020-2023 Teaching Professorship"</a>. <i>The Alumnae of Northwestern University</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200706205403/https://www.nualumnae.org/content/henri-lauzi%C3%A8re-awarded-alumnae-northwestern-university-2020-2023-teaching-professorship">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Alumnae+of+Northwestern+University&rft.atitle=Henri+Lauzi%C3%A8re+Awarded+The+Alumnae+of+Northwestern+University+2020-2023+Teaching+Professorship&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nualumnae.org%2Fcontent%2Fhenri-lauzi%25C3%25A8re-awarded-alumnae-northwestern-university-2020-2023-teaching-professorship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-roy-1994-32-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-roy-1994-32_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-roy-1994-32_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roy, The Failure of Political Islam, Harvard University Press, 1994, 32-33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceG-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceG_69-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceG_69-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Rabil <i>Salafism in Lebanon: From Apoliticism to Transnational Jihadism</i> <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_Press" title="Georgetown University Press">Georgetown University Press</a> 2014 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62616-118-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62616-118-4">978-1-62616-118-4</a> chapter: "Doctrine"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lauziere-2010-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lauziere-2010_70-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lauziere-2010_70-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauziere2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lauziere, Henri (15 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743810000401">"The Construction of salafiyya: Reconsidering Salafism from the Perspective of Conceptual History"</a>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>42</b> (3): 374. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743810000401">10.1017/S0020743810000401</a></span>. <q>Although it long served as a paradigm, this conception of Salafism is flawed in many respects, especially because it is based on claims that remain unsubstantiated. The firstknown association between al-Afghani, Abduh, and a movement called "the salafiyya" appeared in 1919 in a short notice that French scholar Louis Massignon (d. 1962) wrote in Revue du monde musulman. Massignon did not initially claim that the two reformers founded the movement, but this idea gained momentum and found its formal expression in 1925, at which time Massignon added Rashid Rida to the narrative and presented him as the leader of the salafiyya. Since then, Massignon's narrative and its resulting typology have been reiterated in countless works through a chain of Western scholars who trusted each other's authority, thereby becoming one of the fundamental postulates on which the study of modern Islamic thought is based. Although it is true that al-Afghani and Abduh provided the initial elan for a type of Islamic reformism that later ´ became known as modernist Salafism, primary sources do not corroborate the claim that they either coined the term or used it to identify themselves in the late 19th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Construction+of+salafiyya%3A+Reconsidering+Salafism+from+the+Perspective+of+Conceptual+History&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=374&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743810000401&rft.aulast=Lauziere&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0020743810000401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-world-news-research-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-world-news-research_71-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-world-news-research_71-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://world-news-research.com/21sept2012.html">"The past ten day Salafi led unrest in reaction to an anti-Islamic video spread through the Muslim world, here a look at who is behind it"</a>. <i>World news research</i>. 21 September 2012. <q>At the beginning of the twentieth century, the term "Salafiyya" was linked to a transnational movement of Islamic reform whose proponents strove to reconcile their faith with the Enlightenment and modernity. Toward the end of the twentieth century, however, the Salafi movement became inexplicably antithetical to Islamic modernism. Its epicenter moved closer to Saudi Arabia and the term Salafiyya became virtually synonymous with Wahhabism... the rise of a transnational and generic Islamic consciousness, especially after the First World War, facilitated the growth of religious purism within key Salafi circles. The Salafis who most emphasized religious unity and conformism across boundaries usually developed puristic inclinations.. they survived the postcolonial transition and kept thriving while the modernist Salafis eventually disappeared.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+news+research&rft.atitle=The+past+ten+day+Salafi+led+unrest+in+reaction+to+an+anti-Islamic+video+spread+through+the+Muslim+world%2C+here+a+look+at+who+is+behind+it.&rft.date=2012-09-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworld-news-research.com%2F21sept2012.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-qadhi-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-qadhi_72-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qadhi_72-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-qadhi_72-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muslimmatters.org/2014/04/22/on-salafi-islam-dr-yasir-qadhi/5/">On Salafi Islam | IV Conclusion</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220205421/http://muslimmatters.org/2014/04/22/on-salafi-islam-dr-yasir-qadhi/5/">Archived</a> 2014-12-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>| Dr. Yasir Qadhi April 22, 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ismail-rethinking-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ismail-rethinking_73-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ismail-rethinking_73-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsmail2021" class="citation book cs1">Ismail, Raihan (2021). <i>Rethinking Salafism: The Transnational Networks of Salafi ʿUlama in Egypt, Kuwait, and Saudi Arabia</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 18, 30–31, 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780190948955" title="Special:BookSources/9780190948955"><bdi>9780190948955</bdi></a>. <q> ʿAbduh was critical of the Wahhabis and made no attempt to cultivate them. However, his disciple Rashid Rida,.. published the works of Najdi and classical Salafi scholars.... Enlightened Salafism as a movement faded away with the death of ʿAbduh and with Rida's flirtation with the Wahhabism that came to be identified with traditional Salafism.. Within Salafi circles, it is widely accepted that Rida directed Salafism away from the Islamic modernism espoused by Afghani and Abduh and brought it closer to the puritanical approaches to Islam... the divide between enlightened Salafis, who largely followed Muhammad ʿAbduh and Jamaluddin al-Afghani's modernist ideals, and the increasingly puritanical Rida and his disciples. Over time, the enlightened Salafis became disassociated from the Salafi label (which they had never assumed anyway) and became identified as tanwiris (enlightened) or modernists.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rethinking+Salafism%3A+The+Transnational+Networks+of+Salafi+%CA%BFUlama+in+Egypt%2C+Kuwait%2C+and+Saudi+Arabia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=18%2C+30-31%2C+145&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780190948955&rft.aulast=Ismail&rft.aufirst=Raihan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kepel, <i>Jihad</i>, 2002, p.220</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-atzori-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-atzori_75-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-atzori_75-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtzori2012" class="citation web cs1">Atzori, Daniel (August 31, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150113222817/https://www.abo.net/oilportal/topic/view.do?contentId=2000323">"The rise of global Salafism"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abo.net/oilportal/topic/view.do?contentId=2000323">the original</a> on 13 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+rise+of+global+Salafism&rft.date=2012-08-31&rft.aulast=Atzori&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abo.net%2Foilportal%2Ftopic%2Fview.do%3FcontentId%3D2000323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ahmed H. Al-Rahim (January 2006). "Islam and Liberty", <i>Journal of Democracy</i> 17 (1), p. 166-169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkhlaq2013" class="citation web cs1">Akhlaq, Syed Hassan (1 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280560206">"Taliban and Salafism: a historical and theological exploration"</a>. <i>Research Gate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2020</span>. <q>Abduh is often categorized as Maturidi, but his ideas approach neo-Mutazila-ism</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Gate&rft.atitle=Taliban+and+Salafism%3A+a+historical+and+theological+exploration.&rft.date=2013-12-01&rft.aulast=Akhlaq&rft.aufirst=Syed+Hassan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F280560206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sedgwick, Mark. Muhammad Abduh. Simon and Schuster, 2014. "By his own later account, Muhammad Abduh denied following the Mutazila on the basis that if he had rejected strict adherence (taqlid) to one group, he would not take up strict adherence to another.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LauzCite-2016-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LauzCite-2016_80-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauziere2016" class="citation book cs1">Lauziere, Henri (2016). <i>The Making of Salafism: ISLAMIC REFORM IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY</i>. New York, Chichester, West Sussex: Columbia University Press. pp. 231–232. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-17550-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-17550-0"><bdi>978-0-231-17550-0</bdi></a>. <q>Beginning with Louis Massignon in 1919, it is true that Westerners played a leading role in labeling Islamic modernists as Salafis, even though the term was a misnomer. At the time, European and American scholars felt the need for a useful conceptual box in which to place Muslim figures such as Jamal al-Din al-Afghani, Muhammad Abduh, and their epigones, who all seemed inclined toward a scripturalist understanding of Islam but proved open to rationalism and Western modernity .. They chose to adopt salafiyya—a technical term of theology, which they mistook for a reformist slogan and wrongly associated with all kinds of modernist Muslim intellectuals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Salafism%3A+ISLAMIC+REFORM+IN+THE+TWENTIETH+CENTURY&rft.place=New+York%2C+Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=231-232&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-231-17550-0&rft.aulast=Lauziere&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauzière2016" class="citation book cs1">Lauzière, Henri (2016). <i>The Making of Salafism:ISLAMIC REFORM IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY</i>. New York: Columbia University Press. pp. 40, 239. <q>As Rida explained in 1914, "the appellation 'reform,' as well as its understanding, is broad; it varies over time and from place to place." It also varied from individual to individual. Indeed, some balanced reformers considered Salafi theology to be a pillar of their multifaceted reform program. Chief among them were al-Qasimi, Mahmud Shukri al-Alusi, and, to some extent from 1905 onward, Rida (all of whom identified themselves as Salafi in creed at one point or another)"... "Unlike al-Afghani and Abduh, Rida did refer to himself as a Salafi in creed and law..</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Making+of+Salafism%3AISLAMIC+REFORM+IN+THE+TWENTIETH+CENTURY&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=40%2C+239&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Lauzi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Henri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLauzière2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lauzière, Henri (15 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/construction-of-salafiyya-reconsidering-salafism-from-the-perspective-of-conceptual-history/66CCD646C4CF983740ADC9FD6DC354FA">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"THE CONSTRUCTION OF SALAFIYYA:RECONSIDERING SALAFISM FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF CONCEPTUAL HISTORY"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>International Journal of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>42 3</b>: 375–376. <q>In the most explicit passages of their correspondence, both al-Qasimi and al-Alusi continue to use Salafi epithets in a purely theological sense. While the former distinguishes the Salafis from the Jahmis and the Mutazilis, the latter describes a Moroccan scholar as "Salafi in creed and athari in law" (al-salaf¯ı –aq¯ıdatan al-athar¯ı madhhaban).It is interesting to note that this is how Rashid Rida first used and understood Salafi epithets as well. In 1905, he spoke of the Salafis (al-salafiyya) as a collective noun, in contradistinction with the Ash'aris (al-asha'ira). Although he and some of his disciples later declared themselves to be Salafis with respect to fiqh (in 1928 Rida even acknowledged his passage from being a Hanafi to becoming a Salafi), the available evidence suggests that the broadening of Salafi epithets to encompass the realm of the law was a gradual development that did not bloom in full until the 1920s."... "This is why, in 1905, Rida casually referred to the Wahhabis as Salafis (al-wahhabiyya al-salafiyya )</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=%22THE+CONSTRUCTION+OF+SALAFIYYA%3ARECONSIDERING+SALAFISM+FROM+THE+PERSPECTIVE+OF+CONCEPTUAL+HISTORY%22&rft.volume=42+3&rft.pages=375-376&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft.aulast=Lauzi%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Henri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-middle-east-studies%2Farticle%2Fconstruction-of-salafiyya-reconsidering-salafism-from-the-perspective-of-conceptual-history%2F66CCD646C4CF983740ADC9FD6DC354FA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Halverson2010" class="citation book cs1">R. Halverson, Jeffrey (2010). <i>Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10279-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10279-8"><bdi>978-0-230-10279-8</bdi></a>. <q>The ideas of the Atharis of the Najd were not limited to Wahhabites either, but can be traced elsewhere, especially to Iraq (e.g., al-Alusi family), India, as well as to the figures such as Rashid Rida (d. 1935 CE) and Hasan al-Banna (d. 1949 CE) in Egypt.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+and+Creed+in+Sunni+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10279-8&rft.aulast=R.+Halverson&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAchcar2010" class="citation book cs1">Achcar, Gilbert (2010). <i>The Arabs and the Holocaust:The Arab-Israeli War of Narratives</i>. London, UK: Actes Sud. pp. 104–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-835-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86356-835-0"><bdi>978-0-86356-835-0</bdi></a>. <q>(Rida) was initially a disciple of Abduh's, pushing his reformist enterprise - after Abduh's death in 1905 and especially from the 1920s on – in the direction of a fundamentalist counter-reformation... Islamic counter-reformation was far more reactionary than its sixteenth- and seventeenth-century Catholic predecessor, a development the more paradoxical in that the Islamic version seems to have emerged as a mutation from the reformist movement itself rather than being, as in the Christian case, the product of a frontal assault on it. This mutation, engineered by Rida, explains the double meaning of what is known as Salafism (salafiyya)... it eventually came to designate literalist, fundamentalist adhesion to the legacy of early Islam</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Arabs+and+the+Holocaust%3AThe+Arab-Israeli+War+of+Narratives&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=104-105&rft.pub=Actes+Sud&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-86356-835-0&rft.aulast=Achcar&rft.aufirst=Gilbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDallal2000" class="citation journal cs1">Dallal, Ahmad (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3399271">"Appropriating the past: Twentieth-Century Reconstruction of Pre-Modern Islamic Thought"</a>. <i>Islamic Law and Society</i>. <b>7</b> (3): 325–358. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156851900507670">10.1163/156851900507670</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0928-9380">0928-9380</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3399271">3399271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Islamic+Law+and+Society&rft.atitle=Appropriating+the+past%3A+Twentieth-Century+Reconstruction+of+Pre-Modern+Islamic+Thought&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=325-358&rft.date=2000&rft.issn=0928-9380&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3399271%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156851900507670&rft.aulast=Dallal&rft.aufirst=Ahmad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3399271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR._Halverson2010" class="citation book cs1">R. Halverson, Jeffrey (2010). <i>Theology and Creed in Sunni Islam</i>. New York: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 61–62, 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10279-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-230-10279-8"><bdi>978-0-230-10279-8</bdi></a>. <q>These thinkers, which included Jamal al-Din al-Afghani (d. 1897) and Muhammad ' Abduh (d. 1905),... the early progressive liberalism of these modernists quickly gave way to the arch-conservatism of Athari thinkers who held even greater contempt for the ideas of the nonbelievers (as well as liberals). This shift was most pronounced in the person of Rashid Rida (d. 1935), once a close student of 'Abduh, who increasingly moved to rigid Athari thought under Wahhabite influences in the early twentieth century. From Rida onward, the "Salafism"... became increasingly Athari-Wahhabite in nature, as it remains today.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theology+and+Creed+in+Sunni+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=61-62%2C+71&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-230-10279-8&rft.aulast=R.+Halverson&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhan2020" class="citation web cs1">Khan, Rehan (5 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurasiareview.com/05022020-salafi-islam-and-its-reincarnations-analysis/">"Salafi Islam and its Reincarnations- Analysis"</a>. <i>Eurasia Review</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200205150143/https://www.eurasiareview.com/05022020-salafi-islam-and-its-reincarnations-analysis/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 Feb 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eurasia+Review&rft.atitle=Salafi+Islam+and+its+Reincarnations-+Analysis&rft.date=2020-02-05&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Rehan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eurasiareview.com%2F05022020-salafi-islam-and-its-reincarnations-analysis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuthven2006" class="citation book cs1">Ruthven, Malise (2006). <i>Islam in the world</i>. Oxford New York: Oxford University Press. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530503-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530503-6"><bdi>978-0-19-530503-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+world&rft.place=Oxford+New+York&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530503-6&rft.aulast=Ruthven&rft.aufirst=Malise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeddieAfġānī1983" class="citation book cs1">Keddie, Nikki R.; Afġānī, Ǧamāl-ad-Dīn al- (1983). <i>An Islamic response to imperialism: political and religious writings of Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dı̄n "al-Afghānī"</i>. California Library reprint series (Repr ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. pp. 82–83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04774-7"><bdi>978-0-520-04774-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Islamic+response+to+imperialism%3A+political+and+religious+writings+of+Sayyid+Jam%C4%81l+ad-D%C4%B1%CC%84n+%22al-Afgh%C4%81n%C4%AB%22&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif.&rft.series=California+Library+reprint+series&rft.pages=82-83&rft.edition=Repr&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04774-7&rft.aulast=Keddie&rft.aufirst=Nikki+R.&rft.au=Af%C4%A1%C4%81n%C4%AB%2C+%C7%A6am%C4%81l-ad-D%C4%ABn+al-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeddieAfġānī1983" class="citation book cs1">Keddie, Nikki R.; Afġānī, Ǧamāl-ad-Dīn al- (1983). <i>An Islamic response to imperialism: political and religious writings of Sayyid Jamāl ad-Dı̄n "al-Afghānī"</i>. California Library reprint series (Repr ed.). Berkeley, Calif.: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04774-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04774-7"><bdi>978-0-520-04774-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Islamic+response+to+imperialism%3A+political+and+religious+writings+of+Sayyid+Jam%C4%81l+ad-D%C4%B1%CC%84n+%22al-Afgh%C4%81n%C4%AB%22&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif.&rft.series=California+Library+reprint+series&rft.edition=Repr&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04774-7&rft.aulast=Keddie&rft.aufirst=Nikki+R.&rft.au=Af%C4%A1%C4%81n%C4%AB%2C+%C7%A6am%C4%81l-ad-D%C4%ABn+al-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150101025856/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e2072">Salafi</a> oxfordislamicstudies.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/08/02/the-battle-for-al-azhar/">"The battle for al-Azhar"</a>. 22 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+battle+for+al-Azhar&rft.date=2024-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fforeignpolicy.com%2F2012%2F08%2F02%2Fthe-battle-for-al-azhar%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/the-split-between-qatar-and-the-gcc-wont-be-permanent">The split between Qatar and the GCC won't be permanent</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161117173729/http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/the-split-between-qatar-and-the-gcc-wont-be-permanent">Archived</a> 2016-11-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> thenational.ae</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=17065">"HASAN AL-BANNA AND HIS POLITICAL THOUGHT OF ISLAMIC BROTHERHOOD"</a>. <i>IKHWANWEB The Muslim Brotherhood Official English Website</i>. 13 May 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160215203239/https://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=17065">Archived</a> from the original on 15 Feb 2016. <q>But it was Abduh's disciple, the Syrian Rashid Rida (1865-1935), who most influenced Al-Banna... He shared Rida's central concern with the decline of Islamic civilization relative to the West. He too believed that this trend could be reversed only by returning to an unadulterated form of Islam.. Like Rida at the end of his life — but unlike Abduh and other Islamic modernists — Al-Banna felt that the main danger to Islam's survival in the modern age stemmed... from the ascendancy of Western secular ideas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IKHWANWEB+The+Muslim+Brotherhood+Official+English+Website&rft.atitle=HASAN+AL-BANNA+AND+HIS+POLITICAL+THOUGHT+OF+ISLAMIC+BROTHERHOOD&rft.date=2008-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ikhwanweb.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D17065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruthven-317-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ruthven-317_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuthven1984" class="citation book cs1">Ruthven, Malise (1984). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminworld0000ruth_b6b0"><i>Islam in the World</i></a></span> (first ed.). Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islaminworld0000ruth_b6b0/page/317">317</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+World&rft.pages=317&rft.edition=first&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Ruthven&rft.aufirst=Malise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fislaminworld0000ruth_b6b0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSageman2004" class="citation book cs1">Sageman, Marc (2004). "Chapter 1: The Origins of the Jihad". <i>UNDERSTANDING TERROR NETWORKS</i>. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8122-3808-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8122-3808-7"><bdi>0-8122-3808-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+1%3A+The+Origins+of+the+Jihad&rft.btitle=UNDERSTANDING+TERROR+NETWORKS&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8122-3808-7&rft.aulast=Sageman&rft.aufirst=Marc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Durie-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Durie_97-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Durie_97-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDurie2013" class="citation web cs1">Durie, Mark (6 June 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.meforum.org/3541/salafis-muslim-brotherhood">"Salafis and the Muslim Brotherhood: What is the difference?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150324135429/https://www.meforum.org/3541/salafis-muslim-brotherhood">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salafis+and+the+Muslim+Brotherhood%3A+What+is+the+difference%3F&rft.date=2013-06-06&rft.aulast=Durie&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.meforum.org%2F3541%2Fsalafis-muslim-brotherhood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2015/06/25/politics-and-the-puritanical">"Salafism: Politics and the puritanical"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 25 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191002082341/https://amp.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2015/06/25/politics-and-the-puritanical">Archived</a> from the original on 2 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Salafism%3A+Politics+and+the+puritanical&rft.date=2015-07-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.economist.com%2Fmiddle-east-and-africa%2F2015%2F06%2F25%2Fpolitics-and-the-puritanical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M. Nafi, Basheer. <i>Ṭāhir ibn ʿĀshūr: The Career and Thought of a Modern Reformist ʿālim, with Special Reference to His Work of tafsīr / الطاهر بن عاشور: حياة وأفکار عالم إصلاحي حديث، مع اهتمام خاص بتفسيره للقرآن</i>. Edinburgh University Press. Journal of Qur'anic Studies Vol. 7, No. 1 (2005), pp. 1-32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PW2001:_971-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PW2001:_971_100-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PW2001:_971_100-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PW2001:_971_100-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PW2001:_971_100-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWatson2001">Watson (2001)</a>, p. 971</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Qasim-61-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Qasim-61_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAmin2002">Amin (2002)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bennabi-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bennabi_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence,_Bruce_B." class="citation web cs1">Lawrence, Bruce B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161104135537/http://pomeps.org/2014/02/04/the-islamist-appeal-to-quranic-authority/">"The Islamist Appeal to Quranic Authority: The Case of Malik Bennabi"</a>. POMEPS. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pomeps.org/2014/02/04/the-islamist-appeal-to-quranic-authority/">the original</a> on 4 November 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Islamist+Appeal+to+Quranic+Authority%3A+The+Case+of+Malik+Bennabi&rft.pub=POMEPS&rft.au=Lawrence%2C+Bruce+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpomeps.org%2F2014%2F02%2F04%2Fthe-islamist-appeal-to-quranic-authority%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuda2007" class="citation book cs1">Auda, Jasser (2007). "5: Contemporary Theories in Islamic Law". <i>Maqasid al-SharÏah as Philosophy of Islamic Law: A Systems Approach</i>. Herndon, VA, USA: The International Institute of Islamic Thought. pp. 169–170. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56564-424-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56564-424-3"><bdi>978-1-56564-424-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=5%3A+Contemporary+Theories+in+Islamic+Law&rft.btitle=Maqasid+al-Shar%C3%8Fah+as+Philosophy+of+Islamic+Law%3A+A+Systems+Approach&rft.place=Herndon%2C+VA%2C+USA&rft.pages=169-170&rft.pub=The+International+Institute+of+Islamic+Thought&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-56564-424-3&rft.aulast=Auda&rft.aufirst=Jasser&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LT-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LT_104-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LT_104-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LT_104-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LT_104-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LT_104-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> Céline Zünd, Emmanuel Gehrig et Olivier Perrin, "Dans le Coran, sur 6300 versets, cinq contiennent un appel à tuer", <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Temps" title="Le Temps">Le Temps</a></i>, 29 January 2015, pp. 10-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150130200236/http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1258?_hi=0&_pos=3">Muhammad Ahmad Khalafallah</a>, Oxford Islamic Studies On-line (page visited on 30 January 2015)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326030832/https://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/mohammed-arkoun">"Mohammed Arkoun"</a>. 13 August 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.giffordlectures.org/lecturers/mohammed-arkoun">the original</a> on 26 March 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mohammed+Arkoun&rft.date=2014-08-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.giffordlectures.org%2Flecturers%2Fmohammed-arkoun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bacik_2021_1-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bacik_2021_1_107-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bacik_2021_1_107-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bacik_2021_1_107-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bacik_2021_1_107-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bacik_2021_1_107-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacik2021" class="citation book cs1">Bacik, Gokhan (2021). "Introduction". <i>Contemporary Rationalist Islam in Turkey</i>. London, UK: I.B. Tauris. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-3674-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7556-3674-7"><bdi>978-0-7556-3674-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Rationalist+Islam+in+Turkey&rft.place=London%2C+UK&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-7556-3674-7&rft.aulast=Bacik&rft.aufirst=Gokhan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBennettRamsey2012" class="citation book cs1">Bennett, Clinton; Ramsey, Charles M. (2012). "When Sufi tradition reinvents Islamic Modernity; The Minhaj al-Qur'an". <i>South Asian Sufis: Devotion, Deviation, and Destiny</i>. Great Britain: Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1472523518" title="Special:BookSources/978-1472523518"><bdi>978-1472523518</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=When+Sufi+tradition+reinvents+Islamic+Modernity%3B+The+Minhaj+al-Qur%27an&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Sufis%3A+Devotion%2C+Deviation%2C+and+Destiny&rft.place=Great+Britain&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1472523518&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=Clinton&rft.au=Ramsey%2C+Charles+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_109-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-news.bbc.co.uk_109-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7264903.stm">"Turkey in radical revision of Islamic texts"</a> Robert Pigott, Religious affairs correspondent, <a href="/wiki/BBC_News" title="BBC News">BBC News</a>, 26 February 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1996">Kennedy (1996)</a>, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbu_Fayadh2021" class="citation web cs1">Abu Fayadh, Faisal (23 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://retizen.republika.co.id/posts/12342/ustadz-adi-hidayat-kita-semua-salafi">"Ustadz Adi Hidayat: Kita Semua Salafi"</a> [Ustadz Adi Hidayat: We are all Salafis]. <i>Retizen</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210723064140/https://retizen.republika.co.id/posts/12342/ustadz-adi-hidayat-kita-semua-salafi">Archived</a> from the original on 23 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Retizen&rft.atitle=Ustadz+Adi+Hidayat%3A+Kita+Semua+Salafi&rft.date=2021-07-23&rft.aulast=Abu+Fayadh&rft.aufirst=Faisal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fretizen.republika.co.id%2Fposts%2F12342%2Fustadz-adi-hidayat-kita-semua-salafi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pwmu.co/40369/11/03/muhammadiyah-itu-golongan-ahlus-sunnah-salafiyyah/">"Muhammadiyah Itu Golongan Ahlus Sunnah was Salafiyyah"</a> [Muhammadiyah The Ahlus Sunnah was Salafiyyah]. <i>Pwmu</i>. 3 November 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211018045958/https://pwmu.co/40369/11/03/muhammadiyah-itu-golongan-ahlus-sunnah-salafiyyah/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pwmu&rft.atitle=Muhammadiyah+Itu+Golongan+Ahlus+Sunnah+was+Salafiyyah&rft.date=2017-11-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpwmu.co%2F40369%2F11%2F03%2Fmuhammadiyah-itu-golongan-ahlus-sunnah-salafiyyah%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuhtaroom2017" class="citation journal cs1">Muhtaroom, Ali (August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318894800">"The Study of Indonesian Moslem Responses on Salafy- Shia Transnational Islamic Education Institution, Shiashia"</a>. <i>Ilmia Islam Futuria</i>. <b>17</b> (1): 73–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22373%2Fjiif.v17i1.1645">10.22373/jiif.v17i1.1645</a></span> – via Research Gate. <q>the development of Salafi in Indonesia has inspired the emergence of anumber of organizations reformers of modern Islam in Indonesia. Organizationssuchas Muhammadiyah, Al-Irsyad, shared similar intentions to purify faith with the call back to the Quran and Sunnah, and leave many traditional customs that are claimed to be contaminated by heresy,tahayyul, and superstition... For Muhammadiyah, the purification of faith and the return to the Quran and Sunnah is an obligation... Muhammadiyah doctrine theology agrees with salafi, namely puritanist by going back to Al-Quran and As-Sunnah...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ilmia+Islam+Futuria&rft.atitle=The+Study+of+Indonesian+Moslem+Responses+on+Salafy-+Shia+Transnational+Islamic+Education+Institution%2C+Shiashia&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=73-95&rft.date=2017-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22373%2Fjiif.v17i1.1645&rft.aulast=Muhtaroom&rft.aufirst=Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F318894800&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmier-1954-257-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palmier-1954-257_114-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmier1954" class="citation journal cs1">Palmier, Leslie H. (September 1954). "Modern Islam in Indonesia: The Muhammadiyah After Independence". <i>Pacific Affairs</i>. <b>27</b> (3): 257. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2753021">2753021</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pacific+Affairs&rft.atitle=Modern+Islam+in+Indonesia%3A+The+Muhammadiyah+After+Independence&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=257&rft.date=1954-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2753021%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Palmier&rft.aufirst=Leslie+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/06/opinion/in-indonesia-islam-loves-democracy.html?_r=0">In Indonesia, Islam loves democracy</a>| Michael Vatikiotis | <i>New York Times</i> |6 February 6, 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBinder1961" class="citation book cs1">Binder, L. (1961). <i>Religion and Politics in Pakistan</i>. Berkeley, Los Angeles California: University of California Press. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Politics+in+Pakistan&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Los+Angeles+California&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Binder&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mortimer-Faith-204-moder-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mortimer-Faith-204-moder_117-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMortimer1982" class="citation book cs1">Mortimer, Edward (1982). <i>Faith and Power : the Politics of Islam</i>. Vintage Books. p. 204.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Faith+and+Power+%3A+the+Politics+of+Islam&rft.pages=204&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Mortimer&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruthven-306-7-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ruthven-306-7_119-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuthven2006" class="citation book cs1">Ruthven, Malise (2006) [1984]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=92lQfWj6_VIC&q=since+reformism+has+been+coopted+ruthven&pg=PA318"><i>Islam in the World</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 306-7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305036" title="Special:BookSources/9780195305036"><bdi>9780195305036</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 April</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+in+the+World&rft.pages=306-7&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780195305036&rft.aulast=Ruthven&rft.aufirst=Malise&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D92lQfWj6_VIC%26q%3Dsince%2Breformism%2Bhas%2Bbeen%2Bcoopted%2Bruthven%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nabhani, T, "The Islamic Ruling System", al-Khilafah Publications</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mawardi, "Ahkaam al-Sultaniyyah".</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmin2002" class="citation book cs1">Amin, Qasim (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W4OKaz5dzdYC&pg=PA61">"<i>The Emancipation of Woman</i> and <i>The New Woman</i>"</a>. In Kurzman, Charles (ed.). <i>Modernist Islam, 1840–1940: A Sourcebook</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 61–69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515468-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-515468-9"><bdi>978-0-19-515468-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Emancipation+of+Woman+and+The+New+Woman&rft.btitle=Modernist+Islam%2C+1840%E2%80%931940%3A+A+Sourcebook&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=61-69&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-515468-9&rft.aulast=Amin&rft.aufirst=Qasim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW4OKaz5dzdYC%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeLong-Bas2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Natana_J._DeLong-Bas" title="Natana J. DeLong-Bas">DeLong-Bas, Natana J.</a> (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=797QCwAAQBAJ"><i>Wahhabi Islam: From Revival and Reform to Global Jihad</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-516991-3"><bdi>0-19-516991-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wahhabi+Islam%3A+From+Revival+and+Reform+to+Global+Jihad&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-19-516991-3&rft.aulast=DeLong-Bas&rft.aufirst=Natana+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D797QCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughes2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Aaron_W._Hughes" title="Aaron W. Hughes">Hughes, Aaron W.</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmGrAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA225">"Encounters with Modernity"</a>. <i>Muslim Identities: An Introduction to Islam</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>. pp. 225–253. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53192-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-53192-4"><bdi>978-0-231-53192-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Encounters+with+Modernity&rft.btitle=Muslim+Identities%3A+An+Introduction+to+Islam&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=225-253&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-231-53192-4&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=Aaron+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZmGrAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA225&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1996" class="citation book cs1">Kennedy, Charles (1996). <i>Islamization of Laws and Economy, Case Studies on Pakistan</i>. Institute of Policy Studies, The Islamic Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamization+of+Laws+and+Economy%2C+Case+Studies+on+Pakistan&rft.pub=Institute+of+Policy+Studies%2C+The+Islamic+Foundation&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="FKIBP2015" class="citation book cs1">Khan, Feisal (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dqlACwAAQBAJ&pg=PA80"><i>Islamic Banking in Pakistan: Shariah-Compliant Finance and the Quest to Make Pakistan More Islamic</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Abingdon-on-Thames" title="Abingdon-on-Thames">Abingdon, Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77975-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-77975-3"><bdi>978-0-415-77975-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Banking+in+Pakistan%3A+Shariah-Compliant+Finance+and+the+Quest+to+Make+Pakistan+More+Islamic&rft.place=Abingdon%2C+Oxford&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-415-77975-3&rft.aulast=Khan&rft.aufirst=Feisal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdqlACwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasud2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Khalid_Masud" title="Muhammad Khalid Masud">Masud, Muhammad Khalid</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LxKrBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA237">"Islamic Modernism"</a>. In Masud, Muhammad Khalid; Salvatore, Armando; <a href="/wiki/Martin_van_Bruinessen" title="Martin van Bruinessen">Van Bruinessen, Martin</a> (eds.). <i>Islam and Modernity: Key Issues and Debate</i>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. pp. 237–260. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3792-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-3792-8"><bdi>978-0-7486-3792-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Islamic+Modernism&rft.btitle=Islam+and+Modernity%3A+Key+Issues+and+Debate&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pages=237-260&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-3792-8&rft.aulast=Masud&rft.aufirst=Muhammad+Khalid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLxKrBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA237&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeters1996" class="citation book cs1">Peters, Rudolph (1996). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jihadinclassical00pete"><i>Jihad in Classical and Modern Islam: A Reader</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Princeton,_New_Jersey" title="Princeton, New Jersey">Princeton, New Jersey</a>: Markus Wiener Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55876-108-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-55876-108-X"><bdi>1-55876-108-X</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2020</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jihad+in+Classical+and+Modern+Islam%3A+A+Reader&rft.place=Princeton%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Markus+Wiener+Publishers&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-55876-108-X&rft.aulast=Peters&rft.aufirst=Rudolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjihadinclassical00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShepard1987" class="citation journal cs1">Shepard, William E. (August 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.la.utexas.edu/users/chenry/pmena/coursemats/2009/shepard-163657.pdf">"Islam and Ideology: Towards a Typology"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a></i>. <b>19</b> (3). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 307–335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743800056750">10.1017/S0020743800056750</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/163657">163657</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:92988363">92988363</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Islam+and+Ideology%3A+Towards+a+Typology&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=307-335&rft.date=1987-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A92988363%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F163657%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743800056750&rft.aulast=Shepard&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.la.utexas.edu%2Fusers%2Fchenry%2Fpmena%2Fcoursemats%2F2009%2Fshepard-163657.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="IFGE2010" class="citation book cs1">Warde, Ibrahim (2010) [2000]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O_GqBgAAQBAJ"><i>Islamic Finance in the Global Economy</i></a> (Second, Revised and updated ed.). <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>: <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_University_Press" title="Edinburgh University Press">Edinburgh University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2776-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7486-2776-9"><bdi>978-0-7486-2776-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Finance+in+the+Global+Economy&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.edition=Second%2C+Revised+and+updated&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7486-2776-9&rft.aulast=Warde&rft.aufirst=Ibrahim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO_GqBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson2001" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Peter (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tgCuAfzF3M0C"><i>The Modern Mind: An Intellectual History of the 20th Century</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-008438-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-008438-7"><bdi>978-0-06-008438-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+Mind%3A+An+Intellectual+History+of+the+20th+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-06-008438-7&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtgCuAfzF3M0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIslamic+modernism" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Islamic_theology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Islamic_theology" title="Template talk:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic_theology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Islamic theology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Islamic_theology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Islamic theology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="FieldsTheologiansBooks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Fields</li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></li><li>Books</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_eschatology" title="Islamic eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%27Aql" title="'Aql">‘Aql</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Islam" title="Education in Islam">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_cosmology" title="Sufi cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_theologians" title="List of Muslim theologians">Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Abu_Hasan_al-Ash%27ari" title="Abu Hasan al-Ash'ari">al-Ash'ari</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bayhaqi" title="Al-Bayhaqi">Al-Bayhaqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baqillani" title="Al-Baqillani">Al-Baqillani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Juwayni" title="Al-Juwayni">Al-Juwayni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qushayri" title="Al-Qushayri">Al-Qushayri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shahrastani" title="Al-Shahrastani">Al-Shahrastani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ghazali" title="Al-Ghazali">Al-Ghazali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Taftazani" title="Al-Taftazani">Al-Taftazani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maziri" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maziri">Al-Maziri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Furak" title="Ibn Furak">Ibn Furak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi_Zayd_al-Qayrawani" title="Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani">Ibn Abi Zayd al-Qayrawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakariyya_al-Ansari" title="Zakariyya al-Ansari">Zakariyya al-Ansari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Baghdadi" title="Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi">Abu Mansur al-Baghdadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Isfara%27ini" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini">Abu Ishaq al-Isfara'ini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Aqil" title="Ibn Aqil">Ibn Aqil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Tumart" title="Ibn Tumart">Ibn Tumart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Qadir_Gilani" title="Abdul Qadir Gilani">Abdul Qadir Gilani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Walid_al-Baji" title="Abu al-Walid al-Baji">Abu al-Walid al-Baji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr_ibn_al-Arabi" title="Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi">Abu Bakr ibn al-Arabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_al-Jawzi" title="Ibn al-Jawzi">Ibn al-Jawzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadi_Ayyad" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadi Ayyad">Qadi Ayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakhr_al-Din_al-Razi" title="Fakhr al-Din al-Razi">Fakhr al-Din al-Razi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayf_al-Din_al-Amidi" title="Sayf al-Din al-Amidi">Sayf al-Din al-Amidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izz_al-Din_ibn_%27Abd_al-Salam" title="Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam">Izz al-Din ibn 'Abd al-Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqi_al-Din_al-Subki" title="Taqi al-Din al-Subki">Taqi al-Din al-Subki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_al-Din_al-Qarafi" title="Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi">Shihab al-Din al-Qarafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hayyan_al-Gharnati" title="Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati">Abu Hayyan al-Gharnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Baydawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baydawi">Al-Baydawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Khaldun" title="Ibn Khaldun">Ibn Khaldun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arafa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Arafa">Ibn Arafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Tha%27alibi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi">Abd al-Rahman al-Tha'alibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hajar_al-Haytami" title="Ibn Hajar al-Haytami">Ibn Hajar al-Haytami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sha%27rani" title="Al-Sha'rani">Al-Sha'rani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalal_al-Din_al-Dawani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jalal al-Din al-Dawani">Jalal al-Din al-Dawani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Maqqari_al-Tilmisani" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani">Al-Maqqari al-Tilmisani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_al-Fasi" title="Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi">Abd al-Rahman al-Fasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ashir" title="Ibn Ashir">Ibn Ashir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bah%C5%ABt%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bahūtī">Al-Bahūtī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Mayyara" title="Muhammad Mayyara">Muhammad Mayyara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ali_al-Hassan_al-Yusi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi">Abu Ali al-Hassan al-Yusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Illish" class="mw-redirect" title="'Illish">'Illish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Bajuri" title="Ibrahim al-Bajuri">Ibrahim al-Bajuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Alawi_al-Haddad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad">Abdullah ibn Alawi al-Haddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Dardir" title="Ahmad al-Dardir">Ahmad al-Dardir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Arafa_al-Desouki" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki">Muhammad Arafa al-Desouki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Zayni_Dahlan" title="Ahmad Zayni Dahlan">Ahmad Zayni Dahlan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early</a> <a href="/wiki/Sunni_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools">Sunni</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Hanifa" title="Abu Hanifa">Abū Ḥanīfah al-Nu'mān ibn Thābit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafiyah</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malik_ibn_Anas" title="Malik ibn Anas">Malik ibn Anas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Maliki</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shafi%27i" title="Al-Shafi'i">Al-Shafi'i</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi‘i</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Abu_Mansur_al-Maturidi" title="Abu Mansur al-Maturidi">Al-Maturidi</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hakim_al-Samarqandi" title="Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi">Al-Hakim al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sarakhsi" title="Al-Sarakhsi">Al-Sarakhsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Bazdawi" title="Al-Bazdawi">Al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Yusr_al-Bazdawi" title="Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi">Abu al-Yusr al-Bazdawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Mu%27in_al-Nasafi" title="Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi">Abu al-Mu'in al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Ishaq_al-Saffar_al-Bukhari" title="Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari">Abu Ishaq al-Saffar al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Layth_al-Samarqandi" title="Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi">Abu al-Layth al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Ala%27_al-Din_al-Bukhari" title="'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari">'Ala' al-Din al-Bukhari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharif_al-Jurjani" title="Al-Sharif al-Jurjani">Al-Sharif al-Jurjani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akmal_al-Din_al-Babarti" title="Akmal al-Din al-Babarti">Akmal al-Din al-Babarti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_al-Din_al-Ghaznawi" title="Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi">Jamal al-Din al-Ghaznawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_al-Sabuni" title="Nur al-Din al-Sabuni">Nur al-Din al-Sabuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najm_al-Din_%27Umar_al-Nasafi" class="mw-redirect" title="Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi">Najm al-Din 'Umar al-Nasafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siraj_al-Din_al-Ushi" title="Siraj al-Din al-Ushi">Siraj al-Din al-Ushi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Din_al-Samarqandi" title="Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi">Shams al-Din al-Samarqandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khidr_Bey" title="Khidr Bey">Khidr Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kemal" title="Ibn Kemal">Ibn Kemal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Qushji" title="Ali Qushji">Ali Qushji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Qari" title="Ali al-Qari">Ali al-Qari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Ghunaymi_al-Maydani" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Ghunaymi al-Maydani">Al-Maydani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sirhindi" title="Ahmad Sirhindi">Ahmad Sirhindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Shah_Kashmiri" title="Anwar Shah Kashmiri">Anwar Shah Kashmiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Waliullah_Dehlawi" title="Shah Waliullah Dehlawi">Shah Waliullah Dehlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Abdul_Aziz" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Abdul Aziz">Shah Abdul Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Ahmad_Saharanpuri" title="Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri">Khalil Ahmad Saharanpuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Zakariya_Kandhlawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi">Muhammad Zakariya Kandhlawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmatullah_Kairanawi" title="Rahmatullah Kairanawi">Rahmatullah Kairanawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murtada_al-Zabidi" title="Murtada al-Zabidi">Murtada al-Zabidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Ghani_al-Nabulsi" title="Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi">Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abu_Zahra" title="Muhammad Abu Zahra">Muhammad Abu Zahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanthapuram_A._P._Aboobacker_Musliyar" title="Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar">Kanthapuram A. P. Aboobacker Musliyar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Rumi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ta%27til" title="Ta'til">Mu'attila</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/al-Dscha%CA%BFd_ibn_Dirham" class="extiw" title="de:al-Dschaʿd ibn Dirham">Al-Ja'd ibn Dirham</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jabriyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Jabriyah">Mu'jbira</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahm_bin_Safwan" title="Jahm bin Safwan">Abū Muḥrīz Jahm ibn Ṣafwān ar-Rāsibī as-Samarqāndī at-Tirmidhī</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jahmi" class="mw-redirect" title="Jahmi">Jahmīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdirrahmān Bishr ibn Ghiyāth ibn Abī Karīma al-Marīsī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Mu'jassimā</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muqatil_ibn_Sulayman" title="Muqatil ibn Sulayman">Abu’l-Hassan Muqātil ibn Sulaymān ibn Bashīr al-Azdī</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Balkh" title="Balkh">Balkh</a>ī (Muqātilīyya)</li> <li>Abū Muḥāmmad (Abū’l-Hākem) Heshām ibn Sālem al-Jawālikī al-<a href="/wiki/Juzjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Juzjan">Juzjan</a>ī al-<a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kūf</a>ī <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphism" title="Anthropomorphism">Jawālikīyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rum_(endonym)" title="Rum (endonym)">Rum</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdal" title="Abdal">Abdals</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Karram" title="Ibn Karram">Ibn Karram</a> (<a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karramiyya</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū Marwān Gaylān ibn Mūslīm ad-<a href="/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī an-<a href="/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">Nabati</a> al-Qībtī (<a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murjī</a>-<a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mu%27tazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Mu'tazila">Mu'tazila</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Wasil_ibn_%27Ata%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Wasil ibn 'Ata'">Wasil ibn 'Ata'</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nazzam" title="Ibrahim al-Nazzam">Abū Ishāq Ibrāhīm ibn Sayyār ibn Hāni’ an-Nazzām</a> (Nazzāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Bakr Abdurrahmān ibn Kaysān al-Asāmm</li> <li>Abū Mūsā Isā ibn Subeyh (Sabīh) al-Murdār al-Bāsrī (Murdārīyya)</li> <li>Hīshām ibn Amr al-Fuwātī ash-Shaybānī (Hīshāmīyya)</li> <li>Abū Sahl Abbād ibn Sulaimān (Salmān) as-Sāymarī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jubba%27i" title="Al-Jubba'i">Abū Alī Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb ibn Sallām al-Jubbā'ī</a> (Jubbāīyya)</li> <li>Abū’l-Hūsayn Abdūrrāhīm ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Uthmān al-Hayyāt (Hayyātīyya)</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Harb</li> <li>Ja'far ibn Mūbassīr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">Abū Uthmān Amr ibn Bhār ibn Māhbūb al-Jāhiz al-Kinānī</a> (Jāhizīyya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Jabbar_ibn_Ahmad" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd al-Jabbar ibn Ahmad">Al-Qadi 'Abd al-Jabbar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Husayn_al-Basri" title="Abu al-Husayn al-Basri">Abu al-Husayn al-Basri</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zamakhshari" title="Al-Zamakhshari">Al-Zamakhshari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amr_ibn_Ubayd" title="Amr ibn Ubayd">Amr ibn Ubayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abi%27l-Hadid" title="Ibn Abi'l-Hadid">Ibn Abi'l-Hadid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahib_ibn_Abbad" title="Sahib ibn Abbad">Sahib ibn Abbad</a></li> <li>Abū Amr Ḍirār ibn Amr al-Gatafānī al-Kūfī (Ḍirārīyya)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neccariyye" class="extiw" title="tr:Neccariyye">Najjārīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh al-Husayn ibn Muḥāmmad ibn ʿAbdillāh an-Najjār ar-Rāzī <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Yahyā) Hāfs al-Fard</li> <li>Muḥāmmad ibn ʿĪsā (Burgūsīyya)</li> <li>Abū ʿAbdallāh Ibnū’z-Zā‘farānī (Zā‘farānīyya)</li> <li>Mustadrakīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafi Theologians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Taymiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Taymiyyah">Ibn Taymiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibnul_Qayyim" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibnul Qayyim">Ibnul Qayyim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shawkani" title="Al-Shawkani">Al-Shawkani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqbil_bin_Hadi_al-Wadi%27i" title="Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i">Muqbil bin Hadi al-Wadi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saleh_Al-Fawzan" title="Saleh Al-Fawzan">Saleh Al-Fawzan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabee_al-Madkhali" title="Rabee al-Madkhali">Rabee al-Madkhali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zubair_Ali_Zai" title="Zubair Ali Zai">Zubair Ali Zai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safar_Al-Hawali" class="mw-redirect" title="Safar Al-Hawali">Safar Al-Hawali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_al-Ouda" title="Salman al-Ouda">Salman al-Ouda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden" title="Osama bin Laden">Osama bin Laden</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Jihadism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Jihadism">Salafi Jihadism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Umar_al-Hazimi" title="Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi">Ahmad ibn Umar al-Hazimi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hazimism" title="Hazimism">Hazimism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasir_Qadhi" title="Yasir Qadhi">Yasir Qadhi</a> <ul><li>Post-Salafism</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Imams" title="Twelve Imams">Twelve Imams</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Ali" title="Hasan ibn Ali">Hasan ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Husayn_ibn_Ali" title="Husayn ibn Ali">Husayn ibn Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Sajjad" title="Ali al-Sajjad">Ali al-Sajjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Baqir" title="Muhammad al-Baqir">Muhammad al-Baqir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_al-Sadiq" title="Ja'far al-Sadiq">Ja'far al-Sadiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musa_al-Kazim" title="Musa al-Kazim">Musa al-Kazim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Rida" title="Ali al-Rida">Ali al-Rida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Jawad" title="Muhammad al-Jawad">Muhammad al-Jawad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_al-Hadi" title="Ali al-Hadi">Ali al-Hadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Askari" title="Hasan al-Askari">Hasan al-Askari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_al-Mahdi" title="Muhammad al-Mahdi">Muhammad al-Mahdi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaykh_Al-Mufid" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid">Al-Shaykh Al-Mufid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharif_al-Murtaza" title="Sharif al-Murtaza">Sharif al-Murtaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tusi" title="Shaykh Tusi">Shaykh Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allamah_Al-Hilli" class="mw-redirect" title="Allamah Al-Hilli">Allamah Al-Hilli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Baqer_Majlesi" title="Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi">Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurarah_ibn_A%27yan" title="Zurarah ibn A'yan">Zurarah ibn A'yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hisham_ibn_Hakam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hisham ibn Hakam">Hisham ibn Hakam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agha_Zia_ol_Din_Araghi" title="Agha Zia ol Din Araghi">Agha Zia ol Din Araghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27far_Sobhani" title="Ja'far Sobhani">Ja'far Sobhani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wilayat_al-faqih" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilayat al-faqih">Wilayat al-faqih</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ili Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_al-Nu%27man" title="Al-Qadi al-Nu'man">Al-Qadi al-Nu'man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yaqub_al-Sijistani" class="mw-redirect" title="Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani">Abu Yaqub al-Sijistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamid_al-Din_al-Kirmani" title="Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani">Hamid al-Din al-Kirmani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mu%27ayyad_fi%27l-Din_al-Shirazi" title="Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi">Al-Mu'ayyad fi'l-Din al-Shirazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Ibrahim_al-Naysaburi" title="Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi">Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Naysaburi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Fawaris_Ahmad_ibn_Ya%27qub" title="Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub">Abu'l-Fawaris Ahmad ibn Ya'qub</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi Ismā'īlī doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhu%27ayb_ibn_Musa" title="Dhu'ayb ibn Musa">Dhu'ayb ibn Musa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hassan_Ala_Dhikrihi%27s_Salam" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam">Hassan Ala Dhikrihi's Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idris_Imad_al-Din" title="Idris Imad al-Din">Idris Imad al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Walid" title="Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid">Ali ibn Muhammad ibn al-Walid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi Shi'ism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu%27l-Jarud_al-Hamdani" title="Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani">Abu'l-Jarud al-Hamdani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Isa_ibn_Zayd" title="Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd">Ahmad ibn Isa ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qasim_al-Rassi" title="Al-Qasim al-Rassi">Al-Qasim al-Rassi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hadi_ila%27l-Haqq_Yahya" title="Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya">Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_al-Qasim" title="Al-Mansur al-Qasim">Al-Mansur al-Qasim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key books</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sunni_books" title="List of Sunni books">Sunni books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asas_al-Taqdis" title="Asas al-Taqdis">Asas al-Taqdis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Baz_al-Ashhab" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Baz al-Ashhab">Al-Baz al-Ashhab</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Farq_bayn_al-Firaq" title="Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq">Al-Farq bayn al-Firaq</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Milal_wa_al-Nihal" title="Al-Milal wa al-Nihal">Al-Milal wa al-Nihal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Conclusive_Proofs_for_the_Principles_of_Belief" title="A Guide to Conclusive Proofs for the Principles of Belief">Al-Irshad</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqidah_al-Tahawiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah">Al-Aqidah al-Tahawiyyah</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Sawad_al-A%27zam" title="Al-Sawad al-A'zam">Al-Sawad al-A'zam</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Tawhid_(Al-Maturidi)" title="Kitab al-Tawhid (Al-Maturidi)">Kitab al-Tawhid</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabsirat_al-Adilla" title="Tabsirat al-Adilla">Tabsirat al-Adilla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masnavi" title="Masnavi">Masnavi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fihi_Ma_Fihi" title="Fihi Ma Fihi">Fihi Ma Fihi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Divan-i_Shams-i_Tabrizi" title="Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi">Divan-i Shams-i Tabrizi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Moderation_in_Belief" title="The Moderation in Belief">The Moderation in Belief</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Shia_books" title="List of Shia books">Shia books</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/E%CA%BFteq%C4%81d%C4%81tal-Em%C4%81m%C4%ABya" title="Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya">Eʿteqādātal-Emāmīya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Amali_(of_Shaykh_Saduq)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Amali (of Shaykh Saduq)">Al-Amali</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Al-Khisal" title="Al-Khisal">Al-Khisal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Awail_Al_Maqalat" title="Awail Al Maqalat">Awail Al Maqalat</a></i></li> <li><i>Tashih al-I'tiqad</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tajrid_al-I%27tiqad" title="Tajrid al-I'tiqad">Tajrid al-I'tiqad</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.77em;font-weight:normal;">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Majmu" title="Kitab al-Majmu">Kitab al-Majmu</a> of <a href="/wiki/Alawis" class="mw-redirect" title="Alawis">Alawis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malf%C5%ABz%C4%81t" title="Malfūzāt">Malfūzāt</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Umm_al-kitab_(Shi%27i_book)" title="Umm al-kitab (Shi'i book)">Umm al-kitab</a> of <a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li Isma'ilism</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Islam_scholars_diagram" title="Template:Islam scholars diagram">Early Muslim scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_Muslim_scholars_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam">List of contemporary Muslim scholars of Islam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd wraplinks" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Islamic_schools_and_branches" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_schools_and_branches" title="Islamic schools and branches">Islamic schools and branches</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Hadith" title="Ahl al-Hadith">Ahl al-Hadith</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Atharism" title="Atharism">Atharism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kullabiyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Kullab" title="Ibn Kullab">Ibn Kullab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanbali_school" title="Hanbali school">Hanbalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qadi_Abu_Ya%27la" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la">Al-Qadi Abu Ya'la</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwaja_Abdullah_Ansari" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwaja Abdullah Ansari">Khwaja Abdullah Ansari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zahiri_school" title="Zahiri school">Zahiris</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Dawud al-Zahiri">Dawud al-Zahiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement" title="Salafi movement">Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahl-i_Hadith" title="Ahl-i Hadith">Ahl-i Hadith</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Nazeer_Husain" title="Syed Nazeer Husain">Syed Nazeer Husain</a> / <a href="/wiki/Siddiq_Hasan_Khan" title="Siddiq Hasan Khan">Siddiq Hasan Khan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_Abd_al-Wahhab" title="Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab">Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Baz" title="Ibn Baz">Ibn Baz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthaymin" title="Al-Uthaymin">Al-Uthaymin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Albani" title="Al-Albani">Al-Albani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_movement#Political_trends_within_Salafism" title="Salafi movement">Other Salafi trends</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_jihadism" title="Salafi jihadism">Jihadism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madkhalism" title="Madkhalism">Madkhalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahwa_movement" title="Sahwa movement">Sahwa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salafi_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafi Modernism">Salafi Modernism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_bin_Dawud_al-Zahiri" title="Muhammad bin Dawud al-Zahiri">Muhammad bin Dawud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqrizi" class="mw-redirect" title="Maqrizi">Maqrizi</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ahl_ar-Ra%27y" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahl ar-Ra'y">Ahl ar-Ra'y</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ilm_al-Kalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Ilm al-Kalam">Ilm al-Kalam</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ash%27arism" title="Ash'arism">Ash'arism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maliki_school" title="Maliki school">Malikis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i_school" title="Shafi'i school">Shafi'is</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_al-Harari" title="Abdullah al-Harari">Abdullah al-Harari</a> – <a href="/wiki/Al-Ahbash" title="Al-Ahbash">Al-Ahbash</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maturidism" title="Maturidism">Maturidism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanafi_school" title="Hanafi school">Hanafis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fazl-e-Haq_Khairabadi" title="Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi">Fazl-e-Haq Khairabadi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmed Raza Khan">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Qasim_Nanautavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi">Muhammad Qasim Nanautavi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rashid_Ahmad_Gangohi" title="Rashid Ahmad Gangohi">Rashid Ahmad Gangohi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Deobandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Deobandi">Deobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necmettin_Erbakan" title="Necmettin Erbakan">Necmettin Erbakan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Mill%C3%AE_G%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Millî Görüş">Millî Görüş</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Zaydism" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zayd_ibn_Ali" title="Zayd ibn Ali">Zayd ibn Ali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jarudiyya" title="Jarudiyya">Jarudiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batriyya" title="Batriyya">Batriyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Zaydi_doctrine" title="Imamate in Zaydi doctrine">Imamate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties of northern Iran</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasan_al-Utrush" title="Hasan al-Utrush">Hasan al-Utrush</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahya_ibn_Umar" title="Yahya ibn Umar">Yahya ibn Umar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imams_of_Yemen" title="Imams of Yemen">Imams of Yemen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Zaydi_Shia_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Extinct Zaydi Shi'a sects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dukayniyya_Shia" title="Dukayniyya Shia">Dukayniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalafiyya_Shia" title="Khalafiyya Shia">Khalafiyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Imamah_(Shi%27a_doctrine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imamah (Shi'a doctrine)">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mahdi" title="Mahdi">Mahdiist</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Shi%27ite" class="mw-redirect" title="Shi'ite">Shi'ite</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sects_in_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Sects in Islam">Sects in</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Twelver_doctrine" title="Imamate in Twelver doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theology_of_Twelvers" class="mw-redirect" title="Theology of Twelvers">Theology of Twelvers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ja%27fari_school" title="Ja'fari school">Ja'fari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhbari" title="Akhbari">Akhbari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usulism" title="Usulism">Usuli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaykhism" title="Shaykhism">Shaykhism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qizilbash" title="Qizilbash">Qizilbash</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Haydar" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Haydar">Sheikh Haydar</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shah_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Shah Ismail">Shah Ismail</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pir_Sultan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pir Sultan">Pir Sultan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kul_Nes%C3%AEm%C3%AE" title="Kul Nesîmî">Kul Nesîmî</a> – <a href="/wiki/Safavid_conversion_of_Iran_to_Shia_Islam" title="Safavid conversion of Iran to Shia Islam">Safavid Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulat" title="Ghulat">Ghulat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kha%E1%B9%A3%C4%ABb%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Khaṣībī">al-Khaṣībī</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Nusayr" title="Ibn Nusayr">ibn Nusayr</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alawites" title="Alawites">Alawites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fazlallah_Astarabadi" title="Fazlallah Astarabadi">Astarabadi (Naimi)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Imadaddin_Nasimi" title="Imadaddin Nasimi">Imadaddin Nasimi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hurufism" title="Hurufism">Hurufism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bektashism_and_folk_religion" title="Bektashism and folk religion">Bektashism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Baktāshism_(Bektaşilik)" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Baktāshism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demir_Baba_Teke" title="Demir Baba Teke">Demir Bābā</a> – <a href="/wiki/Alians" title="Alians">Alians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Rexheb" title="Baba Rexheb">Bābā Rexheb</a> – <a href="/wiki/Arabati_Baba_Te%E1%B8%B1e" title="Arabati Baba Teḱe">Hārābātīs</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Ismaili_doctrine" title="Imamate in Ismaili doctrine">Imami</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Isma%27ilism" title="Isma'ilism">Isma'ilism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathite" class="mw-redirect" title="Fathite">Fathite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_al-Aftah" title="Abdallah al-Aftah">Abdallah al-Aftah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batiniyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Batiniyyah">Batiniyyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamdan_Qarmat" title="Hamdan Qarmat">Hamdan Qarmat</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sevener" title="Sevener">Sevener</a> <a href="/wiki/Qarmatians" title="Qarmatians">Qarmatians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamza_ibn_Ali" title="Hamza ibn Ali">Hamza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Baha_al-Din_al-Muqtana" title="Baha al-Din al-Muqtana">Baha al-Din al-Muqtana</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ad-Darazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad-Darazi">ad-Darazi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Druze" title="Druze">Druzes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_dynasty" title="Fatimid dynasty">Fatimids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musta%27li_Isma%27ilism" class="mw-redirect" title="Musta'li Isma'ilism">Musta'li</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tayyibi_Isma%27ilism" title="Tayyibi Isma'ilism">Tayyibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alavi_Bohras" title="Alavi Bohras">Alavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawoodi_Bohra" title="Dawoodi Bohra">Dawoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymani_Bohra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymani Bohra">Sulaymani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafizi_Isma%27ilism" title="Hafizi Isma'ilism">Hafizi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Khusraw_al-Qubadiani" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani">Nasir Khusraw al-Qubadiani</a> – <a href="/wiki/Badakhshan" title="Badakhshan">Badakhshan</a> <a href="/wiki/Pamiris#Religion" title="Pamiris">Alevism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imamate_in_Nizari_doctrine" title="Imamate in Nizari doctrine">Nizari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hassan-i_Sabbah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hassan-i Sabbah">Hassan-i Sabbah</a> – <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Assassins" title="Order of Assassins">Assassins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aga_Khan" title="Aga Khan">Aga Khans</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nizaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Nizaris">Nizaris</a> / <a href="/wiki/Khojas" class="mw-redirect" title="Khojas">Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pir_Sadardin" title="Pir Sadardin">Pir Sadardin</a> – <a href="/wiki/Satpanth" title="Satpanth">Satpanth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kaysanites_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaysanites Shia">Kaysanites<br />Shia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mukhtar_al-Thaqafi" title="Mukhtar al-Thaqafi">Mukhtār</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Amra_Kaysan" title="Abu Amra Kaysan">Abū ʿAmra Kaysān</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Abd Allah ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hashimiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hashimiyya">Hashimiyya</a> <ul><li>Hārbīyya <ul><li>ʿAbd Allāh ibn al-Hārb ibn al-Kindi</li> <li>Janāhiyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Mu%27awiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya">Abdallah ibn Mu'awiya</a></li> <li>Hārithīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Riyāhīyya</li></ul></li> <li>Sam‘ānīyya <ul><li>Bayān ibn Sam‘ān</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawendis" title="Rawendis">Rawendis</a> <ul><li>Rezāmīyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Muslim" title="Abu Muslim">Abu Muslim</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sunpadh" title="Sunpadh">Sunpadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mu%E1%B8%A5ammirah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muḥammirah">Muḥammirah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khurramites" title="Khurramites">Khurramites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Babak_Khorramdin" title="Babak Khorramdin">Babak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazyar" title="Mazyar">Mazyar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqanna" title="Al-Muqanna">al-Muqanna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishaq_al-Turk" title="Ishaq al-Turk">Ishaq al-Turk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khashabiyya_Shia" title="Khashabiyya Shia">Khashabiyya Shia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other <a href="/wiki/Mahdiist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdiist">Mahdiists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An-Nafs_Az-Zakiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah">An-Nafs Az-Zakiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurufiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurufiyya">Hurufiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Pasikhani" title="Mahmoud Pasikhani">Maḥmūd Pasīkhānī</a> – <a href="/wiki/Nuktawiyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuktawiyya">Nuktawiyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shayki" class="mw-redirect" title="Shayki">Shayki</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuqta-yi_Ula" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuqta-yi Ula">Nuqta-yi Ula</a> – <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1bis#Antecedents" class="mw-redirect" title="Bábis">Bábīyya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawussite_Shia" title="Tawussite Shia">Tawussite Shia</a> <ul><li>ʿAjlan ibn Nawus</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqifite_Shia" title="Waqifite Shia">Waqifite Shia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Muhakkima" title="Muhakkima">Muhakkima</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin#Arbitration" title="Battle of Siffin">Arbitration</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kharijites" title="Kharijites">Kharijites</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ajardi <ul><li>Abd al-Karīm ibn Adjrād</li> <li>Maymunīyyah</li> <li>Sa'labīyyah</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azariqa" title="Azariqa">Azariqa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nafi_ibn_al-Azraq" title="Nafi ibn al-Azraq">Nafi ibn al-Azraq al-Hānafī al-Handhalī</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bayhasīyyah <ul><li>Abu Bayhas al-Hāytham ibn Jābir</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Najdat" title="Najdat">Najdat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Najdah_ibn_%27Amir" class="mw-redirect" title="Najdah ibn 'Amir">Najdah ibn 'Amir al-Hānafī</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufri" title="Sufri">Sufri</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Qurra" title="Abu Qurra">Abu Qurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Yazid" title="Abu Yazid">Abū Yazīd Mukhallad ibn Kayrād</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Nukkari" title="Nukkari">Nukkari</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ibadi_Islam" title="Ibadi Islam">Ibadism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdallah_ibn_Ibad" title="Abdallah ibn Ibad">'Abdullāh ibn Ibāḍ al-Tamimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81bir_ibn_Zayd" class="mw-redirect" title="Jābir ibn Zayd">Jābir ibn Zayd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakkariyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Nakkariyyah">Abu Qudama Yazid ibn Fandin</a> al-<a href="/wiki/Banu_Ifran" title="Banu Ifran">Ifrani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_Allah_ibn_Wahb_al-Rasibi" title="Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi">Abd Allah ibn Wahb al-Rasibi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ibadi#Wahbi_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibadi">Wahbiyyah</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azzabas" title="Azzabas">Azzabas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Murji%27ah" title="Murji'ah">Murji'ah</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Hasan_ibn_Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasan ibn Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">Hasan ibn<br />Muḥāmmad</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_ibn_al-Hanafiyyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyyah">ibn al-<br />Hanafiyyah</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Karramiyya" title="Karramiyya">Karrāmīyya</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Abū ʿAbdillāh Muḥāmmad ibn Karrām ibn Arrāk ibn Huzāba ibn al-Barā’ as-Sijjī <ul><li>ʿĀbidīyya (ʿUthmān al-ʿĀbid)</li> <li>Dhīmmīyya</li> <li>Hakāiqīyya</li> <li>Haisamīyya (Abū ʿAbdallāh Muhammad ibn al-Haisam)</li> <li>Hīdīyya (Hīd ibn Saif)</li> <li>Ishāqīyya (Abū Yaʿqūb Ishāq ibn Mahmashādh)</li> <li>Maʿīyya</li> <li>Muhājirīyya (Ibrāhīm ibn Muhājir)</li> <li>Nūnīyya</li> <li>Razīnīyya</li> <li>Sauwāqīyya</li> <li>Sūramīyya</li> <li>Tarā'ifīyya (Ahmad ibn ʿAbdūs at-Tarā'ifī)</li> <li>Tūnīyya (Abū Bakr ibn ʿAbdallāh)</li> <li>Wāhidīyya</li> <li>Zarībīyya</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other sects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Gaylānīyya <ul><li>Gaylān ibn Marwān</li></ul></li> <li>Yūnusīyya <ul><li>Yūnus ibn Awn an-Namīrī</li></ul></li> <li>Gassānīyya <ul><li>Gassān al-Kūfī</li></ul></li> <li>Tūmanīyya <ul><li>Abū Muāz at-Tūmanī</li></ul></li> <li>Sawbānīyya <ul><li>Abū Sawbān al-Murjī</li></ul></li> <li>Sālehīyya <ul><li>Sāleh ibn Umar</li></ul></li> <li>Shamrīyya <ul><li>Abū Shamr</li></ul></li> <li>Ubaydīyya <ul><li>Ubayd al-Mūktaib</li></ul></li> <li>Ziyādīyya <ul><li>Muhammad ibn Ziyād al-Kūfī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;">Other Murjīs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harith_ibn_Surayj" title="Al-Harith ibn Surayj">Al-Harith ibn Surayj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27id_ibn_Jubayr" title="Sa'id ibn Jubayr">Sa'id ibn Jubayr</a></li> <li>Hammād ibn Abū Sūlaimān</li> <li>Muhārīb ibn Dithār</li> <li>Sābit Kutna</li> <li>Awn ibn Abdullāh</li> <li>Mūsā ibn Abū Kasīr</li> <li>Umar ibn Zar</li> <li>Salm ibn Sālem</li> <li>Hālaf ibn Ayyūb</li> <li>Ibrāhim ibn Yousūf</li> <li>Nusayr ibn Yahyā</li> <li>Ahmad ibn Hārb</li> <li>Amr ibn Murrah</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Tashbih" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Mu'shabbiha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">Tamsīl</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jawārībīyya <ul><li>Dāwūd al-Jawāribî</li></ul></li> <li>Hāshwīyya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashbih" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashbih">Hulmānīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hulmān al-<a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fāris</a>ī ad-<a href="/wiki/Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Dimashq">Dimashq</a>ī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalandars" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalandars">Kalandars</a></li> <li><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barak_Baba" class="extiw" title="tr:Barak Baba">Bārāq Bābā</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology#Anthropopathy_in_the_history_of_Ghulāt_Shīʿīsm" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Tajsīm</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khattabiyya" title="Khattabiyya">Khaṭṭābiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abu_al-Khattab" title="Abu al-Khattab">Abu al-Khattab</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazighiyya_Shia" title="Bazighiyya Shia">Bāzīghiyya</a> <ul><li>Bāzīgh ibn Mūsā</li></ul></li> <li>Muʿāmmarīyya <ul><li>Muʿāmmar ibn Ahmar</li></ul></li> <li>ʿIjlīyya/Umayrīyya <ul><li>Umayr ibn Bayān al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mufaddaliyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Mufaddaliyya">Mufaḍḍaliyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mufaddal_ibn_Umar_al-Ju%27fi" title="Al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi">al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurabiya" title="Ghurabiya">Ghurābīyya</a></li> <li>Mānsūrīyya <ul><li>Abū Mānsūr al-ʿIjlī</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extinct_Shia_sects#Ghulat_sects" title="List of extinct Shia sects">Mughīrīyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Abdillāh Mugīre ibn Sāīd al-ʿIjlī el-Bajalī</li></ul></li> <li>Mukhāmmīsa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namiriya" class="mw-redirect" title="Namiriya">Namiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammiyya_Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhammiyya Shia">‘Ulyanīyya/'Alyaīyya</a></li> <li>Saba'īyya <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_ibn_Saba%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdullah ibn Saba'">Abdullah ibn Saba'</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Qadariyah" title="Qadariyah">Qadariyah</a> <br />(<a href="/wiki/Ma%27bad_al-Juhani" title="Ma'bad al-Juhani">Ma'bad<br />al-Juhani</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alevism" title="Alevism">Alevism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qutb_ad-D%C4%ABn_Haydar" title="Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar">Qutb ad-Dīn Haydar</a> – <a href="/wiki/Malamatiyya" title="Malamatiyya">Malamatiyya</a> / <a href="/wiki/Qalandariyya" title="Qalandariyya">Qalandariyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Ishak" title="Baba Ishak">Baba Ishak</a> – <a href="/wiki/Babai_revolt" title="Babai revolt">Babai revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C4%B1m_Sultan" title="Balım Sultan">Balım Sultan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Bektashi_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi Order">Bektashi Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galip_Hassan_Kuscuoglu" title="Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu">Galip Hassan Kuscuoglu</a> – <a href="/wiki/Galibi_Order" title="Galibi Order">Galibi Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mu%CA%BFtazila" class="mw-redirect" title="Muʿtazila">Muʿtazila</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">Rationalism</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mā’marīyya <ul><li>Abū Amr (Abū Mu‘tamīr) Muāmmar ibn Abbād as-Sūlamī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishriyya" title="Bishriyya">Bishriyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Sahl Bīshr ibn al-Mu‘tamīr al-Hilālī al-Baghdādī</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Abi_Du%27ad" title="Ahmad ibn Abi Du'ad">Abū Abdi’l-Lāh Ahmad ibn Abī Du'ad Faraj ibn Carīr ibn Mâlik al-Iyādī</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahshamiyya" title="Bahshamiyya">Bahshamiyya</a> <ul><li>Abū Hāshīm Abdu’s-Salām ibn Muḥāmmad ibn Abdi’l-Wahhāb al-Jubbā'ī</li></ul></li> <li>Huzaylīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Huzayl Muḥāmmad ibn al-Huzayl ibn Abdillāh al-Allāf al-Abdī al-Bāsrī <ul><li>Abū Ma‘n Sūmāma ibn Ashras an-Nūmayrī al-Bāsrī al-Baghdādī</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Ikhshīdiyya</li> <li>Nazzāmīyya <ul><li>Ali al-Aswarī</li> <li>Abū Bakr Muḥāmmad ibn Abdillāh ibn Shabīb al-Basrī</li> <li>Hābītīyya <ul><li>Ahmad ibn Hābīt</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Sumamīyya <ul><li>Sumāma ibn Ashras</li></ul></li> <li>Kā‘bīyya <ul><li>Abū’l-Kāsīm Abdullāh ibn Ahmad ibn Māhmūd al-Balhī al-Kā‘bī</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Quranism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quranism" title="Quranism">Ahle Qur'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kala_Kato" title="Kala Kato">Kala Kato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tolu-e-Islam_(organization)" title="Tolu-e-Islam (organization)">Tolu-e-Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Iqbal" title="Muhammad Iqbal">Muhammad Iqbal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghulam_Ahmed_Pervez" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghulam Ahmed Pervez">Ghulam Ahmed Pervez</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Submitters_International" class="mw-redirect" title="United Submitters International">United Submitters International</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashad_Khalifa" title="Rashad Khalifa">Rashad Khalifa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edip_Y%C3%BCksel" title="Edip Yüksel">Edip Yüksel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent<br /><a href="/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Muslim<br />beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Messianism#Islam" title="Messianism">Messianism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya" title="Ahmadiyya">Ahmadiyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghulam_Ahmad_bibliography" title="Mirza Ghulam Ahmad bibliography">Mirza Ghulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadiani" title="Qadiani">Qadiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahore_Ahmadiyya_Movement_for_the_Propagation_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Lahore Ahmadiyya Movement for the Propagation of Islam">Lahori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabbalist">Kabbalist</a> <a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dönmes">Dönmes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sabbatai_Zevi" title="Sabbatai Zevi">Sabbatai Zevi</a> – <a href="/wiki/Sabbatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Sabbatean">Sabbatean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahdavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahdavia">Mahdavīyya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jaunpuri" title="Muhammad Jaunpuri">Muhammad Jaunpuri</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syed_Khundmir" title="Syed Khundmir">Bandagi Mian Syed Khundmir</a> – <a href="/wiki/Zikris" class="mw-redirect" title="Zikris">Zikris</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wallace_Fard_Muhammad" title="Wallace Fard Muhammad">Wallace Fard Muhammad</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_theology_of_the_Nation_of_Islam" title="Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam">doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_movement" title="Nur movement">Nur movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Said_Nurs%C3%AE" title="Said Nursî">Said Nursî</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fethullah_G%C3%BClen" title="Fethullah Gülen">Fethullah Gülen</a> – <a href="/wiki/Hizmet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizmet">Hizmet</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Modernism" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic Modernism">Modernism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modernist_Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist Salafism">Modernist Salafism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Abduh" title="Muhammad Abduh">Muhammad Abduh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Asad" title="Muhammad Asad">Muhammad Asad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamal_ad-Din_al-Afghani" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani">Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashid_Rida" title="Rashid Rida">Rashid Rida</a></li> <li>Other <a href="/wiki/Islamic_modernist" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic modernist">Islamic modernists</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%A3awwuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Taṣawwuf">Taṣawwuf</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tariqah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tariqah">Tariqah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Raza_Khan_Barelvi" title="Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi">Ahmed Raza Khan</a> – <a href="/wiki/Barelvi" class="mw-redirect" title="Barelvi">Barelvi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleyman_Hilmi_Tunahan" title="Süleyman Hilmi Tunahan">Hilmi Tunahan</a> – <a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCleymanc%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Süleymancı">Süleymancı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Rifa%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad al-Rifa'i">Ahmad al-Rifa'i</a> – <a href="/wiki/Rifa%60i" class="mw-redirect" title="Rifa`i">Rifa`i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sufi_orders" title="List of Sufi orders">Other orders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawassul" title="Tawassul">Tawassul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.65em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Muslim_beliefs" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim beliefs">Other beliefs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadaqah" title="Sadaqah">Sadaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunnah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqwa" title="Taqwa">Taqwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawakkul" title="Tawakkul">Tawakkul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tewafuq" title="Tewafuq">Tewafuq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawab" title="Thawab">Thawab</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other scholars of <a href="/wiki/Sunni_schools_of_jurisprudence" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni schools of jurisprudence">Sunni schools of jurisprudence</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanafi_scholars" title="Template:Hanafi scholars">Hanafi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanbali_scholars" title="Template:Hanbali scholars">Hanbali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Maliki_scholars" title="Template:Maliki scholars">Maliki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Shafi%27i_scholars" title="Template:Shafi'i scholars">Shafi'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Zahiri_scholars" title="Template:Zahiri scholars">Zahiri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/18px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/28px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/36px-Allah-green.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="215" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Islam" title="Portal:Islam">Islam</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/12px-Socrates.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/19px-Socrates.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Socrates.png/25px-Socrates.png 2x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Philosophy" title="Portal:Philosophy">Philosophy</a></li></ul></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&oldid=1259243560">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&oldid=1259243560</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Category</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_modernism" title="Category:Islamic modernism">Islamic modernism</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2020" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2020</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 04:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_modernism&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-4zb77","wgBackendResponseTime":176,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.664","walltime":"1.917","ppvisitednodes":{"value":8049,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":422859,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2991,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":16,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":364228,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1584.640 1 -total"," 58.07% 920.182 2 Template:Reflist"," 31.57% 500.199 56 Template:Cite_book"," 8.63% 136.768 2 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 7.93% 125.663 1 Template:Sunni_Islam"," 7.74% 122.608 1 Template:In_lang"," 5.69% 90.097 1 Template:Islamic_theology"," 5.55% 87.951 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.47% 86.614 15 Template:Cite_web"," 5.46% 86.548 1 Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.005","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":15912754,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbu_Fayadh2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAchcar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkhlaq2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAkyol2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAli2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAmin2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAtzori2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAuda2007\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFAzim_Islahi1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacik2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBennettRamsey2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBinder1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCook2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDallal2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeLong-Bas2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDorroll2021\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFDurie2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrickWalker2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG._Rabil2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHanif1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHefner2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHughes2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIbn_\u0026#039;Abd_Al-Halim_Ibn_Taymiyya,_Al-Matroudi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsmail2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ._DeLong-Bas2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn_L._Esposito2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeddieAfġānī1983\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalid_Masud,_Jalloul_Muro2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnight2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauziere2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauziere2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLauzière2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLauzière2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence,_Bruce_B.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._SeikalyCommins2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansoor_Moaddel2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarch2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMasud2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoaddel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMortimer1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuhtaroom2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmier1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeters1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQASIM_ZAMAN2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Halverson2010\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRuthven1984\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFRuthven2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuthven2006\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFSageman2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShepard1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVoll1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWatson2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFibn_\u0026#039;Ashur2006\"] = 1,\n [\"FKIBP2015\"] = 1,\n [\"IFGE2010\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Quran\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 56,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite quran\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 15,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"For multi\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 10,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 2,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Islamic theology\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Salafi\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sunni Islam\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 5,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","220","20.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","14.8"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","14.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","120","11.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","100","9.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","7.4"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","40","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","40","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","40","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::get","20","1.9"],["[others]","100","9.3"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-565f7699fc-8zggp","timestamp":"20241125145603","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Islamic modernism","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Islamic_modernism","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3935373","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3935373","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2008-01-04T22:57:18Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T04:03:45Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/0b\/Ahlul_Sunnah.png","headline":"movement to reconcile Islam with modern values"}</script> </body> </html>