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navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hamites</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Hamites" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Hamites" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Hamites" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamites&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamitic_hypothesis&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamitic hypothesis">Hamitic hypothesis</a>)</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the animal, see <a href="/wiki/Hamites_(genus)" title="Hamites (genus)">Hamites (genus)</a>.</div>Hamites is the name formerly used for some <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> peoples in the context of a <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">now-outdated model of dividing humanity into different races</a>; this was developed originally by Europeans in support of <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonialism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Montagu-4">[4]</a> The term was originally borrowed from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>, in which it refers to the descendants of <a href="/wiki/Ham_(son_of_Noah)" title="Ham (son of Noah)">Ham, son of Noah</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Meyers-L2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Meyers-L2.jpg/220px-Meyers-L2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Meyers-L2.jpg/330px-Meyers-L2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Meyers-L2.jpg/440px-Meyers-L2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="539"></a><figcaption>German 1932 ethnographic map portraying Hamites (in German: "Hamiten") as a subdivision of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasian race</a> ("Kaukasische Rasse"). (Meyers Blitz-Lexikon).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Josephustable_3.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Josephustable_3.svg/220px-Josephustable_3.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Josephustable_3.svg/330px-Josephustable_3.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Josephustable_3.svg/440px-Josephustable_3.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="588" data-file-height="361"></a><figcaption>Geographic identifications of <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Josephus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Josephus">Flavius Josephus</a>, c. 100 AD; <a href="/wiki/Japheth" title="Japheth">Japheth</a>'s sons shown in red, <a href="/wiki/Ham_(son_of_Noah)" title="Ham (son of Noah)">Ham</a>'s sons in blue, <a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a>'s sons in green.</figcaption></figure> The term was originally used in contrast to the other two proposed divisions of mankind based on the story of Noah: <a href="/wiki/Semites" class="mw-redirect" title="Semites">Semites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japhetites" title="Japhetites">Japhetites</a>. The appellation Hamitic was applied to the <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> branches of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> language family, which, together with the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic</a> branch, was formerly labelled "Hamito-Semitic".<a href="#cite_note-Allan-5">[5]</a> Because the three Hamitic branches have not been shown to form an exclusive (<a href="/wiki/Monophyly" title="Monophyly">monophyletic</a>) phylogenetic unit of their own, separate from other Afroasiatic languages, linguists no longer use the term in this sense. Each of these branches is instead now regarded as an independent subgroup of the larger Afroasiatic family.<a href="#cite_note-Welmers-6">[6]</a> Beginning in the late 19th century, scholars generally classified the Hamitic race as a subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_race" title="Caucasian race">Caucasian race</a>, alongside the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Semitic_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Semitic race">Semitic</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanders-8">[8]</a> – thus grouping the non-Semitic populations native to <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Egyptians">Ancient Egyptians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Montagu-4">[4]</a> According to the Hamitic theory, this "Hamitic race" was superior to or more advanced than the "<a href="/wiki/Negroid" title="Negroid">Negroid</a>" populations of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>. In its most extreme form, in the writings of <a href="/wiki/C._G._Seligman" class="mw-redirect" title="C. G. Seligman">C. G. Seligman</a>, this theory asserted that virtually all significant achievements in African history were the work of "Hamites". Since the 1960s, the Hamitic hypothesis and Hamitic theory, along with other theories of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">"race science"</a>, have been discredited in science.<a href="#cite_note-Ehret-9">[9]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History_of_the_concept">1 History of the concept</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_%22Curse_of_Ham%22">1.1 The "Curse of Ham"</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Constructing_the_%22Hamitic_race%22">1.2 Constructing the "Hamitic race"</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Development_of_the_Hamitic_hypothesis">1.3 Development of the Hamitic hypothesis</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Subdivisions_and_physical_traits">1.4 Subdivisions and physical traits</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#%22Hamiticised_Negroes%22">1.5 "Hamiticised Negroes"</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#African-American_reception">1.6 African-American reception</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#See_also">2 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References">3 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Bibliography">4 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links">5 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History_of_the_concept">History of the concept</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamites&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of the concept" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='The_"Curse_of_Ham"'>The "Curse of Ham"</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamites&action=edit&section=2" title='Edit section: The "Curse of Ham"' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Ham" title="Curse of Ham">Curse of Ham</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/220px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="864"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/220px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/330px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg/440px-T_and_O_map_Guntherus_Ziner_1472.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>This <a href="/wiki/T_and_O_map" title="T and O map">T and O map</a>, from the first printed version of <a href="/wiki/Isidore_of_Seville" title="Isidore of Seville">Isidore</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Etymologiae" title="Etymologiae">Etymologiae</a>, identifies the three known continents as populated by descendants of Sem (<a href="/wiki/Shem" title="Shem">Shem</a>), Iafeth (<a href="/wiki/Japheth" title="Japheth">Japheth</a>) and Cham (<a href="/wiki/Ham,_son_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ham, son of Noah">Ham</a>).</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:234_of_%27(The_World%27s_Inhabitants;_or,_Mankind,_animals_%26_plants_..._With_..._illustrations,_etc.)%27_(11204692506).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/234_of_%27%28The_World%27s_Inhabitants%3B_or%2C_Mankind%2C_animals_%26_plants_..._With_..._illustrations%2C_etc.%29%27_%2811204692506%29.jpg/220px-234_of_%27%28The_World%27s_Inhabitants%3B_or%2C_Mankind%2C_animals_%26_plants_..._With_..._illustrations%2C_etc.%29%27_%2811204692506%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1232" data-file-height="1540"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 275px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/234_of_%27%28The_World%27s_Inhabitants%3B_or%2C_Mankind%2C_animals_%26_plants_..._With_..._illustrations%2C_etc.%29%27_%2811204692506%29.jpg/220px-234_of_%27%28The_World%27s_Inhabitants%3B_or%2C_Mankind%2C_animals_%26_plants_..._With_..._illustrations%2C_etc.%29%27_%2811204692506%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="275" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/234_of_%27%28The_World%27s_Inhabitants%3B_or%2C_Mankind%2C_animals_%26_plants_..._With_..._illustrations%2C_etc.%29%27_%2811204692506%29.jpg/330px-234_of_%27%28The_World%27s_Inhabitants%3B_or%2C_Mankind%2C_animals_%26_plants_..._With_..._illustrations%2C_etc.%29%27_%2811204692506%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/234_of_%27%28The_World%27s_Inhabitants%3B_or%2C_Mankind%2C_animals_%26_plants_..._With_..._illustrations%2C_etc.%29%27_%2811204692506%29.jpg/440px-234_of_%27%28The_World%27s_Inhabitants%3B_or%2C_Mankind%2C_animals_%26_plants_..._With_..._illustrations%2C_etc.%29%27_%2811204692506%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1889 ethnographic map of Africa, with "Hamites" shown in white.</figcaption></figure> The term Hamitic originally referred to the peoples said to be descended from <a href="/wiki/Ham,_son_of_Noah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ham, son of Noah">Ham</a>, one of the <a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Noah" title="Generations of Noah">Sons of Noah</a> according to the <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Genesis" title="Book of Genesis">Book of Genesis</a>, after Noah became drunk and Ham dishonored his father, upon awakening Noah pronounced a curse on Ham's youngest son, <a href="/wiki/Canaan_(Biblical_figure)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaan (Biblical figure)">Canaan</a>, stating that his offspring would be the "servants of servants". Of Ham's four sons, Canaan fathered the <a href="/wiki/Canaanites" class="mw-redirect" title="Canaanites">Canaanites</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Mizraim" title="Mizraim">Mizraim</a> fathered the <a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cush_(Bible)" title="Cush (Bible)">Cush</a> the Cushites, and <a href="/wiki/Phut" class="mw-redirect" title="Phut">Phut</a> the <a href="/wiki/Libu" title="Libu">Libyans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> During the Middle Ages, Jews and Christians considered Ham to be the ancestor of all Africans. Noah's curse on Canaan as described in Genesis began to be interpreted by some theologians as having caused visible racial characteristics in all of Ham's offspring, notably black skin. In a passage unrelated to the curse on Canaan, the sixth-century <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> says that Ham and his descendants were cursed with black skin, which modern scholars have interpreted as an <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth" title="Origin myth">etiological myth</a> for skin color. <a href="#cite_note-Sanders-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Goldenberg-11">[11]</a>: 522 Later, Western and Islamic traders and slave owners used the concept of the "Curse of Ham" to justify the enslaving of Africans.<a href="#cite_note-Swift_Superstition-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanders-8">[8]</a>: 522 <a href="#cite_note-Goldenberg-11">[11]</a> A significant change in Western views on Africans came about when <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">1798 invasion of Egypt</a> drew attention to the impressive achievements of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a>, which could hardly be reconciled with the theory of Africans being inferior or cursed. In consequence, some 19th century theologians emphasized that the biblical Noah restricted his curse to the offspring of Ham's youngest son Canaan, while Ham's son <a href="/wiki/Mizraim" title="Mizraim">Mizraim</a>, the ancestor of the Egyptians, was not cursed.<a href="#cite_note-Sanders-8">[8]</a>: 526–7 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='Constructing_the_"Hamitic_race"'>Constructing the "Hamitic race"</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamites&action=edit&section=3" title='Edit section: Constructing the "Hamitic race"' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MPP-Hm3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/MPP-Hm3.jpg/220px-MPP-Hm3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="286"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 283px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/MPP-Hm3.jpg/220px-MPP-Hm3.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="283" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/MPP-Hm3.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Languages of pastoralist Bedouins such as the <a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja</a> were the model for the conflation of ethnic and linguistic evidence in the construction of Hamitic identity.</figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>, many Western scholars were no longer satisfied with the biblical account of the early history of mankind, but started to develop faith-independent theories. These theories were developed in a historical situation where most Western nations were still profiting from the enslavement of Africans.<a href="#cite_note-Sanders-8">[8]</a>: 524 In this context, many of the works published on Egypt after Napoleon's expedition "seemed to have had as their main purpose an attempt to prove in some way that the Egyptians were not Negroes",<a href="#cite_note-Sanders-8">[8]</a>: 525 thus separating the high civilization of Ancient Egypt from what they wanted to see as an inferior race. Authors such as <a href="/wiki/William_George_Browne" title="William George Browne">W. G. Browne</a>, whose Travels in Africa, Egypt and Syria was published in 1799, laid the "seeds for the new Hamitic myth that was to emerge in the very near future", insisting that the Egyptians were white.<a href="#cite_note-Sanders-8">[8]</a>: 526 In the mid-19th century, the term Hamitic acquired a new anthropological meaning, as scholars asserted that they could discern a "Hamitic race" that was distinct from the "<a href="/wiki/Negroid" title="Negroid">Negroid</a>" populations of <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Lepsius" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Lepsius">Richard Lepsius</a> would coin the appellation Hamitic to denote the languages which are now seen as belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Berber_languages" title="Berber languages">Berber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_language" title="Egyptian language">Egyptian</a> branches of the <a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic</a> family.<a href="#cite_note-Allan-5">[5]</a> "Perhaps because slavery was both still legal and profitable in the United States ... there arose an American school of anthropology which attempted to prove scientifically that the Egyptian was a Caucasian, far removed from the inferior Negro".<a href="#cite_note-Sanders-8">[8]</a>: 526 Through <a href="/wiki/Craniometry" title="Craniometry">craniometry</a> conducted on thousands of human skulls, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_George_Morton" title="Samuel George Morton">Samuel George Morton</a> argued that the differences between the races were too broad to have stemmed from a single common ancestor, but were instead consistent with separate racial origins. In his Crania Aegyptiaca (1844), Morton analyzed over a hundred intact crania gathered from the Nile Valley, and concluded that the ancient Egyptians were racially akin to Europeans. His conclusions would establish the foundation for the American School of anthropology, and would also influence proponents of <a href="/wiki/Polygenism" title="Polygenism">polygenism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_of_the_Hamitic_hypothesis">Development of the Hamitic hypothesis</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamites&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Development of the Hamitic hypothesis" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In his influential The Mediterranean Race (1901), the anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sergi" title="Giuseppe Sergi">Giuseppe Sergi</a> argued that the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_race" title="Mediterranean race">Mediterranean race</a> had likely originated from a common ancestral stock that evolved in the <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a> region in Africa, and which later spread from there to populate North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and the circum-Mediterranean region.<a href="#cite_note-:0-14">[14]</a> According to Sergi, the Hamites themselves constituted a Mediterranean variety, and one situated close to the cradle of the stock.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> He added that the Mediterranean race "in its external characters is a brown human variety, neither white nor negroid, but pure in its elements, that is to say not a product of the mixture of Whites with Negroes or negroid peoples."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Sergi explained this taxonomy as inspired by an understanding of "the morphology of the skull as revealing those internal physical characters of human stocks which remain constant through long ages and at far remote spots[...] As a zoologist can recognise the character of an animal species or variety belonging to any region of the globe or any period of time, so also should an anthropologist if he follows the same method of investigating the morphological characters of the skull[...] This method has guided me in my investigations into the present problem and has given me unexpected results which were often afterwards confirmed by archaeology or history."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TMR-Hm1.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TMR-Hm1.png/220px-TMR-Hm1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="313" data-file-height="351"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 247px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/TMR-Hm1.png/220px-TMR-Hm1.png" data-width="220" data-height="247" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/26/TMR-Hm1.png 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Egyptians" title="Egyptians">Egyptian</a> woman with ovoid facial profile, from <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sergi" title="Giuseppe Sergi">Giuseppe Sergi</a>'s The Mediterranean Race (1901).</figcaption></figure> The Hamitic hypothesis reached its apogee in the work of <a href="/wiki/C._G._Seligman" class="mw-redirect" title="C. G. Seligman">C. G. Seligman</a>, who argued in his book The Races of Africa (1930) that: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> Apart from relatively late Semitic influence... the civilizations of Africa are the civilizations of the Hamites, its history is the record of these peoples and of their interaction with the two other African stocks, the <a href="/wiki/Negro" title="Negro">Negro</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bushmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bushmen">Bushmen</a>, whether this influence was exerted by highly civilized Egyptians or by such wider pastoralists as are represented at the present day by the <a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja</a> and Somali... The incoming Hamites were pastoral Caucasians – arriving wave after wave – better armed as well as quicker witted than the dark agricultural Negroes."<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanders-8">[8]</a>: 521 </blockquote> Seligman asserted that the Negro race was essentially static and agricultural, and that the wandering "pastoral Hamitic" had introduced most of the advanced features found in central African cultures, including metal working, irrigation and complex social structures.<a href="#cite_note-Rigby-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sanders-8">[8]</a>: 530 Despite criticism, Seligman kept his thesis unchanged in new editions of his book into the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Sanders-8">[8]</a>: 530 Hamitic hypotheses operated in West Africa as well, and they changed greatly over time.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> With the demise of the concept of Hamitic languages, the notion of a definable "Hamite" racial and linguistic entity was heavily criticised. In 1974, writing about the <a href="/wiki/African_Great_Lakes" title="African Great Lakes">African Great Lakes</a> region, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Ehret" title="Christopher Ehret">Christopher Ehret</a> described the Hamitic hypothesis as the view that "almost everything more un-'primitive', sophisticated or more elaborate in East Africa [was] brought by culturally and politically dominant Hamites, immigrants from the North into East Africa, who were at least part Caucasoid in physical ancestry".<a href="#cite_note-Ehret-9">[9]</a> He called this a "monothematic" model, which was "romantic, but unlikely" and "[had] been all but discarded, and rightly so". He further argued that there were a "multiplicity and variety" of contacts and influences passing between various peoples in Africa over time, something that he suggested the "one-directional" Hamitic model obscured.<a href="#cite_note-Ehret-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subdivisions_and_physical_traits">Subdivisions and physical traits</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamites&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Subdivisions and physical traits" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:ROM-Ber3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt='Berber man of "Western Hamitic type"' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ROM-Ber3.jpg/160px-ROM-Ber3.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="332" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="692"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 332px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ROM-Ber3.jpg/160px-ROM-Ber3.jpg" data-alt='Berber man of "Western Hamitic type"' data-width="160" data-height="332" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ROM-Ber3.jpg/240px-ROM-Ber3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/ROM-Ber3.jpg/320px-ROM-Ber3.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berber</a> man of "Western Hamitic type"</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:ROM-Eth1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt='Somali man of "Eastern Hamitic type"' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ROM-Eth1.jpg/160px-ROM-Eth1.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="238" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="612"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 160px;height: 238px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ROM-Eth1.jpg/160px-ROM-Eth1.jpg" data-alt='Somali man of "Eastern Hamitic type"' data-width="160" data-height="238" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ROM-Eth1.jpg/240px-ROM-Eth1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/ROM-Eth1.jpg/320px-ROM-Eth1.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somali</a> man of "Eastern Hamitic type", from <a href="/wiki/Malvina_Hoffman" title="Malvina Hoffman">Malvina Hoffman</a>'s Races of Mankind (1929)</div></div></div></div></div> Sergi outlined the constituent Hamitic physical types, which would form the basis for the work of later writers such as <a href="/wiki/Carleton_Coon" class="mw-redirect" title="Carleton Coon">Carleton Coon</a> and C. G. Seligman. In his book The Mediterranean Race (1901), he wrote that there was a distinct Hamitic ancestral stock, which could be divided into two subgroups: the Western Hamites (or Northern Hamites, comprising the <a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> of the Mediterranean, Atlantic and Sahara, Tibbu, Fula, and extinct <a href="/wiki/Guanches" title="Guanches">Guanches</a>), and the Eastern Hamites (or <a href="/wiki/Ethiopid_race" title="Ethiopid race">Ethiopids</a>, comprising Ancient and Modern Egyptians (but not the Arabs in Egypt), <a href="/wiki/Nubians" title="Nubians">Nubians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beja_people" title="Beja people">Beja</a>, Abyssinians, Galla, Danakil, <a href="/wiki/Somalis" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis">Somalis</a>, Masai, <a href="/wiki/Hema_people" title="Hema people">Bahima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Watusi</a>).<a href="#cite_note-sergi-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> According to Coon, typical Hamitic physical traits included narrow facial features; an orthognathous visage; light brown to dark brown skin tone; wavy, curly or straight hair; thick to thin lips without eversion; and a <a href="/wiki/Dolichocephalic" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolichocephalic">dolichocephalic</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mesocephalic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesocephalic">mesocephalic</a> cranial index.<a href="#cite_note-Troe-23">[23]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Ashley_Montagu" title="Ashley Montagu">Ashley Montagu</a> "Among both the Northern and Eastern Hamites are to be found some of the most beautiful types of humanity."<a href="#cite_note-Montagu-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id='"Hamiticised_Negroes"'>"Hamiticised Negroes"</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamites&action=edit&section=6" title='Edit section: "Hamiticised Negroes"' class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the African Great Lakes region, Europeans based the various migration theories of Hamitic provenance in part on the long-held oral traditions of local populations such as the Tutsi and <a href="/wiki/Hema_people" title="Hema people">Hima</a> (Bahima, Wahuma or Mhuma). These groups asserted that their founders were "white" migrants from the north (interpreted as the Horn of Africa and/or North Africa), who subsequently "lost" their original language, culture, and much of their physiognomy as they intermarried with the local <a href="/wiki/Bantu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Bantu people">Bantus</a>. Explorer <a href="/wiki/John_Hanning_Speke" title="John Hanning Speke">J.H. Speke</a> recorded one such account from a Wahuma governor in his book, Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Henry_Keane" title="Augustus Henry Keane">Augustus Henry Keane</a>, the Hima King Mutesa I also claimed Oromo (Galla) ancestors and still reportedly spoke an <a href="/wiki/Oromo_language" title="Oromo language">Oromo</a> idiom, though that language had long since died out elsewhere in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Keane-25">[25]</a> The missionary <a href="/wiki/Robert_William_Felkin" title="Robert William Felkin">R. W. Felkin</a>, who had met the ruler, remarked that Mutesa "had lost the pure Hamitic features through admixture of Negro blood, but still retained sufficient characteristics to prevent all doubt as to his origin".<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Thus, Keane would suggest that the original Hamitic migrants to the Great Lakes had "gradually blended with the aborigines in a new and superior nationality of <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu speech</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Keane-25">[25]</a> Speke believed that his explorations uncovered the link between "civilized" North Africa and "primitive" central Africa. Describing the Ugandan <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Buganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Buganda">Kingdom of Buganda</a>, he argued that its "barbaric civilization" had arisen from a nomadic pastoralist race who had migrated from the north and was related to the Hamitic <a href="/wiki/Oromo_people" title="Oromo people">Oromo</a> (Galla) of Ethiopia.<a href="#cite_note-Sanders-8">[8]</a>: 528 In his Theory of Conquest of Inferior by Superior Races (1863), Speke would also attempt to outline how the Empire of Kitara in the African Great Lakes region may have been established by a Hamitic founding dynasty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeke1863247-27">[27]</a> These ideas, under the rubric of science, provided the basis for some Europeans asserting that the Tutsi were superior to the <a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a>. In spite of both groups being <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a>-speaking, Speke thought that the Tutsi had experienced some "Hamitic" influence, partly based on their facial features being comparatively more narrow than those of the Hutu. Later writers followed Speke in arguing that the Tutsis had originally migrated into the lacustrine region as pastoralists and had established themselves as the dominant group, having lost their language as they assimilated to Bantu culture.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourevitch1998-28">[28]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] Seligman and other early scholars believed that, in the African Great Lakes and parts of Central Africa, invading Hamites from <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> had mixed with local "Negro" women to produce several hybrid "Hamiticised Negro" populations. The "Hamiticised Negroes" were divided into three groups according to language and degree of Hamitic influence: the "Negro-Hamites" or "Half-Hamites" (such as the <a href="/wiki/Maasai_people" title="Maasai people">Maasai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandi_people" title="Nandi people">Nandi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkana_people" title="Turkana people">Turkana</a>), the Nilotes (such as the <a href="/wiki/Shilluk_people" title="Shilluk people">Shilluk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuer_people" title="Nuer people">Nuer</a>), and the Bantus (such as the <a href="/wiki/Hema_people" title="Hema people">Hima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tutsi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tutsi people">Tutsi</a>). Seligman would explain this Hamitic influence through both demic diffusion and cultural transmission: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">At first the Hamites, or at least their aristocracy, would endeavour to marry Hamitic women, but it cannot have been long before a series of peoples combining Negro and Hamitic blood arose; these, superior to the pure Negro, would be regarded as inferior to the next incoming wave of Hamites and be pushed further inland to play the part of an incoming aristocracy vis-a-vis the Negroes on whom they impinged... The end result of one series of such combinations is to be seen in the Masai [sic], the other in the Baganda, while an even more striking result is offered by the symbiosis of the Bahima of Ankole and the Bahiru [sic].<a href="#cite_note-Seligman1930-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rigby-19">[19]</a></blockquote> In his work The Uganda Protectorate (1902, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Johnston" title="Harry Johnston">Harry Johnston</a> claims that the Hamites are "Negroid rather than Negro" and that Negroes learned "all the civilization they possessed |before the coming of the white man" from the Hamites: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The fifth and last amongst these main stocks is the Hamitic, which is Negroid rather than Negro. This is the division of African peoples to which the modern Somali and Gala belong, and of which the basis of the population of ancient Egypt consisted... Rather it would seem as though ancient Egypt traded and communicated directly with what is now Abyssinia and the Land of Punt (Somaliland), and that the Hamitic peoples of these countries facing the Red Sea and Indian Ocean carried a small measure of Egyptian culture into the lands about the Nile Lakes. In this way, and through Uganda as a half-way house, the totally savage Negro received his knowledge of smelting and working iron, all his domestic animals and cultivated plants (except those, of course, subsequently introduced by Arabs from Asia and Portuguese from America), all his musical instruments higher in development than the single bowstring and the resonant hollow log, and, in short, all the civilization he possessed before the coming of the white man" <a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></blockquote> European colonial powers in Africa were influenced by the Hamitic hypothesis in their policies during the twentieth century. For instance, in Rwanda, <a href="/wiki/German_colonial_empire" title="German colonial empire">German</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgian_colonial_empire" title="Belgian colonial empire">Belgian</a> officials in the colonial period displayed preferential attitudes toward the Tutsis over the Hutu. Some scholars argued that this bias was a significant factor that contributed to the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide" title="Rwandan genocide">Rwandan genocide</a> of the Tutsis by the Hutus.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African-American_reception">African-American reception</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamites&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: African-American reception" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GW_Parker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/43/GW_Parker.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="203" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="156" data-file-height="203"></noscript> </a><figcaption>George Wells Parker, founder of the Hamitic League of the World</figcaption></figure> African-American scholars were initially ambivalent about the Hamitic hypothesis. Because Sergi's theory proposed that the superior <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_race" title="Mediterranean race">Mediterranean race</a> had originated in Africa, some African-American writers believed that they could appropriate the Hamitic hypothesis to challenge <a href="/wiki/Nordicism" title="Nordicism">Nordicist</a> claims about the superiority of the white <a href="/wiki/Nordic_race" title="Nordic race">Nordic race</a>. The latter "Nordic" concept was promoted by certain writers, such as eugenicist <a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Madison Grant</a>. According to Yaacov Shavit, this generated "radical Afrocentric theory, which followed the path of European racial doctrines". Writers who insisted that the Nordics were the purest representatives of the <a href="/wiki/Aryan_race" title="Aryan race">Aryan race</a> indirectly encouraged "the transformation of the Hamitic race into the black race, and the resemblance it draws between the different branches of black forms in Asia and Africa."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShavit200126,_193-33">[33]</a> In response, historians published in the Journal of Negro History stressed the cross-fertilization of cultures between Africa and Europe: for instance, <a href="/wiki/George_Wells_Parker" title="George Wells Parker">George Wells Parker</a> adopted Sergi's view that the "civilizing" race had originated in Africa itself.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShavit200141-35">[35]</a> Similarly, black pride groups appropriated the concept of Hamitic identity for their own purposes. Parker founded the <a href="/wiki/Hamitic_League_of_the_World" title="Hamitic League of the World">Hamitic League of the World</a> in 1917 to "inspire the Negro with new hopes; to make him openly proud of his race and of its great contributions to the religious development and civilization of mankind." He argued that "fifty years ago one would not have dreamed that science would defend the fact that Asia was the home of the black races as well as Africa, yet it has done just that thing."<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Drew" class="mw-redirect" title="Timothy Drew">Timothy Drew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a> developed from this the concept of the "Asiatic Blackman."<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Many other authors followed the argument that civilization had originated in Hamitic Ethiopia, a view that became intermingled with biblical imagery. The Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) (1920) believed that Ethiopians were the "mother race". The <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a> asserted that the superior black race originated with the lost <a href="/wiki/Tribe_of_Shabazz" title="Tribe of Shabazz">tribe of Shabazz</a>, which originally possessed "fine features and straight hair", but which migrated into Central Africa, lost its religion, and declined into a barbaric "jungle life".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShavit200126,_193-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <a href="/wiki/Afrocentrism" title="Afrocentrism">Afrocentric</a> writers considered the Hamitic hypothesis to be divisive since it asserted the inferiority of "Negroid" peoples. <a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a> (1868–1963) thus argued that "the term Hamite under which millions of Negroes have been characteristically transferred to the white race by some eager scientists" was a tool to create "false writing on Africa".<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> According to Du Bois, "<a href="/wiki/David_Livingstone" title="David Livingstone">Livingstone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Morton_Stanley" title="Henry Morton Stanley">Stanley</a>, and others were struck with the Egyptian features of many of the tribes of Africa, and this is true of many of the peoples between Central Africa and Egypt, so that some students have tried to invent a 'Hamitic' race to account for them—an entirely unnecessary hypothesis."<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamites&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afroasiatic_languages" title="Afroasiatic languages">Afroasiatic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generations_of_Noah" title="Generations of Noah">Generations of Noah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japhetites" title="Japhetites">Japhetites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_people" title="Semitic people">Semites</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamites&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> For the model of dividing humanity into races, see <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Association_of_Physical_Anthropologists2019" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_Physical_Anthropologists" class="mw-redirect" title="American Association of Physical Anthropologists">American Association of Physical Anthropologists</a> (27 March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://physanth.org/about/position-statements/aapa-statement-race-and-racism-2019/">"AAPA Statement on Race and Racism"</a>. American Association of Physical Anthropologists. Retrieved 19 June 2020. <q>Instead, the Western concept of race must be understood as a classification system that emerged from, and in support of, European colonialism, oppression, and discrimination.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Association+of+Physical+Anthropologists&rft.atitle=AAPA+Statement+on+Race+and+Racism&rft.date=2019-03-27&rft.au=American+Association+of+Physical+Anthropologists&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphysanth.org%2Fabout%2Fposition-statements%2Faapa-statement-race-and-racism-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> For the Hamitic theory, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeneschFabre2004" class="citation book cs1">Benesch, Klaus; Fabre, Geneviève (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=btGIe0y0aWIC&q=Hamites+white+supremacist+hamitic&pg=PA269">African Diasporas in the New and Old Worlds: Consciousness and Imagination</a>. Rodopi. p. 269. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0870-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-0870-0"><bdi>978-90-420-0870-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Diasporas+in+the+New+and+Old+Worlds%3A+Consciousness+and+Imagination&rft.pages=269&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-420-0870-0&rft.aulast=Benesch&rft.aufirst=Klaus&rft.au=Fabre%2C+Genevi%C3%A8ve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbtGIe0y0aWIC%26q%3DHamites%2Bwhite%2Bsupremacist%2Bhamitic%26pg%3DPA269&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Also specifically for the Hamitic theory: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowe1999" class="citation book cs1">Howe, Stephen (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pFrm19cZhugC&q=Hamites+white+supremacist&pg=PA120">Afrocentrism: Mythical Pasts and Imagined Homes</a>. Verso. p. 120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-228-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85984-228-7"><bdi>978-1-85984-228-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Afrocentrism%3A+Mythical+Pasts+and+Imagined+Homes&rft.pages=120&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-85984-228-7&rft.aulast=Howe&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpFrm19cZhugC%26q%3DHamites%2Bwhite%2Bsupremacist%26pg%3DPA120&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montagu-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Montagu_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montagu_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Montagu_4-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshley1960" class="citation book cs1">Ashley, Montagu (1960). An Introduction to Physical Anthropology – Third Edition. Charles C. Thomas Publisher. p. 456.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Physical+Anthropology+%E2%80%93+Third+Edition&rft.pages=456&rft.pub=Charles+C.+Thomas+Publisher&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Ashley&rft.aufirst=Montagu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Allan-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Allan_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Allan_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAllan2013" class="citation book cs1">Allan, Keith (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BzfRFmlN2ZAC&pg=PA275">The Oxford Handbook of the History of Linguistics</a>. OUP Oxford. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199585847" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199585847"><bdi>978-0199585847</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+History+of+Linguistics&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=OUP+Oxford&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0199585847&rft.aulast=Allan&rft.aufirst=Keith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBzfRFmlN2ZAC%26pg%3DPA275&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Welmers-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Welmers_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett_Welmers1974" class="citation book cs1">Everett Welmers, William (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanlanguages0000welm/page/16">African Language Structures</a>. University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanlanguages0000welm/page/16">16</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520022102" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520022102"><bdi>978-0520022102</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Language+Structures&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0520022102&rft.aulast=Everett+Welmers&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanlanguages0000welm%2Fpage%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Meyers_Konversations-Lexikon" title="Meyers Konversations-Lexikon">Meyers Konversations-Lexikon</a>, 4th edition, 1885-90, T11, p.476. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanders-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_8-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanders_8-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanders1969" class="citation journal cs1">Sanders, Edith R. (October 1969). "The Hamitic Hypothesis; Its Origin and Functions in Time Perspective". The Journal of African History. 10 (4): 521–532. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021853700009683">10.1017/S0021853700009683</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-5138">1469-5138</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/179896">179896</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162920355">162920355</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=The+Hamitic+Hypothesis%3B+Its+Origin+and+Functions+in+Time+Perspective&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=521-532&rft.date=1969-10&rft.issn=1469-5138&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162920355%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F179896%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021853700009683&rft.aulast=Sanders&rft.aufirst=Edith+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ehret-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ehret_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehret_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ehret_9-2">c</a> Ehret, C, Ethiopians and East Africans: The Problem of Contacts, East African Pub. House, 1974, p.8. </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1980" class="citation cs2">Evans, William M (February 1980), "From the Land of Canaan to the Land of Guinea: The Strange Odyssey of the 'Sons of Ham'", American Historical Review, 85 (1): 15–43, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1853423">10.2307/1853423</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1853423">1853423</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=From+the+Land+of+Canaan+to+the+Land+of+Guinea%3A+The+Strange+Odyssey+of+the+%27Sons+of+Ham%27&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15-43&rft.date=1980-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1853423&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1853423%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=William+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldenberg-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldenberg_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldenberg_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldenberg1997" class="citation book cs1">Goldenberg, David (1997). "The Curse of Ham: A Case of Rabbinic Racism?". Struggles in the Promised Land. pp. 21–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Curse+of+Ham%3A+A+Case+of+Rabbinic+Racism%3F&rft.btitle=Struggles+in+the+Promised+Land&rft.pages=21-51&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Goldenberg&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Swift_Superstition-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Swift_Superstition_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwiftMammoser2009" class="citation cs2">Swift, John N; Mammoser, Gigen (Fall 2009), "Out of the Realm of Superstition: Chesnutt's 'Dave's Neckliss' and the Curse of Ham", American Literary Realism, 42 (1): 3, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Falr.0.0033">10.1353/alr.0.0033</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162193875">162193875</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Literary+Realism&rft.atitle=Out+of+the+Realm+of+Superstition%3A+Chesnutt%27s+%27Dave%27s+Neckliss%27+and+the+Curse+of+Ham&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Falr.0.0033&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162193875%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Swift&rft.aufirst=John+N&rft.au=Mammoser%2C+Gigen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2016" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Michael F. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SK-NCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT96">The Lost White Tribe: Explorers, Scientists, and the Theory that Changed a Continent</a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 96–97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199978502" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199978502"><bdi>978-0199978502</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+White+Tribe%3A+Explorers%2C+Scientists%2C+and+the+Theory+that+Changed+a+Continent&rft.pages=96-97&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0199978502&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSK-NCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT96&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0">^</a> Giuseppe Sergi, The Mediterranean Race: A Study of the Origin of European Peoples, (BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008), pp.42-43. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Giuseppe Sergi, The Mediterranean Race: A Study of the Origin of European Peoples, (Forgotten Books), pp.39-44. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> Giuseppe Sergi, The Mediterranean Race: A Study of the Origin of European Peoples, (BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008), p.250. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Giuseppe Sergi, The Mediterranean Race: A Study of the Origin of European Peoples, (Forgotten Books), p.36. </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligman1930" class="citation cs2">Seligman, CG (1930), "The Races of Africa", Nature, 126 (3167), London: 96, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1930Natur.126S..53.">1930Natur.126S..53.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F126053d0">10.1038/126053d0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Races+of+Africa&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=3167&rft.pages=96&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F126053d0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1930Natur.126S..53.&rft.aulast=Seligman&rft.aufirst=CG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Rigby-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rigby_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rigby_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRigby1996" class="citation cs2">Rigby, Peter (1996), African Images, Berg, p. 68</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Images&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Rigby&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> Examples from Nigeria: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZachernuk1994" class="citation journal cs1">Zachernuk, Philip (1994). "Of Origins and Colonial Order: Southern Nigerians and the 'Hamitic Hypothesis' c. 1870–1970". Journal of African History. 35 (3): 427–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0021853700026785">10.1017/s0021853700026785</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/182643">182643</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162548206">162548206</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+African+History&rft.atitle=Of+Origins+and+Colonial+Order%3A+Southern+Nigerians+and+the+%27Hamitic+Hypothesis%27+c.+1870%E2%80%931970&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=427-55&rft.date=1994&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162548206%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F182643%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0021853700026785&rft.aulast=Zachernuk&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sergi-21"><a href="#cite_ref-sergi_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSergi1901" class="citation cs2">Sergi, Giuseppe (1901), The Mediterranean Race, London: W Scott, p. 41</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+Race&rft.place=London&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=W+Scott&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Sergi&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> The list of peoples given according to <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/en:1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hamitic_Races_and_Languages" class="extiw" title="wikisource:en:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hamitic Races and Languages">a summary of Sergi's book in the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Troe-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Troe_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoon1939" class="citation book cs1">Coon, Carleton (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/racesofeurope031695mbp/racesofeurope031695mbp.pdf">The Races of Europe</a> (PDF). The Macmillan Company. Retrieved 27 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Races+of+Europe&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1939&rft.aulast=Coon&rft.aufirst=Carleton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fracesofeurope031695mbp%2Fracesofeurope031695mbp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeke1868" class="citation cs2">Speke, John Hanning (1868), Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile, Harper & bros, p. 514</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Discovery+of+the+Source+of+the+Nile&rft.pages=514&rft.pub=Harper+%26+bros&rft.date=1868&rft.aulast=Speke&rft.aufirst=John+Hanning&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-Keane-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keane_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keane_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeane1899" class="citation book cs1">Keane, A.H. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.536182">Man, Past and Present</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.536182/page/n107">90</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man%2C+Past+and+Present&rft.pages=90&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Keane&rft.aufirst=A.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.536182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoyd1889" class="citation book cs1">Boyd, James Penny (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NOQOAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA722">Stanley in Africa: The Wonderful Discoveries and Thrilling Adventures of the Great African Explorer, and Other Travelers, Pioneers and Missionaries</a>. Stanley Publishing Company. p. 722. Retrieved 10 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanley+in+Africa%3A+The+Wonderful+Discoveries+and+Thrilling+Adventures+of+the+Great+African+Explorer%2C+and+Other+Travelers%2C+Pioneers+and+Missionaries&rft.pages=722&rft.pub=Stanley+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Boyd&rft.aufirst=James+Penny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNOQOAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA722&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESpeke1863247-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESpeke1863247_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpeke1863">Speke 1863</a>, p. 247. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGourevitch1998-28"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGourevitch1998_28-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGourevitch1998">Gourevitch 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Seligman1930-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Seligman1930_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeligman1930" class="citation book cs1">Seligman, Charles Gabriel (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/RacesOfAfrica/Races-of-Africa.pdf">The Races of Africa</a> (PDF). Thornton Butterworth, Ltd. Retrieved 27 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Races+of+Africa&rft.pub=Thornton+Butterworth%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Seligman&rft.aufirst=Charles+Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2FRacesOfAfrica%2FRaces-of-Africa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1902" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Harry (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kfEMAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA486">The Uganda Protectorate: An Attempt to Give Some Description of the Physical Geography, Botany, Zoology, Anthropology, Languages and History of the Territories Under British Protection in East Central Africa, Between the Congo Free State and the Rift Valley and Between the First Degree of South Latitude and the Fifth Degree of North Latitude</a>. Hutchinson & Company. p. 486.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Uganda+Protectorate%3A+An+Attempt+to+Give+Some+Description+of+the+Physical+Geography%2C+Botany%2C+Zoology%2C+Anthropology%2C+Languages+and+History+of+the+Territories+Under+British+Protection+in+East+Central+Africa%2C+Between+the+Congo+Free+State+and+the+Rift+Valley+and+Between+the+First+Degree+of+South+Latitude+and+the+Fifth+Degree+of+North+Latitude&rft.pages=486&rft.pub=Hutchinson+%26+Company&rft.date=1902&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkfEMAAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGatwa2005" class="citation cs2">Gatwa, Tharcisse (2005), The Churches and Ethnic Ideology in the Rwandan Crises, 1900–1994, OCMS, p. 65</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Churches+and+Ethnic+Ideology+in+the+Rwandan+Crises%2C+1900%E2%80%931994&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=OCMS&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Gatwa&rft.aufirst=Tharcisse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1999" class="citation cs2">Taylor, Christopher Charles (1999), Sacrifice as Terror: the Rwandan Genocide of 1994, Berg, p. 55</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sacrifice+as+Terror%3A+the+Rwandan+Genocide+of+1994&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Berg&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Christopher+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShavit200126,_193-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShavit200126,_193_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShavit200126,_193_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFShavit2001">Shavit 2001</a>, pp. 26, 193. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1917" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/George_Wells_Parker" title="George Wells Parker">Parker, George Wells</a> (1917), "The African Origin of the Grecian Civilization", Journal of Negro History: 334–44</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=The+African+Origin+of+the+Grecian+Civilization&rft.pages=334-44&rft.date=1917&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=George+Wells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShavit200141-35"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShavit200141_35-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShavit2001">Shavit 2001</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParker1978" class="citation cs2">Parker, George Wells (1978) [Omaha, 1918], Children of the Sun (reprint ed.), Baltimore: Black Classic Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Children+of+the+Sun&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Black+Classic+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=George+Wells&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeutsch2001" class="citation cs2">Deutsch, Nathaniel (October 2001), "'The Asiatic Black Man': An African American Orientalism?", Journal of Asian American Studies, 4 (3): 193–208, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fjaas.2001.0029">10.1353/jaas.2001.0029</a>, <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145051546">145051546</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Asian+American+Studies&rft.atitle=%27The+Asiatic+Black+Man%27%3A+An+African+American+Orientalism%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=193-208&rft.date=2001-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fjaas.2001.0029&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145051546%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Deutsch&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgbar2005" class="citation cs2">Ogbar, Jeffrey Ogbonna Green (2005), Black Power: Radical Politics and African American Identity, Johns Hopkins University Press, p. 144</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+Power%3A+Radical+Politics+and+African+American+Identity&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Ogbar&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+Ogbonna+Green&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFX1989" class="citation cs2">X, Malcolm (1989), The End of White World Supremacy: Four Speeches, Arcade, p. 46</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+End+of+White+World+Supremacy%3A+Four+Speeches&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=Arcade&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=X&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Bois2000" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois, William E. B.</a> (2000), Keita, Maghan (ed.), Race and the Writing of History: Riddling the Sphinx, New York: Oxford University Press, p. 78</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race+and+the+Writing+of+History%3A+Riddling+the+Sphinx&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Du+Bois&rft.aufirst=William+E.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDu_Bois1947" class="citation book cs1">Du Bois, William E. B. (1947). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wtbTAAAAMAAJ">The World and Africa: An Inquiry Into the Part Which Africa Has Played in World History</a>. New York: Viking Press. p. 169.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+and+Africa%3A+An+Inquiry+Into+the+Part+Which+Africa+Has+Played+in+World+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=169&rft.pub=Viking+Press&rft.date=1947&rft.aulast=Du+Bois&rft.aufirst=William+E.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwtbTAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamites&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 38px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="38" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 Encyclopædia Britannica</a> article about <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Hamitic_Races_and_Languages" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Hamitic Races and Languages">Hamitic</a>.</div></div> </div> <dl><dt>Hamitic theory</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Seligman, CG (1930), "The Races of Africa", Nature, 126 (3167), London: 96, <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1930Natur.126S..53.">1930Natur.126S..53.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F126053d0">10.1038/126053d0</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=The+Races+of+Africa&rft.volume=126&rft.issue=3167&rft.pages=96&rft.date=1930&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F126053d0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1930Natur.126S..53.&rft.aulast=Seligman&rft.aufirst=CG&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Sergi, Giuseppe (1901), The Mediterranean Race, London: W Scott, p. 41</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mediterranean+Race&rft.place=London&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=W+Scott&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Sergi&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpeke1863" class="citation cs2">Speke, JH (1863), Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile, London: Blackwoods</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+the+Discovery+of+the+Source+of+the+Nile&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Blackwoods&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Speke&rft.aufirst=JH&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> <dl><dt>Other</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGourevitch1998" class="citation cs2">Gourevitch, Philip (1998), We Wish to Inform You that Tomorrow We Will be Killed With Our Families, New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Wish+to+Inform+You+that+Tomorrow+We+Will+be+Killed+With+Our+Families&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+%26+Giroux&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Gourevitch&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Robinson, Michael F. (2016), The Lost White Tribe: Explorers, Scientists, and the Theory that Changed a Continent, Oxford</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Lost+White+Tribe%3A+Explorers%2C+Scientists%2C+and+the+Theory+that+Changed+a+Continent&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Michael+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Rohrbacher, Peter (2002), Die Geschichte des Hamiten-Mythos, Wien: Afro-Pub</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Geschichte+des+Hamiten-Mythos&rft.place=Wien&rft.pub=Afro-Pub&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Rohrbacher&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShavit2001" class="citation cs2">Shavit, Yaacov (2001), History in Black: African-Americans in Search of an Ancient Past, Routledge</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+in+Black%3A+African-Americans+in+Search+of+an+Ancient+Past&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Shavit&rft.aufirst=Yaacov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamites" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamites&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 12px;height: 16px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="12" data-height="16" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hamites_(race)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hamites (race)">Hamites (race)</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gn4bvjMh4vc">A Theory You've Never Heard Of | Michael Robinson | TEDxUniversityofHartford</a>, 9 November 2015.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamites&oldid=1258237953#Development_of_the_Hamitic_hypothesis">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamites&oldid=1258237953#Development_of_the_Hamitic_hypothesis</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Hamites&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 18 November 2024, at 22:04 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="حاميون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حاميون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lling%C3%BCes_camito-sem%C3%ADtiques" title="Llingües camito-semítiques – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Llingües camito-semítiques" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Хамити – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хамити" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamitentheorie" title="Hamitentheorie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hamitentheorie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenguas_camito-sem%C3%ADticas" title="Lenguas camito-semíticas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lenguas camito-semíticas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="حامی‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حامی‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamites" title="Hamites – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hamites" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%A8%EC%A1%B1" title="함족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="함족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8" title="हैमाइट्स – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हैमाइट्स" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiti" title="Hamiti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hamiti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camiti" title="Camiti – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Camiti" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ქამიტები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქამიტები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamita_(vahoaka)" title="Hamita (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hamita (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%8A%D9%86" title="حاميين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حاميين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamieten" title="Hamieten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hamieten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamici" title="Chamici – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chamici" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camitas" title="Camitas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Camitas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Хамиты – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Хамиты" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Хамиты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хамиты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamitic" title="Hamitic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hamitic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamiti" title="Hamiti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hamiti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Хамити – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хамити" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haamilaiset" title="Haamilaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Haamilaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamitiska" title="Hamitiska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hamitiska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamitik" title="Hamitik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hamitik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Хаміти – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хаміти" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%AB%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E4%BA%BA%E7%A7%8D" title="含米特人种 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="含米特人种" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 22:04 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a 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