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</header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-词源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#词源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>词源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-词源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-哲学中的虚无主义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#哲学中的虚无主义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>哲学中的虚无主义</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-哲学中的虚无主义-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关哲学中的虚无主义子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-哲学中的虚无主义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-伦理道德中的虚无主义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#伦理道德中的虚无主义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>伦理道德中的虚无主义</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-伦理道德中的虚无主义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-后现代主义与知识的崩溃" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#后现代主义与知识的崩溃"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>后现代主义与知识的崩溃</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-后现代主义与知识的崩溃-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-艺术中的虚无主义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#艺术中的虚无主义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>艺术中的虚无主义</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-艺术中的虚无主义-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关艺术中的虚无主义子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-艺术中的虚无主义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-达达运动" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#达达运动"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>达达运动</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-达达运动-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-文学中的虚无主义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#文学中的虚无主义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>文学中的虚无主义</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-文学中的虚无主义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音乐中的虚无主义" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音乐中的虚无主义"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>音乐中的虚无主义</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音乐中的虚无主义-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-相关文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#相关文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>相关文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-相关文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="目录" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">虚无主义</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。89种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilisme" title="Nihilisme – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nihilisme" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="عدمية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="عدمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="عدميه – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="عدميه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilismu" title="Nihilismu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nihilismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilizm" title="Nihilizm – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Nihilizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="نیهیلیسم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نیهیلیسم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Нигилизм – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нигилизм" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Нігілізм – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нігілізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Нігілізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нігілізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Нихилизъм – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нихилизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilisme" title="Nihilisme – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Nihilisme" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6" title="ধ্বংসবাদ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ধ্বংসবাদ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilizam" title="Nihilizam – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nihilizam" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilisme" title="Nihilisme – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nihilisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%DB%8C%DA%86%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="ھیچخوازی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ھیچخوازی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilismus" title="Nihilismus – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nihilismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihiliaeth" title="Nihiliaeth – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Nihiliaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilisme" title="Nihilisme – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nihilisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilismus" title="Nihilismus – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nihilismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilizm" title="Nihilizm – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Nihilizm" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilisme" title="Nihilisme – 中部杜順文" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Nihilisme" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="中部杜順文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B7%CE%B4%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Μηδενισμός – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μηδενισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Nihilism" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilismo" title="Nihilismo – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nihilismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilismo" title="Nihilismo – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Nihilismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nihilism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilismo" title="Nihilismo – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nihilismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%DB%8C%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="هیچ‌انگاری – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هیچ‌انگاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilismi" title="Nihilismi – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nihilismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilisme" title="Nihilisme – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nihilisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihil%C3%AD" title="Nihilí – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Nihilí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="虛無主義 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="虛無主義" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilismo" title="Nihilismo – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Nihilismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Nihilism" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="ניהיליזם – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ניהיליזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="नास्तिवाद – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नास्तिवाद" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilizam" title="Nihilizam – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nihilizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilizmus" title="Nihilizmus – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nihilizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Նիհիլիզմ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նիհիլիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%AB%D5%B0%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Նիհիլիզմ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նիհիլիզմ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilisme" title="Nihilisme – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nihilisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B3mhyggja" title="Tómhyggja – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tómhyggja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nichilismo" title="Nichilismo – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nichilismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%83%92%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0" title="ニヒリズム – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニヒリズム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niyilizim" title="Niyilizim – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Niyilizim" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ნიჰილიზმი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნიჰილიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Нигилизм – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нигилизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%A3%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A6" title="ನಿರಾಕರಣವಾದ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನಿರಾಕರಣವಾದ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%97%88%EB%AC%B4%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="허무주의 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="허무주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%AE%C3%A7perest%C3%AE" title="Hîçperestî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hîçperestî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Нигилизм – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нигилизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilismus" title="Nihilismus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Nihilismus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilizmas" title="Nihilizmas – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nihilizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilisms" title="Nihilisms – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nihilisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Нихилизам – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нихилизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B9%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82" title="നിഹിലിസം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നിഹിലിസം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilisme" title="Nihilisme – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Nihilisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilisme_(filosofie)" title="Nihilisme (filosofie) – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Nihilisme (filosofie)" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6" title="शुन्यवाद – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="शुन्यवाद" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilisme_(filosofie)" title="Nihilisme (filosofie) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nihilisme (filosofie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilisme" title="Nihilisme – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nihilisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilisme" title="Nihilisme – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nihilisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niilisme" title="Niilisme – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Niilisme" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A6" title="ਨਹਿਲਵਾਦ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨਹਿਲਵਾਦ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilizm" title="Nihilizm – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nihilizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="نیهیلیزم – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نیهیلیزم" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niilismo" title="Niilismo – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Niilismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Nihilism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Нигилизм – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нигилизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Нігілізм – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нігілізм" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Nihilism" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%DA%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="ناڪاريت – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ناڪاريت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilizam" title="Nihilizam – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nihilizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nihilism" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilizmus" title="Nihilizmus – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nihilizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilizmi" title="Nihilizmi – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Nihilizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Нихилизам – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нихилизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilism" title="Nihilism – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nihilism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="இல்லாமை தத்துவம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இல்லாமை தத்துவம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="สุญนิยม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สุญนิยม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilismo" title="Nihilismo – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Nihilismo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nihilizm" title="Nihilizm – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nihilizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Нігілізм – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нігілізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA" title="عدمیت – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="عدمیت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigilizm" title="Nigilizm – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nigilizm" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thuy%E1%BA%BFt_h%C6%B0_v%C3%B4" title="Thuyết hư vô – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuyết hư vô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="虚无主义 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="虚无主义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%B0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ნიჰილიზმი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნიჰილიზმი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="虛無主義 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="虛無主義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q80968#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div 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class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">工具</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button 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class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j"><span>链入页面</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project:上传" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&oldid=86142745" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a 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mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=show-download-screen"><span>下载为PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p"><span>打印页面</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nihilism" hreflang="en"><span>维基共享资源</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link 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.ambox-protection{border-left-color:#a2a9b1!important}}</style><table class="box-Refimprove plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div style="width:52px"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tango-nosources.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/45px-Tango-nosources.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/68px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Tango-nosources.svg/90px-Tango-nosources.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">此條目<b>需要补充更多<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源">来源</a></b>。<span class="hide-when-compact"></span> <small class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">2021年3月13日</span>)</i></small><span class="hide-when-compact"><br /><small>请协助補充多方面<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">可靠来源</a>以<a class="external text" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit">改善这篇条目</a>，<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AF%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:可供查证">无法查证</a>的内容可能會因為<a href="/wiki/Template:Fact" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Fact">异议提出</a>而被移除。<br />致使用者：请搜索一下条目的标题（来源搜索：<span class="plainlinks"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?&as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%22">"虚无主义"</a> — <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?q=%22%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%22">网页</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=&as_src=-newswire+-wire+-presswire+-PR+-press+-release+-wikipedia&q=%22%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%22">新闻</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?&as_brr=0&as_pub=-icon&q=%22%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%22">书籍</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//scholar.google.com/scholar?&q=%22%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%22">学术</a>、<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/search?tbm=isch&safe=off&q=%22%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%22">图像</a></span>），以检查网络上是否存在该主题的更多可靠来源（<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:可靠来源">判定指引</a>）。</small></span><span class="hide-when-compact"></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732972"><table class="box-Expand_English plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div 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.sidebar-heading,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-above,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="padding:0.5em 0.5em 0.5em; display:block; background-color: #efefef;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="认识论大纲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Outline of epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA%E5%A4%A7%E7%BA%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="认识论大纲（页面不存在）">大纲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Outline_of_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Outline of epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Outline of epistemology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="Category:知識論">分类</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="认识论条目索引" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of epistemology articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="认识论条目索引（页面不存在）">索引</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_epistemology_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of epistemology articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of epistemology articles</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;padding-top:0.5em;">学派</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E8%9E%8D%E8%B2%AB%E8%AB%96" title="真理融貫論">真理融貫論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E5%A2%83%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="语境主义">语境主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E6%A2%9D" title="教條">教條</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AC%AC%E8%AB%96" title="可謬論">可謬論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="基础主义">基础主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无谬论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Infallibilism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E8%B0%AC%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无谬论（页面不存在）">无谬论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infallibilism" class="extiw" title="en:Infallibilism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Infallibilism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="无限主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Infinitism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A0%E9%99%90%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="无限主义（页面不存在）">无限主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infinitism" class="extiw" title="en:Infinitism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Infinitism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自然化认识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Naturalized epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然化认识论（页面不存在）">自然化认识论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Naturalized epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Naturalized epistemology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E9%BB%9E%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="觀點主義">觀點主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实用主义">实用主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="相對主義">相對主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E8%AE%BA" title="哲学怀疑论">哲学怀疑论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E6%88%91%E8%AB%96" title="唯我論">唯我論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="德性认识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Virtue epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%A7%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="德性认识论（页面不存在）">德性认识论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Virtue_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Virtue epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Virtue epistemology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em;">概念</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90-%E7%B6%9C%E5%90%88%E5%8D%80%E5%88%A5" title="分析-綜合區別">分析-綜合區別</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%88%E9%A9%97%E8%88%87%E5%BE%8C%E9%A9%97" title="先驗與後驗">先驗與後驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%BF%B5" title="信念">信念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" title="確定性">確定性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97" title="經驗">經驗</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="證成" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Justification (epistemology)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%89%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="證成（页面不存在）">證成</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justification_(epistemology)" class="extiw" title="en:Justification (epistemology)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Justification (epistemology)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="归纳问题">归纳问题</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86" title="知识">知识</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7" title="理性">理性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%99%BA" title="理智">理智</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86" title="真理">真理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%A1%8C%E5%90%88%E4%B8%80" title="知行合一">知行合一</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em;">领域</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="应用认识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Applied epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%94%E7%94%A8%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="应用认识论（页面不存在）">应用认识论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Applied epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Applied epistemology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="演化认识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Evolutionary epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="演化认识论（页面不存在）">演化认识论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolutionary_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Evolutionary epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Evolutionary epistemology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="形式认识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Formal epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="形式认识论（页面不存在）">形式认识论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Formal_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Formal epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Formal epistemology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="历史认识论">历史认识论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="元認識論">元認識論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会认识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Social epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会认识论（页面不存在）">社会认识论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Social_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Social epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Social epistemology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;border-top:1px solid #A2A9B1; padding-top:0.5em;">知识学家</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%9C%96%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E4%B8%95%E9%87%8C%E6%9F%AF" title="塞克斯圖斯·恩丕里柯">塞克斯圖斯·恩丕里柯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%91%9B%E6%A2%AF%E5%B0%94" title="爱德蒙德·葛梯尔">爱德蒙德·葛梯尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E5%AE%88%E4%BB%81" class="mw-redirect" title="王守仁">王守仁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%86%85%C2%B7%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94" title="勒内·笛卡尔">勒内·笛卡尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E8%B0%9F" title="大卫·休谟">大卫·休谟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努尔·康德">伊曼努尔·康德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E8%92%AF%E5%9B%A0" title="威拉德·范·奥曼·蒯因">威拉德·范·奥曼·蒯因</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal;"> 该侧栏隶属于<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲学</a>系列。其他相关主题参见<a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="Template:认识论">Template:认识论</a>和<a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:哲学">Template:哲学</a>。</td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA%E4%BE%A7%E6%A0%8F" title="Template:认识论侧栏"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA%E4%BE%A7%E6%A0%8F" title="Template talk:认识论侧栏"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA%E4%BE%A7%E6%A0%8F" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:认识论侧栏"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>虛無主義</b>（英語：Nihilism，源自<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="拉丁語">拉丁語</a>nihil），指的是一系列<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="哲學">哲學</a>觀點的集合，它拒絕承認某個人事物的存在意義，並且認為想證明它有意義的舉動全是徒勞的<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，例如人類對<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80" class="mw-redirect" title="客觀">客觀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86" title="真理">真理</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98" class="mw-redirect" title="知識">知識</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7" title="道德">道德</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%A7%80" title="價值觀">價值觀</a>等概念的看法<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>虛無主義分為很多個流派，每派的立場均不相同。虛無主義的支持者認為，正是因為虛無的本質，所以人們才沒法對虛無主義統一意見，這恰恰證明人類的所有價值觀都是毫無根據的，想理解所有的知識也是不可能的，某些<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>的存在與否對我們的現實根本毫無影響<sup id="cite_ref-IEP2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SEP_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SEP-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。支持虛無主義的學者可能認為它只是一個貼在各種不同哲學上的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E7%B1%A4%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="標籤效應">標籤</a><sup id="cite_ref-terBorg1988_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-terBorg1988-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，或是一個由<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%90%8D%E8%AB%96" title="唯名論">唯名論</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%87%B7%E7%96%91%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="懷疑主義">懷疑主義</a>和哲學<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%B2%E8%A7%82%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="悲观主义">悲觀主義</a>產生的獨特歷史概念，也可能來自<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99" title="基督教">基督教</a>本身<sup id="cite_ref-Nihilism_Before_Nietzsche_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nihilism_Before_Nietzsche-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>現代歐美社會對虛無主義的理解，很大程度上源自於<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="弗里德里希·尼采">尼采</a>的“虛無主義危機、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%B8%9D%E5%B7%B2%E6%AD%BB" title="上帝已死">上帝已死</a>”說法，但尼采的思想只是虛無主義中的一個派別，他最終倡導的也不是虛無，而是“更高價值的破壞”和“對生命的反對”<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-IEP2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEP2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。然而，早期的虛無主義可能更有選擇性地否定<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="社會">社會</a>、道德、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="美學">美學</a>，不會全盤否定，只是挑選其中的某些領域來否定，即“反<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B8%E6%AC%8A" title="霸權">霸權</a>思維”<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。“虛無主義”這個術語有時又與“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E7%AF%84" class="mw-redirect" title="失範">失範</a>”的概念一起結合使用，以便解釋“對人類和社會制度的絕望情緒”。虛無主義也被描述為在某些歷史時期顯著或構成某些歷史時期。例如<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%B8%8C%E4%BA%9E" title="尚·布希亞">尚·布希亞</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>和其他人將<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%80%A7" title="後現代性">後現代性</a>描述為虛無主義的時代<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>或思維方式。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>同樣，一些<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="神學家">神學家</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" title="宗教">宗教</a>人士表示，後現代性<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%80%A7" title="現代性">現代性</a>的許多方面<sup id="cite_ref-phillips_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-phillips-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>透過否定宗教原則來代表虛無主義。然而，虛無主義被廣泛歸因於宗教和<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="無宗教">非宗教</a>觀點。<sup id="cite_ref-Nihilism_Before_Nietzsche_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nihilism_Before_Nietzsche-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在普遍使用中，該術語通常是指存在虛無主義的形式，根據這種形式，生命沒有<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%9C%A8%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="內在價值">內在價值</a>、意義或<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84" class="mw-redirect" title="目的">目的</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 虛無主義中的其他突出立場包括拒絕所有規範和倫理觀點（<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="道德虛無主義">道德虛無主義</a>），拒絕所有社會和政治制度（政治虛無主義，英語：Political nihilism），認為沒有知識可以或確實存在的立場（<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" class="mw-redirect" title="認識論">認識論</a>虛無主義，英語：Epistemological nihilism），以及許多形而上學立場斷言非抽象對象不存在（形而上學虛無主義，英語：Metaphysical nihilism），複合對像不存在（<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA_(%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AD%A6)" title="分体论 (逻辑学)">分體</a>虛無主義，英語：Mereological nihilism），甚至生命本身不存在。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="词源"><span id=".E8.AF.8D.E6.BA.90"></span>词源</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：词源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>英文「Nihilism」这个词最早来源于<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E4%B8%81%E8%AF%AD" title="拉丁语">拉丁语</a>中的“nihil”，意为“什么都没有”。<i><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E5%AD%97%E5%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="牛津英語字典">牛津英语字典</a></i>认为它于1817年进入英语词汇，而Alain Ray的<i>Dictionnaire historique de la langue française</i>（1995年修订版）认为它在1787年进入法语词汇，<i>nihiliste</i>最早于1761年使用；不过那时，指宗教意义上的异教徒。Ray同时认为1829年出现在俄语中的<i>nigilizm</i>，是由于这个词对于现代语言的浸透。 </p><p>拉丁语中的不定代词<i>nihil</i> 由<i>nihilum</i>减缩而成。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="哲学中的虚无主义"><span id=".E5.93.B2.E5.AD.A6.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E8.99.9A.E6.97.A0.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89"></span>哲学中的虚无主义</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：哲学中的虚无主义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>虽然<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%87%C2%B7%E5%B1%A0%E6%A0%BC%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB" title="伊万·屠格涅夫">屠格涅夫</a>使虚无主义这个词眾所周知，但它是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E6%AF%94" title="弗里德里希·海因里希·雅各比">弗里德里希·海因里希·雅各比</a>首先引入哲学领域。雅各比想用这个词展现出理性主义特色，特别是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努尔·康德">康德</a>的批判哲学。他认为所有的理性主义都可以减到虚无，这样我们应该试图去避免它，回归到某些<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0" title="信仰">信仰</a>。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="弗里德里希·尼采">尼采</a>晚期的作品主要是关于虚无主义的。《<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%8A%9B%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97_(%E6%9B%B8%E7%B1%8D)" title="權力意志 (書籍)">權力意志</a>》的一卷，由尼采1883年到1888年的笔记精选组成。他将之命名为“欧洲虚无主义”并认为这是19世纪的主要问题。尼采将虚无主义定义为：使世界，特别是人类生存没有意义、目标、可以理解的真相和本质价值。 </p><p>虽然<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="后现代主义">后现代主义</a>被一些人取笑为虚无主义，但就虚无主义者倾向于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E8%B4%A5%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="失败主义">失败主义</a>来说，它并不符合上述虚无主义的公式。后现代主义哲学家试图去寻找庆祝他所探索的形形色色独特的人类关系的力量和原因。怀疑论不必对道德概念的现实做出任何结论，他们也不用在没有可知事实的情况下讨论有关<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8" title="存在">存在</a>意义的问题。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="伦理道德中的虚无主义"><span id=".E4.BC.A6.E7.90.86.E9.81.93.E5.BE.B7.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E8.99.9A.E6.97.A0.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89"></span>伦理道德中的虚无主义</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：伦理道德中的虚无主义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="伦理">伦理</a>中，“虚无主义者”或“虚无主义”是用来指彻底拒绝一切权威，道德，社会习惯的行为，或声言要这样做的人。或是通过拒绝一切既定的信仰，或是通过极端的<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="相对主义">相对主义</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="怀疑主义">怀疑主义</a>，虚无主义者认为那些对于权力的掌控都是无效的并应被对抗。在虚无主义者看来，道德价值的最终来源并非文化或理性，而是个体本身。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="后现代主义与知识的崩溃"><span id=".E5.90.8E.E7.8E.B0.E4.BB.A3.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89.E4.B8.8E.E7.9F.A5.E8.AF.86.E7.9A.84.E5.B4.A9.E6.BA.83"></span>后现代主义与知识的崩溃</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：后现代主义与知识的崩溃"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="后现代主义">后现代主义</a>思想将<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="伦理">伦理</a>体系推至极端的相对主义。这在<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A1%94" title="让-弗朗索瓦·利奥塔">让-弗朗索瓦·利奥塔</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E8%BE%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="德里达">德里达</a>的作品中尤其明显。这些哲学家试图否认西方文明真理、意义、历史进程、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%90%86%E6%83%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="人文主义理想（页面不存在）">人文主义理想</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AF%E8%92%99%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="启蒙运动">启蒙运动</a>所建立的基础。虽然原则上后现代主义被认为是虚无主义哲学，值得注意的是，虚无主义接受后现代主义的非难。虚无主义是对宇宙真理的宣称，这正是后现代主义所拒绝的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="艺术中的虚无主义"><span id=".E8.89.BA.E6.9C.AF.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E8.99.9A.E6.97.A0.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89"></span>艺术中的虚无主义</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：艺术中的虚无主义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>有许多艺术运动如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%8E%B0%E5%AE%9E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="超现实主义">超现实主义</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="立体主义">立体主义</a>都被人们批评说有虚无主义嫌疑。另一些艺术运动如<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%BE%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="达达主义">达达主义</a>则公开将之奉为信条。广泛地说，<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF" title="现代艺术">现代艺术</a>被认为是虚无主义的。正像在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B2%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="纳粹">纳粹</a>党的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A0%95%E8%90%BD%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="堕落艺术（页面不存在）">堕落艺术</a>展上的作品一样，现代艺术通常有一种非表现性的本质。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="达达运动"><span id=".E8.BE.BE.E8.BE.BE.E8.BF.90.E5.8A.A8"></span>达达运动</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：达达运动"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E8%BE%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="达达主义">达达主义</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第一次世界大战">第一次世界大战</a>期间首先被使用，这酝酿了后来从1916年持续到1923年的运动。达达主义者声称达达运动不是艺术运动而是反艺术运动。有时他们从别的作品中拿出部分将之拼接起来，很像是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8D%E6%8B%BC%E8%AF%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="重拼诗（页面不存在）">重拼诗</a>（found poetry），这样他们削弱了艺术的含义与定义。其它时候，达达主义者关注<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A1%E7%BE%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="审美">审美</a>趋向以求避免它，试图使他们的作品没有意义及审美价值。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="文学中的虚无主义"><span id=".E6.96.87.E5.AD.A6.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E8.99.9A.E6.97.A0.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89"></span>文学中的虚无主义</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：文学中的虚无主义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>虽然“虚无主义”这个词是近代历史的产物，它所代表的态度却不是。我们可以参见<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="麦克白">麦克白</a>接近结尾处的著名篇章。麦克白虽没有谈论宇宙的崩塌或扩张，但他谈论的是更残忍、更与人相关的“死亡”。 </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><i>Out, out, brief candle!</i> “熄灭吧，熄灭吧，短命之烛！”</dd> <dd><i>Life's but a walking shadow, a poor player</i> “生命不过一行走之陰影, 一可憐之優伶”</dd> <dd><i>That struts and frets his hour upon the stage</i> “昂首闊步著與煩惱著在他在舞台上的一辰”</dd> <dd><i>And then is heard no more; it is a tale</i>， “爾後再不被聽聞. 生命是一個故事”</dd> <dd><i>Told by an idiot, full of sound and fury,</i> “被傻子述說著, 滿是喧囂”</dd> <dd><i>Signifying nothing.</i> (Act 5, Scene 5) “象徵著無物”</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>在19世纪，俄国小说家<a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%A0%E6%A0%BC%E6%B6%85%E5%A4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="屠格涅夫">屠格涅夫</a>在他的小说《<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B6%E8%88%87%E5%AD%90_(%E5%B0%8F%E8%AA%AA)" title="父與子 (小說)">父与子</a>》（1862年）中描写了俄国兴起的“<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E4%BD%99%E4%BA%BA" title="多余人">多余人</a>”的观点，这使得虚无主义名声鵠起。“多余人”多是上层社会的学生，他们对于<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="改革主义者（页面不存在）">改革主义者</a>的慢步子已不抱幻想。这种崭新哲学的代表是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E8%90%A8%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB" title="德米特里·皮萨列夫">德米特里·皮萨列夫</a>，他主张改革<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实用主义">实用主义</a>并宣扬用暴力改革社会，他就是《父与子》中“巴扎洛夫”的原形，他对“巴扎洛夫”这个以他为原型的，同时是英雄与恶人的虚构形象十分满意。 </p><p>自从虚无主义通过“巴扎洛夫”这个形象闻名后，这个词很快成为了嘲笑年轻的更为激进一代的万能词。这个词经常用来指一个其中的发言者没有道德意识，不相信<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86" title="真理">真理</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E" title="美">美</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="爱">爱</a>的群体或哲学（不管怎样发言者与他的听众不在乎<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%87%86%E5%88%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会准则（页面不存在）">社会准则</a>）。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="左拉">左拉</a>1885年的作品《<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%8C%E8%8A%BD_(%E5%B7%A6%E6%8B%89)" class="mw-redirect" title="萌芽 (左拉)">萌芽</a>》中，虚无主义者苏沃林组织了矿井工人暴动，造成了灾难性的场面，他戏剧化了虚无主义的危险。 </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E7%BC%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="加缪">加缪</a>的作品一直探讨虚无主义。 </p><p>在当代文学中，虚无主义主题可以在 </p> <ul><li>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%E5%86%85%E5%8F%A4%E7%89%B9" title="库尔特·冯内古特">库尔特·冯内古特</a>的书中也可见。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗伯特·斯通（页面不存在）">罗伯特·斯通</a>（Robert Stone）也是一位经常以虚无主义为主题的美国当代作家。在他的小说“<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A5%E8%90%BD%E4%B9%8B%E6%97%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="日落之旗（页面不存在）">日落之旗</a>”（A Flag for Sunrise）（1981年）中，主角霍利维尔（Holliwell）挣扎着对抗他自己的虚无主义倾向。</li> <li>另一位书写虚无主义的是美国作家<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B" title="恰克·帕拉尼克">恰克·帕拉尼克</a>，如在他1996年的小说“<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%97%E9%98%B5%E4%BF%B1%E4%B9%90%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="斗阵俱乐部">鬥陣俱乐部</a>”中，“毁灭计划”的终极目的，就是摧毁现代文明以重建人性。然而帕拉涅科声称他并没有故意写虚无主义。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音乐中的虚无主义"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E4.B9.90.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E8.99.9A.E6.97.A0.E4.B8.BB.E4.B9.89"></span>音乐中的虚无主义</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：音乐中的虚无主义"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8B%E5%85%8B%E6%91%87%E6%BB%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="朋克摇滚">朋克摇滚</a>经常被认为对世界持有虚无主义和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a>看法。<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%BB%E4%BA%A1%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="死亡金属">死亡金属</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="黑金屬">黑金属</a>也通常包含虚无主义的思想主题。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Crosby, Donald A. Nihilism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601034203/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/nihilism/v-1">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> 1. London: Routledge. 2016 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-04-28</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-25069-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-415-25069-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-n037-1"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.4324/9780415249126-n037-1</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/nihilism/v-1">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-01）. <q>As its name implies (from Latin nihil, 'nothing'), philosophical nihilism is a philosophy of negation, rejection, or denial of some or all aspects of thought or life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rft.atitle=Nihilism&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2016&rft.edition=1&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fnihilism%2Fv-1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-n037-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Deleuze, Gilles. Nietzsche and Philosophy. 由Tomlinson, Hugh翻译. London: The Athlone Press. 19621983. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-231-13877-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-231-13877-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-231-13877-2</a>. <q>Nietzsche calls the enterprise of denying life and depreciating existence nihilism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft.aulast=Deleuze&rft.btitle=Nietzsche+and+Philosophy&rft.date=1962&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13877-2&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Athlone+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Veit, Walter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.2.26965.24804">Existential Nihilism: The Only Really Serious Philosophical Problem</a>. 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.2.26965.24804"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.13140/RG.2.2.26965.24804</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rft.atitle=Existential+Nihilism%3A+The+Only+Really+Serious+Philosophical+Problem&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft.aulast=Veit&rft.date=2018&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frgdoi.net%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.2.26965.24804&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13140%2FRG.2.2.26965.24804&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><cite class="citation book">Crosby, Donald A. Nihilism. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220601034203/https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/nihilism/v-1">Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a> 1. London: Routledge. 2016 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-04-28</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-415-25069-6" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-415-25069-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-415-25069-6</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9780415249126-n037-1"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.4324/9780415249126-n037-1</span></a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rep.routledge.com/articles/thematic/nihilism/v-1">原始内容</a>存档于2022-06-01）. <q>As its name implies (from Latin nihil, 'nothing'), philosophical nihilism is a philosophy of negation, rejection, or denial of some or all aspects of thought or life.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rft.atitle=Nihilism&rft.aufirst=Donald+A.&rft.aulast=Crosby&rft.btitle=Routledge+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.date=2016&rft.edition=1&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=978-0-415-25069-6&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rep.routledge.com%2Farticles%2Fthematic%2Fnihilism%2Fv-1&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9780415249126-n037-1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li><li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Pratt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Pratt（页面不存在）">Pratt, Alan</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100412132711/http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nihilism.htm">Nihilism</a>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/nihilism/">原始内容</a>存档于2010-04-12）. <q>Nihilism is the belief that all values are baseless and that nothing can be known or communicated. It is often associated with extreme pessimism and a radical skepticism that condemns existence.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rft.atitle=Nihilism&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.aulast=Pratt&rft.btitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iep.utm.edu%2Fnihilism%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li><li><cite class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211125020957/https://www.britannica.com/topic/nihilism">Nihilism</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2021-12-17</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/nihilism">原始内容</a>存档于2021-11-25）. <q>In the 20th century, nihilism encompassed a variety of philosophical and aesthetic stances that, in one sense or another, denied the existence of genuine moral truths or values, rejected the possibility of knowledge or communication, and asserted the ultimate meaninglessness or purposelessness of life or of the universe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rft.atitle=Nihilism&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fnihilism&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li><li><cite class="citation web">Harper, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=nihilism">nihilism</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%A8%E7%BA%BF%E8%AF%8D%E6%BA%90%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="在线词源词典">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rft.atitle=nihilism&rft.au=Harper%2C+Douglas&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dnihilism&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IEP2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IEP2_5-0"><sup><b>5.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IEP2_5-1"><sup><b>5.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190523181430/https://iep.utm.edu/nihilism/">Nihilism</a>. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2022-04-28</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iep.utm.edu/nihilism/">原始内容</a>存档于2019-05-23） <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到美国英语网页">（美国英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rft.atitle=Nihilism&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Internet+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiep.utm.edu%2Fnihilism%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SEP-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SEP_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211020123230/https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/#Nih">The Meaning of Life#Nihilism</a>. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">3 August</span> 2020]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/life-meaning/#Nih">原始内容</a>存档于2021-10-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rft.atitle=The+Meaning+of+Life%23Nihilism&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplato.stanford.edu%2Fentries%2Flife-meaning%2F%23Nih&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-terBorg1988-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-terBorg1988_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">ter Borg, Meerten B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/socrel/article-lookup/doi/10.2307/3711099">The Problem of Nihilism: A Sociological Approach</a>. Sociological Analysis. 1 March 1988, <b>49</b> (1): 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/3711099"><span title="JSTOR">JSTOR 3711099</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3711099"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/3711099</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rft.atitle=The+Problem+of+Nihilism%3A+A+Sociological+Approach&rft.aufirst=Meerten+B.&rft.aulast=ter+Borg&rft.date=1988-03-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Sociological+Analysis&rft.pages=1&rft.volume=49&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3711099&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fsocrel%2Farticle-lookup%2Fdoi%2F10.2307%2F3711099&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3711099&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nihilism_Before_Nietzsche-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nihilism_Before_Nietzsche_8-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nihilism_Before_Nietzsche_8-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><cite class="citation book">Gillespie, Michael Allen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nihilismbeforeni0000gill">Nihilism Before Nietzsche</a>. University of Chicago Press. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780226293486" title="Special:网络书源/9780226293486"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780226293486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rft.aufirst=Michael+Allen&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.btitle=Nihilism+Before+Nietzsche&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780226293486&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnihilismbeforeni0000gill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li><li><cite class="citation book">Deleuze, Gilles. Nietzsche and Philosophy. 由Tomlinson, Hugh翻译. London: The Athlone Press. 1983 [1962]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-231-13877-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-231-13877-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-231-13877-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rft.aufirst=Gilles&rft.aulast=Deleuze&rft.btitle=Nietzsche+and+Philosophy&rft.date=1983&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-231-13877-2&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Athlone+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gillespie, Michael Allen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nihilismbeforeni0000gill">Nihilism Before Nietzsche</a>. University of Chicago Press. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780226293486" title="Special:网络书源/9780226293486"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780226293486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rft.aufirst=Michael+Allen&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.btitle=Nihilism+Before+Nietzsche&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780226293486&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnihilismbeforeni0000gill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><cite class="citation book">Gillespie, Michael Allen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nihilismbeforeni0000gill">Nihilism Before Nietzsche</a>. University of Chicago Press. 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780226293486" title="Special:网络书源/9780226293486"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780226293486</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rft.aufirst=Michael+Allen&rft.aulast=Gillespie&rft.btitle=Nihilism+Before+Nietzsche&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780226293486&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnihilismbeforeni0000gill&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li><li><cite class="citation journal">Petrov, Kristian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4">‘Strike out, right and left!’: a conceptual-historical analysis of 1860s Russian nihilism and its notion of negation</a>. Studies in East European Thought. 2019-06, <b>71</b> (2): 73–97. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0925-9392"><span title="国际标准连续出版物号">ISSN 0925-9392</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150893870"><span title="Semantic Scholar">S2CID 150893870</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11212-019-09319-4"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1007/s11212-019-09319-4</span></a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">（英语）</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rft.atitle=%E2%80%98Strike+out%2C+right+and+left%21%E2%80%99%3A+a+conceptual-historical+analysis+of+1860s+Russian+nihilism+and+its+notion+of+negation&rft.aufirst=Kristian&rft.aulast=Petrov&rft.date=2019-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0925-9392&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Studies+in+East+European+Thought&rft.pages=73-97&rft.volume=71&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2F10.1007%2Fs11212-019-09319-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150893870&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11212-019-09319-4&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cited in Woodward, Ashley. 2002. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100405130305/http://www.ul.ie/~philos/vol6/nihilism.html">Nihilism and the Postmodern in Vattimo's Nietzsche</a>." <i>Minerva</i> 6. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A%E8%99%9F" title="國際標準期刊號">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1393-614X">1393-614X</a>. Archived from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ul.ie/~philos/vol6/nihilism.html">original</a> on 2010-04-05. fn 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard, Jean</a>. 1993. "Game with Vestiges." In <i>Baudrillard Live</i>, edited by M. Gane.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Baudrillard">Baudrillard, Jean</a>. [1981] 1994. "On Nihilism." In <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Simulacra_and_Simulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Simulacra and Simulation（页面不存在）">Simulacra and Simulation</a></i>, translated by S. F. Glasser.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_J._Toynbee" class="mw-redirect" title="Arnold J. Toynbee">Toynbee, Arnold J.</a> 1963. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Study_of_History&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Study of History（页面不存在）">A Study of History</a></i> VIII & IX;</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=C._Wright_Mills&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C. Wright Mills（页面不存在）">Mills, C. Wright</a>. 1959. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Sociological_Imagination&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Sociological Imagination（页面不存在）">The Sociological Imagination</a></i>;</li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daniel_Bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daniel Bell（页面不存在）">Bell, Daniel</a>. 1976. <i>The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism</i>.</li></ul></div></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gillian_Rose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gillian Rose（页面不存在）">Rose, Gillian</a>. 1984. <i>Dialectic of Nihilism</i>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karen_L._Carr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karen L. Carr（页面不存在）">Carr, Karen L.</a> 1988. <i>The Banalization of Nihilism</i>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pope_John_Paul_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pope John Paul II（页面不存在）">Pope John-Paul II</a>. 1995. <i>Evangelium vitae: Il valore e l'inviolabilita delta vita umana</i>. Milan: Paoline Editoriale Libri."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Leffel, Jim; Dennis McCallum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060819165839/http://www.equip.org/free/DP321.htm">The Postmodern Challenge: Facing the Spirit of the Age</a>. Christian Research Institute. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.equip.org/free/DP321.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2006-08-19）. <q>...the nihilism and loneliness of postmodern culture...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rft.au=Dennis+McCallum&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.aulast=Leffel&rft.btitle=The+Postmodern+Challenge%3A+Facing+the+Spirit+of+the+Age&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Christian+Research+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.equip.org%2Ffree%2FDP321.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-phillips-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-phillips_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Phillips, Robert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040417084147/http://www.latinmassmagazine.com/articles/articles_1999_WI_Phillips.html">Deconstructing the Mass</a>. Latin Mass Magazine. 1999, (Winter). （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinmassmagazine.com/articles/articles_1999_WI_Phillips.html">原始内容</a>存档于2004-04-17）. <q>For deconstructionists, not only is there no truth to know, there is no self to know it and so there is no soul to save or lose." and "In following the Enlightenment to its logical end, deconstruction reaches nihilism. The meaning of human life is reduced to whatever happens to interest us at the moment...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rft.atitle=Deconstructing+the+Mass&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=Winter&rft.jtitle=Latin+Mass+Magazine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latinmassmagazine.com%2Farticles%2Farticles_1999_WI_Phillips.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alan_Pratt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alan Pratt（页面不存在）">Pratt, Alan</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iep.utm.edu/nihilism/#H3">Existential Nihilism | Nihilism</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100412132711/https://www.iep.utm.edu/nihilism/#H3">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）." <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy（页面不存在）">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></i>. <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100412132711/http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nihilism.htm">存档副本</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2005-08-11</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nihilism.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2010-04-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&rft.btitle=%E5%AD%98%E6%A1%A3%E5%89%AF%E6%9C%AC&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.utm.edu%2Fresearch%2Fiep%2Fn%2Fnihilism.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>: Existential nihilism is "the notion that life has no intrinsic meaning or value, and it is, no doubt, the most commonly used and understood sense of the word today."</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="相关文献"><span id=".E7.9B.B8.E5.85.B3.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>相关文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：相关文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/friedrich-jacobi/">[1]</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180611105726/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/friedrich-jacobi/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. entry by George di Giovanni on the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy website</li></ul> <ul><li>Nietzsche, Friedrich (1886). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030201132827/http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/docs/books/gutenberg/etext03/bygdv10.txt"><i>Beyond Good and Evil</i></a>. Project Gutenberg eText.</li></ul> <ul><li>Nietzsche, Friedrich. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20031204010935/http://ibiblio.org/gutenberg/etext99/spzar10.txt"><i>Thus Spake Zarathustra</i></a>. Project Gutenberg eText.</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Nihilism, The Root of the Revolution of the Modern Age</i>, Eugene (Fr. Seraphim) Rose, Fr. Seraphim Rose Foundation, Forestville, CA, l994,l995.</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Shows About Nothing: Nihilism in Popular Culture from The Exorcist to Seinfeld</i>, Thomas S. Hibbs, Spence Publishing Company, Dallas, TX, 2000 .</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%9A%E6%97%A0%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>賴賢宗：〈<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.lib.au.edu.tw/bitstream/987654321/975/1/CH11-pa_lai_01-0001-u.pdf">海德格與西谷啟治論虛無主義</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20220228000043/http://ir.lib.au.edu.tw/bitstream/987654321/975/1/CH11-pa_lai_01-0001-u.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）〉。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11074a.htm">Catholic Encyclopedia: Nihilism</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210418194752/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/11074a.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nihil.org">Center for Nihilist and Nihilism Studies</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210422051624/http://www.nihil.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/eldritch/ist/fas.htm">Fathers and Sons by Ivan Turgenev, the first novel about Nihilism.</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20091006090329/http://www.ibiblio.org/eldritch/ist/fas.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nihilism.htm">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Nihilism</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100412132711/http://www.utm.edu/research/iep/n/nihilism.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmanzoor.info/MWBR-Modernity-Nihilism.htm">Modernity and Nihilism - A religious ethicist's argument that secular history and modernity represent Nihilism</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20040220014244/http://www.pmanzoor.info/MWBR-Modernity-Nihilism.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ul.ie/~philos/vol6/nihilism.html">Nihilism and the Postmodern in Vattimo's Nietzsche, Ashley Woodward</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100405130305/http://www.ul.ie/~philos/vol6/nihilism.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130302192424/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/augustine/arch/nihilism.html">Nihilism: The Root of the Revolution of the Modern Age by Fr. Seraphim (Eugene) Rose</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/friedrich-jacobi/">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy: Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180611105726/http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/friedrich-jacobi/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nihilists.net/">"Elisha Shapiro's ongoing conceptual art exploration of Nihilism"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210417122721/http://www.nihilists.net/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180820062404/http://counterorder.com/">Nihilism's homepage</a></li> <li>张志伟：轴心时代、形而上学与哲学的危机——海德格尔与未来哲学［<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.aisixiang.com/data/115963.html］">http://www.aisixiang.com/data/115963.html］</a></li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="形而上学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:形而上学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:形而上学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:形而上学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="形而上学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形上學">形而上学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85" title="Category:形而上学学者">学者</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">古代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%97%A8%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="巴门尼德">巴门尼德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE" title="柏拉图">柏拉图</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%80%81%E5%AD%90" title="老子">老子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A3%E4%BB%B2%E8%88%92" title="董仲舒">董仲舒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AC%E5%AD%99%E5%BC%98" class="mw-redirect" title="公孙弘">公孙弘</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%83%91%E7%8E%84" title="郑玄">郑玄</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E6%99%8F" title="何晏">何晏</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">中世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%81%E8%92%99%E5%B0%BC%E5%BE%B7" title="邁蒙尼德">邁蒙尼德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%A6%E6%AF%98%E7%BE%85" class="mw-disambig" title="迦毘羅">迦毗罗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E6%8F%90%E8%AF%BA" title="普罗提诺">普罗提诺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%82%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8F%B8%E5%90%84%E8%84%B1" title="邓斯·司各脱">邓斯·司各脱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E9%82%A3" title="托马斯·阿奎那">托马斯·阿奎那</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%86%B9" title="朱熹">朱熹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%86%E4%B9%9D%E6%B8%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="陆九渊">陆九渊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%8B%E9%98%B3%E6%98%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="王阳明">王阳明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%9B%E8%8B%A5%E6%B0%B4" title="湛若水">湛若水</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">近代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E4%BA%9A%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF" title="弗朗西斯科·苏亚雷斯">弗朗西斯科·苏亚雷斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8B%92%E4%BC%AF%E6%9C%97%E5%A3%AB" title="尼古拉·马勒伯朗士">尼古拉·马勒伯朗士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%92%E5%86%85%C2%B7%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94" title="勒内·笛卡尔">勒内·笛卡儿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B" title="约翰·洛克">约翰·洛克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E8%B0%9F" title="大卫·休谟">大卫·休谟</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7" title="托马斯·里德">托马斯·里德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%BC%E8%8C%A8" title="戈特弗里德·莱布尼茨">戈特弗里德·莱布尼茨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿">艾萨克·牛顿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%AD%AF%E8%B5%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%B3%93%E8%AB%BE%E8%8E%8E" title="巴魯赫·斯賓諾莎">巴魯赫·斯賓諾莎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">18~19世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" title="伊曼努尔·康德">伊曼努尔·康德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1" title="乔治·贝克莱">乔治·贝克莱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="格奥尔格·威廉·弗里德里希·黑格尔">G.W.F.黑格尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%8F%94%E6%9C%AC%E5%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="亚瑟·叔本华">亚瑟·叔本华</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="卡爾·馬克思">卡爾·馬克思</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E9%87%87" title="弗里德里希·尼采">弗里德里希·尼采</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94%E5%A3%AB" title="查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士">查尔斯·桑德斯·皮尔士</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="若瑟·马雷夏" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Joseph Maréchal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%A5%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E9%9B%B7%E5%A4%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="若瑟·马雷夏（页面不存在）">若瑟·马雷夏</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Mar%C3%A9chal" class="extiw" title="en:Joseph Maréchal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Joseph Maréchal</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">19~20世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="马丁·海德格尔">马丁·海德格尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%9F%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%A3%AE" title="亨利·柏格森">亨利·柏格森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E6%80%9D%C2%B7%E6%87%B7%E7%89%B9%E9%BB%91%E5%BE%B7" title="阿爾弗雷德·諾思·懷特黑德">阿爾弗雷德·諾思·懷特黑德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="路德维希·维特根斯坦">路德维希·维特根斯坦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素">伯特兰·罗素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%99%AE" title="鲁道夫·卡尔纳普">鲁道夫·卡尔纳普</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E8%92%AF%E5%9B%A0" title="威拉德·范·奥曼·蒯因">威拉德·范·奥曼·蒯因</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">当代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="朵洛西·埃米特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dorothy Emmet"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%B5%E6%B4%9B%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朵洛西·埃米特（页面不存在）">朵洛西·埃米特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dorothy_Emmet" class="extiw" title="en:Dorothy Emmet"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dorothy Emmet</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94" title="乔治·爱德华·摩尔">乔治·爱德华·摩尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E7%89%B9" title="让-保罗·萨特">让-保罗·萨特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%B5%96%E5%B0%94" title="吉尔伯特·赖尔">吉尔伯特·赖尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%80%80%E7%89%B9%E5%93%88%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%97" title="希拉里·怀特哈尔·普特南">希拉里·怀特哈尔·普特南</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%B3%E6%A3%AE" title="彼得·弗雷德里克·斯特劳森">斯特劳森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%BE%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E6%9E%97%E6%AD%A6%E5%BE%B7" title="罗宾·乔治·柯林武德">柯林武德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿道夫·斯托尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adolph Stöhr"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿道夫·斯托尔（页面不存在）">阿道夫·斯托尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolph_St%C3%B6hr" class="extiw" title="en:Adolph Stöhr"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adolph Stöhr</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%99%AE%E5%85%8B" title="索尔·阿伦·克里普克">索尔·阿伦·克里普克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%8E%89%E8%8E%8E%E7%99%BD%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E6%96%AF%E5%BA%B7%E5%A7%86" title="伊莉莎白·安斯康姆">伊莉莎白·安斯康姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%90%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E6%A3%AE" title="唐纳德·戴维森">唐纳德·戴维森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E7%B1%B3%E7%89%B9" title="迈克尔·达米特">迈克尔·达米特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%85%B0%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC" title="阿尔文·普兰丁格">阿尔文·普兰丁格</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="彼得·范·因维根" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peter van Inwagen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%C2%B7%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%B4%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彼得·范·因维根（页面不存在）">彼得·范·因维根</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_van_Inwagen" class="extiw" title="en:Peter van Inwagen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peter van Inwagen</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E8%8F%B2%E7%89%B9" title="德里克·帕菲特">德里克·帕菲特</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="Category:形上學理論">理论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:#eaedff;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="行動理論">行動理論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="反实在论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anti-realism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%AE%9E%E5%9C%A8%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反实在论（页面不存在）">反实在论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-realism" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-realism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anti-realism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AB%96" title="二元論">二元論</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生成论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Enactivism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%88%90%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生成论（页面不存在）">生成论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enactivism" class="extiw" title="en:Enactivism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Enactivism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%B4%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="本质主义">本质主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="存在主义">存在主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="自由意志">自由意志</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="唯心主義">印度教唯心主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="唯心主義">唯心主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6)" title="自由意志主义 (形而上学)">自由意志主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1" title="自由">自由</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="唯物主义">唯物主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="机械唯物主义">机械唯物主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%9A%84%E6%84%8F%E7%BE%A9" title="生命的意義">生命的意義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA" title="一元论">一元论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自然主义">自然主义</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">虚无主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="现象主义">现象主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96" title="實在論">實在論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="物理主义">物理主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%80%E5%BF%B5%E8%AB%96" title="觀念論">柏拉图式唯心主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%B0%8D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="相對主義">相對主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="数论 (印度哲学)">数论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96" title="科學實在論">科學實在論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E6%88%91%E8%AB%96" title="唯我論">唯我論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%80%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="主觀主義">主觀主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA" title="实体论">实体论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E8%AE%BA" title="类型论">类型论</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="Category:形而上學概念">概念</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E4%B8%8E%E5%85%B7%E4%BD%93" title="抽象与具体">抽象客体</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="世界灵魂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anima mundi"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E7%81%B5%E9%AD%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="世界灵魂（页面不存在）">世界灵魂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anima_mundi" class="extiw" title="en:Anima mundi"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anima mundi</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E6%9C%89" title="存有">存有</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%83%E7%95%B4_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="范畴 (哲学)">范畴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="因果关系">因果</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%B8%E6%93%87" title="選擇">選擇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%91%E6%80%9D%E6%95%85%E6%88%91%E5%9C%A8" title="我思故我在">我思故我在</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AA%8D%E7%9F%A5" title="體化認知">體化認知</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94" title="實體">實體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E8%B4%A8" title="本质">本质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8" title="存在">存在</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E9%A9%97" title="經驗">經驗</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有实体设定的抽象" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hypostatic abstraction"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E5%AE%9E%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BE%E5%AE%9A%E7%9A%84%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有实体设定的抽象（页面不存在）">有实体设定的抽象</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypostatic_abstraction" class="extiw" title="en:Hypostatic abstraction"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hypostatic abstraction</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%B3%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="想法">想法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%80%A7" title="同一性">同一性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E6%80%A7%E8%88%87%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="同一性與變化">同一性與變化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF" title="信息">信息</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9E%E5%AF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="洞察">洞察</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E5%8A%9B" title="智力">智力</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E6%80%9D%E8%A1%A8%E7%A4%BA" title="意思表示">意思表示</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%83%85%E6%80%81" title="情态">情态</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="物质 (哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Matter (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="物质 (哲学)（页面不存在）">物质</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matter_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Matter (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Matter (philosophy)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="意义 (存在主义)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Meaning (existential)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E4%B9%89_(%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意义 (存在主义)（页面不存在）">意义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meaning_(existential)" class="extiw" title="en:Meaning (existential)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Meaning (existential)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="模因学">模因学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="心灵">心灵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%8B%E5%8B%95_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8)" title="運動 (物理學)">运动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%8A%E6%80%A5%E9%81%BF%E9%9B%A3" title="緊急避難">必要性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E9%AB%94" title="客體">客體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F" title="模式">模式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E7%9F%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="感知">知觉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E4%BD%93" title="物体">物体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="原理">原理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%A7%E8%B4%A8_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="性质 (哲学)">性质</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E8%B4%A8" title="感质">感质</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="质 (哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Quality (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%A8_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="质 (哲学)（页面不存在）">质</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Quality (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Quality (philosophy)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6" title="現實">現實</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%81%B5%E9%AD%82" title="灵魂">灵魂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E4%BD%93" title="主体">主体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%AB%94%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F" title="實體形式">實體形式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="思想">思想</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4" title="时间">时间</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86" title="真理">真理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E5%92%8C%E4%B8%AA%E4%BE%8B%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%BA%E5%88%AB" title="类型和个例的区别">类型和个例的区别</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%9B%B8" title="共相">共相</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%80%E6%B8%AC%E6%80%A7" title="不可觀測性">不可觀測性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%B7%E5%80%BC_(%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6)" title="价值 (伦理学)">价值</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关话题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px;background:#eaedff;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%AB%96" title="價值論">價值論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="宇宙学">宇宙学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E8%A8%AD" title="後設">後設</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="本体论 (哲学)">本体论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="心灵哲学">精神哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学">科学哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學哲學">心理學哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E6%88%91%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="自我哲学">自我哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="时空哲学">時空哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84%E8%AB%96" title="目的論">目的論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="理论物理学">理论物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" title="女性主义形而上学">女性主义形而上学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="道德的形上學">道德的形而上学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Nuvola_apps_date.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_date.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/Template:%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:链出更改/Template:形而上学">相关更改</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="哲学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:哲学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:哲学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:哲学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="哲学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学">哲学</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div id="分支（形而上学_·_认识论_·_逻辑学_·_伦理学_·_美学_·_價值論）" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6#分支" title="哲学">分支</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形上學">形而上学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑">逻辑学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="伦理学">伦理学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">美学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%83%B9%E5%80%BC%E8%AB%96" title="價值論">價值論</a>）</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;">哲学与……</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">艺术</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="设计哲学">设计</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="音乐哲学">音乐</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%BD%B1%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="电影哲学">电影</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="历史哲学">历史</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學人類學">人性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="语言哲学">语言</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学与文学">文学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="文化哲學">文化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="教育哲學">教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="人生哲学">人生</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教哲学">宗教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%AD%A6" title="宇宙学">宇宙学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="本体论 (哲学)">存在</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="元哲学">哲学</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="心灵哲学">精神</a></b> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="痛苦（哲学）" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pain (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%97%9B%E8%8B%A6%EF%BC%88%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="痛苦（哲学）（页面不存在）">痛苦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pain_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Pain (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pain (philosophy)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E9%BB%98%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="幽默理論">幽默</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理學哲學">心理学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="神经哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neurophilosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神经哲学（页面不存在）">神经哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neurophilosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Neurophilosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neurophilosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="行動理論">行动</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="数学哲学">数学</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="人工智能哲學">人工智能</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="資訊哲學">信息</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%B6%E7%A9%BA%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="时空哲学">时空</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="科学哲学">科学</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="物理哲学">物理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="化学哲学">化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學哲學">生物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="地理哲學">地理</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%92%B0%E5%A2%83%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="環境哲學">环境</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="技术哲学">技术</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="工程学哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of engineering"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="工程学哲学（页面不存在）">工程</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_engineering" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of engineering"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of engineering</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="医学哲学（页面不存在）">医学哲学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="醫療衛生哲學">醫療衛生哲學</a></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="性哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of sex"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%A7%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="性哲学（页面不存在）">性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_sex" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of sex"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of sex</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="社会科学的哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophy of social science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="社会科学的哲学（页面不存在）">社会科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophy_of_social_science" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophy of social science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophy of social science</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="哲学与经济学">经济</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%A3%E7%BE%A9" title="正義">公正</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="法律哲学">法律</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="政治哲学">政治</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="社会哲学">社会</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B0%E7%88%AD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="戰爭哲學">战争</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div id="哲学学派" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学体系列表（页面不存在）">哲学学派</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="哲學史">哲學史</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="西方哲学">西方</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古典哲学">古典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀哲學">中世纪</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="文艺复兴时期哲学">文艺复兴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="近代哲學">近代</a><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E6%97%B6%E6%9C%9F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="巴洛克时期哲学">巴洛克时期</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E8%92%99%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" title="啟蒙時代">啟蒙時代</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/19%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="19世纪哲学">19世紀</a>）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2#当代哲学" title="西方哲学史">当代</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="東方哲學">东方</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古典哲学">古典</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="中国哲学">中国</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="儒家">儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%B6" title="法家">法家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8D%E5%AE%B6" title="名家">名家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="墨家">墨家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%8F%E6%99%89%E7%8E%84%E5%AD%B8" title="魏晉玄學">魏晉玄學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%AE%B6" title="道家">道家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%A8%E6%9C%B1%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4" title="杨朱学说">杨朱</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%85%E5%AE%97" title="禅宗">禅宗</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">希腊-</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E5%8C%96%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="希臘化哲學">希臘化哲學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%BA%95%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="前苏格拉底哲学">前苏格拉底</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%95%E8%BE%BE%E5%93%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="毕达哥拉斯主义">毕达哥拉斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%BA%E8%BE%A9%E5%AE%B6" title="智辩家">诡辩学派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="柏拉图主义">柏拉图主义</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="亞里斯多德主義">亞里斯多德主義</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%8D%E9%81%99%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="逍遙學派">逍遙學派</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8A%AC%E5%84%92%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="犬儒學派">犬儒學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%AF%94%E9%B3%A9%E9%AD%AF%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="伊比鳩魯學派">伊比鳩魯學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E8%91%9B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="斯多葛主義">斯多亞學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9B%BE%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新柏拉图主义">新柏拉图主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="解釋學">解釋學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="印度哲学">印度</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="佛教哲学">佛教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E4%B8%96%E8%AE%BA" title="顺世论">顺世论</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度教哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hindu philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度教哲学（页面不存在）">印度教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Hindu philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hindu philosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="耆那教哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jain philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%80%86%E9%82%A3%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="耆那教哲学（页面不存在）">耆那教</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jain_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Jain philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jain philosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊朗哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Iranian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗哲学（页面不存在）">波斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Iranian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Iranian philosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E5%85%B9%E8%BE%BE%E5%85%8B" title="玛兹达克">玛兹达克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%90%E7%BD%97%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="琐罗亚斯德教">祆教</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%96%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9B" title="祖尔宛">楚尔凡教义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="中世紀哲學">中世紀</a> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">9 – 16<br />世纪</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="基督教哲学">基督</a>欧洲</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%99%A2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="经院哲学">经院哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%97%9D%E5%BE%A9%E8%88%88%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="文藝復興人文主義">人文主义</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="托马斯主义">托马斯主义</a></b>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%8E%E9%82%A3" title="托马斯·阿奎那">阿奎那</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">东亚</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%98%8E%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="宋明理學">宋明理學</a><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%8B%E6%9C%B1%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="程朱理学">程朱理学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E5%AD%B8" title="心學">陆王心学</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%98%89%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="永嘉学派">永嘉学派</a>）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%93%E5%9C%8B%E5%84%92%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="韓國儒學">韓國儒學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E6%9C%B1%E5%AD%90%E5%AD%A6" title="日本朱子学">日本朱子学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">印度</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新逻辑学派 (印度哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Navya-Nyāya"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新逻辑学派 (印度哲学)（页面不存在）">新逻辑学派 (印度哲学)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" class="extiw" title="en:Navya-Nyāya"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Navya-Nyāya</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="有保留的非二元论 (印度哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vishishtadvaita"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E4%BF%9D%E7%95%99%E7%9A%84%E9%9D%9E%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有保留的非二元论 (印度哲学)（页面不存在）">有保留的非二元论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" class="extiw" title="en:Vishishtadvaita"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vishishtadvaita</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="二元论 (印度哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dvaita"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二元论 (印度哲学)（页面不存在）">二元论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dvaita" class="extiw" title="en:Dvaita"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dvaita</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰哲学">伊斯兰</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿威罗伊主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Averroism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%A8%81%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿威罗伊主义（页面不存在）">阿威罗伊主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Averroism" class="extiw" title="en:Averroism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Averroism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%AC%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%82%A3#哲学思想" title="伊本·西那">阿维森纳</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="照明主义哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Illuminationism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%85%A7%E6%98%8E%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="照明主义哲学（页面不存在）">照明主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminationism" class="extiw" title="en:Illuminationism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Illuminationism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E6%95%99%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="伊斯兰教义学">伊斯兰教义学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏菲主义哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sufi philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E8%8F%B2%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏菲主义哲学（页面不存在）">苏菲主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Sufi philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sufi philosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8C%B6%E5%A4%AA%E6%95%99%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="猶太教哲學">犹太教</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="犹太-伊斯兰哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8A%B9%E5%A4%AA-%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="犹太-伊斯兰哲学（页面不存在）">犹太-伊斯兰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Judeo-Islamic_philosophies_(800%E2%80%931400)" class="extiw" title="en:Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Judeo-Islamic philosophies (800–1400)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%91%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="近代哲學">近代</a> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">17 – 19<br />世纪</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><b>人物</b></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新托马斯主义">新托马斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%9B%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="笛卡尔主义">笛卡尔主义</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="康德主义">康德主义</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="新康德主义">新康德主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="黑格尔主义">黑格尔主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="马克思主义哲学">马克思主义哲学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">唯物-唯心</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A9%E8%AF%81%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="辩证唯物主义">辩证唯物主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="唯心主義">唯心主義</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="绝对唯心论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Absolute idealism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="绝对唯心论（页面不存在）">绝对唯心论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Absolute_idealism" class="extiw" title="en:Absolute idealism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Absolute idealism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="功利主義">效益主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%9E%E7%94%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="实用主义">实用主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="古典自由主义">自由主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="无政府主义">无政府主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="現代主義">現代主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8" title="現象學">現象學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="超验主义">超验主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="存在主义">存在主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%9C%8B%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="日本國學">日本國學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%84%92%E5%AE%B6" title="新儒家">新儒家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%82%E9%9D%9C%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="寂靜主義">寂静主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="改革宗知识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Reformed epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%94%B9%E9%9D%A9%E5%AE%97%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="改革宗知识论（页面不存在）">改革宗知识论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformed_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Reformed epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Reformed epistemology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="西方哲学史">当代</a> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">20 – 21<br />世纪</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="分析哲學">分析</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分析女性主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Analytical feminism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分析女性主义（页面不存在）">分析女性主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analytical_feminism" class="extiw" title="en:Analytical feminism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Analytical feminism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="分析马克思主义">分析马克思主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="后分析哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Postanalytic philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后分析哲学（页面不存在）">后分析哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postanalytic_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Postanalytic philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Postanalytic philosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="结果论">结果论</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%88%A9%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="功利主義">功利主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="义务伦理学">道义论</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·罗尔斯">罗尔斯主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%A7%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="德性倫理學">德性倫理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="實驗哲學">實驗哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="内在主义与外在主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Internalism and externalism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%85%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E4%B8%8E%E5%A4%96%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="内在主义与外在主义（页面不存在）">内在主义与外在主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internalism_and_externalism" class="extiw" title="en:Internalism and externalism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Internalism and externalism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E4%BC%AA%E6%80%A7" title="可证伪性">证伪主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="基础主义">基础主义</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86%E8%9E%8D%E8%B4%AF%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="真理融贯论">真理融贯论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%A0%B9%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="路德维希·维特根斯坦">维特根斯坦</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="逻辑实证主义">逻辑实证主义</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%B9%9F%E7%BA%B3%E5%AD%A6%E6%B4%BE" title="维也纳学派">维也纳学派</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E5%B8%B8%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="日常語言哲學">日常語言哲學</a>-<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自然主义知识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Naturalized epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自然主义知识论（页面不存在）">蒯因的自然主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naturalized_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Naturalized epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Naturalized epistemology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="科学主义">科学主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%AE%9E%E8%AF%81%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="法律实证主义">法律实证主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E9%99%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="歐陸哲學">欧陆</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="新馬克思主義">新馬克思主義</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="西方马克思主义">西方马克思主义</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="後馬克思主義">後馬克思主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="黑格尔主义">黑格尔主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%B9%E5%88%A4%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="批判理論">批判理論</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E7%A6%8F%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="法蘭克福學派">法蘭克福學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="結構主義">結構主義</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%8C%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="後結構主義">後結構主義</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%A7%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="解構主義">解構主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8" title="現象學">現象學</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="存在主义">存在主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8B%E5%AD%B8" title="解釋學">解釋學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="符號學">符號學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B3%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="女性主義">女性主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%AD%A6" title="精神分析学">精神分析学</a>-<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%B2%A1" title="雅各·拉岡">拉康主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8E%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="后殖民主义">后殖民主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="后现代主义哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Postmodern philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8E%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="后现代主义哲学（页面不存在）">后现代主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Postmodern_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Postmodern philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Postmodern philosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="社会建构主义">社会建构主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFF1DD; text-align: center;">非西方</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%AC%E9%83%BD%E5%AD%B8%E6%B4%BE" title="京都學派">京都學派</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="俄罗斯宇宙主义">俄国宇宙主义</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学体系列表（页面不存在）">更多</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div id="领域" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">领域</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8" title="形上學">形上學</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AB%96" title="原子論">原子論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E5%85%83%E8%AB%96" title="二元論">二元論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E5%85%83%E8%AE%BA" title="一元论">一元论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="形而上自然主義">自然主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E4%BD%93%E8%AE%BA_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="本体论 (哲学)">本体论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E5%8B%95%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="行動理論">行动</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)" title="事件 (哲学)">事件</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="过程哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Process philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%87%E7%A8%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="过程哲学（页面不存在）">过程哲学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Process_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Process philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Process philosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E5%AF%A6" title="現實">現實</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="反实在论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anti-realism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%AE%9E%E5%9C%A8%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反实在论（页面不存在）">反实在论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anti-realism" class="extiw" title="en:Anti-realism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anti-realism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E8%AB%96" title="概念論">概念論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="唯心主義">唯心主義</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E7%89%A9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="唯物主义">唯物主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="自然主义">自然主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%90%8D%E8%AB%96" title="唯名論">唯名論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A6%E5%9C%A8%E8%AB%96" title="實在論">實在論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E8%AE%BA" title="自然神论">自然神论</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA" title="认识论">认识论</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%80%A7%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="理性主义">理性主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E5%BF%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9%E8%AA%8D%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="唯心主義認識論">唯心主義認識論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E9%AA%8C%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="经验主义">经验主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="建构主义知识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Constructivist epistemology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BB%BA%E6%9E%84%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="建构主义知识论（页面不存在）">建构主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructivist_epistemology" class="extiw" title="en:Constructivist epistemology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Constructivist epistemology</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="特殊主义知识论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Epistemological particularism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="特殊主义知识论（页面不存在）">特殊主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Epistemological_particularism" class="extiw" title="en:Epistemological particularism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Epistemological particularism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="怀疑主义哲学#知识论和怀疑主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philosophical skepticism#Epistemology and skepticism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="怀疑主义哲学（页面不存在）">怀疑论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_skepticism#Epistemology_and_skepticism" class="extiw" title="en:Philosophical skepticism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philosophical skepticism#Epistemology and skepticism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%94%AF%E6%88%91%E8%AB%96" title="唯我論">唯我論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="信仰主義">信仰主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%81%B5%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="心灵哲学">精神</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%8C%E4%B8%BA%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-disambig" title="行为主义">行为主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%96%E6%B6%88%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="取消主义">取消主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%AF%E7%8E%B0%E8%B1%A1%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="副现象主义">副现象主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="机能主义(精神哲学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Functionalism (philosophy of mind)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%BA%E8%83%BD%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89(%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="机能主义(精神哲学)（页面不存在）">机能主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functionalism_(philosophy_of_mind)" class="extiw" title="en:Functionalism (philosophy of mind)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Functionalism (philosophy of mind)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A2%E8%A7%80%E6%80%A7" title="客觀性">客观主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%BB%E8%A7%80%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="主觀主義">主觀主義</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="伦理学">伦理学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%9C%E8%AE%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="结果论">结果论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%89%E5%8A%A1%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="义务伦理学">义务伦理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%A7%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="德性倫理學">德性倫理學</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97" title="自由意志">自由意志</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AE%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="相容论">相容论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%BA%E5%AE%9A%E8%AB%96" title="決定論">決定論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E6%84%8F%E5%BF%97%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89_(%E5%BD%A2%E8%80%8C%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%A6)" title="自由意志主义 (形而上学)">自由意志主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="道德规范性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Norm (philosophy)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道德规范性（页面不存在）">规范性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norm_(philosophy)" class="extiw" title="en:Norm (philosophy)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Norm (philosophy)</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德绝对主义">绝对主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="道德特殊主义" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Moral particularism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道德特殊主义（页面不存在）">特殊主义</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moral_particularism" class="extiw" title="en:Moral particularism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Moral particularism</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德相对主义">相对主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E8%99%9B%E7%84%A1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="道德虛無主義">虚无主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E7%96%91%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德怀疑主义">怀疑主义</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%81%8D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="道德普遍主义">普遍主义</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="美学">美学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="形式主义">形式主义</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艺术制度论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Institutional theory of art"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%E5%88%B6%E5%BA%A6%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艺术制度论（页面不存在）">制度论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institutional_theory_of_art" class="extiw" title="en:Institutional theory of art"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Institutional theory of art</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="美学情感" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aesthetic emotions"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E5%AD%A6%E6%83%85%E6%84%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美学情感（页面不存在）">美学回应</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aesthetic_emotions" class="extiw" title="en:Aesthetic emotions"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aesthetic emotions</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑">逻辑学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="经典逻辑">经典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%85%B8%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF" title="非經典邏輯">非经典</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" class="mw-redirect" title="形式逻辑">形式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="非形式逻辑">非形式</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%82%96%E8%AE%BA" title="悖论">悖论</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AC%AC%E8%AA%A4" title="謬誤">謬誤</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD699;"><div id="各地区哲学哲学相关列表" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:各國哲學">各地区哲学</a></li><li>哲学相关列表</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%84%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="Category:各國哲學">各地区哲学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="非洲哲学">非洲</a><small>（<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="埃塞俄比亚哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ethiopian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%83%E5%A1%9E%E4%BF%84%E6%AF%94%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="埃塞俄比亚哲学（页面不存在）">埃塞俄比亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethiopian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Ethiopian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ethiopian philosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>）</small></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿兹特克哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Aztec philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B9%E7%89%B9%E5%85%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿兹特克哲学（页面不存在）">阿兹特克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aztec_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Aztec philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Aztec philosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="東方哲學">东方</a><small>（<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="中国哲学">中国</a></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="日本哲學">日本</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="朝韩哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Korean philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%9D%E9%9F%A9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朝韩哲学（页面不存在）">朝韩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korean_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Korean philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Korean philosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="香港哲學">香港</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E7%81%A3%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="臺灣哲學">臺灣</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="印度哲学">印度</a></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊朗哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Iranian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊朗哲学（页面不存在）">伊朗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Iranian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Iranian philosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="印度尼西亚哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Indonesian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E5%B0%BC%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度尼西亚哲学（页面不存在）">印尼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indonesian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Indonesian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Indonesian philosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴基斯坦哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pakistani philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴基斯坦哲学（页面不存在）">巴基斯坦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistani_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Pakistani philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pakistani philosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>）</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%B9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="西方哲学">西方</a><small>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="美國哲學">美国</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="英國哲學">英國</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹麦哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Danish philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E9%BA%A6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹麦哲学（页面不存在）">丹麦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danish_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Danish philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Danish philosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法国哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="French philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法国哲学（页面不存在）">法国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:French philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">French philosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9C%8B%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="德國哲學">德国</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="古希腊哲学">希腊</a></b><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="意大利哲学">意大利</a><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="波兰哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Polish philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%A2%E5%85%B0%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="波兰哲学（页面不存在）">波兰</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polish_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Polish philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Polish philosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗马尼亚哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Romanian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗马尼亚哲学（页面不存在）">罗马尼亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Romanian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Romanian philosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="俄国哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Russian philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E5%9B%BD%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄国哲学（页面不存在）">俄国</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Russian philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Russian philosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="斯洛文尼亚哲学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Slovene philosophy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%87%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯洛文尼亚哲学（页面不存在）">斯洛文尼亚</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment"><span class="ilh-paren">（</span><span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slovene_philosophy" class="extiw" title="en:Slovene philosophy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Slovene philosophy</span></a></span><span class="ilh-paren">）</span></span></span>）</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4.8em;background: #FFE5BE; 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