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His journey back in time started when he decided to publish a biographical account of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin to accompany a translation of an essay on Erasmus’s evolutionary ideas by the German science writer Ernst Krause. Darwin’s preoccupation with his own roots ran alongside a botanical interest in" /> <meta name="generator" content="Drupal 7 (https://www.drupal.org)" /> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1879-tracing-roots" /> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/node/584" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Darwin Correspondence Project" /> <meta property="og:type" content="article" /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1879-tracing-roots" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Darwin in letters, 1879: Tracing roots" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Darwin spent a considerable part of 1879 in the eighteenth century. His journey back in time started when he decided to publish a biographical account of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin to accompany a translation of an essay on Erasmus’s evolutionary ideas by the German science writer Ernst Krause. Darwin’s preoccupation with his own roots ran alongside a botanical interest in roots, as he and his son Francis carried out their latest experiments on plant movement for the book they intended to publish on the subject. They concentrated on radicles—the embryonic roots of seedlings—and determined that the impetus for movement derived from the sensitivity of the tips. 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Darwins</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3416"><a href="/commentary/voyage-hms-beagle" title="">Voyage of HMS Beagle</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1035"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read">What Darwin read</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1035"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read">What Darwin read overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1130"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read/darwin-s-student-booklist">Darwin’s student booklist</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-933"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read/books-beagle">Books on the Beagle</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1036"><a href="/people/about-darwin/what-darwin-read/darwin-s-reading-notebooks">Darwin’s reading notebooks</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1059"><a href="/about-darwin/origin-species">On the Origin of Species</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1059"><a href="/about-darwin/origin-species">On the Origin of Species overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1060"><a href="/people/about-darwin/origin-species/writing-origin">The writing of "Origin"</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1084"><a href="/people/about-darwin/origin-species/abstract-darwin-s-theory">Abstract of Darwin’s theory</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1093"><a href="/people/about-darwin/origin-species/alfred-russel-wallace-s-essay-varieties">Alfred Russel Wallace’s essay on varieties</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1094"><a href="/charles-darwin-and-his-publisher">Charles Darwin and his publisher</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1147"><a href="/people/about-darwin/origin-species/review-origin-species">Review: The Origin of Species</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1126"><a href="/people/about-darwin/darwins-health">Darwin’s health</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first last leaf menu-mlid-2917"><a href="/tags/darwin/darwin-on-his-health">Darwin's notes for his physician, 1865</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1128"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-s-photographic-portraits">Darwin’s photographic portraits</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2896"><a href="/have-you-read-one-about">Have you read the one about....</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2654"><a href="/people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said">Six things Darwin never said – and one he did</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2654"><a href="/people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said">Six things Darwin never said – and one he did overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2892"><a href="/people/about-darwin/six-things-darwin-never-said/evolution-misquotation">The evolution of a misquotation</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3673"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue">Portraits of Charles Darwin: a catalogue</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3673"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue">Portraits of Charles Darwin: a catalogue overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3676"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/11-ellen-sharples-pastel">1.1 Ellen Sharples pastel</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3709"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/12-george-richmond-marriage-portrait">1.2 George Richmond, marriage portrait</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3718"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/13-thomas-herbert-maguire-lithograph">1.3 Thomas Herbert Maguire, lithograph</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3721"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/14-samuel-laurence-drawing-1">1.4 Samuel Laurence drawing 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3724"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/15-samuel-laurence-drawing-2">1.5 Samuel Laurence drawing 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3727"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/16-ouless-oil-portrait">1.6 Ouless oil portrait</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3730"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/17-ouless-replica">1.7 Ouless replica</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3733"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/18-anonymous-drawing-after-ouless">1.8 anonymous drawing, after Ouless</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3736"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/19-rajon-etching-after-ouless">1.9 Rajon, etching after Ouless</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3679"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/110-rajon-etching-variant-state">1.10 Rajon etching, variant state</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3682"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/111-laura-russell-oil">1.11 Laura Russell, oil</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3685"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/112-marian-huxley-drawing">1.12 Marian Huxley, drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3688"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/113-louisa-nash-drawing">1.13 Louisa Nash, drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3691"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/114-william-richmond-oil">1.14 William Richmond, oil</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3694"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/115-albert-goodwin-watercolour">1.15 Albert Goodwin, watercolour</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3697"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/116-alphonse-legros-drypoint">1.16 Alphonse Legros, drypoint</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3700"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/117-alphonse-legros-drawing">1.17 Alphonse Legros drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3703"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/118-john-collier-oil-linnean">1.18 John Collier, oil in Linnean</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3706"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/119-john-collier-oil-npg">1.19 John Collier, oil in NPG</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3712"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/120-leopold-flameng-etching-after-collier">1.20 Leopold Flameng etching, after Collier</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3715"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/121-window-christs-college-cambridge">1.21 window at Christ's College Cambridge</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3739"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/21-thomas-woolner-bust">2.1 Thomas Woolner bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3772"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/22-thomas-woolner-metal-plaque">2.2 Thomas Woolner metal plaque</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3802"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/23-wedgwood-medallions">2.3 Wedgwood medallions</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3805"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/24-wedgwood-plaque">2.4 Wedgwood plaque</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3808"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/25-wedgwood-medallions-2nd-type">2.5 Wedgwood medallions, 2nd type</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3811"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/26-adolf-von-hildebrand-bust">2.6 Adolf von Hildebrand bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3814"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/27-joseph-moore-midland-union-medal">2.7 Joseph Moore, Midland Union medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3817"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/28-alphonse-legros-medallion">2.8 Alphonse Legros medallion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3820"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/29-legros-medallion-plaster-model">2.9 Legros medallion, plaster model</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3742"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/210-moritz-klinkicht-print-legros">2.10 Moritz Klinkicht, print from Legros</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3745"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/211-christian-lehr-plaster-bust">2.11 Christian Lehr, plaster bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3748"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/212-allan-wyon-royal-society-medal">2.12 Allan Wyon, Royal Society medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3751"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/213-edgar-boehm-statue-nhm">2.13 Edgar Boehm, statue in the NHM</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3754"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/214-boehm-westminster-abbey-roundel">2.14 Boehm, Westminster Abbey roundel</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3757"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/215-boehm-terracotta-bust-npg">2.15 Boehm terracotta bust (NPG)</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3760"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/216-horace-montford-statue-shrewsbury">2.16 Horace Montford statue, Shrewsbury</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3763"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/217-montford-statuette">2.17 Montford, statuette</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3766"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/218-montford-carnegie-bust">2.18 Montford, Carnegie bust</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3769"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/219-montford-bust-royal-society">2.19 Montford, bust at the Royal Society</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3775"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/220-montford-terracotta-bust-npg">2.20 Montford, terracotta bust, NPG</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3778"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/221-montford-relief-christs-college">2.21 Montford, relief at Christ's College</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3781"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/222-l-j-chavalliaud-statue-liverpool">2.22 L.-J. Chavalliaud statue in Liverpool</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3784"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/223-hope-pinker-statue-oxford-museum">2.23 Hope Pinker statue, Oxford Museum</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3787"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/224-herbert-hampton-statue-lancaster">2.24 Herbert Hampton statue, Lancaster</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3790"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/225-henry-pegram-statue-birmingham">2.25 Henry Pegram statue, Birmingham</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3793"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/226-linnean-society-medal">2.26 Linnean Society medal</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3796"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/227-william-couper-bust-new-york">2.27 William Couper bust, New York</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3799"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/228-couper-bust-cambridge">2.28 Couper bust in Cambridge</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3823"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/31-antoine-claudet-daguerreotype">3.1 Antoine Claudet, daguerreotype</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3856"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/32-maull-and-polyblank-photo-1">3.2 Maull and Polyblank photo 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3865"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/33-maull-and-polyblank-photo-2">3.3 Maull and Polyblank photo 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3868"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/34-william-darwin-photo-1">3.4 William Darwin, photo 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3871"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/35-william-darwin-photo-2">3.5 William Darwin, photo 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3874"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/36-william-darwin-photo-3">3.6 William Darwin, photo 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3877"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/37-leonard-darwin-photo-verandah">3.7 Leonard Darwin, photo on verandah</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3880"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/38-leonard-darwin-interior-photo">3.8 Leonard Darwin, interior photo</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3883"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/39-leonard-darwin-photo-horseback">3.9 Leonard Darwin, photo on horseback</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3826"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/310-ernest-edwards-men-eminence">3.10 Ernest Edwards, 'Men of Eminence'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3829"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/311-edwards-illustrated-london-news">3.11 Edwards, in Illustrated London News</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3832"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/312-edwards-second-group-photos">3.12 Edwards, second group of photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3835"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/313-edwards-representative-men">3.13 Edwards 'Representative Men'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3838"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/314-julia-margaret-cameron-photos">3.14 Julia Margaret Cameron, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3841"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/315-george-charles-wallich-photo">3.15 George Charles Wallich, photo</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3844"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/316-oscar-rejlander-photos">3.16 Oscar Rejlander, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3847"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/317-lock-and-whitfield-men-mark">3.17 Lock and Whitfield, 'Men of Mark'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3850"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/318-elliott-and-fry-photos-c1869-1871">3.18 Elliott and Fry photos, c.1869-1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3853"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/319-elliott-and-fry-photos-c1880-1">3.19 Elliott and Fry photos c.1880-1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3859"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/320-elliott-and-fry-c1880-1-verandah">3.20 Elliott and Fry, c.1880-1, verandah</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3862"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/321-herbert-rose-barraud-photos">3.21 Herbert Rose Barraud, photos</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3886"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/41-albert-way-comic-drawings">4.1 Albert Way, comic drawings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3919"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/42-augustus-earle-caricature-drawing">4.2 Augustus Earle, caricature drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3952"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/43-alfred-crowquill-caricature">4.3 Alfred Crowquill, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3985"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/44-thomas-huxley-caricature-sketch">4.4 Thomas Huxley, caricature sketch</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4018"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/45-william-beard-comic-painting">4.5 William Beard, comic painting</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4051"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/46-thomas-nast-cartoon">4.6 Thomas Nast, cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4054"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/47-vanity-fair-caricature">4.7 'Vanity Fair', caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4057"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/48-vanity-fair-preliminary-study">4.8 'Vanity Fair', preliminary study</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4060"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/49-graphic-cartoon">4.9 'Graphic', cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3889"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/410-hornet-caricature-darwin">4.10 'Hornet' caricature of Darwin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3892"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/411-fun-cartoon-little-lecture">4.11 'Fun' cartoon, 'A little lecture'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3895"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/412-fun-wedding-procession">4.12 'Fun', Wedding procession</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3898"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/413-fun-cartoon-griset-emotional">4.13 'Fun' cartoon by Griset, 'Emotional'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3901"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/414-fun-cartoon-troubles">4.14 'Fun' cartoon, 'That troubles'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3904"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/415-george-cruikshank-comic-drawing">4.15 George Cruikshank, comic drawing</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3907"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/416-joseph-simms-physiognomy">4.16 Joseph Simms, physiognomy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3910"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/417-figaro-unidentifiable-1871">4.17 'Figaro', unidentifiable 1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3913"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/418-figaro-chromolithograph-1">4.18 'Figaro' chromolithograph 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3916"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/419-george-montbard-caricature">4.19 George Montbard, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3922"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/420-frederick-waddy-caricature">4.20 Frederick Waddy, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3925"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/421-gegeef-our-national-church-1">4.21 Gegeef, 'Our National Church', 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3928"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/422-gegeef-et-al-our-national-church-2">4.22 Gegeef et al., 'Our National Church', 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3931"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/423-gegeef-battle-field-science">4.23 Gegeef, 'Battle Field of Science'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3934"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/424-daily-graphic-nast-satire">4.24 'Daily Graphic', Nast satire</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3937"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/425-punch-1877-re-cambridge-doctorate">4.25 'Punch' 1877 re. Cambridge doctorate</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3940"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/426-christmas-card-caricature-monkeys">4.26 Christmas card caricature, monkeys</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3943"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/427-four-founders-darwinismus">4.27 'Four founders of Darwinismus'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3946"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/428-english-celebrities-montage">4.28 'English celebrities' montage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3949"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/429-richard-grant-white-fall-man">4.29 Richard Grant White, 'Fall of man'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3955"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/430-la-petite-lune-gill-cartoon">4.30 'La Petite Lune', Gill cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3958"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/431-la-lune-rousse-gill-cartoon">4.31 'La Lune Rousse', Gill cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3961"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/432-anis-liqueur-label">4.32 Anis liqueur label</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3964"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/433-harpers-weekly-bellew-caricature">4.33 'Harper's Weekly', Bellew caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3967"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/434-punch-sambourne-cartoon-1">4.34 'Punch', Sambourne cartoon 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3970"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/435-frederick-sem-caricature">4.35 Frederick Sem, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3973"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/436-sem-chistmas-card">4.36 Sem, Chistmas card</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3976"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/437-mosquito-satire">4.37 'Mosquito' satire</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3979"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/438-franz-goedecker-caricature">4.38 Franz Goedecker, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3982"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/439-moonshine-magazine-cartoon">4.39 'Moonshine' magazine cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3988"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/440-phrenological-magazine">4.40 'Phrenological Magazine'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3991"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/441-punch-sambourne-cartoon-2">4.41 'Punch', Sambourne cartoon 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3994"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/442-punch-sambourne-cartoon-3">4.42 'Punch' Sambourne cartoon 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3997"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/443-illustrated-london-news-article">4.43 'Illustrated London News' article</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4000"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/444-puck-cartoon-1">4.44 'Puck' cartoon 1</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4003"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/445-puck-cartoon-2">4.45 'Puck' cartoon 2</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4006"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/446-puck-cartoon-3">4.46 'Puck' cartoon 3</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4009"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/447-puck-cartoon-4">4.47 'Puck' cartoon 4</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4012"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/448-puck-cartoon-5">4.48 'Puck', cartoon 5</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4015"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/449-alfred-bryan-caricature">4.49 Alfred Bryan, caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4021"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/450-cigar-box-lid-design">4.50 Cigar box lid design</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4024"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/451-frederick-holder-life-and-work">4.51 Frederick Holder 'Life and Work'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4027"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/452-wasp-caricature">4.52 'Wasp' caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4030"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/453-claud-warren-outlines-hands">4.53 Claud Warren, 'Outlines of Hands'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4033"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/454-jubilees-queen-victoria">4.54 jubilees of Queen Victoria</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4036"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/455-harry-furniss-caricature">4.55 Harry Furniss caricature</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4039"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/456-larks-cartoon">4.56 'Larks' cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4042"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/457-silhouette-cartoon">4.57 silhouette cartoon</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4045"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/458-simian-savage-drawings">4.58 'Simian, savage' . . . drawings</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4048"><a href="/about-darwin/portraits-charles-darwin-catalogue/459-simplicissimus-cartoon">4.59 'Simplicissimus' cartoon</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4066"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life">Darwin and the experimental life</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4066"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life">Darwin and the experimental life overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4069"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/what-experiment">What is an experiment?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4081"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/morphology-movement-observation-and-experiment">From morphology to movement: observation and experiment</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4078"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/fools-experiments">Fool's experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4075"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/experimenting-emotions">Experimenting with emotions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4072"><a href="/about-darwin/darwin-and-experimental-life/animals-ethics-and-progress-science">Animals, ethics, and the progress of science</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3366"><a href="/fake-darwin">Fake Darwin: myths and misconceptions</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3402"><a href="/darwins-bad-days">Darwin's bad days</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3644"><a href="/people/about-darwin/darwin-s-first-love">Darwin’s first love</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded active-trail menu-mlid-800"><a href="/letters" title="" class="active-trail campl-selected">The letters</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed active-trail menu-mlid-800"><a href="/letters" title="" class="active-trail">The letters overview</a></li> <li class="expanded active-trail menu-mlid-2080"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters" class="active-trail">Darwin's life in letters</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed active-trail menu-mlid-2080"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters" class="active-trail">Darwin's life in letters overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1097"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1821-1836-childhood-beagle-voyage">1821-1836: Childhood to the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1106"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1837-1843-london-years-natural-selection" title="Charles Darwin's life seen through his letters, 1837-43">1837-43: The London years to 'natural selection'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1107"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1844-1846-building-scientific-network">1844-1846: Building a scientific network</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1108"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1847-1850-microscopes-and-barnacles">1847-1850: Microscopes and barnacles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1109"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1851-1855-death-daughter">1851-1855: Death of a daughter</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1110"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1856-1857-big-book">1856-1857: The 'Big Book'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-936"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1858-1859-origin">1858-1859: Origin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-937"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1860-answering-critics">1860: Answering critics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1111"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1861-gaining-allies">1861: Gaining allies</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1098"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1862-multiplicity-experiments">1862: A multiplicity of experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1099"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad">1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1100"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1864-failing-health">1864: Failing health</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-935"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1865-delays-and-disappointments">1865: Delays and disappointments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1101"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters1866-survival-fittest">1866: Survival of the fittest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1102"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1867-civilised-dispute">1867: A civilised dispute</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1103"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1868-studying-sex">1868: Studying sex</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1104"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1869-forward-all-fronts">1869: Forward on all fronts</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1105"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters1870-human-evolution">1870: Human evolution</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1151"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1871-emptying-nest">1871: An emptying nest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1152"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1872-job-done">1872: Job done?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1049"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwins-letters-1873-animal-or-vegetable">1873: Animal or vegetable?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1050"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1874-turbulent-year">1874: A turbulent year</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2275"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1875-pulling-strings">1875: Pulling strings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2894"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1876-midst-life">1876: In the midst of life</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3363"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1877-flowers-and-honours">1877: Flowers and honours</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3383"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1878-movement-and-sleep">1878: Movement and sleep</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-3394 campl-current-page"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1879-tracing-roots" class="active-trail active">1879: Tracing roots</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3661"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1880-sensitivity-and-worms">1880: Sensitivity and worms</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4063"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1881-old-friends-and-new-admirers">1881: Old friends and new admirers</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4102"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1882-nothing-too-great-or-too-small">1882: Nothing too great or too small</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3384"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters">Darwin's works in letters</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3384"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters">Darwin's works in letters overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3385"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/journal-researches">Journal of researches</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3386"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/living-and-fossil-cirripedia">Living and fossil cirripedia</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3400"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book">Before Origin: the ‘big book’</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3400"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book">Before Origin: the ‘big book’ overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3401"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin-big-book/dates-composition-darwins-manuscript-species">Dates of composition of Darwin's manuscript on species</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3406"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/origin">Origin</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3407"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions">Rewriting Origin - the later editions</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3407"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions">Rewriting Origin - the later editions overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3412"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions/how-old-earth">How old is the earth?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3411"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions/whale-bear">The whale-bear</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3413"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/rewriting-origin-later-editions/origin-lost-changes-second-german">Origin: the lost changes for the second German edition</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3404"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/orchids">Orchids</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3662"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/climbing-plants">Climbing plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3387"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/descent">Descent</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3388"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/expression">Expression</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3389"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/insectivorous-plants">Insectivorous plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3663"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/forms-flowers">Forms of flowers</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4084"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/cross-and-self-fertilisation">Cross and self fertilisation</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3405"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/life-erasmus-darwin">Life of Erasmus Darwin</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3665"><a href="/letters/darwins-works-letters/movement-plants">Movement in Plants</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2264"><a href="/letters/about-letters">About the letters</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2408"><a href="/letters/lifecycle-letter-film">Lifecycle of a letter film</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2408"><a href="/letters/lifecycle-letter-film">Lifecycle of a letter film overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2411"><a href="/letters/lifecycle-letter-film/editing-letter">Editing a Letter</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2409"><a href="/letters/lifecycle-letter-film/working-darwin-archive">Working in the Darwin archive</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2296"><a href="/letters/capturing-darwin-s-voice-audio-selected-letters">Capturing Darwin’s voice: audio of selected letters</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2266"><a href="/letters/correspondence-women">Correspondence with women</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-878"><a href="/hunt-new-letters">The hunt for new letters</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1136"><a href="/letters/editorial-policy-and-practice">Editorial policy and practice</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1136"><a href="/letters/editorial-policy-and-practice">Editorial policy and practice overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3646"><a href="/letters/editorial-policy-and-practice/full-notes-editorial-policy">Full notes on editorial policy</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2263"><a href="/letters/symbols-and-abbreviations">Symbols and abbreviations</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2905"><a href="/letters/darwins-letters-timeline">Darwin's letters: a timeline</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2909"><a href="/world-map">Darwin's letters: World Map</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3364"><a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/have-you-read-one-about" title="">Have you read the one about...</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4183"><a href="/letters/charles-darwin-life-letters">Charles Darwin: A Life in Letters</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4158"><a href="/darwin-conversation-exhibition">Darwin in Conversation exhibition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4099"><a href="/letters/diagrams-and-drawings-letters">Diagrams and drawings in letters</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4105"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters">Favourite Letters</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4105"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters">Favourite Letters overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4162"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/be-envious-ripe-oranges-w-d-fox-may-1832">Be envious of ripe oranges: To W. D. Fox, May 1832</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4111"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/monstrous-stain-j-m-herbert-2-june-1833">That monstrous stain: To J. M. Herbert, 2 June 1833</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4166"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/my-most-solemn-request-emma-darwin-5-july-1844">My most solemn request: To Emma Darwin, 5 July 1844</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4178"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/our-poor-dear-dear-child-emma-darwin-23-april-1851">Our poor dear dear child: To Emma Darwin, [23 April 1851]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4174"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/i-beg-million-pardons-john-lubbock-3-september-1862">I beg a million pardons: To John Lubbock, [3 September 1862]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4129"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/prize-possessions-henry-denny-17-january-1865">Prize possessions: To Henry Denny, 17 January [1865]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4114"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/how-manage-it-j-d-hooker-17-june-1865">How to manage it: To J. D. Hooker, [17 June 1865]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4117"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/fly-flower-hermann-m-ller-23-october-1867">A fly on the flower: From Hermann Müller, 23 October 1867</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4138"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/reading-my-roommate-s-illustrious-ancestor-t-h-huxley-10-june-1868">Reading my roommate’s illustrious ancestor: To T. H. Huxley, 10 June 1868</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4169"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/beginning-something-j-d-hooker-22-january-1869">A beginning, & that is something: To J. D. Hooker, [22 January 1869]</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4135"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/perfect-copper-plate-hand-adolf-reuter-30-may-1869">Perfect copper-plate hand: From Adolf Reuter, 30 May 1869</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4132"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/darwin-s-favourite-photographer-o-g-rejlander-30-april-1871">Darwin’s favourite photographer: From O. G. Rejlander, 30 April 1871</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4172"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/your-letter-eternalized-us-n-d-doedes-27-march-1873">Your letter eternalized before us: From N. D. Doedes, 27 March 1873</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4120"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/lost-translation-auguste-forel-12-november-1874">Lost in translation: From Auguste Forel, 12 November 1874</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4182"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/i-never-trusted-drosera-e-f-lubbock-after-2-july-1875">I never trusted Drosera: From E. F. Lubbock, [after 2 July] 1875</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4126"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/argus-pheasant-mivart-r-wallace-17-june-1876">From Argus pheasant to Mivart: To A. R. Wallace, 17 June 1876</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4141"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/wearing-his-knowledge-lightly-fritz-m-ller-5-april-1878">Wearing his knowledge lightly: From Fritz Müller, 5 April 1878</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4123"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/terms-engagement-julius-wiesner-25-october-1881">Terms of engagement: To Julius Wiesner, 25 October 1881</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4108"><a href="/letters/favourite-letters/intellectual-capacities-caroline-kennard-26-december-1881">Intellectual capacities: From Caroline Kennard, 26 December 1881</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-4144"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays">Darwin plays</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-4144"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays">Darwin plays overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4150"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/emma-audio-play">'Emma' audio play</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4147"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/frank-audio-play">'Frank' audio play</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4153"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/confessing-murder-audio-play">'Like confessing a murder' audio play</a></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-2294"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/re-design-dramatisation">'Re: Design' dramatisation</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2294"><a href="/letters/darwin-plays/re-design-dramatisation">'Re: Design' dramatisation overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1134"><a href="/commentary/religion/re-design-dramatisation/dramatisation-script">Dramatisation script</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3377"><a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/search?sort=date&keyword=darwin&f1-document-type=letter" title="">Browse all Darwin letters in date order</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3391"><a href="/letters/list-correspondents">List of correspondents</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-824"><a href="/commentary">Commentary</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-824"><a href="/commentary">Commentary overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2269"><a href="/commentary/evolution" title="">Evolution</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2269"><a href="/commentary/evolution" title="">Evolution overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2262"><a href="/commentary/evolution/natural-selection">Natural selection</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2293"><a href="/commentary/evolution/sexual-selection">Sexual selection</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2299"><a href="/commentary/evolution/inheritance">Inheritance</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2298"><a href="/commentary/evolution/divergence">Divergence</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3410"><a href="/commentary/evolution/correlation-growth-deaf-blue-eyed-cats-pigs-and-poison">Correlation of growth: deaf blue-eyed cats, pigs, and poison</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3414"><a href="/commentary/evolution/natural-selection-trouble-terminology-part-i">Natural Selection: the trouble with terminology Part I</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3415"><a href="/commentary/evolution/survival-fittest-trouble-terminology-part-ii">Survival of the fittest: the trouble with terminology Part II</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3671"><a href="/commentary/evolution/darwin-s-species-notebooks-i-think">Darwin’s species notebooks: ‘I think . . .’</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-871"><a href="/commentary/geology" title="">Geology</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-871"><a href="/commentary/geology" title="">Geology overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2259"><a href="/commentary/geology/darwin-geology">Darwin and geology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1127"><a href="/topics/geology/darwin-s-introduction-geology">Darwin’s introduction to geology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1270"><a href="/commentary/geology/geology-beagle-voyage">The geology of the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1122"><a href="/commentary/geology/darwin-coral-reefs">Darwin and coral reefs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2258"><a href="/commentary/geology/darwin-s-earthquakes">Darwin’s earthquakes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2257"><a href="/topics/geology/darwin-geological-society" title="">Darwin and the Geological Society</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1123"><a href="/commentary/geology/darwin-glen-roy">Darwin and Glen Roy</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1087"><a href="/topics/geology/bibliography-darwin-s-geological-publications">Bibliography of Darwin’s geological publications</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2247"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences" title="">Life sciences</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2247"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences" title="">Life sciences overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1117"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down">Darwin and Down</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1117"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down">Darwin and Down overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1149"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-down/darwin-s-hothouse-and-lists-hothouse-plants">Darwin’s hothouse and lists of hothouse plants</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4087"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/species-and-varieties">Species and varieties</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1058"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/evolution-honeycomb">The evolution of honeycomb</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1083"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/tale-two-bees">A tale of two bees</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1088"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed">Beauty and the seed</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1088"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed">Beauty and the seed overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1055"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/beauty-and-seed/mauro-galetti-profile-ecologist">Mauro Galetti: profile of an ecologist</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2261"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/casting-about-darwin-worms">Casting about: Darwin on worms</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1081"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/was-darwin-ecologist">Was Darwin an ecologist?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3641"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/dipsacus-and-drosera-frank-s-favourite-carnivores">Dipsacus and Drosera</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2318"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles">Darwin and barnacles</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2318"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles">Darwin and barnacles overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2317"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-barnacles/darwin-s-study-cirripedia">Darwin’s study of the Cirripedia</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2280"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection">Darwin and vivisection</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2280"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection">Darwin and vivisection overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2284"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-draft-petition">Vivisection: draft petition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2285"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-baas-committee-report">Vivisection: BAAS committee report</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2286"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-first-sketch-bill">Vivisection: first sketch of the bill</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2287"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/vivisection-darwins-testimony-royal-commission">Vivisection: Darwin's testimony</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2288"><a href="/topics/life-sciences/darwin-and-vivisection/appeal-against-animal-cruelty">'An Appeal' against animal cruelty</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2916"><a href="/commentary/life-sciences/biodiversity-and-its-histories">Biodiversity and its histories</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-873"><a href="/commentary/human-nature" title="">Human nature</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-873"><a href="/commentary/human-nature" title="">Human nature overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2604"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/darwin-human-evolution">Darwin on human evolution</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1269"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions">The expression of emotions</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1269"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions">The expression of emotions overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1262"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment">Emotion experiment</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1262"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment">Emotion experiment overview</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1263"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/emotion-experiment/results-darwin-online-emotions">Results of the Darwin Online Emotions Experiment</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2256"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/face-emotion">Face of emotion</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2292"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/expression-emotions/darwin-s-queries-expression">Darwin’s queries on expression</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1052"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/origin-language">The origin of language</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1052"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/origin-language">The origin of language overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1053"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/origin-language/language-key-letters">Language: key letters</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1153"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/origin-language/language-interview-gregory-radick">Language: Interview with Gregory Radick</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1140"><a href="/commentary/human-nature/darwin-and-human-nature-film-series">Film series podcasts</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-874"><a href="/commentary/religion" title="">Religion</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-874"><a href="/commentary/religion" title="">Religion overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1033"><a href="/commentary/religion/darwin-and-design">Darwin and design</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1288"><a href="/commentary/religion/what-did-darwin-believe">What did Darwin believe?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1034"><a href="/commentary/religion/darwin-and-church">Darwin and the Church</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1089"><a href="/commentary/religion/british-association-meeting-1860">British Association meeting 1860</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1121"><a href="/commentary/religion/darwin-and-religion-america">Darwin and religion in America</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1045"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray">Essays and reviews by Asa Gray</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1045"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray">Essays and reviews by Asa Gray overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2271"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/darwiniana-preface">Darwiniana – Preface</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2272"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-design-versus-necessity">Essay: Design versus necessity</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1046"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-natural-selection-natural-theology">Essay: Natural selection & natural theology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1146"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-evolution-theology">Essay: Evolution and theology</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2273"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-what-darwinism">Essay: What is Darwinism?</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2274"><a href="/commentary/religion/essays-reviews-asa-gray/essay-evolutionary-teleology">Essay: Evolutionary teleology</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-2249"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews">Science and religion Interviews</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2249"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews">Science and religion Interviews overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2250"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-emily-ballou">Interview with Emily Ballou</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2251"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-simon-conway-morris">Interview with Simon Conway Morris</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2252"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-john-hedley-brooke">Interview with John Hedley Brooke</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2253"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-randal-keynes">Interview with Randal Keynes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2254"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-tim-lewens">Interview with Tim Lewens</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2255"><a href="/commentary/religion/science-and-religion-interviews/interview-pietro-corsi">Interview with Pietro Corsi</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-3395"><a href="/commentary/curious" title="">For the curious...</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3395"><a href="/commentary/curious" title="">For the curious... overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4155"><a href="/commentary/curious/cordillera-beagle-expedition">Cordillera Beagle expedition</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4096"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-family">The Darwin family</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4093"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-s-plant-experiments">Darwin’s plant experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4090"><a href="/commentary/curious/behind-scenes">Behind the scenes</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3664"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-s-networks">Darwin’s Networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3643"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-and-beagle-voyage">Darwin and the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3403"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-and-working-home">Darwin and working from home</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3409"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-cats-and-cat-shows">Darwin, cats and cat shows</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3396"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwin-and-dogs">Darwin and dogs</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3397"><a href="/commentary/curious/darwins-illness">Darwin's illness</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3398"><a href="/commentary/curious/plant-or-animal-or-don-t-try-home">Plant or animal? (Or: Don’t try this at home!)</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3399"><a href="/commentary/curious/strange-things-sent-darwin-post">Strange things sent to Darwin in the post</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-823"><a href="/people">People</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-823"><a href="/people">People overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2150"><a href="/commentary/key-correspondents" title="">Key correspondents</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2153"><a href="/commentary/beagle-voyage-networks" title="">Beagle voyage networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2152"><a href="/commentary/family-and-friends" title="">Family and friends</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2159"><a href="/commentary/darwins-scientific-network" title="">Darwin's scientific network</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2155"><a href="/tags/readers-and-critics" title="">Readers and critics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2162"><a href="/tags/publishers-artists-and-illustrators" title="">Publishers, artists and illustrators</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3381"><a href="/correspondents-alphabetical" title="">People pages in alphabetical order</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-3367"><a href="/people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums">German and Dutch photograph albums</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-3367"><a href="/people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums">German and Dutch photograph albums overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3372"><a href="/people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums/photograph-album-german-and-austrian-scientists">Photograph album of German and Austrian scientists</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3371"><a href="/people/german-and-dutch-photograph-albums/photograph-album-dutch-admirers">Photograph album of Dutch admirers</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3370"><a href="/german-poems-presented-darwin">German poems presented to Darwin</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3380"><a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/search?text=%22%22;f1-document-type=people;sort=name" title="">List of all people mentioned in letters</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-825"><a href="/learning-resources" title="">Learning</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-825"><a href="/learning-resources" title="">Learning overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1739"><a href="/learning/7-11">Ages 7-11</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1739"><a href="/learning/7-11">Ages 7-11 overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2601"><a href="/learning/7-11/darwin-the-collector">Darwin The Collector</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2602"><a href="/learning/7-11/detecting-darwin">Detecting Darwin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2603"><a href="/learning/7-11/darwin-and-evolution">Darwin And Evolution</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2600"><a href="/learning/7-11/darwins-fantastical-voyage">Darwin's Fantastical Voyage</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-3408"><a href="/learning/7-11/home-learning-7-11-years">Home learning: 7-11 years</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1744"><a href="/learning/11-14">Ages 11-14</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1744"><a href="/learning/11-14">Ages 11-14 overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2899"><a href="/learning/11-14/darwin-and-religion">Darwin and Religion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2898"><a href="/learning/11-14/doing-darwins-experiments">Doing Darwin’s Experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2900"><a href="/learning/11-14/how-dangerous-was-darwin">How dangerous was Darwin?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2901"><a href="/learning/11-14/offer-of-a-lifetime">Offer of a lifetime</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2903"><a href="/learning/11-14/darwin-and-slavery">Darwin and slavery</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2902"><a href="/learning/11-14/beagle-voyage">Beagle Voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2904"><a href="/learning/11-14/darwins-scientific-women">Darwin’s scientific women</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1154"><a href="/case-studies-using-darwin%E2%80%99s-letters-classroom">Schools Gallery: Using Darwin’s letters in the classroom</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-833"><a href="/learning/universities">Universities</a><ul class="campl-unstyled-list local-dropdown-menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-833"><a href="/learning/universities">Universities overview</a></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1063"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source" title="">Letters as a primary source</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1063"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source" title="">Letters as a primary source overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2276"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/scientific-networks">Scientific networks</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2277"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/scientific-practice">Scientific practice</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2278"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/controversy">Controversy</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2279"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/religion">Religion</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1066"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/discussion-questions-and-essay-questions">Discussion questions and essay questions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1286"><a href="/learning/universities/letters-primary-source/suggested-reading">Suggested reading</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-1550"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science">Getting to know Darwin's science</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1550"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science">Getting to know Darwin's science overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2144"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/early-days">Early days</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1086"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/barnacles">Barnacles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-932"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/biogeography">Biogeography</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1287"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/variation-under-domestication">Variation under domestication</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1259"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/orchids">Orchids</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1150"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/instinct-and-evolution-mind">Instinct and the evolution of mind</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1048"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/insectivorous-plants">Insectivorous plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1095"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/climbing-plants">Climbing plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1141"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/floral-dimorphism">Floral dimorphism</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1260"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/power-movement-plants">Power of movement in plants</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1135"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/earthworms">Earthworms</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1132"><a href="/learning/universities/getting-know-darwins-science/dining-down-house">Dining at Down House</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="expanded menu-mlid-2314"><a href="/learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature">Darwin and human nature</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-2314"><a href="/learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature">Darwin and human nature overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1155"><a href="/learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature/moral-nature">Moral nature</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-1261"><a href="/learning/universities/darwin-and-human-nature/race-civilization-and-progress">Race, civilization, and progress</a></li> </ul></li> <li class="last expanded menu-mlid-1289"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science">Women and science</a><ul class="menu"><li class="first collapsed menu-mlid-1289"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science">Women and science overview</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2281"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/women-s-scientific-participation">Women’s scientific participation</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1290"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/women-scientific-audience">Women as a scientific audience</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1041"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/referencing-women-s-work">Referencing women’s work</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2312"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/darwin-public-and-private">Darwin in public and private</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2283"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/darwin-mentor">Darwin as mentor</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2313"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/discussion-questions">Discussion questions</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-2311"><a href="/learning/universities/women-and-science/suggested-reading">Suggested reading</a></li> </ul></li> </ul></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2897"><a href="/learning-resources/timeline" title="">Darwin timeline</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3668"><a 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about="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1879-tracing-roots" typeof="foaf:Document"> <span property="dc:title" content="Darwin in letters, 1879: Tracing roots " class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span><span property="sioc:num_replies" content="0" datatype="xsd:integer" class="rdf-meta element-hidden"></span> <div class="content campl-content-container"> <div class="field field-name-field-image field-type-file field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><div id="file-927" class="file file-image file-image-jpeg"> <h2 class="element-invisible"><a href="/file/ccd27frontispiecejpg">CCD_27_frontispiece.jpg</a></h2> <div class="content"> <a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/CCD_27_frontispiece.jpg"><img typeof="foaf:Image" class="campl-scale-with-grid" src="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/CCD_27_frontispiece.jpg" width="656" height="820" alt="Charles Robert Darwin (1879) by William Blake Richmond" title="Charles Robert Darwin (1879) by William Blake Richmond" /></a><div class="field field-name-field-file-caption field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">Charles Robert Darwin (1879) by William Blake Richmond</div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-credit field-type-text field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even">By permission of the Department of Zoology, University of Cambridge</div></div></div> </div> </div> </div></div></div><div class="field field-name-body field-type-text-with-summary field-label-hidden"><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even" property="content:encoded"><h6>There are summaries of all Darwin's letters from the year 1879 on this website.  The full texts of the letters are not yet available online but are in volume 27 of the print edition of <a href="http://darwinproject.ac.uk/about/publications/correspondence-charles-darwin"><em>The correspondence of Charles Darwin</em></a>, published by<a href="http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/life-sciences/series/correspondence-charles-darwin"> Cambridge University Press</a>.</h6> <p>Darwin spent a considerable part of 1879 in the eighteenth century. His journey back in time started when he decided to publish a biographical account of his grandfather Erasmus Darwin to accompany a translation of an essay on Erasmus’s evolutionary ideas by the German science writer Ernst Krause. Darwin’s preoccupation with his own roots ran alongside a botanical interest in roots, as he and his son Francis carried out their latest experiments on plant movement for the book they intended to publish on the subject. They concentrated on radicles—the embryonic roots of seedlings—and determined that the impetus for movement derived from the sensitivity of the tips. Despite this breakthrough, when Darwin first mentioned the book to his publishers, he warned that it was ‘dry as dust’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12222.xml">letter to R. F. Cooke, 9 September 1879</a>). He was also unsatisfied with his account of Erasmus Darwin, declaring, ‘My little biography has turned out, alas, very dull & has disappointed me much’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12109.xm">letter to Francis Galton, 15 [June 1879]</a>). Even the prospect of a holiday in the Lake District in August did little to raise Darwin’s spirits. ‘I wish that my holiday were over & that I was safe at home again’, he fretted, just days before his departure (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12129.xml">letter to W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, [after 26] July [1879]</a>). From July, Darwin had an additional worry: the engagement of his son Horace to Ida Farrer, stepdaughter of Darwin’s niece Katherine Euphemia Farrer (Effie), was opposed by Ida’s father. Above all, Darwin, despite his many blessings, was finding old age ‘a dismal time’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12236A.xml">letter to Henry Johnson, 24 September 1879</a>). He may have been consoled to learn that his grandfather had felt the same way. In 1792, Erasmus Darwin had written: ‘The worst thing I find now is this d—n’d old age, which creeps slily upon one, like moss upon a tree, and wrinkles one all over like a baked pear’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12368.xml">enclosure in letter from R. W. Dixon, 20 December 1879</a>). The year ended with the start of one of the coldest winters on record. ‘What has become of the Gulph Stream?’ Anthony Rich inquired on 28 December, ‘Has it lost itself, or gone some other way round?’ At least the last letter of 1879 contained a warmer note and the promise of future happiness: Darwin learned he was to be visited by a person from his solicitor’s office to complete Horace’s marriage settlement (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12378.xml">letter from W. M. Hacon, 31 December 1879</a>).</p> <h4>Seventy years old</h4> <p>Darwin’s seventieth birthday on 12 February was a cause for international celebration. A telegram sent on the day <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11874.xml">from the Naples Zoological Station</a> conveyed ‘warmest congratulations to the veteran of Modern Zoology’, but it was in Germany that Darwin was most fêted. A German bookkeeper and his wife sent birthday greetings and a photograph of their 2-year-old son named Darwin, who, they reported, had five instead of four ‘cutting-teeth’ in his upper ‘chaw’ but they were ‘as nice and good as could be’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11854.xml">letter from Karl Beger, [<em>c.</em> 12 February 1879]</a>). The <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11879.xml">masters of Greiz College</a> in Thuringia venerated Darwin as ‘the deep thinker’, while friends such as Ernst Haeckel, who had rebutted the physician Rudolf Virchow’s attempt to discredit evolutionary theory in 1877, assured him that his views were now widely accepted in Germany. ‘On this festive day’, Haeckel told Darwin, ‘you can look back, with justified pride and with the greatest satisfaction, on your life’s work, which is crowned with glory’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11865.xml">letter from Ernst Haeckel, 9 February 1879</a>). The botanist and schoolteacher <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11878.xml">Hermann Müller wrote on 12 February</a> to wish Darwin a ‘long and serene evening of life’. This letter crossed with <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11876.xml">one from Darwin, written on the same day</a>, in which he expressed his distress at hearing that Müller had been treated shamefully by the German government. In order to attack the liberal minister of education, the Catholic political party in the German house of representatives had accused Müller of corrupting his students by reading them an extract from a materialist work by Carus Sterne containing the statement ‘In the beginning was carbon’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11883.xml">letter from Hermann Müller, 14 February 1879</a>).</p> <p>Carus Sterne was the pseudonym of Ernst Krause, editor of the journal <em>Kosmos</em>, which had been founded in 1877 by Krause and others as a journal for presenting a uniform view of nature based on the theory of development in connection with Charles Darwin and Ernst Haeckel. <em>Kosmos</em> was, as Francis Darwin reported from Germany that summer, widely regarded as the ‘organ of “uncultivated materialism”’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12075.xml">letter from Francis Darwin, [after 2 June 1879</a>]). As one of Darwin’s most ardent admirers, Krause not only <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11868.xml">sent birthday greetings</a> but also produced an issue of <em>Kosmos</em> honouring Darwin. Among the essays was Krause’s own tribute in the form of an account of the evolutionary work of Darwin’s paternal grandfather, the philosopher and poet Erasmus Darwin.</p> <h4>Grandfather Erasmus</h4> <p>This essay on Erasmus Darwin grabbed Darwin’s attention and provided a welcome break from his work on movement in plants. Darwin clearly felt that his botanical project had become unwieldy. ‘I am overwhelmed with my notes & almost too old to undertake the job which I have in Hand—ie movements of all kinds’, he <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11895.xml">confessed to Thiselton-Dyer on 21 February</a>, adding that the only thing worse was idleness. By early March, with encouragement from his brother, Erasmus Alvey Darwin, Darwin decided to publish an English translation of Krause’s essay as a short book. Delighted by Darwin’s proposal, Krause asked whether he could augment his essay, since the original had been written rapidly and without his having access to all the sources relating to Erasmus Darwin’s life. Darwin, too, had started to consider adding a prologue, while his brother Erasmus proposed that George Darwin, Darwin’s son and a keen genealogist, should add a note ‘just to give the children correctly’, mentioning in particular that Francis Galton was the son of one of Erasmus Darwin’s daughters. ‘It piles up the glory & would please Francis’, he pointed out (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11931.xml">letter from E. A. Darwin, 13 March [1879</a>]). Meanwhile, Darwin began searching for a copy of Anna Seward’s 1804 <em>Memoirs of the life of Dr. Darwin</em> to send to Krause, warning him that Robert Waring Darwin, Darwin’s father, had stated ‘that this life was not only grossly incorrect, but maliciously false’; Darwin also promised to look for other materials relating to Erasmus Darwin, confessing, ‘I am myself wholly & shamefully ignorant of my grandfathers life’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11932.xml">letter to Ernst Krause, 14 March 1879</a>).</p> <p>While searching for Seward’s memoir for Krause, Darwin reread a library copy and decided to refute the ‘wretched production’ in a short preface to the translation, with a few particulars about the family and Robert Waring Darwin’s remarks about Erasmus Darwin. ‘I do not think you could work up these scanty materials in your account,’ <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11944.xml">he told Krause on 19 March</a>, ‘because I must give them on my own authority.’ Darwin was also keen to contradict false statements that had been published by Francis Galton’s aunt, Mary Anne Schimmelpenninck. Erasmus had died in 1802, seven years before Darwin’s birth, so his presence in his grandson’s life consisted of his published works as well as a few anecdotes that Darwin’s father used to recount. Despite the unflattering accounts of Erasmus’s character that were published after his death, his botanic poems had remained in vogue during Darwin’s early years. So much so, that when Darwin was suggested as a companion for Captain Robert FitzRoy on the <em>Beagle</em> voyage, Francis Beaufort of the Admiralty described the unknown young man as ‘A M<sup>r</sup> Darwin grandson of the well known philosopher and poet’ (<em>Correspondence</em> vol. 1, <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-113.xml">letter from Francis Beaufort to Robert FitzRoy, 1 September [1831]</a>). By the time Darwin came to investigate his grandfather’s life in 1879, however, not only was Erasmus Darwin a largely forgotten figure, but he was also unknown in person to any of his living descendants, other than Darwin’s sister Caroline (who was around 2 years old at the time of Erasmus’s death). Darwin had to rely on remembered stories passed down different branches of the family to ascertain the events of Erasmus’s life that best revealed his character. This work therefore led Darwin to establish or renew contact with his relatives as well as explore the genealogy of the Darwin family.</p> <p>Darwin’s wish to illustrate Erasmus Darwin’s character using materials known only within his family often required a flurry of letters to relatives to untangle different versions of the same events. His cousin Violetta Darwin apologised for being of little help in this respect for she was according to herself a ‘poor rememberer of stories’, but made up for her lack by pointing out that her cousin Emma Nixon had ‘the enviable talent of recollecting these things with the when & the where, & the who—’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12065.xml">letter from V. H. Darwin, 28 May [1879]</a>). On the Galton side of the family, Elizabeth Anne Wheler, who was pleased that Darwin intended to ‘undo Miss Seward & M<sup>rs</sup>. Schimmelpenigs untrue remarks’, sent passed-down family anecdotes and memories about Erasmus Darwin, whom her paternal grandparents thought ‘perfect in every way’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11953.xml">letter from E. A. Wheler, 25 March 1879</a>). She suggested that Darwin contact their cousin Reginald Darwin for materials relating to Erasmus Darwin. Reginald and Darwin had not met (nor, it seems, corresponded) since 1839, but because Darwin’s name was so ‘completely before the world’, Reginald heard of him ‘constantly, & always with pride’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11960.xml">letter from Reginald Darwin, 29 March 1879</a>).</p> <p>It was from Reginald that Darwin received the first significant document relating to their grandfather: his commonplace book. Here, Erasmus Darwin had recorded his technological designs, his medical musings, and his views on topics such as atheism and prosperity. ‘I have been deeply interested by the great book which you have so kindly lent me’, Darwin <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11977.xml;">wrote enthusiastically to Reginald Darwin on 4 April</a>, declaring that reading it was like ‘having communication with the dead’. The second important collection of manuscripts obtained by Darwin turned out to have been in his possession all along. ‘I have made a strange discovery;’<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11982.xml"> he told Reginald Darwin on 8 April</a>, ‘for an old box from my father marked ‘Old Deeds,’ and which consequently I had never opened, I found full of letters—hundreds from Dr. Erasmus’. This cache added to Darwin’s admiration of his grandfather: ‘The more I read of Dr. D. the higher he rises in my estimation.’</p> <p>As his research deepened, Darwin became increasingly worried that his preface and Krause’s revised essay might end up ‘interfering with each other’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11958.xml">letter to Ernst Krause, 27 March 1879</a>). Darwin’s aim was ‘to give some sort of picture of what the man was’, <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11969.xml">he told Krause on 2 April</a>. Nonetheless, the first part of Krause’s revised essay, which arrived in early May, consisted almost entirely of a biographical account. The extent to which Krause had exceeded his brief was not fully apparent until June, when Darwin read the English translation of this section with dismay. If both accounts were published there would be ‘two distinct biographies of the same man in one volume’, <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12087.xml">Darwin pointed out to Krause on 5 June</a>, adding that although Krause’s biography ‘was much the best’, he was ‘almost bound to publish’ his own account, because so many of his relations had taken the trouble to help him. Krause immediately suggested that his biographical account be omitted and Darwin’s published. He proposed instead to discuss the development of the idea of evolution prior to Erasmus Darwin, pointing out that Samuel Butler’s recent book, <em>Evolution, old and new</em>, which he thought ‘an immeasurably superficial and inaccurate piece of work,’ made such an introduction ‘almost indispensable’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12092.xml">letter from Ernst Krause, 7 June 1879</a>). Darwin welcomed Krause’s suggestion, but warned him on 9 June not to ‘expend much powder & shot on M<sup>r</sup> Butler’, for he really was not worth it; his work was ‘merely ephemeral’. Darwin (no doubt recalling Butler’s attack on evolution and particularly the theory of natural selection in 1877) had previously told Krause, ‘He is a very clever man, knows nothing about science & turns everything into ridicule. He hates scientific men’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12052.xml">letter to Ernst Krause, 14 May 1879</a>).</p> <p>From the start of his research on Erasmus Darwin, Darwin had been adamant that he would be guided by the ‘one golden rule for Biographers’, that is, not to insert anything that would interest only members of the family; what was published must be ‘in some degree interesting to the public’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11986.xml">letter to Reginald Darwin, 10 April [1879]</a>). However, even members of Darwin’s own family found his first draft lacked interest. Henrietta Litchfield thought it ‘very dull,—almost too dull to publish’, while Leonard Darwin considered that insufficient attention had been paid to arrangement, and that Henrietta should be given the task of cutting up the text and rearranging it—a job, he was sure, she could do ‘very tastefully and well, and with little fatigue’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12149.xml">letter to G. H. Darwin, 12 July 1879</a>, and <a href="http://letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12160.xml">letter from Leonard Darwin, [before 12 July] 1879</a>). Emma Darwin also thought the text needed cutting, but Erasmus Alvey Darwin liked it, leaving Darwin ‘more perplexed than ever about life of D<sup>r</sup>. D’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12152.xml">letter to Francis Darwin, 12 July [1879]</a>). It was little consolation that <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12154.xml">George Darwin wrote on 13 July</a> to say that he disagreed with Henrietta, or that <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12143.xml">Krause had written on 10 July</a> to say that he had derived great pleasure from Darwin’s account and hoped that nothing would be cut. By this point, Darwin had already decided that writing the biography was ‘abominable work’: he did not know what to believe or what was worth telling, and he regretted going beyond his ‘tether’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12086.xml">letter to W. T. Thiselton-Dyer, 5 June 1879</a>, and <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12149.xml">letter to G. H. Darwin, 12 July 1879</a>). Darwin’s final task was to bring Krause into line. With his own biographical notice ‘greatly condensed & altered in arrangement’, Darwin apologetically but firmly <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12192.xml">told Krause on 13 August</a> that a large part of his article would have to be omitted, issuing, in the politest terms, the ultimatum that he would ‘give up publishing’ if Krause objected.</p> <p>Although Darwin had worked on his grandfather’s biography at times when he was unable to carry out botanical research (first during his stay in Southampton with Sara and William Darwin in May and then while on holiday in the Lake District in August), he vowed never again to be tempted out of his ‘proper work’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12156.xm">letter to James Paget, 14 July 1879</a>). At this time, his proper work was the botanical study of movement in plants. Over the previous two years, he and his son Francis had worked together on the experimental investigation of the causes and effects of this movement, and they intended to publish their results as a book. By June 1879, Darwin was completing an ‘excessively difficult’ chapter on plants that slept (especially those in families whose leaves closed at night), and continuing research into the sensitivity of the tips of radicles, the embryonic roots of seedlings (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12111.xml">letter to Francis Darwin, 16 June [1879]</a>).</p> <h4>Francis in Würzburg</h4> <p>As he had done in 1878, Francis Darwin spent the summer of 1879 working in Julius Sachs’s state-of-the-art physiological botany laboratory in Würzburg, also intending to continue experiments on the sensitivity of radicles. Francis experienced obstacles from the start, as he reported in a <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12067F.xml">letter of 29 May</a>. Sachs had changed his views on heliotropism to such an extent that he implied that Francis’s experiments were ‘hardly worth doing’; he also disputed that the potash that appeared in drops of water left on leaves was a secretion, arguing instead that it came from a specific gland in the leaf. This struck Francis as ‘bosh’, but, he complained to Darwin: ‘I don’t know how to disprove it.’ Francis was increasingly intolerant of Sachs’s autocratic manner towards other botanists in the laboratory and also grumbled about having to sit through a long dinner at which ‘no one could get up and go because Sachs didn’t.’ Moreover, Sachs admired Francis’s little spectroscope so much that Francis had to order one for him. Even the laboratory was a cause of irritation. Francis found that he was unable to trace the nutation of a growing shoot on glass because the floor of the laboratory shook too much for good observations: ‘the growing tip is quite jogged away from the micrometer scale.’ Then he had the ‘horrid bother’ of changing lodgings when he discovered that he had rooms in a house that was ‘disreputable’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12111F.xml">letter from Francis Darwin, [after 16 June 1879]</a>).</p> <p>Darwin, however, continued to focus on the scientific benefits of Francis’s being in Sachs’s laboratory, in terms of both learning experimental techniques and discovering the views of the other botanists. He was glad to know that Ernst Stahl and Albert Bernhard Frank did not think that plants were ‘mere machines’, <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12078A.xml">reminding Francis on 2 June</a> that he had long thought that movements in both plants and animals were similar, especially the localisation of sensitivity and the transmission of an influence from an excited part. As Darwin investigated different ways to determine whether the tips of radicles were the locus of root sensitivity, discovering that treating them with caustic was more effective than using bits of card, he found he was ‘getting to hate the work’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12122.xml">letter to Francis Darwin, 25 June [1879]</a>). Although anxious that Francis should not do experiments in Würzburg that could be done at Down, Darwin did encourage him to test the possibility that the sensitivity of radicles might not be confined to the tip alone. He suggested increasingly sophisticated techniques to deter responses to stimulus, from slicing off or cauterising the tips to wrapping those of aerial roots in the prepared outer membrane of ox intestine known as gold-beaters skin (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12122.xml">letter to Francis Darwin, 25 June [1879]</a>).</p> <p>This research directly challenged the views of Sachs, who not only denied that sensitivity was located in the apex of the radicle but also claimed that the use of caustic was inappropriate because it would release nitric acid, which would be ‘diffused back into the root & injure it!!!!’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12126F.xml">letter from Francis Darwin, [before 26 June 1879]</a>). Aware of Sachs’s prestige, <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12128.xml">Darwin told Francis on 28 June</a> that he would rather convert Sachs ‘than any other half-dozen-Botanists put together’, but he was not surprised by Sachs’s objections. The previous year, Darwin had followed the findings of Theophil Ciesielski on the sensitivity of the apex of radicles; work which Sachs had criticised on methodological grounds. Darwin’s disagreement with Sachs also revolved around issues of experimental protocol: Darwin thought that Sachs had sliced off the tips of radicles incorrectly when replicating Ciesielski’s experiments. ‘Great man as Sachs is, I am not even staggered by him’, Darwin confidently wrote to Francis on 28 June. Darwin’s confidence was not misplaced. It was Sachs who ‘appeared rather staggered’ when Francis showed him some ‘caustic beans’ that were part of an experiment devised to demonstrate that the tips of radicles were sensitive (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12128F.xml">letter from Francis Darwin to Emma Darwin, 30 June 1879</a>). It was this experiment that left Darwin with ‘no shade of doubt’ that the apex of the radicle was ‘a kind of brain for certain movements’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12132.xml">second letter to Francis Darwin, 2 July [1879]</a>).</p> <p>Sachs guarded his reputation not only on personal grounds but also for institutional reasons. His laboratory was regarded as the premier institute for physiological botany, and any challenge to his methods had the potential to threaten his research enterprise. The doctoral and post-doctoral students were assigned topics by Sachs, who also dictated experimental method and design. Many resented his heavy-handed control but, unlike Francis Darwin, had to keep on good terms with him. ‘I see it is a very good thing to be as independent of him as possible’, <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12134.xml">Francis told Darwin on 4 July,</a> after reporting that he had carried out some successful experiments ‘quite against Sach’s advice’. Francis was not sure whether this act of rebellion would affect an earlier invitation he had received to contribute an essay on his ‘root work’ to Sachs’s journal, <em>Arbeiten des botanischen Instituts in Würzburg</em>. He had accepted the invitation because he wished to publish with the other people working in the laboratory and for the ‘honour and glory’, but had been instructed not to refer to statements published by Sachs that were contradicted by his experimental results. Moreover, after learning that Sachs would translate the paper, he told Darwin that it was usually called purgatory at the institute when a manuscript had been given to Sachs but not yet approved (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12177F.xml">letter from Francis Darwin, [before 31 July 1879]</a>). Francis evidently survived the ordeal as his paper was published by Sachs in 1880.</p> <h4>Family matters</h4> <p>Before leaving Germany, Francis visited the botanist Anton de Bary in Strasbourg, and made some purchases of instruments in Heidelberg. After a hint from his father, Francis also purchased a gift for his son Bernard (nearly 3 years old and variously called Abbadubba or Ubba), who had remained at Down. ‘I was talking yesterday with Ubba about your return’, <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12134A.xml">Darwin wrote to Francis on 4 July</a>, ‘He said “it is likely he will bring me some soldiers”— so a word to the wise.’ Over the summer, Darwin had sent regular updates about Bernard’s progress with all the pride of a fond grandfather. On <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11541.xml">3 June, he wrote</a>, ‘Bernard has been very charming: today he has been gabbling all the words he knows into a confused mess together, as quick as he could gabble them.’ Within a month, Bernard had reached an altogether more advanced stage. ‘Herbert Spencer says in his new book ‘Data of Ethics’, that the ever present idea of causation is the highest point in the evolution of mind, & I am sure that Abbad. has reached the highest point, for his “why”—“what for” &c are incessant’, Darwin joked on <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12133.xml">2 July (first letter)</a>. Much of the time, however, Bernard remained absorbed in his own world. ‘Abbadubba is more charming than ever,’ Darwin wrote on 16 June, ‘but his soul is so full of drums, trumpets & soldiers that he has no time to look at me or say a word to me’.</p> <p>In August, Bernard accompanied his grandparents, Aunt Elizabeth (Bessy) Darwin, and Henrietta and Richard Litchfield to the Lake District for a holiday in a hotel owned by Victor Marshall, a Darwin family friend. Francis was to join them on his return from Germany and wondered ‘how the dickens to get to Coniston’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12177F.xml">letter from Francis Darwin, [before 31 July 1879]</a>). Darwin advised travelling by train, although it took eight hours, assuring Francis that they were ‘all in good heart’ for their ‘tremendous journey’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12179.xml">letter to Francis Darwin, [2 August 1879]</a>). The journey proved more arduous than expected. Nonetheless, Darwin endured a three-hour delay better than Emma Darwin, and Bernard proved to be a ‘capital traveller … neither cross nor ennuied’ (Emma Darwin to W. E. Darwin, [4 August 1879] (DAR 219.1: 125)). Darwin found the inn ‘<em>very</em> comfortable’, but <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12191.xml">told Leonard Darwin on 12 August</a> that there were ‘too many human beings’ for his taste. He also admired the scenery, took several excursions, and thought Marshall’s garden ‘paradise’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12199.xml">letter to Victor Marshall, 25 August 1879</a>). Anthony Rich had <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12175.xml">written on 27 July</a> to suggest that the Darwins might visit the hamlet of Troutbeck, which was ‘out of the line of ordinary tourists’. He also hoped that the ‘Clerk of the weather’ might keep the Darwins in his ‘holy keeping’. This was not to be. For most of the holiday the weather was atrocious.</p> <p>The other cloud on the horizon was Thomas Henry Farrer’s objection to the engagement between his daughter Ida and Horace Darwin. This was all the more surprising because Darwin and Farrer had corresponded on scientific topics since 1868 and after Farrer’s second marriage to Darwin’s niece in 1873 the Darwins had stayed at the Farrers’ home, Abinger Hall, on several occasions. Horace had first approached Farrer to request Ida’s hand in marriage in late June, only to be rebuffed. Farrer’s objection was based on his impression of Horace’s poor health and lack of profession, and he insisted that all contact between Horace and Ida must cease. Emma Darwin persuaded her husband to meet Farrer. ‘This proved most useful’, Emma reported, because Darwin told Farrer ‘a great deal about Horace that he did not know, especially about his peculiar turn for mechanical invention, which is his profession tho’ not a profitable one; also D<sup>r</sup> C[lark]’s opinion that he was so likely to get well as life goes on, & that it was suppressed gout. Also how well off he wd be, w. is a matter of some consequence when you are not likely to make money’ (Emma Darwin to Sara Darwin, [1 July 1879] (DAR 219.1: 123)). Darwin <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12125.xml">wrote to Farrer on 27 June</a> to request ten minutes conversation with him, but although the meeting was amicable, Farrer did not relent. While the Darwins were in Coniston, Horace was instructed to wait for three months. ‘Nothing can be more useless than T.H’s conduct’, Emma Darwin pointed out, ‘He has no intention of stopping the marriage; but I believe he knows that all his family (Farrer & Erskines) will disapprove so utterly of it, some on worldly grounds & some on religious, that he wishes to be able to say that he has opposed it’ (letter from Emma Darwin to W. E. Darwin, [4 August 1879] (DAR 219.1: 125)). Nothing more could be done by the Darwins at this stage but to wait. In addition to this concern, Darwin was even denied his usual relief returning from holiday. Instead of a welcome end to enforced idleness, his homecoming was marred by the apparent loss of a box containing, among other things, Krause’s manuscript account of Erasmus Darwin. This left Darwin miserable until the box was recovered. In contrast, Bernard was delighted to get home ‘& began drumming at once’ (Emma Darwin to H. E. Litchfield, [27 August 1879] (DAR 219.9: 201)).</p> <h4>Celebrity and honours</h4> <p>Darwin’s celebrity was never far from the surface even among friends. After Darwin had left Coniston, Marshall regretted not having asked him to plant a tree in the garden and requested him to send a young plant as a memorial of his visit. ‘With respect to the tree, you treat me as a Royal Duke’, <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12230.xml">Darwin responded on 14 September</a>, saying that he would send an acorn from one of the ‘children’ of a cork-tree grown from an acorn sown by his father on the day of his birth. However, when the acorns failed to ripen, Darwin had to ask Joseph Hooker to come to his rescue by sending Marshall a specimen of either the northern red oak or the scarlet oak: ‘to be planted in my honour!’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12290.xml">letter to J. D. Hooker, 4 November [1879]</a>). While in Coniston, Darwin was invited to meet the local celebrity, John Ruskin. <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12220.xml">Marshall wrote on 7 September</a> that Ruskin, the day after the Darwins arrived in Coniston, had remarked to someone, ‘if Mr Darwin would get different kinds of air & bottle them, & examine them when bottled, he would do much more useful work than he does in the contemplation of the hinder parts of monkeys.’ This greatly amused Darwin, who felt it was ‘very acute of M<sup>r</sup> Ruskin to know that I feel a deep & tender interest about the brightly coloured hinder half of certain monkeys’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12230.xml">letter to Victor Marshall, 14 September 1879</a>). Ruskin’s opinion of Darwin’s work appears not to have come up when the Darwins lunched with him on 12 August (Darwin’s ‘Journal’). Nor did Darwin mention it when he <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12229.xml">told George Romanes on 14 September</a> that he had seen Ruskin several times ‘& he was uncommonly pleasant.’</p> <p>Over the year Darwin received various honours in the form of diplomas and fellowships from scientific institutions around the world. At the end of the year he was awarded a prize of 12,000 francs by the Turin Academy of Sciences for his works on physiological botany (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12373.xml">letter from Michele Lessona, 28 December 1879</a>). Closer to home, on <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12043.xml">9 May</a> he was astonished to hear that he was to be awarded the Baly Medal from the Royal College of Physicians for distinguished work in the science of physiology. ‘I hope to be able to attend on June 26<sup>th</sup> to receive the medal,’ Darwin replied a few days later, ‘but my health is very doubtful & I may not be equal to the exertion’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12047.xml">letter to H. A. Pitman, [13 May 1879]</a>). In the end, he did attend, with Emma Darwin insisting that they combine this trip with a few days’ rest in London. This, Darwin thought, would be ‘very tedious with nothing on earth to do’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12117A.xml">letter to Francis Darwin, 24 June [1879]</a>). Darwin probably found having to sit for a portrait commissioned by the Cambridge Philosophical Society equally tedious. He was portrayed in his red doctor’s gown, to commemorate the honorary doctorate of laws he had received from Cambridge University in 1877. Emma Darwin recorded that Darwin found the sittings tiring, and that she was ‘a good deal disgusted’ with the gown because it dominated the picture (letter from Emma Darwin to H. E. Litchfield, [17 July 1879] (DAR 219.9: 199)).</p> <p>Samuel Wilks, who delivered the Harveian oration immediately before Darwin received the Baly Medal, <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12174.xml">wrote to Darwin on 26 July</a> saying that Darwin’s presence at the oration made it one of the most memorable days of his life. Wilks declared himself to be a ‘devoted disciple’. Other correspondents, many of whom were not scientific investigators, also claimed to be devotees, and plied Darwin with information, suggestions, and questions. On <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11859.xm">5 February,</a> a stonemason, Thomas Maston, wrote to say that he had purchased <em>Origin</em> and <em>Descent</em> two years ago: ‘I have read them, and studied them the most of this time, and strugled, in my humble way, to defend the theory tharein enunciated, against that un-holy cant, which as been risen against it by a certain class of desprate theological thinkers in the hope of provoking ignorant laughter, to shame honest men into silence on this subject, chosing in this way to show their weakness, and to exibite the truth strength of your concloustions.’ He concluded by saying he could not afford <em>Expression</em> and hoped Darwin would send him a copy.</p> <h4>Religion and criticism</h4> <p>Religion was less easily dismissed by other letter writers. ‘I remain doubting between your theory and the ecclasiastical dogma’, <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11821.xml">Mary Jung, a young Austrian woman, wrote on 7 January</a>. ‘When my reason agrees with your opinion, my heart stands to the latter and so I am in a continnual conflict with myself.’ ‘Permit me to advise you to try not to be troubled about the differences between ecclesiastics & scientific men’, <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11825F.xml">Darwin wrote in reply on 11 January</a>. ‘Search for the truth, & then your conscience will be at ease. In the course of time ecclesiastics have always managed to make their conclusions somehow to harmonise with ascertained truths, which they at first vehemently & ignorantly opposed’. On <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11971.xml">2 April,</a> Nicolai Mengden, the 17-year-old son of a German nobleman, wrote, ‘I make bold to ask you whether a god can exist for a true believer in your theory, or whether one must choose between your theory and a belief in God, and whether those who believe in your theory can and must also believe in God?’  He continued, ‘I have resolved to act in accordance with your advice, in order to follow what you tell me absolutely.’ Evidently hoping to curtail the correspondence, <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11981.xml">Emma Darwin replied on 8 April</a> stating that Darwin was too busy to answer all letters: ‘He considers that the theory of evolution is quite compatible with the belief in a God, but that you must remember that different persons have different definitions of what they mean by God—.’ Undaunted, <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12079.xml">Mengden wrote again on 3 June</a> to ask Darwin, ‘what definition of God do you deem appropriate for a follower of your theory?’ Moreover, should Darwin wish to ‘completely overwhelm’ Mengen with kindness, could he tell Mengen what to make of the idea of life after death, and whether one might hope for a reunion? The question had urgency for Mengen as he had just experienced the death of his best friend. In a succinct reply (justified on the grounds that he was ‘much engaged, and old man, & out of health’), Darwin informed Mengen, ‘Science has nothing to do with Christ, except in so far as the habit of scientific research makes a man cautious in admitting evidence. For myself, I do not believe that there ever has been any Revelation. As for a future life every man must judge for himself between conflicting vague probabilities’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12088.xml">letter to Nicolai Mengden, 5 June 1879</a>).</p> <p>On the very day that Emma sent <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11981.xml">the first reply to Mengden</a>, Darwin had complained to his cousin Reginald, ‘half the fools throughout Europe write to ask me the stupidest questions’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11982.xml">letter to Reginald Darwin, 8 April 1879</a>). However, religion was not dismissed lightly by Darwin, even if he remained reticent about discussing it. After hearing about a claim that his work revealed him to be an atheist, <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12041.xml">Darwin told the clergyman John Fordyce on 7 May</a>, ‘It seems to me absurd to doubt that a man may be an ardent Theist & an evolutionist’, pointing to Charles Kingsley and Asa Gray as proof of this. ‘What my own views may be is a question of no consequence to any one except myself’, he told Fordyce, ‘But as you ask, I may state that my judgment often fluctuates. Moreover whether a man deserves to be called a theist depends on the definition of the term: which is much too large a subject for a note. In my most extreme fluctuations I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God.— I think that generally (& more and more so as I grow older) but not always, that an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind.’</p> <p>Darwin always weighed up whether it was worth defending his views from attacks that were not made on scientific grounds. Evidently concerned about the nature of Malcolm Guthrie’s critique of Herbert Spencer’s views of the theory of natural selection, Darwin circulated the book within his family. He also heard from John Fletcher Moulton, who, after some faint praise, condemned Guthrie’s work as ‘a pseudo-scientific criticism of a pseudo-scientific work’, admitting, ‘I always find myself roused by any attempt to supplant our only true means of acquiring knowledge—observation & experiment’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12350.xml">letter from J. F. Moulton, 10 December 1879</a>). In reply to Darwin’s response that if Spencer had done nothing for science, it was a pity that his talents and labour had been ‘thrown away’, Moulton pointed out in a <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12356.xml">long letter of 13 December</a> that although Spencer was not a scientific discoverer, and his physical writings were ‘pernicious’ and undeserving of ‘kindly treatment’, he would be recognised as a great educator or ‘preacher’. Spencer, Moulton reminded Darwin, was one of the earliest to accept evolution, ‘long before there could be any scientific knowledge of the <em>modus operandi</em> of the process’: ‘he represented vividly and plausibly how this great principle might account for all that we see around us.’ Moulton classed Spencer as one of those writers who made people ‘rapidly appreciate the force of new ideas that would otherwise have only slowly made themselves felt’. This, Moulton believed, was work that ‘true scientific discoverers’ always refused to do because it required ‘a kind of intellectual laxity to enable a man to thus outrun our knowledge’. Spencer provided inspiration not guidance; he would be remembered ‘as one of the prophets and not as one of the founders of the new era’. </p> <h4>Support for evolutionists</h4> <p>Throughout the year, scientific scholars and acquaintances benefited from Darwin’s generosity, especially if they were furthering the cause of evolutionary thought or working for the public good. Darwin promoted Fritz Müller’s discoveries in Brazil by enabling the republication in the <em>Proceedings of the Entomological Society of London</em> of an essay by Müller on sexual dimorphism and a view of mimicry (later known as Müllerian mimicry) that Darwin said was quite new to him (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12090.xml">letter to Raphael Meldola, 6 June [1879]</a>). In addition, after receiving Müller’s description and photograph of a new species of frog that bore its eggs on its back and lived on the leaves of bromeliads, Darwin arranged for Müller’s letter and the image of the frog be published in <em>Nature </em>(<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11915A.xml">letter to J. N. Lockyer, 4 and 6 March [1879]</a>). When Darwin’s staunch German defender Ernst Haeckel was in England, he was invited to stay overnight at Down House. Darwin greatly admired the recent translation of Haeckel’s work <em>Freedom in science and teaching, </em>and Haeckel anticipated the ‘greatest joy’ in talking to Darwin about ‘Darwinism in Germany’ (<a href="http://letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12205.xml">letter from Ernst Haeckel, 30 August 1879</a>). However, the pleasure was not so great for the Darwin family. Emma Darwin found Haeckel very pleasant, but, ‘Oh—such shouting’, she wrote to William Darwin: ‘He has been coasting round the N. of Scotland & I suppose shouting against the winds & waves, & has not been able to let down his voice’. In her view, Haeckel was like a ‘great good-natured boy’, who uttered everything ‘exactly like the German in Punch without the slightest attempt to pronounce rightly’ and talked ‘most devoutly’ about the way German men of science quarrelled (letter from Emma Darwin to W. E. Darwin, [6 September 1879] (DAR 219.1: 126)).</p> <p>Darwin’s commitment to certain individuals and projects occasionally extended from encouragement to financial support. When Grant Allen, a full-time journalist, suffered a breakdown due to overwork and illness, Darwin was quick to contribute to a fund to send him and his family to the Riviera for the summer (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12168.xm">letter to G. J. Romanes, 23 July 1879</a>). Allen, who regarded Darwin with ‘all the respect which every Evolutionist owes to the founder of his faith’, had defended Darwin’s theory of sexual selection in his recent book on colour sense, which greatly pleased Darwin (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11873.xml">letter from Grant Allen, 12 February 1879</a>). One of Allen’s targets was Alfred Russel Wallace, Darwin’s strongest critic on the subject of sexual selection, whose explanation of phenomena like the display of the peacock Darwin had long thought to be ‘mere empty words’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11891.xml">letter to Grant Allen, [before 21 February 1879]</a>). Darwin confessed, ‘For many years I have quite doubted his scientific judgment, though admiring greatly his ingenuity & originality’, but this did not deter him from considering whether to petition government for a pension for Wallace, whose employment prospects were precarious. Darwin <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12360.xml">contacted Joseph Hooker on 17 December</a> to ask his opinion: ‘I am in very bad position for doing much, but should feel bound to undertake all the labour, if the plan is considered feasible by you & a few others.’ Hooker immediately poured cold water on the scheme. ‘I greatly doubt its advisability’, he cautioned Darwin on 18 December, pointing out that it would look very bad for men of science to be seen to be supporting a pension for a spiritualist. Although Darwin successfully campaigned for a pension for Wallace the following year, he was convinced by Hooker in December 1879, and grateful for having been saved from a ‘mistake & mess’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12363.xml">letter to J. D. Hooker, 19 December [1879]</a>). The German palaeontologist Leopold Würtenberger fared better. When he wrote on 10 January to ask whether Darwin could find him a job in a British geological establishment so he could continue his study of the developmental laws of ammonites, he probably little suspected that Darwin, knowing that the prospect of a job or grant was hopeless, would offer him the financial means ‘to work for about a year on science’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11844.xml">letter to Melchior Neumayr, 24 January 1879</a>). ‘It is impossible to put into words how deeply overcome with gratitude I am towards the great master who is supporting my work in such an outstanding way’, <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11863.xml">Würtenberger wrote on 7 February</a>, after receiving £100 from Darwin.</p> <h4>Potatoes and geese</h4> <p>Frederick King, who believed that Darwin’s views could help to place ‘the practice of Agriculture upon Scientific principles’ and prevent ‘Cattle diseases, Potato diseases &c’, probably did not know that Darwin had already invested in such a project (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11907.xml">letter from Frederick King, 27 February 1879</a>). The Belfast businessman James Torbitt, who wished to carry out experiments to cultivate blight-resistant potatoes based on Darwin’s study of self- and cross-fertilisation, had first contacted Darwin in 1876. By 1878, Darwin was sufficiently impressed by Torbitt’s dedication and experimental method to help him petition for public aid to continue his research. However, when a government grant was not forthcoming, Darwin had stepped in with funds of his own. Torbitt sent an account of the experiments enabled by these funds and some specimens to Darwin on <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12020.xml">30 April 1879</a>, telling him that he was ‘pushing the principle of selection much further’ and expressing the hope that trials might be carried out at the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew. ‘It would be of no use to send the potatoes to Kew, for they have so many subjects to attend to they will not undertake anything fresh of such a nature’, Darwin wrote in <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12027.xml">reply on 3 May</a>, but told Torbitt, ‘I have today planted & labelled the two varieties & will hereafter report the result to you.’ As well as trialling Torbitt’s potatoes, Darwin participated in Francis Burges Goodacre’s programme of crossing Chinese and common geese, keeping the birds in the grounds of Down House. Darwin believed that the fertility of these hybrids showed that mutual sterility was not an immutable criterion for defining species. By August, however, Darwin was eager to return the geese to Goodacre, telling him that any remaining birds would be eaten by the household. The geese were troublesome to keep and, Darwin explained to Goodacre on <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12204.xm">29 August</a>, ‘the gander pursues and frightens a little grandchild who lives with us.’</p> <p>By late October, Darwin was again thinking of trying to obtain government funds for Torbitt. On <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12233.xml">18 September</a>, he had heard that Torbitt had continued his experiments despite his declining business and the ‘great sorrow and anxiety’ caused by his wife’s illness and breast amputation. The reason Darwin may not have acted immediately after hearing about Torbitt’s troubles was that his contact at the Board of Trade was Thomas Farrer, who remained steadfast in his wish that the engagement between his daughter Ida and Darwin’s son Horace be kept secret and that there should be no contact between them. It was not until mid-October that Farrer was forced to recognise that the attachment between the couple was ‘strong and real’ and so, despite continuing to harbour misgivings about Horace’s health and career, finally agreed to their engagement being made public (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12253.xml">letter from T. H. Farrer, 12 October 1879</a>). Darwin’s response not only expressed joy but also attempted to heal rifts. He understood Farrer’s concerns about Horace’s health and acknowledged that the match was not brilliant in a worldly point of view, but pointed out, ‘Horace has as sweet a temper & as unselfish a disposition as anyone whom I have ever known; & this is of more importance for the happiness of married life than wealth, grandeur or distinction, & more even than strong health’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12256A.xml">letter to T. H. Farrer, 13 October 1879</a>).  </p> <p>Darwin’s correspondence with Farrer for the remainder of the year alternated between negotiations regarding the marriage settlement and possible funding for Torbitt’s potatoes. While the decisions concerning the amount of money to be settled on Horace and Ida came to an amicable end, those concerning Torbitt began to flounder. ‘What a pity there cannot be 2 sets of men in our Government,’ Darwin wrote to Farrer in exasperation on <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12268.xml">23 October</a>, ‘one to do all the miserable squabbling & the other to attend to the real interests of the country.’ On <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12286.xml">1 November, Darwin told Torbitt</a> that he had emphasised to Farrer that abandoning the potato trials would be  ‘a National misfortune’. Although Farrer was willing to help and passed information to Lord Sandon, minister for the Board of Trade, Darwin was not hopeful. ‘I trust that you may be able to continue your admirable potato work, even if you do not receive Government aid’, he <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12372.xml">wrote to Torbitt on 27 December</a>, before reporting, ‘I have heard nothing: I know that Mr. Farrer has had two communications with Ld. Sandon on the subject; I heard from two officials that he is one of those men who cannot make up their minds what to do. It is enough to sicken one to see how politicians waste their time in squabbling and neglect doing any good.’</p> <h4>Pleasure through generations</h4> <p>As the year’s end approached, Darwin was heartened by the wider reaction to his biography of Erasmus Darwin. Despite his misgivings about the work, and the unexpectedly low sales of the book, the response from readers was gratifying. Francis Galton read the book with the greatest pleasure, finding it ‘a marvel of condensation’ and the biography ‘quite a new order of writing, so scientifically accurate in its treatment’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12313.xml">letter from Francis Galton, 12 November 1879</a>). The comment that perhaps most pleased Darwin came from the surgeon James Paget, who, in a <a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-12328.xml">letter of 18 November 1879</a>, declared that the biography was ‘an unmatched illustration of the transmission of intellectual tendency as well as intellectual strength’, which he hoped would be ‘continued through yet many generations!’ Although Darwin had spent much of 1879 investigating his ancestors and looking into the past, he never lost sight of the future. When, earlier in the year, he decided to increase Francis Darwin’s salary as his assistant, he mentioned that Henry Woodward, a palaeontologist at the British Museum, had stated with reference to Francis: ‘I hope you are still able to enjoy & share in work going on & to feel (as we all do) that you live again in your son.’ ‘This,’ Darwin told Francis, ‘pleased me much’ (<a href="/letter/?docId=letters/DCP-LETT-11899.xm">letter to Francis Darwin, 21 February [1879]</a>).</p> </div></div></div><div class="field field-name-field-terms field-type-taxonomy-term-reference field-label-above"><div class="field-label">Terms: </div><div class="field-items"><div class="field-item even"><a href="/tags/ccd-intro" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">CCD intro</a></div><div class="field-item odd"><a href="/taxonomy/term/64" typeof="skos:Concept" property="rdfs:label skos:prefLabel" datatype="">Featured</a></div></div></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-column3 campl-secondary-content "> <div class="region region-sidebar"> <div id="block-menu-block-3" class="block block-menu-block"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>In this section:</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <div class="menu-block-wrapper menu-block-3 menu-name-main-menu parent-mlid-0 menu-level-3"> <ul class="menu"><li class="first leaf menu-mlid-1097 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/FITZROY-R-01-05660.jpg?itok=GaagKH0Z)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1821-1836-childhood-beagle-voyage">1821-1836: Childhood to the Beagle voyage</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1106 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-E-01-01218.jpg?itok=ozj0QpGk)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1837-1843-london-years-natural-selection" title="Charles Darwin's life seen through his letters, 1837-43">1837-43: The London years to 'natural selection'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1107 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/HOOKER-J-D-02-02357.jpg?itok=SchxeKwK)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1844-1846-building-scientific-network">1844-1846: Building a scientific network</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1108 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/HOOKER-J-D-01-02357.jpg?itok=UCAmJ_At)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1847-1850-microscopes-and-barnacles">1847-1850: Microscopes and barnacles</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1109 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-A-01-01203.jpg?itok=0Jm0VtzG)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1851-1855-death-daughter">1851-1855: Death of a daughter</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1110 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/TEGETMEIER-W-B-01-04682.jpg?itok=A2QjtG5o)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1856-1857-big-book">1856-1857: The 'Big Book'</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-936 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/WALLACE-A-R-01-01832.jpg?itok=2Ptl2OXa)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1858-1859-origin">1858-1859: Origin</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-937 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/OWEN-R-01-03629.jpg?itok=f53MuCPx)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1860-answering-critics">1860: Answering critics</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1111 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/BENTHAM-G-01-00398.jpg?itok=tM3UqtiG)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1861-gaining-allies">1861: Gaining allies</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1098 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Down-house1_4.jpg?itok=4_rtOp2x)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1862-multiplicity-experiments">1862: A multiplicity of experiments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1099 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/PR-Q-00900-00001-C-00002-000-00025_p423.jpg?itok=BBVkiqVO)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1863-quarrels-home-honours-abroad">1863: Quarrels at home, honours abroad</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1100 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00113.jpg?itok=sF2FC3ni)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1864-failing-health">1864: Failing health</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-935 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-C-R-01-00001.jpg?itok=XL8-zA8v)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1865-delays-and-disappointments">1865: Delays and disappointments</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1101 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00116.jpg?itok=N9ikp1AD)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters1866-survival-fittest">1866: Survival of the fittest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1102 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/PR-Q-00340-00001-C-00007-00004-000-p471.jpg?itok=amNzEpLQ)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1867-civilised-dispute">1867: A civilised dispute</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1103 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-G-H-01-01224.jpg?itok=MmoeVmv4)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1868-studying-sex">1868: Studying sex</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1104 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00072.jpg?itok=E2w1KsMz)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1869-forward-all-fronts">1869: Forward on all fronts</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1105 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00225-000-00040.jpg?itok=W-VC37wq)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters1870-human-evolution">1870: Human evolution</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1151 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-C-R-05-00001.jpg?itok=eEVkSzQ3)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1871-emptying-nest">1871: An emptying nest</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1152 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00140-00004-000-00007.jpg?itok=II3d31Wn)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1872-job-done">1872: Job done?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1049 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/MS-DAR-00162-000-00201.jpg?itok=wTj1bEPM)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwins-letters-1873-animal-or-vegetable">1873: Animal or vegetable?</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-1050 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-C-R-02-00001.jpg?itok=tBvrwyfP)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1874-turbulent-year">1874: A turbulent year</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2275 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/READE-W-W-01-03950.jpg?itok=LlpKTTUy)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1875-pulling-strings">1875: Pulling strings</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-2894 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/DARWIN-A-R-01-01205.jpg?itok=t7EJx2F1)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1876-midst-life">1876: In the midst of life</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3363 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/Christ%27s%20College%20Library%20monkey.JPG?itok=ANjwgfNC)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1877-flowers-and-honours">1877: Flowers and honours</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3383 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/frontispiece_bernard_darwin_MS-ADD-08904-00004-01158-000-00001-s.jpg?itok=KfoObDs8)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1878-movement-and-sleep">1878: Movement and sleep</a></li> <li class="leaf active-trail active menu-mlid-3394 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/CCD_27_frontispiece.jpg?itok=b1GlRz8m)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1879-tracing-roots" class="active-trail active">1879: Tracing roots</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-3661 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/CCD_28_frontispiece.jpg?itok=uiPDp-CE)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1880-sensitivity-and-worms">1880: Sensitivity and worms</a></li> <li class="leaf menu-mlid-4063 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/PR-T-00992-B-00001-00045-000-FANCY-PORTRAIT-NO-54_CD.jpg?itok=0uAnSj_J)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1881-old-friends-and-new-admirers">1881: Old friends and new admirers</a></li> <li class="last leaf menu-mlid-4102 with-rh-icon" style="background-image:url(https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/sites/default/files/styles/rh-icon/public/The_funeral_ceremony_of_the_Charles_Darwin_at_Westminster_Ab_Wellcome_V0018693_final.jpg?itok=ws9uiIeg)"><a href="/letters/darwins-life-letters/darwin-letters-1882-nothing-too-great-or-too-small">1882: Nothing too great or too small</a></li> </ul></div> </div> </div> <div id="block-cudl-related-people" class="block block-cudl"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>Related people</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_2971.xml">Lockyer, Norman</a></h3> <div class="date">1836–1920</div> <div class="summary">Astronomer. Civil servant in the War Office from 1857; published papers on solar physics. Secretary to the royal commission on scientific instruction and the advancement of science, 1870–5; seconded to the Science and Art Department at South Kensington from 1875; first director of the Solar Physics Observatory, and professor of astronomical physics, Royal College of Science, South Kensington, 1890–1911. Established the journal Nature in 1869. Knighted, 1897. FRS 1869.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1206.xml">Darwin, Bernard</a></h3> <div class="date">1876–1961</div> <div class="summary">Essayist and sports writer. Son of Francis Darwin. Golf correspondent of The Times, 1907–53. Played in the British amateur golf championships (semi-finalist 1909, 1921); captained the British Walker Cup team in America in 1922. Captain of the Royal and Ancient Golf Club, 1934.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1211.xml">Darwin, E. A.</a></h3> <div class="date">1804–81</div> <div class="summary">CD’s brother. Attended Shrewsbury School, 1815–22. Matriculated at Christ’s College, Cambridge, 1822; Edinburgh University, 1825–6. Qualified in medicine but never practised. Lived in London from 1829.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1219.xml">Darwin, Erasmus</a></h3> <div class="date">1731–1802</div> <div class="summary">CD’s grandfather. Physician, botanist, and poet. Advanced a theory of transmutation similar to that subsequently propounded by Jean Baptiste de Lamarck. FRS 1761.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1222.xml">Darwin, Francis</a></h3> <div class="date">1848–1925</div> <div class="summary">CD and Emma Darwin’s son. Botanist. BA, Cambridge (Trinity College), 1870. Qualified as a physician but did not practise. CD’s secretary from 1874. Collaborated with CD on several botanical projects. Lecturer in botany, Cambridge University, 1884; reader, 1888–1904. Published Life and letters of Charles Darwin and More letters. President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1908. Knighted, 1913. FRS 1882.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1224.xml">Darwin, G. H.</a></h3> <div class="date">1845–1912</div> <div class="summary">CD and Emma Darwin’s son. Mathematician. BA, Cambridge (Trinity College), 1868; fellow, 1868–78; re-elected in 1884. Studied law in London, 1869–72; called to the bar, 1872, but did not practise. Plumian Professor of astronomy and experimental philosophy, Cambridge University, 1883–1912. President of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1905. Knighted, 1905. FRS 1879.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1230.xml">Darwin, Leonard</a></h3> <div class="date">1850–1943</div> <div class="summary">CD and Emma Darwin’s son. Military engineer. Attended the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich. Commissioned in the Royal Engineers, 1871; major, 1889; retired, 1890. Served on several scientific expeditions, including those for the observation of the transit of Venus in 1874 and 1882. Instructor in chemistry and photography, School of Military Engineering, Chatham, 1877–82. Intelligence service, War Office, 1885–90. Liberal Unionist MP, Lichfield division of Staffordshire, 1892–5. President, Royal Geographical Society of London, 1908–11; Eugenics Education Society, 1911–28. Chairman, Bedford College, London University, 1913–20.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1236.xml">Darwin, Reginald</a></h3> <div class="date">1818–92</div> <div class="summary">Son of Francis Sacheverel Darwin, CD’s father’s half-brother.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1336.xml">Dixon, R. W.</a></h3> <div class="date">1833–1926</div> <div class="summary">Farmer. Of Wickham Bishops, Essex. Great-grandson of Richard Dixon (bap. 1731 d. 1797).</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1599.xml">Farrer, T. H.</a></h3> <div class="date">1819–99</div> <div class="summary">Civil servant. BA, Oxford, 1840. Called to the bar, 1844; ceased to practise in 1848. Secretary of the marine department, Board of Trade, 1850, rising to sole permanent secretary of the Board of Trade, 1867–86. In 1854, married Frances Erskine, whose mother, Maitland, was the half-sister of Frances Emma Elizabeth Wedgwood; in 1873, married Katherine Euphemia Wedgwood, daughter of Frances and Hensleigh Wedgwood. Created baronet, 1883; created Baron Farrer of Abinger, 1893.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1685.xml">Fordyce, John</a></h3> <div class="date">1844/5–1915</div> <div class="summary">Scottish-born clergyman and author. Independent minister of Spring Church, Grimsby, 1881; congregational minister, Hemel Hempstead, 1911. Author of work on scepticism and the modern social order.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1797.xml">Galton, Francis</a></h3> <div class="date">1822–1911</div> <div class="summary">Traveller, statistician, and scientific writer. Son of Samuel Tertius Galton and Violetta Galton, née Darwin; CD’s cousin. Explored in south-western Africa, 1850–2. Carried out various researches on heredity. Founder of the eugenics movement. FRS 1860.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_1913.xml">Goodacre, F. B.</a></h3> <div class="date">1829–85</div> <div class="summary">Clergyman and naturalist. MD, Cambridge, 1860. Deacon, Exeter, 1858; priest, 1860. Rector of Wilby with Hargham, 1863–85. Presented his museum to the University of Cambridge in 1861. Wrote on domestic animals.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_2042.xml">Hacon, W. M.</a></h3> <div class="date">1821–85</div> <div class="summary">CD’s solicitor. Offices at 31 Fenchurch Street, London. Solicitor, 1854–85; formed partnerships with David Rowland, James Weston, and Edward Francis Turner at Leadenhall House, Leadenhall Street. Commissioner of oaths and affidavits, and examiner of witnesses in England, and for the High Court of Judicature, Bombay.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_2048.xml">Haeckel, Ernst</a></h3> <div class="date">1834–1919</div> <div class="summary">German zoologist. MD, Berlin, 1857. Lecturer in comparative anatomy, University of Jena, 1861–2; professor extraordinarius of zoology, 1862–5; professor of zoology and director of the Zoological Institute, 1865–1909. Specialist in marine invertebrates. Leading populariser of evolutionary theory. His Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (1866) linked morphology to the study of the phylogenetic evolution of organisms.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_2357.xml">Hooker, J. D.</a></h3> <div class="date">1817–1911</div> <div class="summary">Botanist. Worked chiefly on taxonomy and plant geography. Son of William Jackson Hooker. Friend and confidant of CD. Accompanied James Clark Ross on his Antarctic expedition, 1839–43, and published the botanical results of the voyage. Appointed palaeobotanist to the Geological Survey of Great Britain, 1846. Travelled in the Himalayas, 1847–9. Assistant director, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, 1855–65; director, 1865–85. Knighted, 1877. FRS 1847.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_2586.xml">Johnson, Henry (a)</a></h3> <div class="date">1802/3–81</div> <div class="summary">Physician. A contemporary of CD’s at Shrewsbury School and Edinburgh University. Senior physician, Shropshire Infirmary. Member of Royal College of Physicians of London, 1859. Founder member and honorary secretary of the Shropshire and North Wales Natural History and Antiquarian Society, 1835–77.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_2692.xml">King, Frederick</a></h3> <div class="date">1817/18–1902</div> <div class="summary">Land agent. Manager of a company making bread and biscuits, 1881.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_2758.xml">Krause, Ernst</a></h3> <div class="date">1839–1903</div> <div class="summary">German science writer. Also published under the pseudonym Carus Sterne. Trained as an apothecary, and studied natural sciences at the University of Berlin in 1857. Friendly with Ernst Haeckel from 1866. Doctorate, University of Rostock, 1874. Editor of Kosmos, 1877–83. His essay on Erasmus Darwin (1731–1802) was translated into English in 1879 at the suggestion of CD, who wrote a biographical preface for it.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_2903.xml">Lessona, Michele</a></h3> <div class="date">1823–94</div> <div class="summary">Italian zoologist, anatomist, and physician. MD, Turin, 1846. Practised medicine briefly in Turin, then in Egypt until 1850, when he returned to Italy and, under the guidance of Filipo di Filipi, began teaching natural science in secondary schools. Professor of zoology, Genoa, 1854; Bologna, 1864. Professor of zoology and comparative anatomy, Turin, 1867. Rector, University of Turin, 1877–80. Senator of the realm, 1892. Translated some of CD’s works into Italian.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_3069.xml">Müller, Hermann</a></h3> <div class="date">1829–83</div> <div class="summary">German botanist and entomologist. Brother of Johann Friedrich Theodor (Fritz) Müller. Schoolteacher in Schwerin, 1854–5. Studied blind cave insects in Krain, 1855. Teacher of natural sciences at the Realschule in Lippstadt, 1855–83; became director of the school. After settling in Lippstadt, studied the local flora, in particular the mosses. CD’s Orchids directed Müller’s attention to the pollination and fertilisation of flowers, on which he published several papers and books.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_3174.xml">Marshall, Victor</a></h3> <div class="date">1841–1928</div> <div class="summary">Landowner. Of Monk Coniston, Lancashire. BA, Cambridge (Trinity College), 1864. Son of James Garth Marshall and Mary Alicia Pery Spring Rice; a cousin of W. C. Marshall.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_3295.xml">Mengden, Nicolai</a></h3> <div class="date">1862–1915</div> <div class="summary">Baltic German civil servant and diplomat. Student at Dorpat, 1882–6. Served in the Tsarskoe-Selo infantry battalion. From 1886, a civil servant in the service of the governor of Tula, Russia. Served in the Russian diplomatic service as attaché to the Russian mission in Darmstadt, then as secretary of Duchess Marie of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_3429.xml">Moulton, J. F.</a></h3> <div class="date">1844–1921</div> <div class="summary">Mathematician and judge. Senior wrangler at Cambridge University, 1868. Fellow of Christ’s College, Cambridge, 1868–75. Called to the bar, 1874. Judge of the Court of Appeal, 1906–12. Member of the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council, 1912–21. Organised the manufacture of explosives and poison gas during the First World War. Created a life peer in 1912. FRS 1880.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_3503.xml">Neumayr, Melchior</a></h3> <div class="date">1845–90</div> <div class="summary">German geologist. Studied geology and palaeontology at Munich, 1863–7; DPhil. 1867. Habilitated at Heidelberg, 1872. Professor extraordinarius of palaeontology at Vienna, 1873; professor, 1879. Editor of Palaeontographia from 1887. Strong supporter of evolution theory.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_364.xml">Beger, Karl</a></h3> <div class="date">b. 1838</div> <div class="summary">German bookkeeper.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_3643.xml">Paget, James</a></h3> <div class="date">1814–99</div> <div class="summary">Surgeon. Assistant surgeon at St Bartholomew’s Hospital, London, 1847; surgeon, 1861–71. Arris and Gale Professor of anatomy and surgery at the Royal College of Surgeons of England, 1847–52. Lectured on physiology in the medical school, St Bartholomew’s, 1859–61; on surgery, 1865–9. Appointed surgeon-extraordinary to Queen Victoria, 1858; serjeant-surgeon, 1877. Created baronet, 1871. FRS 1851.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_3973.xml">Rejlander, O. G.</a></h3> <div class="date">1813–75</div> <div class="summary">Swedish?-born photographer. Studied art in Rome. Opened a painter's studio in Wolverhampton in 1845. Took up photography in 1853. Moved to London in 1862. Famous for genre photographs. CD used some of his photographs in Expression.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_4071.xml">Romanes, G. J.</a></h3> <div class="date">1848–94</div> <div class="summary">Evolutionary biologist. Of independent means. BA, Cambridge, 1871. Struggled to combine scientific reason and Christian faith. Carried out physiological studies on jellyfish, and wrote on the evolutionary psychology of animals and humans. Studied under John Scott Burdon Sanderson, 1874–6. Honorary secretary of the Physiological Society, set up to influence legislation on vivisection, 1876. FRS 1879.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_4124.xml">Ruskin, John</a></h3> <div class="date">1819–1900</div> <div class="summary">Author, artist, and social reformer. Concentrated on writing and lecturing on economic and social issues between 1855 and 1870. First Slade Professor of art, Oxford University, 1869–9 and 1883–4.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_4143.xml">Sachs, Julius</a></h3> <div class="date">1832–97</div> <div class="summary">German botanist and plant physiologist. PhD, Prague, 1856. Research assistant, forestry academy, Tharandt, 1859. Professor of botany, agricultural training institute, Poppelsdorf, 1861; professor, Freiburg im Breisgau, 1867; Würzburg, 1868. Founded the institute of plant physiology, Würzburg. Ennobled, 1877.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_4712.xml">Thiselton-Dyer, W. T.</a></h3> <div class="date">1843–1928</div> <div class="summary">Botanist. Educated at Christ Church, Oxford. Professor of natural history at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester, 1868–70. Professor of botany, Royal College of Science, Dublin, 1870–2; Royal Horticultural Society, London, 1872. Directed botanical teaching at the Department of Science and Art, South Kensington, London, 1873, 1875, 1876. Appointed assistant director of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, by Joseph Dalton Hooker, 1875. Married Hooker’s eldest daughter, Harriet Anne, in 1877. Appointed director of Kew, 1885. Knighted, 1899. FRS 1880.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_4777.xml">Torbitt, James</a></h3> <div class="date">b. c. 1822 d. 1895</div> <div class="summary">Irish wine merchant and grocer. Premises at 58 North Street, Belfast. Attempted large-scale commercial production and distribution of potato seeds to produce plants resistant to blight fungus.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_4911.xml">Würtenberger, Leopold</a></h3> <div class="date">1846–86</div> <div class="summary">German palaeontologist and geologist. Studied at Karlsruhe Polytechnikum, but unable to complete his degree owing to financial difficulties. Sent his manuscript on ammonites to Ernst Haeckel in 1872, but was unable to take a doctorate for his work owing to inability to pay the necessary fees. Employed as a technical assistant at the mint in Karlsruhe, 1874–6; assistant at the permanent exhibition of agricultural tools, machines, and educational material, 1876–7; assistant at the Central meteorological station, Karlsruhe, 1882. Published Studien über die Stammesgeschichte der Ammoniten in 1880. Assistant at the Meteorological Station, Karlsruhe, 1882.</div> </div> <div class="people even"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_5088.xml">Galton, E. A.Wheler, E. A.</a></h3> <div class="date">1808–1906</div> <div class="summary">Daughter of Samuel Tertius and Frances Anne Violetta Galton. Sister of Francis Galton. Married Edward Wheler in 1845.</div> </div> <div class="people odd"> <h3><a href="/letter/?docId=nameregs/nameregs_81.xml">Allen, Grant</a></h3> <div class="date">1848–99</div> <div class="summary">Canadian-born writer on science and evolution. BA, Oxford, 1871. Taught in schools in Brighton, Cheltenham, and Reading. Professor of mental and moral philosophy at a college in Spanish Town, Jamaica, 1873–6. Developed his own theory of evolution based largely on the works of Herbert Spencer. A regular contributor to magazines. Wrote popular novels, some under pseudonyms.</div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-views-my-sidebar-block" class="block block-views"> <div> <div class="view view-my-sidebar view-id-my_sidebar view-display-id-block view-dom-id-ed3df74fe03560104b6d4e96f38aefb4"> <div class="view-content"> <div class="views-row views-row-1 views-row-odd views-row-first views-row-last"> <div class="views-field views-field-field-side-text"> <div class="field-content"><h3 style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-size: 15.2px; font-style: normal; font-variant-ligatures: normal; font-variant-caps: normal; font-variant-east-asian: normal; font-variant-position: normal; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: normal; line-height: 1.2; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">About this article</h3> <p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: sans-serif,Arial,Verdana,&quot;Trebuchet MS&quot;; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Based on the introduction to <strong><em>The correspondence of Charles Darwin</em>, volume 27:</strong> <strong>1879</strong></p> <p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: sans-serif,Arial,Verdana,&quot;Trebuchet MS&quot;; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Edited by Frederick Burkhardt, James A. Secord, Samantha Evans, Shelley Innes, Francis Neary, Alison M. Pearn, Anne Secord, Paul White. (Cambridge University Press 2019)</p> <p style="color: rgb(51, 51, 51); font-family: sans-serif,Arial,Verdana,&quot;Trebuchet MS&quot;; font-size: 13px; font-style: normal; font-variant: normal; font-weight: 400; letter-spacing: normal; orphans: 2; text-align: left; text-decoration: none; text-indent: 0px; text-transform: none; -webkit-text-stroke-width: 0px; white-space: normal; word-spacing: 0px;">Order this volume online from <a href="http://www.cambridge.org/gb/academic/subjects/life-sciences/series/correspondence-charles-darwin">Cambridge University Press</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="block-block-57" class="block block-block"> <div class="campl-content-container campl-no-bottom-padding"> <div class="campl-heading-container"> <h2>Darwin's letters: a timeline</h2> </div> </div> <div class="campl-content-container"> <p><a href="/letters/darwins-letters-timeline"><img alt="Timeline of letters to and from represented as a chart" src="/sites/all/modules/darwin_letter_timeline/timeline-promo.png" /></a></p> <p><a href="/letters/darwins-letters-timeline">Explore the letters to and from Charles Darwin over time</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-row campl-local-footer"> <div class="campl-wrap clearfix"> <div class="campl-column3 campl-footer-navigation"> <div class="region region-footer-1"> <div id="block-block-1" class="block block-block campl-content-container campl-navigation-list"> <div class="content"> <p>Darwin Correspondence Project<br /> <a href="mailto:darwin@lib.cam.ac.uk">darwin@lib.cam.ac.uk</a></p> <p>© <a href="http://www.cam.ac.uk/">University of Cambridge</a> 2022</p> <p><a href="/copyright-declaration">Copyright declaration</a></p> <p><a href="https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/about/privacy-policy">Privacy policy</a></p> <p>Website by <a href="http://www.surfaceimpression.digital/">Surface Impression</a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="campl-column3 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