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class="supplements hidden">  <li class="supplement details " data-supplement-id="details"> <h1>Detect bugs early with the static analyzer</h1> <p>Discover how Xcode can automatically track down infinite loops, unused code, and other issues before you even run your app. Learn how, with a single click, Xcode can analyze your project to discover security issues, logical bugs, and other hard-to-spot errors in Objective-C, C, and C++. We'll show you how to use the static analyzer to save you time investigating bug reports and improve your app's overall quality.</p> <h2>Resources</h2> <ul class="links small"> <li class="download"> <ul class="options"> <li><a href="https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/wwdc/2021/10202/3/1E0D5337-0542-423B-9775-7FB518B7707B/downloads/wwdc2021-10202_hd.mp4?dl=1">HD Video</a></li> <li><a href="https://devstreaming-cdn.apple.com/videos/wwdc/2021/10202/3/1E0D5337-0542-423B-9775-7FB518B7707B/downloads/wwdc2021-10202_sd.mp4?dl=1">SD Video</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="divider-top margin-top-small padding-bottom-small"></div> <h2>Related Videos</h2> <h4>WWDC19</h4> <ul class="links small"> <li class="video"> <a href="/videos/play/wwdc2019/409">What's New in Clang and LLVM</a> </li> </ul> </li>  <li class="supplement transcript" data-supplement-id="transcript" data-shortcut-base-url="/videos/play/wwdc2021/10202/"> <section> <div class="margin-bottom-small download-transcript"><span id="get-transcript" class="icon icon-before icon-downloadcircle">Download</span></div> <p><span class="sentence"><span data-start="0.0"> </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="3.0">♪ ♪ </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="9.0">I am Ravi Kandadai Madhavan, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="10.0">and in this video, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="11.0">I will show how to use the static analyzer </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="13.0">in Xcode to find and fix bugs in your apps. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="17.0">First, I will demonstrate how to use </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="19.0">the static analyzer to find bugs and also understand them. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="23.0">Then, I will describe the new checks in Xcode 13, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="26.0">which can help find more kinds of issues in your code. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="30.0">Finally, I will describe the ways </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="31.0">in which you can customize the analyzer </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="33.0">to better integrate it with your development workflow. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="37.0">Let's now see how to use the analyzer to find bugs. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="41.0">The static analyzer is a tool in Xcode that can discover bugs </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="44.0">by analyzing the source code without running it, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="48.0">so it can reveal bugs, even before you do </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="50.0">testing and quality assurance of your app. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="54.0">It can also find problems in code paths </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="56.0">that are rare and not covered by tests. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="59.0">The analyzer finds bugs in C/C++ and Objective-C code, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="63.0">even in mixed Swift and Objective-C projects. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="66.0">Let us see the analyzer in action </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="68.0">using an app I am developing. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="71.0">I am trying to improve an existing app written in Swift </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="73.0">and Objective-C that allows exploring the solar system. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="78.0">This is the Xcode project for the app. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="81.0">I am going to run the Static Analyzer to see </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="83.0">if it finds anything wrong with my code. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="86.0">It's very easy to run. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="87.0">Just go to Product and choose Analyze, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="90.0">or use the keyboard shortcut Command-Shift-B.</p><p></span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="96.0">You can see the analyzer running in the status bar of Xcode. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="100.0">Analyzing your project is very similar to building it. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="104.0">The analyzer scans all the sources files in the targets </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="107.0">of the currently-active scheme looking for bugs. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="111.0">As you see in the status, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="112.0">the analyzer has found an issue in my project. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="115.0">I can go to Xcode's issue navigator </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="117.0">to learn more about it. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="120.0">As I showed you, all it takes to run </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="122.0">the analyzer on your project is a single click. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="125.0">And with this single click, you can find </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="127.0">several kinds of bugs, like security issues, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="131.0">logical bugs, misuse of APIs, and many more. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="135.0">The analyzer can not only find bugs, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="138.0">but can also explain them. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="140.0">Let's get back to the bug found in my app </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="142.0">and try to understand it. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="144.0">The problem here is that the Objective-C method </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="146.0">positionAtDate is returning nil when it is not supposed to. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="151.0">The method's return value is declared to be non-null </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="154.0">in the method's definition. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="156.0">But now, I want to understand how </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="158.0">this method is returning nil. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="161.0">You can expand the analyzer issues </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="163.0">and see the sequence of events that lead to the bug. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="166.0">The events are also shown in the editor, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="169.0">alongside the statements where they happen. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="172.0">The arrows show how the events are ordered. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="175.0">I find it easier to read these reports from bottom to top. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="180.0">The last event shows </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="181.0">that the returned value, position, is nil. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="185.0">The previous events show that this is because the method </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="188.0">regularPositionAtDate, meant to initialize position, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="191.0">is not called because its receiver object is nil.</p><p></span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="196.0">Looking at the arrows, this happens along </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="198.0">the default case of the switch. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="201.0">Going back to the beginning of the report reveals </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="203.0">that the receiver object is initialized to nil </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="206.0">and remains so along the default case. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="209.0">Now, I understand that I haven't handled objects that are not </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="213.0">spherical or irregular within the switch.</p><p></span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="217.0">To fix this, I am going to make </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="219.0">the default case identical to the spherical case. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="223.0">I will rerun the analyzer to make sure the issue is fixed.</p><p></span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="228.0">I am quite relieved that this bug </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="229.0">is detected while I am developing the app. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="232.0">This is because returning nil from an Objective-C method </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="236.0">annotated as returning a non-null value </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="238.0">can result in unexpected runtime behavior when the method </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="242.0">is called from Swift, which happens in my code. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="246.0">Thankfully, running the static analyzer has revealed </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="248.0">this bug before it could affect the users of my app. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="252.0">In Xcode 13, we have made the analyzer even better, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="256.0">and we have some brand-new checks for you. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="259.0">The analyzer can now catch more logic bugs in your code. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="263.0">It can detect infinite loops and redundant code, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="266.0">such as unnecessary branch conditions. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="270.0">It can report side-effects in asserts, and in C++ code, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="274.0">it can catch errors in the use of move and forward operators. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="279.0">Parts of these new checks are open-source contributions </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="281.0">made to Apple's Clang compiler. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="284.0">Let's see some examples of bugs these new checks can catch. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="289.0">In general, it's a good practice to use asserts to validate </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="292.0">your expectations about your code. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="295.0">However, you must make sure </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="297.0">that asserts do not have side effects, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="299.0">such as writing to variables or memory. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="302.0">For example, consider the code snippet </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="304.0">shown here that traverses an array </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="306.0">of astronomical objects and counts the number </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="308.0">of those that have associated moons. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="311.0">It has an NSAssert that checks that the number of objects </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="314.0">with moons is less than or equal to the number of planets. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="318.0">But the assert has a side effect of incrementing </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="320.0">the counter tracking the objects with moons. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="323.0">Updates like this can be lost in the release </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="326.0">build configuration, where asserts could </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="328.0">be disabled to make your code run faster. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="332.0">So this code may not increment the counter </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="334.0">at all in release builds. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="336.0">It's easy to miss bugs like these during development, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="339.0">as they do not show up in debug builds. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="342.0">Starting Xcode 13, the analyzer can find </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="345.0">such issues in your code and report it. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="348.0">This check works not just for NSAsserts, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="351.0">but also for asserts in C and C++. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="354.0">These bugs are easy to fix, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="356.0">and you just move the side effect </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="358.0">outside of the assert, as shown here.</p><p></span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="362.0">Infinite loops are another common bug. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="365.0">You might have seen it happen </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="366.0">when there are loops with complex logic. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="370.0">For instance, the nested loop shown here tries </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="372.0">to populate a two-dimensional grid with a value. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="377.0">It hides a bug where the variable value </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="380.0">is incremented by the inner loop instead of column, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="383.0">which is the actual loop counter. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="386.0">The analyzer can now detect such mistakes and explain it to you.</p><p></span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="391.0">Once you spot it, this bug is very easy to fix. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="394.0">Just replace value by column. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="398.0">Though these checks find simple mistake, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="400.0">we have found real bugs with them. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="402.0">Now you can use them, too, and find bugs </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="404.0">and fix them as you develop your app. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="407.0">Xcode offers many customizations for fine tuning the analyzer </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="411.0">to fit in with your development workflow. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="413.0">You can make the analyzer run along with every build </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="416.0">of your project from the project's build settings. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="419.0">To quickly narrow down on the relevant settings, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="422.0">make use of the search functionality. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="424.0">For example, using "analysis" as the search keyword, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="427.0">I can look at just those options relevant to the analyzer.</p><p></span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="432.0">To enable Analyze During 'Build', </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="434.0">all you need to do is turn on a build setting. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="437.0">Like incremental builds, the analysis runs </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="440.0">only on files that are modified. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="442.0">This makes running the analyzer after code changes </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="445.0">both fast and easy. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="448.0">The analyzer offers two modes of analysis: shallow and deep. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="453.0">Shallow mode is faster, but avoids exploring </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="456.0">bugs spanning multiple functions. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="459.0">Use this mode in projects </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="460.0">that are sensitive to build and analysis times. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="464.0">As I mentioned earlier, the analyzer has checks </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="466.0">for finding different kinds of bugs, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="468.0">and some of them are opt-in. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="471.0">You can fine tune the checks </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="472.0">that suit your project by enabling or disabling them </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="475.0">selectively from the build settings. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="478.0">For instance, if your project has security-critical code, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="481.0">enable the checks for security issues. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="485.0">On the other hand, if you find that some issues </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="487.0">are not relevant to your code, you can disable less useful </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="491.0">checks individually and still benefit from the other checks.</p><p></span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="497.0">You can also analyze a single file </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="499.0">instead of the entire project. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="502.0">Choose the file to analyze from the Product > Perform Action menu. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="506.0">Use this to check your changes quickly, </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="508.0">without even needing to build your project. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="511.0">This is particularly useful when modifying header files. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="515.0">It would skip reanalyzing all files importing it. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="519.0">The static analyzer in Xcode can reveal bugs </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="522.0">in your code very early during development. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="525.0">Run it with a click of a button and find many kinds of bugs. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="528.0">And don't forget to customize it to your workflow. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="531.0">In Xcode 13, we have further improved the analyzer </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="535.0">and added many new checks for finding logical bugs. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="538.0">Use the analyzer and fix bugs in your app </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="541.0">before they reach your users. </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="543.0">Thank you, and enjoy the rest of WWDC! </span></span><span class="sentence"><span data-start="546.0">[upbeat music]</span></span></p> </section> </li>  <li class="supplement sample-code" data-supplement-id="sample-code"> <section> <ul class="no-bullet padding-top-small margin-bottom"> </ul> </section> </li>  <li class="supplement search active" data-supplement-id="search"> <section class="transcript-results-summary"> <p class="message smaller lighter"></p> <p class="instructions smaller lighter text-center">Looking for something 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