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mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%95:UserLogin&returnto=%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D+%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯅꯪꯅ ꯃꯅꯨꯡ ꯆꯪꯉꯛꯄꯁꯤ ꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡ ꯊꯧꯒꯠꯂꯤ, ꯇꯧꯕꯇꯕꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯪꯁꯣꯏ ꯁꯣꯏꯗꯅꯥ ꯆꯪꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>ꯆꯪꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯃꯅꯨꯪꯗ</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="ꯏꯁꯥꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕꯥ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏ" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">ꯏꯁꯥꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯕꯥ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯏ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=mni.wikipedia.org&uselang=mni"><span>ꯀꯠꯊꯣꯛꯄꯥ</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%95:CreateAccount&returnto=%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D+%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯅꯪꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯱ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯥ ꯱ꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯅꯨꯡ ꯆꯪꯁꯤꯟꯕꯥꯁꯤ ꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡ ꯊꯧꯒꯠꯂꯤ, ꯇꯧꯕꯇꯕꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯪꯁꯣꯏ ꯁꯣꯏꯗꯅꯥ ꯆꯪꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>ꯑꯩꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯁꯦꯝꯕꯥ</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%95:UserLogin&returnto=%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D+%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯅꯪꯅ ꯃꯅꯨꯡ ꯆꯪꯉꯛꯄꯁꯤ ꯄꯨꯛꯅꯤꯡ ꯊꯧꯒꯠꯂꯤ, ꯇꯧꯕꯇꯕꯨ ꯃꯁꯤ ꯁꯪꯁꯣꯏ ꯁꯣꯏꯗꯅꯥ ꯆꯪꯕꯗꯤ ꯅꯠꯇꯦ [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>ꯆꯪꯁꯤꯟꯕ ꯃꯅꯨꯪꯗ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%83%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%A1:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>ꯍꯦꯟꯅ ꯇꯝꯁꯤꯟꯂꯨ</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%95:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>ꯈꯣꯝꯒꯠꯂꯛꯂꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%88%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%95:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>ꯋꯥ ꯍꯥꯏꯐꯝ</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="ꯃꯐꯝ"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯎꯕꯁꯤꯡ" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯎꯕꯁꯤꯡ</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ꯂꯣꯠꯂꯨ</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯄ</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-ꯉꯜꯂꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ_ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ꯉꯜꯂꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ_ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">১</span> <span>ꯉꯜꯂꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ꯉꯜꯂꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ_ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ꯃꯇꯦꯡ_ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ꯃꯇꯦꯡ_ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">২</span> <span>ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ꯃꯇꯦꯡ_ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯎꯕꯁꯤꯡ" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">ꯁꯥꯗꯥꯝ ꯍꯨꯁꯦꯟ</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in ১২৯ languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-129" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">১২৯ ꯂꯣꯟꯁꯤꯡ</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hoesein" title="Saddam Hoesein – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Saddam Hoesein" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B3%E1%8B%B3%E1%88%9D_%E1%88%81%E1%88%B4%E1%8A%95" title="ሳዳም ሁሴን – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሳዳም ሁሴን" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="صدام حسين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صدام حسين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%A8%DC%95%DC%90%DC%A1_%DC%9A%DC%98%DC%A3%DC%9D%DC%A2" title="ܨܕܐܡ ܚܘܣܝܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܨܕܐܡ ܚܘܣܝܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="صدام حسين – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="صدام حسين" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86" title="صدام حسين – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="صدام حسين" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadam_Husein" title="Sadam Husein – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sadam Husein" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99ddam_H%C3%BCseyn" title="Səddam Hüseyn – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səddam Hüseyn" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="صدام حسین – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="صدام حسین" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D3%A9%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Сәддам Хөсәйен – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сәддам Хөсәйен" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Садам Хусейн – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Садам Хусейн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Садам Хусэйн – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Садам Хусэйн" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%8E%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Саддам Хюсеин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Саддам Хюсеин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%A8" title="সাদ্দাম হুসাইন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাদ্দাম হুসাইন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Husain" title="Saddam Husain – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Saddam Husain" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadam_Husein" title="Sadam Husein – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Sadam Husein" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8E%D9%86" title="سەددام حوسێن – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەددام حوسێن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadd%C3%A1m_Husajn" title="Saddám Husajn – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Saddám Husajn" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – ꯖꯔꯃꯟ" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="ꯖꯔꯃꯟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seddam_H%C4%B1seyn" title="Seddam Hıseyn – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Seddam Hıseyn" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="सद्दाम हुसेन – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="सद्दाम हुसेन" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BC_%CE%A7%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%90%CE%BD" title="Σαντάμ Χουσεΐν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σαντάμ Χουσεΐν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ꯏꯪꯂꯤꯁ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadam_Huse%C3%ADn" title="Sadam Huseín – ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯅꯤꯁ" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sadam Huseín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="ꯁ꯭ꯄꯦꯅꯤꯁ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9Eadd%C4%81m_%E1%B8%A8usayn" title="Şaddām Ḩusayn – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Şaddām Ḩusayn" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="صدام حسین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="صدام حسین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯆ" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ꯐ꯭ꯔꯥꯟꯆ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hoessein" title="Saddam Hoessein – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Saddam Hoessein" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Husayn" title="Saddam Husayn – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Saddam Husayn" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="סדאם חוסיין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סדאם חוסיין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8" title="सद्दाम हुसैन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सद्दाम हुसैन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szadd%C3%A1m_Huszein" title="Szaddám Huszein – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szaddám Huszein" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B6" title="Սադդամ Հուսեյն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սադդամ Հուսեյն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – ꯏꯇꯥꯂꯤꯌꯥꯟ" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="ꯏꯇꯥꯂꯤꯌꯥꯟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B5%E3%83%83%E3%83%80%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%BB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3" title="サッダーム・フセイン – ꯖꯄꯥꯅꯤꯁ" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="サッダーム・フセイン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="ꯖꯄꯥꯅꯤꯁ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სადამ ჰუსეინი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სადამ ჰუსეინი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Саддам Хусейн – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Саддам Хусейн" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%8A%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%98_%E1%9E%A0%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%93" title="សាដាម ហ៊ូសេន – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="សាដាម ហ៊ូសេន" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಸದ್ದಾಮ್ ಹುಸೇನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಸದ್ದಾಮ್ ಹುಸೇನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%82%AC%EB%8B%B4_%ED%9B%84%EC%84%B8%EC%9D%B8" title="사담 후세인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="사담 후세인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="صدام حسین – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="صدام حسین" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedam_Huseyn" title="Sedam Huseyn – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sedam Huseyn" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Саддам Хусейн – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Саддам Хусейн" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddamus_Husseinus" title="Saddamus Husseinus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saddamus Husseinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hoessein" title="Saddam Hoessein – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Saddam Hoessein" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadamas_Huseinas" title="Sadamas Huseinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sadamas Huseinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadams_Huseins" title="Sadams Huseins – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sadams Huseins" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="सद्दाम हुसेन – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="सद्दाम हुसेन" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Садам Хусеин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Садам Хусеин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%88%E0%B5%BB" title="സദ്ദാം ഹുസൈൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സദ്ദാം ഹുസൈൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Саддам Хусейн – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Саддам Хусейн" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="सद्दाम हुसेन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="सद्दाम हुसेन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%92%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B0%E1%80%85%E1%80%AD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဆဒမ် ဟူစိန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆဒမ် ဟူစိန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="صدام حسین – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="صدام حسین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="सद्दाम हुसेन – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="सद्दाम हुसेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8" title="सद्दाम हुसेन – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="सद्दाम हुसेन" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hoessein" title="Saddam Hoessein – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Saddam Hoessein" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Husayn" title="Saddam Husayn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Saddam Husayn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%A6%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%A6%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AE_%E0%AC%B9%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%A8" title="ସଦ୍ଦାମ ହୁସେନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ସଦ୍ଦାମ ହୁସେନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%B9%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%A8" title="ਸਦਾਮ ਹੁਸੈਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਦਾਮ ਹੁਸੈਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Husajn" title="Saddam Husajn – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Saddam Husajn" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="صدام حسین – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="صدام حسین" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="صدام حسین – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="صدام حسین" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯨꯒꯤꯁ" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯇꯨꯒꯤꯁ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Саддам Хусейн – ꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥꯟ" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Саддам Хусейн" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ꯔꯁꯤꯌꯥꯟ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D" title="सद्दाम हुसेन् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="सद्दाम हुसेन्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadam_Husein" title="Sadam Husein – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sadam Husein" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A" title="සදාම් හුසේන් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සදාම් හුසේන්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadd%C3%A1m_Husajn" title="Saddám Husajn – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Saddám Husajn" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadam_Husein" title="Sadam Husein – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sadam Husein" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadaam_Xuseen" title="Sadaam Xuseen – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Sadaam Xuseen" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sadam_Huseini" title="Sadam Huseini – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Sadam Huseini" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Садам Хусеин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Садам Хусеин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="சதாம் உசேன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சதாம் உசேன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="సద్దామ్ హుసేన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సద్దామ్ హుసేన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D2%B2%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Саддом Ҳусайн – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Саддом Ҳусайн" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%99" title="ซัดดัม ฮุสเซน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซัดดัม ฮุสเซน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Huse%C3%BDn" title="Saddam Huseýn – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Saddam Huseýn" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99ddam_Husejn" title="Səddam Husejn – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Səddam Husejn" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_H%C3%BCseyin" title="Saddam Hüseyin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Saddam Hüseyin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D3%A9%D1%81%D3%99%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Сәддам Хөсәен – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сәддам Хөсәен" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A5%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD" title="Саддам Хусейн – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Саддам Хусейн" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AD%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86" title="صدام حسین – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صدام حسین" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Husayn" title="Saddam Husayn – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Saddam Husayn" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hosseyn" title="Saddam Hosseyn – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Saddam Hosseyn" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%BE%AF%E8%B5%9B%E5%9B%A0" title="萨达姆·侯赛因 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="萨达姆·侯赛因" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="სადამ ჰუსეინი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="სადამ ჰუსეინი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%93%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%9F" title="סאדאם כוסעין – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="סאדאם כוסעין" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E8%BE%BE%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%BE%AF%E8%B5%9B%E5%9B%A0" title="萨达姆·侯赛因 – ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯤꯁ" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="萨达姆·侯赛因" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ꯆꯥꯏꯅꯤꯁ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E9%81%94%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E7%8F%8A" title="薩達姆·海珊 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="薩達姆·海珊" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Saddam Hussein" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E9%81%94%E5%A7%86%E4%BE%AF%E8%B3%BD%E5%9B%A0" title="薩達姆侯賽因 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="薩達姆侯賽因" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1316#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="ꯂꯣꯟ ꯑꯃꯥꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯒꯤ ꯁꯝꯅꯐꯝꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯐꯝ" class="wbc-editpage">ꯁꯝꯅꯐꯝꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄ</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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class="noprint">ꯋꯤꯀꯤꯄꯦꯗꯤꯌꯥ ꯗꯒꯤ</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="mni" dir="ltr"><p><b>ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯝ ꯍꯨꯁꯦꯟ ꯑꯥꯕ꯭ꯗ ꯑꯜ-ꯃꯖꯤꯗ ꯑꯜ-ꯇꯤꯛꯔꯤꯇꯤ</b> ( /h ʊ ˈ s eɪ n / ; <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>꯱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arabic ꯔꯣꯃꯥꯅꯤꯖꯝ  ; [lower-alpha 1] ꯲꯸ ꯑꯦꯞꯔꯤꯜ ꯱꯹꯳꯷ [lower-alpha 2] – ꯳꯰ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯲꯰꯰꯶) ꯑꯁꯤ <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯏꯔꯥꯛ">ꯏꯔꯥꯀꯀꯤ</a> ꯔꯥꯖꯅꯤꯇꯤꯋꯥꯂꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯱꯹꯷꯹ꯒꯤ ꯖꯨꯂꯥꯏ ꯱꯶ꯇꯒꯤ ꯲꯰꯰꯳ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯞꯔꯤꯜ ꯹ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯏꯔꯥꯀꯀꯤ ꯃꯉꯥꯁꯨꯕꯥ ꯔꯥꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯄꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ ꯫ <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>꯲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ꯔꯤꯚꯣꯂꯨꯁꯅꯔꯤ ꯑꯔꯕ ꯁꯣꯁꯤꯑꯦꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯕꯥ’ꯊ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯀꯣꯛ ꯊꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯃꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ, ꯕꯥꯒꯗꯥꯗꯇꯥ ꯌꯨꯝꯐꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯕꯥ’ꯊ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯖꯅꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯔꯒꯅꯥꯏꯖꯦꯁꯟ, ꯏꯔꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯕꯥ’ꯊ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ —ꯃꯈꯣꯌꯅꯥ ꯑꯔꯕ ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯂꯤꯖꯝ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯔꯕ ꯁꯣꯁꯤꯑꯦꯂꯤꯖꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯛꯁ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯕꯥ’ꯊꯤꯖꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯌꯥꯅꯤꯡꯗꯕꯥ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ ꯫ —꯱꯹꯶꯸ꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯅꯐꯃꯗꯥ (ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯖꯨꯂꯥꯏ ꯱꯷ꯒꯤ ꯔꯤꯚꯣꯂꯨꯁꯟ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯈꯉꯅꯈꯤ ) ꯏꯔꯥꯀꯇꯥ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯕꯨ ꯁꯛꯇꯤ ꯁꯤꯟꯅꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯊꯧꯗꯥꯡ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ ꯫ </p><p>ꯑꯅꯥꯕꯥ ꯖꯦꯅꯔꯦꯜ ꯑꯍꯃꯗ ꯍꯥꯁꯥꯟ ꯑꯜ-ꯕꯀꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯚꯥꯏꯁ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯁꯤꯗꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯥꯡꯂꯨꯞ ꯀꯌꯥꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯄꯥ ꯉꯝꯒꯅꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯅꯔꯛꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ, ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯃꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯛꯌꯨꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯐꯣꯔꯁꯁꯤꯡ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯥꯔꯝ ꯐꯣꯔꯁꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯥꯟ ꯁꯣꯛꯅꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯟꯅꯥ ꯀꯟꯠꯔꯣꯜ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯱꯹꯷꯰ꯒꯤ ꯃꯌꯥꯏ ꯆꯜꯂꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯃꯅꯥ ꯏꯔꯥꯛ ꯄꯦꯠꯔꯣꯂꯤꯌꯝ ꯀꯝꯄꯦꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯕꯥ ꯕꯦꯡꯛꯁꯤꯡꯕꯨ ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯂꯥꯏꯖ ꯇꯧꯈꯤ, ꯑꯔꯣꯏꯕꯗꯥ ꯏꯅꯐ꯭ꯂꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯐꯠꯇꯕꯥ ꯂꯣꯅꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯕꯦꯉ꯭ꯀꯤꯡ ꯁꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯦꯝ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯅꯁꯣꯂꯚꯦꯟꯇ ꯑꯣꯏꯍꯅꯈꯤ ꯫ <sup id="cite_ref-economist2004_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-economist2004-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>꯳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ꯱꯹꯷꯰ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯃꯅꯥ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯄꯥꯔꯇꯃꯦꯟꯇꯀꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯑꯣꯊꯣꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯆꯦꯠꯁꯤꯂꯍꯅꯈꯤ ꯃꯔꯃꯗꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯂꯒꯤ ꯁꯦꯅꯐꯝꯅꯥ ꯏꯔꯥꯀꯀꯤ ꯁꯦꯟꯃꯤꯠꯂꯣꯟ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯊꯨꯅꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯈꯠꯍꯅꯕꯗꯥ ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯄꯥꯡꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯁꯛꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯄꯣꯖꯤꯁꯅꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯑꯌꯥꯝꯕꯅꯥ ꯁꯨꯟꯅꯤ ꯑꯔꯕꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯊꯜꯂꯝꯃꯤ, ꯃꯈꯣꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ ꯃꯉꯥ ꯈꯛꯇꯃꯛ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯥꯏꯅꯣꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯫ <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>꯴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯃꯅꯥ ꯍꯥꯟꯅꯅꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯀꯌꯥ ꯏꯔꯥꯀꯀꯤ <i>ꯗꯦ ꯐꯦꯛꯇꯣ</i> ꯍꯦꯗ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯕꯁꯨ ꯱꯹꯷꯹ꯗꯥ ꯐꯣꯔꯃꯦꯜ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯛꯇꯤ ꯂꯧꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯊꯪꯁꯤꯠꯅꯥ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯕꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯅꯠꯇ꯭ꯔꯒꯥ ꯅꯤꯡꯇꯝꯕꯥ ꯐꯪꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯌꯥ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯨꯔꯗꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯈꯣꯡꯖꯪ ꯀꯌꯥꯕꯨ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯈꯤ <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>꯵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯏꯔꯥꯟ–ꯏꯔꯥꯛ ꯂꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯒꯜꯐ ꯋꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯁꯛꯇꯤ ꯉꯥꯛꯇꯨꯅꯥ ꯊꯃꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯔꯤꯞꯔꯦꯁꯤꯕ ꯑꯣꯊꯣꯔꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯆꯂꯥꯏꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯑꯦꯅꯥꯂꯥꯏꯇꯤꯛ ꯀꯌꯥꯅꯥ ꯇꯣꯇꯦꯂꯤꯇꯦꯔꯤꯌꯟ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯐꯣꯡꯗꯣꯀꯈꯤ, [lower-alpha 3] ꯂꯦꯕꯦꯜ ꯑꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯞꯂꯤꯀꯦꯕꯤꯂꯤꯇꯤ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯀꯟꯇꯦꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯇꯧꯔꯕꯁꯨ꯫ <sup id="cite_ref-Sassoon_2017_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sassoon_2017-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>꯶<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯂꯩꯉꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯍꯛꯁꯤꯡ ꯊꯨꯒꯥꯏꯕꯥ ꯀꯌꯥꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯛ ꯇꯥꯥꯥꯥꯛꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯲꯵꯰,꯰꯰꯰ ꯔꯣꯝ ꯁꯤꯈꯤꯕꯥ <sup id="cite_ref-250k_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-250k-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>꯷<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯌꯨꯝꯂꯣꯟꯅꯔꯤꯕ ꯏꯔꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯀꯨꯋꯦꯠꯇꯥ ꯏꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯟꯃꯤꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯟꯗꯥꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯎꯈꯤ ꯫ <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>꯸<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>꯲꯰꯰꯳ꯗꯥ ꯑꯃꯦꯔꯤꯀꯥꯅꯥ ꯂꯨꯆꯤꯡꯕꯥ ꯀꯣꯑꯣꯄꯔꯦꯁꯟ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯃꯕꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯏꯔꯥꯀꯇꯥ ꯆꯪꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯌꯨ ꯑꯦꯁꯀꯤ ꯔꯥꯁ꯭ꯠꯔꯄꯇꯤ ꯖꯔꯖ ꯗꯕ꯭ꯂꯤꯎ ꯕꯨꯁ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕ꯭ꯔꯤꯇꯤꯁꯀꯤ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯙꯥꯟ ꯃꯟꯠꯔꯤ ꯇꯣꯅꯤ ꯕ꯭ꯂꯦꯌꯥꯔꯅꯥ ꯏꯔꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯤꯌꯥꯝꯕꯨ ꯃꯥꯡꯍꯟ ꯇꯥꯀꯍꯅꯕꯥ ꯌꯥꯕꯥ ꯈꯨꯠꯂꯥꯌꯁꯤꯡ ꯂꯩ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯑꯔꯥꯟꯕꯥ ꯃꯑꯣꯡꯗꯥ ꯊꯥꯖꯕꯥ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯜ ꯀꯥꯏꯗꯥꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯔꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯕꯥ’ꯊ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯃꯨꯠꯊꯠꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯂꯩꯕꯥꯛ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯑꯍꯥꯅꯕꯥ ꯗꯦꯃꯣꯛꯔꯦꯇꯤꯛ ꯃꯤꯈꯜ ꯄꯥꯡꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯲꯰꯰꯳ꯒꯤ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯱꯳ꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯐꯥꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯝ ꯍꯨꯁꯦꯅꯒꯤ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯆꯠꯊꯕꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯏꯔꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯟꯇꯔꯤꯝ ꯁꯔꯀꯥꯔꯒꯤ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯲꯰꯰꯶ꯀꯤ ꯅꯕꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯵ꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯃꯕꯨ ꯏꯔꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯀꯣꯔꯠ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯱꯹꯸꯲ꯗꯥ ꯏꯔꯥꯀꯀꯤ ꯁꯤꯌꯥ ꯱꯴꯸ ꯁꯤꯈꯤꯕꯒꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯥ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯥꯌꯣꯛꯇꯥ ꯀ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯃꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯋꯥꯌꯦꯜ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤꯕꯒꯤ ꯆꯩꯔꯥꯛ ꯄꯤꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯄꯨ ꯲꯰꯰꯶ꯀꯤ ꯗꯤꯁꯦꯝꯕꯔ ꯳꯰ꯗꯥ ꯐꯥꯈꯤ ꯫ <sup id="cite_ref-BBCexecution_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBCexecution-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>꯹<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ꯉꯜꯂꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ_ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ"><span id=".EA.AF.89.EA.AF.9C.EA.AF.82.EA.AF.A4.EA.AF.89.EA.AF.A9.EA.AF.92.EA.AF.A4_.EA.AF.84.EA.AF.A8.EA.AF.9F.EA.AF.81.EA.AF.A4"></span>ꯉꯜꯂꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D_%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F&veaction=edit&section=1" title="ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ: ꯉꯜꯂꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D_%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: ꯉꯜꯂꯤꯉꯩꯒꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤ"><span>ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.jpg/170px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%9C:%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption> ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯍꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯤꯉꯩ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈꯨꯉ꯭ꯒꯪꯗꯥ, ꯇꯤꯛꯔꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯂꯧꯎ-ꯁꯤꯡꯎꯒꯤ ꯊꯕꯛꯇꯥ, ꯱꯹꯵꯶</figcaption></figure> <p>ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯄꯥꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯄꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯃꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯀꯦꯟꯁꯔꯅꯥ ꯅꯥꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯈꯤꯗ꯭ꯔꯦ ꯫ ꯍꯥꯏꯔꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯤꯕꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯁꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯃꯥ ꯁꯨꯚꯥ ꯇꯨꯂꯐꯥꯍ ꯑꯜ-ꯃꯨꯁꯜꯂꯥꯠꯄꯨ ꯑꯁꯨꯛ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯋꯥꯅꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯍꯅꯈꯤ ꯃꯗꯨꯗꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯔꯣꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯗꯨ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯍꯣꯠꯅꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯁꯥꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯥꯕꯨ ꯁꯤꯖꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯆꯥꯅꯨꯄꯥ ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯱꯹꯳꯷ ꯒꯤ ꯑꯦꯞꯔꯤꯜ ꯲꯸ ꯗꯥ ꯇꯤꯛꯔꯤꯠꯀꯤ ꯃꯅꯥꯛꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯄꯤꯛꯄꯥ ꯈꯨꯉ꯭ꯒꯪ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯑꯋꯥꯖꯥꯗꯥ ꯄꯣꯀꯄꯥ ꯃꯇꯝꯗꯥ ꯁꯨꯚꯥꯅꯥ “ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯃꯠꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯣꯏ” ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯝꯕꯨ ꯃꯥꯃꯥ ꯑꯃꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯁꯤꯟꯈꯤ ꯫ <sup id="cite_ref-ref5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ref5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>꯱꯰<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥꯅꯥ ꯑꯃꯨꯛ ꯍꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯈꯤ, ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯃꯅꯥ ꯂꯨꯍꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯔꯨꯞ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯐꯪꯈꯤ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯣꯌꯅꯕꯤ ꯏꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯍꯤꯝ ꯑꯜ-ꯍꯥꯁꯥꯟꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯝꯕꯨ ꯍꯜꯂꯛꯂꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯀꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯌꯦꯡꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯤ.ꯑꯥꯏ.ꯑꯦ.ꯅꯥ ꯁꯦꯃꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯥꯏꯀꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤꯀꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯣꯐꯥꯏꯜ ꯑꯃꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡ ꯏꯟꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯆꯥꯡ ꯅꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯥꯟꯗꯥꯈꯤ, ꯀꯔꯤꯒꯨꯝꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯀꯄꯨ ꯋꯥꯈꯜ ꯇꯥꯍꯟꯅꯕꯥ ꯫ <sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>꯱꯱<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-beat1_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-beat1-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>꯱꯲<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ꯆꯥꯎꯔꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯱꯰ ꯁꯨꯔꯛꯄꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯝꯅꯥ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯄꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥ ꯃꯄꯥ ꯈꯥꯏꯔꯥꯜꯂꯥꯍ ꯇꯥꯂꯐꯥꯍꯒꯥ ꯂꯣꯏꯅꯅꯥ ꯕꯥꯒꯗꯥꯗꯇꯥ ꯍꯜꯂꯀꯈꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛ ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯑꯣꯏ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ <sup id="cite_ref-Karsh_13–15_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karsh_13–15-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>꯱꯳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯝꯒꯤ ꯇꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯅꯨꯄꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯄꯥ ꯇꯥꯂꯐꯥꯍ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯊꯋꯥꯏ ꯌꯥꯎꯕꯥ ꯁꯨꯟꯅꯤ ꯃꯨꯁ꯭ꯂꯤꯝ ꯑꯃꯅꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯱꯹꯴꯱ꯗꯥ ꯏꯔꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯇꯁꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%A2%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%97_%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%A1%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%9D" title="ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯢꯇꯦꯗ ꯀꯤꯡꯗꯝ">ꯌꯨꯅꯥꯏꯇꯦꯗ ꯀꯤꯡꯗꯃꯒꯤ</a> ꯃꯔꯛꯇꯥ ꯊꯣꯀꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯉ꯭ꯒꯂꯣ-ꯏꯔꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯂꯥꯅꯒꯤ ꯚꯦꯇꯔꯥꯟ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯔꯝꯃꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨ ꯂꯃꯗꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯀꯣꯂꯣꯅꯤꯑꯦꯜ ꯄꯥꯋꯔ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯗꯨꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯫ <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>꯱꯴<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯇꯥꯂꯐꯥꯍꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯃꯒꯤ ꯁꯛꯇꯤ ꯂꯩꯔꯕꯥ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯕꯥꯒꯗꯥꯗꯀꯤ ꯃꯦꯌꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ, ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯤꯡꯆꯠ ꯊꯤꯕꯥ ꯁꯦꯟꯖꯥ-ꯊꯨꯃꯖꯥꯅꯥ ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯃꯕꯨ ꯑꯣꯐꯤꯁꯇꯒꯤ ꯂꯧꯊꯣꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯋꯥꯁꯀꯈꯤꯕꯥ ꯐꯥꯎꯕ ꯫ <sup id="cite_ref-Karsh_13–15_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karsh_13–15-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>꯱꯳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯄꯨꯟꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯄꯣꯛ ꯅꯨꯃꯤꯠ ꯇꯤꯛꯔꯤꯠꯇꯒꯤ ꯂꯥꯛꯄꯥ ꯃꯔꯤ-ꯃꯇꯥꯁꯤꯡꯅꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯈ꯭ꯋꯥꯏꯗꯒꯤ ꯅꯛꯅꯕꯥ ꯑꯦꯗꯚꯥꯏꯖꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯄꯣꯔꯇꯔ ꯈꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯃꯥꯒꯤ ꯂꯃꯖꯤꯡ ꯃꯈꯥꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯅꯥ ꯕꯥꯒꯗꯥꯗꯇꯥ ꯂꯩꯕꯥ ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯍꯥꯏ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯨꯜ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯇꯃꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯨꯂꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯃꯅꯥ ꯏꯔꯥꯀꯀꯤ ꯂꯣ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯨꯜ ꯑꯃꯗꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯑꯍꯨꯝ ꯇꯃꯈꯤ, ꯱꯹꯵꯷ꯇꯥ ꯆꯍꯤ ꯲꯰ ꯁꯨꯔꯀꯄꯗꯥ ꯔꯤꯚꯣꯂꯨꯁꯅꯔꯤ ꯄꯥꯟ-ꯑꯔꯕ ꯕꯥꯊ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯑꯣꯈꯤ, ꯃꯗꯨꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯃꯥ ꯃꯄꯥꯅꯥ ꯁꯄꯣꯔꯇꯔ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯫ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯁꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯗꯥ ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯃꯅꯥ ꯃꯁꯥꯕꯨ ꯁꯦꯀꯦꯟꯗꯔꯤ ꯁ꯭ꯀꯨꯂꯒꯤ ꯑꯣꯖꯥ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯑꯣꯏꯅꯥ ꯁꯧꯒꯠꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯏꯅꯥ ꯂꯧꯅꯩ꯫ <sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>꯱꯵<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ꯕꯥꯑꯥꯊꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯑꯥꯏꯗꯤꯑꯣꯂꯣꯖꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%8C%EA%AF%A5" title="ꯁꯤꯔꯤꯌꯥ">ꯁꯤꯔꯤꯌꯥꯗꯒꯤ</a> ꯍꯧꯔꯀꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯃꯇꯝ ꯑꯗꯨꯗꯥ ꯕꯥꯑꯥꯊ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯅꯥ ꯁꯤꯔꯤꯌꯥꯗꯥ ꯑꯆꯧꯕꯥ ꯐꯣꯂꯣꯋꯤꯡ ꯑꯃꯥ ꯂꯩꯔꯝꯃꯤ, ꯑꯗꯨꯕꯨ ꯱꯹꯵꯵ꯗꯥ ꯏꯔꯥꯀꯇꯥ ꯕꯥꯑꯥꯊ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯤꯍꯨꯠ ꯳꯰꯰ꯗꯒꯤ ꯇꯥꯅꯥ ꯂꯩꯈꯤ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯃꯒꯤ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤ ꯑꯁꯤꯗꯥ ꯌꯥꯎꯕꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯨꯑꯣꯏꯕꯥ ꯃꯔꯝ ꯑꯣꯏꯈꯤ ꯍꯥꯌꯅꯥ ꯊꯥꯖꯅꯩ ꯫ ꯍꯦꯟꯅꯥ ꯂꯤꯡꯈꯠꯂꯛꯂꯤꯕꯥ ꯏꯔꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯅꯦꯁ꯭ꯅꯦꯂꯤꯁ꯭ꯠ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯨꯠꯇꯥ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯏꯃꯨꯡ ꯃꯅꯨꯡꯒꯤ ꯃꯔꯤ ꯑꯁꯤ ꯃꯍꯥꯛꯀꯤ ꯃꯥꯃꯥꯒꯤ ꯈꯨꯠꯊꯥꯡꯗꯥ ꯑꯍꯃꯗ ꯍꯥꯁꯥꯟ ꯑꯜ-ꯕꯀꯔ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯑꯇꯣꯞꯄꯥ ꯃꯀꯣꯛ ꯊꯣꯡꯕꯥ ꯕꯥꯑꯊꯤꯁꯤꯡꯒꯥ ꯂꯩꯅꯕꯅꯤ ꯫ <sup id="cite_ref-Karsh_13–15_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Karsh_13–15-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>꯱꯳<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/SaddamCairo.jpg/220px-SaddamCairo.jpg"><img resource="/wiki/%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%9C:SaddamCairo.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/SaddamCairo.jpg/220px-SaddamCairo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/SaddamCairo.jpg/330px-SaddamCairo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/38/SaddamCairo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption> ꯁꯥꯗ꯭ꯗꯥꯝ ꯍꯨꯁꯦꯟ ꯑꯃꯁꯨꯡ ꯕꯥ’ꯊ ꯄꯥꯔꯇꯤꯒꯤ ꯃꯍꯩꯔꯣꯏ ꯁꯦꯜ, <a href="/wiki/%EA%AF%80%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A3" title="ꯀꯥꯏꯔꯣ">ꯀꯥꯌꯔꯣ</a>, ꯱꯹꯵꯹–꯱꯹꯶꯳ꯒꯤ ꯃꯇꯃꯗꯥ ꯫</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="ꯃꯇꯦꯡ_ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ"><span id=".EA.AF.83.EA.AF.87.EA.AF.A6.EA.AF.A1_.EA.AF.82.EA.AF.A7.EA.AF.94.EA.AF.9B.EA.AF.90.EA.AF.9D"></span>ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D_%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F&veaction=edit&section=2" title="ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯄꯒꯤ ꯁꯔꯨꯛ: ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯨ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D_%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: ꯃꯇꯦꯡ ꯂꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ"><span>ꯁꯦꯝꯒꯠꯂꯛꯄꯒꯤ ꯍꯧꯔꯛꯐꯝ</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type:decimal"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/hussein">"Hussein"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Random_House_Webster%27s_Unabridged_Dictionary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (ꯂꯃꯥꯏꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯇꯔꯦ)">Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary</a></i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201163438/http://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/baghdad_04-09-03.html">Online NewsHour Update: Coalition Says Iraqi Regime Has Lost Control of Baghdad — 9 April 2003</a>. PBS (9 April 2003). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/updates/baghdad_04-09-03.html">the original</a> on <a href="/w/index.php?title=1_December_2010&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1 December 2010 (ꯂꯃꯥꯏꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯇꯔꯦ)">1 December 2010</a> ꯫ Retrieved on <a href="/w/index.php?title=18_October_2022&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18 October 2022 (ꯂꯃꯥꯏꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯇꯔꯦ)">18 October 2022</a> ꯫</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-economist2004-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-economist2004_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/2792407?story_id=2792407">Banking in Iraq – A tricky operation</a>"꯫ 24 June 2004 ꯫<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=newspaperArticle&rft.subject=News&rft.title=Banking+in+Iraq%26nbsp%3B%E2%80%93+A+tricky+operation&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F2792407%3Fstory_id%3D2792407&rft.date=24+June+2004"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"> <i>Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam+Hussein%3A+A+Political+Biography"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/58276.pdf">U.S. Relations With Anti-Saddam Groups</a>. Congressional Research Service.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sassoon_2017-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Sassoon_2017_6-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Sassoon, Joseph (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/international-journal-of-middle-east-studies/article/aaron-m-faust-the-bathification-of-iraq-saddam-husseins-totalitarianism-austin-tex-university-of-texas-press-2015-pp-296-5500-cloth-isbn-9781477305577/3E2A3E4D523556848C0E24AC9318B019">"Aaron M. Faust, <i>The Ba'thification of Iraq: Saddam Hussein's Totalitarianism</i> [Book Review]"</a>. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Journal_of_Middle_East_Studies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Journal of Middle East Studies (ꯂꯃꯥꯏꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯇꯔꯦ)">International Journal of Middle East Studies</a></i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cambridge_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cambridge University Press (ꯂꯃꯥꯏꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯇꯔꯦ)">Cambridge University Press</a>. <b>49</b> (1): 205–206. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_object_identifier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital object identifier (ꯂꯃꯥꯏꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯇꯔꯦ)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020743816001392">10.1017/S0020743816001392</a>. <q>First, Faust totally ignores the economy in his analysis. This oversight is remarkable given his attempt to trace how the regime became totalitarian, which, by definition, encompasses all facets of life. ... Second, the comparison with Stalin or Hitler is weak when one takes into consideration how many Iraqis were allowed to leave the country. Although citizens needed to undergo a convoluted and bureaucratic procedure to obtain the necessary papers to leave the country, the fact remains that more than one million Iraqis migrated from Iraq from the end of the Iran–Iraq War in 1988 until the US-led invasion in 2003. Third, religion under Stalin did not function in the same manner as it did in Iraq, and while Faust details how the Shia were not allowed to engage in some of their ceremonies, the average Iraqi was allowed to pray at home and in a mosque. ... it is correct that the security services kept a watch on religious establishments and mosques, but the Iraqi approach is somewhat different from that pursued by Stalin's totalitarianism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Aaron+M.+Faust%2C+The+Ba%27thification+of+Iraq%3A+Saddam+Hussein%27s+Totalitarianism+%5BBook+Review%5D&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=205-206&rft.date=2017-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020743816001392&rft.aulast=Sassoon&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Finternational-journal-of-middle-east-studies%2Farticle%2Faaron-m-faust-the-bathification-of-iraq-saddam-husseins-totalitarianism-austin-tex-university-of-texas-press-2015-pp-296-5500-cloth-isbn-9781477305577%2F3E2A3E4D523556848C0E24AC9318B019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fmni.wikipedia.org%3A%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%97%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9D+%EA%AF%8D%EA%AF%A8%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9F" class="Z3988"></span><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r3964"></style></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-250k-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-250k_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hrw.org/news/2004/01/25/war-iraq-not-humanitarian-intervention">War in Iraq: Not a Humanitarian Intervention</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Human_Rights_Watch&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Human Rights Watch (ꯂꯃꯥꯏꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯇꯔꯦ)">Human Rights Watch</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2003/01/26/weekinreview/the-world-how-many-people-has-hussein-killed.html">How Many People Has Hussein Killed?</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBCexecution-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-BBCexecution_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6218485.stm">Saddam Hussein executed in Iraq</a>"꯫ <i>BBC News</i>꯫ 30 December 2006 ꯫<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=newspaperArticle&rft.subject=News&rft.title=Saddam+Hussein+executed+in+Iraq&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fmiddle_east%2F6218485.stm&rft.source=BBC+News&rft.date=30+December+2006"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ref5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-ref5_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/15/books/was-a-tyrant-prefigured-by-baby-saddam.html">Was a Tyrant Prefigured by Baby Saddam?</a>" ꯫<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=newspaperArticle&rft.subject=News&rft.title=Was+a+Tyrant+Prefigured+by+Baby+Saddam%3F&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2004%2F05%2F15%2Fbooks%2Fwas-a-tyrant-prefigured-by-baby-saddam.html"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1991/01/25/saddams-roots-an-abusive-childhood/2c5af56e-6413-410b-a1cf-5c215f1f64c2/">Saddam's Roots an Abusive Childhood</a>" ꯫<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rft.type=newspaperArticle&rft.subject=News&rft.title=Saddam%27s+Roots+an+Abusive+Childhood&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Flocal%2F1991%2F01%2F25%2Fsaddams-roots-an-abusive-childhood%2F2c5af56e-6413-410b-a1cf-5c215f1f64c2%2F"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-beat1-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-beat1_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a424787.pdf">Saddam is Iraq: Iraq is Saddam</a>. Maxwell Airforce Base.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karsh_13–15-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Karsh_13–15_13-0">꯱꯳.꯰</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Karsh_13–15_13-1">꯱꯳.꯱</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Karsh_13–15_13-2">꯱꯳.꯲</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"> <i>Saddam Hussein: A Political Biography</i>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grove_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grove Press (ꯂꯃꯥꯏꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯇꯔꯦ)">Grove Press</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saddam+Hussein%3A+A+Political+Biography&rft.pub=%5B%5BGrove+Press%5D%5D"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eric Davis, <i>Memories of State: Politics, History, and Collective Identity in Modern Iraq</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=University_of_California_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="University of California Press (ꯂꯃꯥꯏꯗꯨ ꯂꯩꯇꯔꯦ)">University of California Press</a>, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal"> <i>The Old Social Classes & The Revolutionary Movement in Iraq</i>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Old+Social+Classes+%26+The+Revolutionary+Movement+in+Iraq"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" 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