CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="zh" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>脱氧核糖核酸 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )zhwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"zh", "wgMonthNames":["","1月","2月","3月","4月","5月","6月","7月","8月","9月","10月","11月","12月"],"wgRequestId":"9aced0cb-48c4-4191-9736-049ed7b08062","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"脱氧核糖核酸","wgTitle":"脱氧核糖核酸","wgCurRevisionId":85016867,"wgRevisionId":85016867,"wgArticleId":3654,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["自2024年11月带有失效链接的条目","Webarchive模板wayback链接","自2013年12月带有失效链接的条目","使用ISBN魔术链接的页面","使用PMID魔术链接的页面","含有英語的條目","需要查證來源的維基百科條目","维基共享资源分类链接使用了维基数据上的匹配项","包含FAST标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目","包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目", "包含GND标识符的维基百科条目","包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目","包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目","包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目","包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目","包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目","包含EMU标识符的维基百科条目","DNA","遗传学","螺旋","散射"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentLanguage":"zh","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"脱氧核糖核酸","wgRelevantArticleId":3654,"wgUserVariant":"zh","wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":true,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"zh","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":["zh-hans","zh-hant","zh-cn","zh-tw","zh-hk","zh-sg","zh-mo","zh-my"]},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true, "tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q7430","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.gadget.large-font":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons": "ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.edit0","ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.gadget.UnihanTooltips","ext.gadget.Difflink","ext.gadget.pseudonamespace-UI","ext.gadget.SpecialWikitext","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.gadget.VariantAlly","ext.gadget.AdvancedSiteNotices","ext.gadget.hideConversionTab","ext.gadget.internalLinkHelper-altcolor","ext.gadget.noteTA","ext.gadget.NavFrame","ext.gadget.collapsibleTables","ext.gadget.scrollUpButton","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init", "ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=ext.gadget.large-font&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=zh&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png/1200px-DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1190"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png/800px-DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="794"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png/640px-DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="635"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="脱氧核糖核酸 - 维基百科，自由的百科全书"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="编辑本页" href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (zh)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//zh.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hans/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-cn/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-my/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-sg/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hant/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-hk/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-mo/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/zh-tw/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8"> <link rel="alternate" hreflang="x-default" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia的Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-脱氧核糖核酸 rootpage-脱氧核糖核酸 skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">跳转到内容</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="主菜单" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 主菜单 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">主菜单</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 导航 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="访问首页[z]" accesskey="z">首页</a></li><li id="n-indexpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95" title="以分类索引搜寻中文维基百科">分类索引</a></li><li id="n-Featured_content" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%89%B9%E8%89%B2%E5%85%A7%E5%AE%B9" title="查看中文维基百科的特色内容">特色内容</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E8%81%9E%E5%8B%95%E6%85%8B" title="提供当前新闻事件的背景资料">新闻动态</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%9C%80%E8%BF%91%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9" title="列出维基百科中的最近修改[r]" accesskey="r">最近更改</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%9A%8F%E6%9C%BA%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="随机载入一个页面[x]" accesskey="x">随机条目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-help" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-help" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 帮助 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E7%9B%AE%E5%BD%95" title="寻求帮助">帮助</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%A4%BE%E7%BE%A4%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" title="关于本计划、你可以做什么、应该如何做">维基社群</a></li><li id="n-policy" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D%E8%88%87%E6%8C%87%E5%BC%95" title="查看维基百科的方针和指引">方针与指引</a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%92%E5%8A%A9%E5%AE%A2%E6%A0%88" title="参与维基百科社群的讨论">互助客栈</a></li><li id="n-Information_desk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E7%9F%A5%E8%AF%86%E9%97%AE%E7%AD%94" title="解答任何与维基百科无关的问题的地方">知识问答</a></li><li id="n-conversion" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%AD%97%E8%AF%8D%E8%BD%AC%E6%8D%A2" title="提出字词转换请求">字词转换</a></li><li id="n-IRC" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:IRC%E8%81%8A%E5%A4%A9%E9%A2%91%E9%81%93">IRC即时聊天</a></li><li id="n-contact" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E8%81%94%E7%BB%9C%E6%88%91%E4%BB%AC" title="如何联络维基百科">联络我们</a></li><li id="n-about" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E" title="查看维基百科的简介">关于维基百科</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E9%A6%96%E9%A1%B5" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="维基百科" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-zh.svg" style="width: 6.5625em; height: 1.375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="自由的百科全书" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-zh.svg" width="103" height="14" style="width: 6.4375em; height: 0.875em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%90%9C%E7%B4%A2" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f"> 搜索 </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="搜索维基百科" aria-label="搜索维基百科" autocapitalize="sentences" title="搜索维基百科[f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:搜索"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">搜索</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="个人工具"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="更改页面字体大小、宽度和颜色的外观" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="外观" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 外观 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh" class="">资助维基百科</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的" class="">创建账号</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o" class="">登录</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="更多选项" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="个人工具" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 个人工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="用户菜单" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh">资助维基百科</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"> 创建账号</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"> 登录</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息">了解详情</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y">贡献</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-物理與化學性質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#物理與化學性質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 物理與化學性質 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-物理與化學性質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-鹼基配對" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鹼基配對"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 鹼基配對 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鹼基配對-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-正義與反義" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#正義與反義"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 正義與反義 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-正義與反義-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-超螺旋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#超螺旋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 超螺旋 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-超螺旋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-各種類型的雙螺旋結構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#各種類型的雙螺旋結構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 各種類型的雙螺旋結構 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-各種類型的雙螺旋結構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-四聯體結構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#四聯體結構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 四聯體結構 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-四聯體結構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-化學修飾" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#化學修飾"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 化學修飾 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-化學修飾-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关化學修飾子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-化學修飾-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-鹼基修飾" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#鹼基修飾"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 鹼基修飾 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-鹼基修飾-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-脱氧核醣核酸損害" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#脱氧核醣核酸損害"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 脱氧核醣核酸損害 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-脱氧核醣核酸損害-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生物機能概觀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生物機能概觀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 生物機能概觀 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-生物機能概觀-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关生物機能概觀子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-生物機能概觀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-基因組結構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#基因組結構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 基因組結構 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-基因組結構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-轉錄與轉譯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#轉錄與轉譯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 轉錄與轉譯 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-轉錄與轉譯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-複製" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#複製"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 複製 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-複製-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-與蛋白質的交互作用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#與蛋白質的交互作用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 與蛋白質的交互作用 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-與蛋白質的交互作用-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关與蛋白質的交互作用子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-與蛋白質的交互作用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-脱氧核醣核酸結合蛋白" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#脱氧核醣核酸結合蛋白"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 脱氧核醣核酸結合蛋白 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-脱氧核醣核酸結合蛋白-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-脱氧核醣核酸修飾酶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#脱氧核醣核酸修飾酶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 脱氧核醣核酸修飾酶 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-脱氧核醣核酸修飾酶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-核酸酶與連接酶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#核酸酶與連接酶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 核酸酶與連接酶 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-核酸酶與連接酶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-拓撲異構酶與螺旋酶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#拓撲異構酶與螺旋酶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.2 拓撲異構酶與螺旋酶 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-拓撲異構酶與螺旋酶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-聚合酶" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#聚合酶"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.3 聚合酶 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-聚合酶-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-遺傳重組" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#遺傳重組"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 遺傳重組 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-遺傳重組-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-脱氧核醣核酸生物代謝的演化" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#脱氧核醣核酸生物代謝的演化"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 脱氧核醣核酸生物代謝的演化 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-脱氧核醣核酸生物代謝的演化-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-技術應用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#技術應用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 技術應用 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-技術應用-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> 开关技術應用子章节 </button> <ul id="toc-技術應用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-遺傳工程" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#遺傳工程"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 遺傳工程 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-遺傳工程-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法醫鑑識" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法醫鑑識"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 法醫鑑識 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法醫鑑識-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史學與人類學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史學與人類學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 歷史學與人類學 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史學與人類學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-生物資訊學" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生物資訊學"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 生物資訊學 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生物資訊學-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-脱氧核醣核酸與電腦" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#脱氧核醣核酸與電腦"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.5 脱氧核醣核酸與電腦 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-脱氧核醣核酸與電腦-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-脱氧核醣核酸與纳米科技" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#脱氧核醣核酸與纳米科技"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.6 脱氧核醣核酸與纳米科技 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-脱氧核醣核酸與纳米科技-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-歷史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#歷史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 歷史 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-歷史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 参见 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 參考文獻 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸閱讀" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸閱讀"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 延伸閱讀 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸閱讀-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 外部連結 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > 开关目录 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">脱氧核糖核酸</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。164种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" > 164种语言 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNS" title="DNS – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="DNS" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%A4ure" title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%B2_%E1%8A%A4%E1%8A%95_%E1%8A%A4" title="ዲ ኤን ኤ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ዲ ኤን ኤ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Acido desoxirribonucleico – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Acido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B5_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%83%D8%B3%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="حمض نووي ريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حمض نووي ريبوزي منقوص الأكسجين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%85%D8%B6_%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%89" title="حمض نووى – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="حمض نووى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%8F" title="ডি এন এ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ডি এন এ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cidu_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácidu desoxirribonucleico – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ácidu desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNT" title="DNT – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="DNT" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C" title="دی‌ان‌ائی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="دی‌ان‌ائی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="ДНК – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="ДНК" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNR" title="DNR – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="DNR" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%96%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дэзоксірыбануклеінавая кіслата – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Дэзоксірыбануклеінавая кіслата" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8D%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BB%D1%8F" title="Дэзоксырыбануклійная кісьля – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Дэзоксырыбануклійная кісьля" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинова киселина – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинова киселина" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F" title="डीएनए – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="डीएनए" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat – 班亞爾文" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Asam deoksiribonukleat" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="班亞爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B2%E1%80%89%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1" title="ဒီအဲဉ်အေ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဒီအဲဉ်အေ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%8F" title="ডিএনএ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডিএনএ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trenkenn_dezoksiribonukleek" title="Trenkenn dezoksiribonukleek – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Trenkenn dezoksiribonukleek" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribonukleinska_kiselina" title="Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Dezoksiribonukleinska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Asam deoksiribonukleat" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%88%D1%8D%D0%BB" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинай хүшэл – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинай хүшэл" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%80cid_desoxiribonucleic" title="Àcid desoxiribonucleic – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Àcid desoxiribonucleic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинан муьстал – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинан муьстал" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%A6%DB%8E%D9%86_%D8%A6%DB%95%DB%8C" title="دی ئێن ئەی – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دی ئێن ئەی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 卡舒比语" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="卡舒比语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B9%D3%B3%D2%AB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D3%97" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин йӳҫекӗ – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин йӳҫекӗ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%A4ure" title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsäure" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azido_desoxirribonukleiko" title="Azido desoxirribonukleiko – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Azido desoxirribonukleiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="دی‌ان‌ای – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دی‌ان‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acide_d%C3%A9soxyribonucl%C3%A9ique" title="Acide désoxyribonucléique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Acide désoxyribonucléique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_d%C3%AD-ocsairibean%C3%BAicl%C3%A9asach" title="Aigéad dí-ocsairibeanúicléasach – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aigéad dí-ocsairibeanúicléasach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_d%C3%A9zoksoribonikl%C3%A9yik" title="Asid dézoksoribonikléyik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Asid dézoksoribonikléyik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 哥伦打洛语" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="哥伦打洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="डीऑक्सीराइबो न्यूक्लिक अम्ल – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="डीऑक्सीराइबो न्यूक्लिक अम्ल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleinska_kiselina" title="Deoksiribonukleinska kiselina – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Deoksiribonukleinska kiselina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoxiribonukleinsav" title="Dezoxiribonukleinsav – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Dezoxiribonukleinsav" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%86%D4%B9" title="ԴՆԹ – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="ԴՆԹ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acido_deoxyribonucleic" title="Acido deoxyribonucleic – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Acido deoxyribonucleic" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asam_deoksiribonukleat" title="Asam deoksiribonukleat – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Asam deoksiribonukleat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleiko_nga_asido" title="Deoksiribonukleiko nga asido – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Deoksiribonukleiko nga asido" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеина кислота – 印古什语" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеина кислота" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="印古什语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%87%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AD%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%9C%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="デオキシリボ核酸 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="デオキシリボ核酸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Diaxiraibonyuukliik_asid" title="Diaxiraibonyuukliik asid – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Diaxiraibonyuukliik asid" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინის მჟავა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინის მჟავა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D2%9A" title="ДНҚ – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="ДНҚ" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8C%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%A2%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%93%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%81" title="ឌីអិនអេ – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឌីអិនអេ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A1%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%8E%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%8E_-(DNA)" title="ಡಿಎನ್ಎ -(DNA) – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಡಿಎನ್ಎ -(DNA)" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ڈی این اے – 克什米尔语" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ڈی این اے" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="克什米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/As%C3%AEda_deoks%C3%AEr%C3%AEbonukley%C3%AE" title="Asîda deoksîrîbonukleyî – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Asîda deoksîrîbonukleyî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/TDN" title="TDN – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="TDN" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acidum_desoxyribonucleicum" title="Acidum desoxyribonucleicum – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Acidum desoxyribonucleicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%86%D1%83%D1%80%D1%83%D1%86%D3%80" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин цуруцӀ – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин цуруцӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asida_desosiribonucleal" title="Asida desosiribonucleal – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Asida desosiribonucleal" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%94%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%99" title="ອາເດແອັນ – 老挝语" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ອາເດແອັນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="老挝语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleor%C5%ABg%C5%A1tis" title="Deoksiribonukleorūgštis – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Deoksiribonukleorūgštis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribonukle%C4%ABnsk%C4%81be" title="Dezoksiribonukleīnskābe – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Dezoksiribonukleīnskābe" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asidra_dez%C3%B4ksirib%C3%B4niokleika" title="Asidra dezôksiribôniokleika – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Asidra dezôksiribôniokleika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%9D%D0%9A" title="ДНК – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="ДНК" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B5%BB.%E0%B4%8E" title="ഡി.എൻ.എ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഡി.എൻ.എ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D2%AF%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Дезоксирибонуклейн хүчил – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклейн хүчил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B_%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2" title="डिऑक्सिरायबो न्यूक्लेइक आम्ल – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="डिऑक्सिरायबो न्यूक्लेइक आम्ल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asid_deoksiribonukleik" title="Asid deoksiribonukleik – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Asid deoksiribonukleik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1" title="ဒီအန်အေ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဒီအန်အေ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%BCre" title="Desoxyribonukleinsüre – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsüre" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%8F" title="डीएनए – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="डीएनए" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%8F" title="डी एन ए – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="डी एन ए" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA_(biologie)" title="DNA (biologie) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="DNA (biologie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acid_desoxiribonucle%C3%AFc" title="Acid desoxiribonucleïc – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Acid desoxiribonucleïc" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A1%E0%A9%80.%E0%A8%90%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A8.%E0%A8%8F." title="ਡੀ.ਐੱਨ.ਏ. – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਡੀ.ਐੱਨ.ਏ." data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – 帕皮阿门托语" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="帕皮阿门托语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 賓夕法尼亞德文" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="賓夕法尼亞德文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwas_deoksyrybonukleinowy" title="Kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kwas deoksyrybonukleinowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ڈی این اے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ڈی این اے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%89%D9%8A_%D8%A2%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%8A_%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%AF" title="ډي آکسي رايبونيوکليک اسيد – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ډي آکسي رايبونيوکليک اسيد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81cido_desoxirribonucleico" title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ácido desoxirribonucleico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNK" title="DNK – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="DNK" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеиновая кислота" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85_%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B%D1%8B%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеиннаах аһыыба – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеиннаах аһыыба" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%8A%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%8A" title="ڊي اين اي – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڊي اين اي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNK" title="DNK – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="DNK" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%93.%E0%B6%91%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A.%E0%B6%92." title="ඩී.එන්.ඒ. – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඩී.එන්.ඒ." data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoxyribonukleov%C3%A1_kyselina" title="Deoxyribonukleová kyselina – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Deoxyribonukleová kyselina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deoksiribonukleinska_kislina" title="Deoksiribonukleinska kislina – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Deoksiribonukleinska kislina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 索马里语" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="索马里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADN" title="ADN – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="ADN" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеинска киселина – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеинска киселина" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonukleins%C3%BC%C3%BCre" title="Desoxyribonukleinsüüre – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Desoxyribonukleinsüüre" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF._%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D._%E0%AE%8F." title="டி. என். ஏ. – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="டி. என். ஏ." data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8B_%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%A6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%95_%E0%B0%86%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%82" title="డీఆక్సీరైబో కేంద్రక ఆమ్లం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="డీఆక్సీరైబో కేంద్రక ఆమ్లం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Кислотаи дезоксирибонуклеат – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кислотаи дезоксирибонуклеат" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD" title="ดีเอ็นเอ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดีเอ็นเอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеин кислотасы" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%89%D8%B1%D9%89%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%DB%87%D9%83%D9%84%DB%90%D8%A6%D9%89%D9%83_%D9%83%D9%89%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7" title="دېئوكسىرىبونۇكلېئىك كىسلاتا – 维吾尔语" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="دېئوكسىرىبونۇكلېئىك كىسلاتا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="维吾尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%97%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Дезоксирибонуклеїнова кислота – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дезоксирибонуклеїнова кислота" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%88%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%DB%92" title="ڈی این اے – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ڈی این اے" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dezoksiribonuklein_kislota" title="Dezoksiribonuklein kislota – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Dezoksiribonuklein kislota" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 威尼斯语" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="威尼斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 西佛蘭德文" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="西佛蘭德文" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seur_dezocsiribonucleyike" title="Seur dezocsiribonucleyike – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Seur dezocsiribonucleyike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脫氧核糖核酸 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="脫氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%93%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%94" title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინიშ ბჟე – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="დეზოქსირიბონუკლეინიშ ბჟე" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脫氧核糖核酸 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="脫氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA" title="DNA – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="DNA" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脫氧核糖核酸 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="脫氧核糖核酸" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ULibofuzo" title="ULibofuzo – 祖鲁语" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="ULibofuzo" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="祖鲁语" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7430#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c">条目</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t">讨论</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >不转换 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">不转换</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans">简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant">繁體</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-CN mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-cn/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" lang="zh-Hans-CN" hreflang="zh-Hans-CN">大陆简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-4" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-HK mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hk/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" lang="zh-Hant-HK" hreflang="zh-Hant-HK">香港繁體</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-5" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-MO mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-mo/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" lang="zh-Hant-MO" hreflang="zh-Hant-MO">澳門繁體</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-6" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-MY mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-my/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" lang="zh-Hans-MY" hreflang="zh-Hans-MY">大马简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-7" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans-SG mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-sg/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" lang="zh-Hans-SG" hreflang="zh-Hans-SG">新加坡简体</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-8" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant-TW mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-tw/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" lang="zh-Hant-TW" hreflang="zh-Hant-TW">臺灣正體</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="查看"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8">阅读</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e">编辑</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=history" title="本页面的早前版本。[h]" accesskey="h">查看历史</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="工具" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >工具 </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8">阅读</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e">编辑</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=history">查看历史</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%85%A5%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="列出所有与本页相链的页面[j]" accesskey="j">链入页面</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k">相关更改</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u">上传文件</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q">特殊页面</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&oldid=85016867" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接">固定链接</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息">页面信息</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&id=85016867&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息">引用此页</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%2584%25B1%25E6%25B0%25A7%25E6%25A0%25B8%25E7%25B3%2596%25E6%25A0%25B8%25E9%2585%25B8">获取短链接</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%2584%25B1%25E6%25B0%25A7%25E6%25A0%25B8%25E7%25B3%2596%25E6%25A0%25B8%25E9%2585%25B8">下载二维码</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="electron-print_pdf" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=show-download-screen">下载为PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="javascript:print();" rel="alternate" title="本页面的可打印版本[p]" accesskey="p">打印页面</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 在其他项目中 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/DNA" hreflang="en">维基共享资源</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7430" title="链接到连接的数据仓库项目[g]" accesskey="g">维基数据项目</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="页面工具"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="外观"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">外观</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-noteTA-4d526057" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-4d526057" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-group"><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Chemistry"></div><div data-noteta-group-source="module" data-noteta-group="Lifesciences"></div></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:酶; zh-tw:酵素;"></div><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:信息; zh-tw:訊息;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a>关于無深奧術語而通俗易懂的簡單介紹，请见「<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" title="遗传学入门">遗传学入门</a>」。</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/25px-Disambig_gray.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/38px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Disambig_gray.svg/50px-Disambig_gray.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="168" /></a>「DNA」重定向至此。关于其他用法，请见「<a href="/wiki/DNA_(%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89)" class="mw-disambig" title="DNA (消歧义)">DNA (消歧义)</a>」。</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png/340px-DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png" decoding="async" width="340" height="337" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png/510px-DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png/680px-DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>去氧核醣核酸（DNA）的雙股螺旋结構。在該结構中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>是按<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">元素</a>進行顏色编碼，還有兩個鹼基對的詳细结構示於右下角</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DNA_orbit_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/DNA_orbit_animated.gif/267px-DNA_orbit_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="267" height="440" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/DNA_orbit_animated.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>脫氧核醣核酸<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E8%82%A1%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="雙股螺旋">雙股螺旋</a></figcaption></figure> 脱氧核糖核酸（英語：deoxyribonucleic acid，<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%AE%E5%AF%AB" title="縮寫">縮寫</a>：DNA）又稱去氧核醣核酸，是一種<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="生物大分子">生物大分子</a>，可組成<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3" title="遺傳">遺傳</a>指令，引導<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="生物">生物</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="发育生物学">發育</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD" title="生命">生命</a>機能運作。主要功能是資訊儲存，可比喻為「藍圖」或「配方」<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>。其中包含的指令，是建構<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E" title="细胞">細胞</a>內其他的化合物，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白質</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%86%A3%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="核醣核酸">核醣核酸</a>所需。帶有蛋白質編碼的DNA片段稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>。其他的DNA序列，有些直接以本身構造發揮作用，有些則參與調控遺傳訊息的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE" title="基因表現">表現</a>。 DNA是一種長鏈<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="聚合物">聚合物</a>，組成單位稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸">核苷酸</a>，而<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%A3%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="醣類">糖類</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8" title="磷酸">磷酸</a>藉由<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AF" title="酯">酯</a>鍵相連，組成其長鏈骨架。每個糖單位都與四種<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%B9%BC%E5%9F%BA" title="核鹼基">鹼基</a>裡的其中一種相接，這些鹼基沿著DNA長鏈所排列而成的序列，可組成<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81" title="遗传密码">遺傳密碼</a>，是蛋白質<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a>序列合成的依據。讀取密碼的過程稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E9%8C%84" class="mw-redirect" title="轉錄">轉錄</a>，是根據DNA序列複製出一段稱為<a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a>的核酸分子。多數RNA帶有合成蛋白質的訊息，另有一些本身就擁有特殊功能，例如<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="核糖體RNA">核糖體RNA</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%A0%B8RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="小核RNA">小核RNA</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%B9%B2%E6%93%BERNA" class="mw-redirect" title="小干擾RNA">小干擾RNA</a>。 在細胞內，DNA能組織成<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="染色體">染色體</a>結構，整組染色體則統稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84" title="基因組">基因組</a>。染色體在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="细胞分裂">細胞分裂</a>之前會先行複製，此過程稱為<a href="/wiki/DNA%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6" title="DNA复制">DNA複製</a>。對<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="真核生物">真核生物</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="動物">動物</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9" title="植物">植物</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="真菌">真菌</a>而言，染色體是存放於<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞核">細胞核</a>內；對於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="原核生物">原核生物</a>而言，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">細菌</a>，則是存放在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%B3%AA" title="細胞質">細胞質</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9F%E6%A0%B8" title="拟核">拟核</a>裡。染色體上的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="染色質">染色質</a>蛋白，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="組織蛋白">組織蛋白</a>，能夠將DNA組織並壓縮，以幫助DNA與其他蛋白質進行交互作用，進而調節基因的轉錄。 一股脱氧核醣核酸上所具有的各類型<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AB%E6%B0%AE%E9%B9%BC%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="含氮鹼基">含氮碱基</a>，都只會與另一股上的一個特定類型鹼基產生鍵結。此種情形稱為互補性<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9F%BA%E5%AF%B9" title="碱基对">鹼基配對</a>。嘌呤與嘧啶之間會形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E9%94%AE" title="氢键">氫鍵</a>，在一般情况下，A只與T相連，而C只與G相連。因此排列於雙螺旋上的核苷酸，便以這種稱為鹼基對的方式相互联结。除此之外，與脱氧核醣核酸序列無關的<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E6%B0%B4%E6%80%A7" title="疏水性">疏水性效應</a>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%96%8A_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="重疊 (化學)">π重疊</a>效應所產生的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a>，也是兩股脱氧核醣核酸能維持結合狀態的原因<a href="#cite_note-未命名-20230318195218-2">[2]</a>。由於氫鍵比<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%83%B9%E9%8D%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="共價鍵">共價鍵</a>更容易斷裂，這使雙股脱氧核醣核酸可能會因為機械力或高<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="温度">溫</a>作用，而有如拉鍊一般地解開<a href="#cite_note-未命名_2-20230318195218-3">[3]</a>，这种现象被称为<a href="/wiki/DNA%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA变性">DNA变性</a>。由於互補的特性，使位於雙股序列上的訊息，皆以雙倍的形式存在，這種特性對於脱氧核醣核酸複製過程來說相當重要。互補鹼基之間可逆且具專一性的交互作用，是生物脱氧核醣核酸所共同擁有的關鍵功能<a href="#cite_note-Alberts-4">[4]</a>。 兩種不同的鹼基對分別是以不同數目的氫鍵結合：A-T之間有兩條；G-C之間則有三條（如本段上方左圖所示）。多一條氫鍵使GC配對的穩定性高於AT配對，也因此兩股脱氧核醣核酸的結合強度，是由GC配對所佔比例，以及雙螺旋的總長度來決定。當脱氧核醣核酸雙螺旋較長且GC含量較高時，其雙股之間的結合能力較強；長度較短且AT含量較高時，結合能力則較弱<a href="#cite_note-未命名_3-20230318195218-5">[5]</a>。雙螺旋上有某些部位必須能夠輕易解開，這些部位通常含有有較多的AT配對，例如細菌<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%90" title="啟動子">啟動子</a>上一段含有TATAAT序列的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%83%E8%AB%BE%E7%9B%92" title="普里布諾盒">普里布諾盒</a><a href="#cite_note-未命名_4-20230318195218-6">[6]</a>。在實驗室中，若找出解開氫鍵所需的溫度，也就是所謂<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔點</a>（Tm），便能計算出兩股之間的結合強度。當脱氧核醣核酸雙螺旋上所有的鹼基配對都解開之後，溶液中的兩股脱氧核醣核酸將分裂成獨立的分子。單股脱氧核醣核酸分子並無固定的形體，但仍有某些形狀較為穩定且常見<a href="#cite_note-未命名_5-20230318195218-7">[7]</a>。 <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="物理與化學性質">物理與化學性質</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：物理與化學性質">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DNA_chemical_structure_zh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DNA_chemical_structure_zh.png/332px-DNA_chemical_structure_zh.png" decoding="async" width="332" height="387" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DNA_chemical_structure_zh.png/498px-DNA_chemical_structure_zh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DNA_chemical_structure_zh.png/664px-DNA_chemical_structure_zh.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="2188" /></a><figcaption>脱氧核醣核酸的化學結構。</figcaption></figure> 脱氧核醣核酸是一種由<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸">核苷酸</a>重複排列組成的長链<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="聚合物">聚合物</a><a href="#cite_note-Alberts-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Butler-8">[8]</a>，寬度約22到24<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="埃格斯特朗">埃</a>（2.2到2.4<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3" title="纳米">纳米</a>），每一個核苷酸單位則大約長3.3埃（0.33纳米）<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a>。在整個脱氧核醣核酸聚合物中，可能含有數百萬個相連的核苷酸。例如人類細胞中最大的<a href="/wiki/1%E8%99%9F%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94_(%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E)" class="mw-redirect" title="1號染色體 (人類)">1號染色體</a>中，就有2億2千萬個鹼基對<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a>。通常在生物體內，脱氧核醣核酸並非單一分子，而是形成兩條互相配對並緊密結合<a href="#cite_note-Watson-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-berg-12">[12]</a>，且如藤蔓般地纏繞成<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B" title="螺旋">雙螺旋</a>結構的分子。每個核苷酸分子的其中一部分會相互連結，組成長链骨架；另一部分稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AB%E6%B0%AE%E9%B9%BC%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="含氮鹼基">鹼基</a>，可使成對的兩條脱氧核醣核酸相互結合。所謂<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸">核苷酸</a>，是指一個<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7" title="核苷">核苷</a>加上一個或多個磷酸基團，核苷則是指一個鹼基加上一個糖類分子<a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-13">[13]</a>。 脱氧核醣核酸骨架是由<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8" title="磷酸">磷酸</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%A3%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="醣類">醣類</a>基團交互排列而成<a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-14">[14]</a>。組成脱氧核醣核酸的糖類分子為環狀的2-脫氧核醣，屬於<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E7%B3%96" title="戊糖">五碳糖</a>的一種。磷酸基團上的兩個<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>原子分別接在五碳糖的3號及5號<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳原子</a>上，形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%AF%E9%8D%B5" title="磷酸二酯鍵">磷酸雙酯鍵</a>。這種兩側不對稱的<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%83%B9%E9%8D%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="共價鍵">共價鍵</a>位置，使每一條脱氧核醣核酸長鏈皆具方向性。雙螺旋中的兩股核苷酸互以相反方向排列，這種排列方式稱為反平行。脱氧核醣核酸鏈上互不對稱的兩末端一邊叫做<a href="/wiki/5%27%E7%AB%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="5'端">5'端</a>，另一邊則稱<a href="/wiki/3%27%E7%AB%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="3'端">3'端</a>。脱氧核醣核酸與RNA最主要的差異之一，在於組成糖分子的不同，DNA為2-脫氧核醣，RNA則為<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96" title="核糖">核醣</a><a href="#cite_note-berg-12">[12]</a>。 <table class="wikitable"> <caption>DNA與RNA的比較 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-pipe li::after{content:" | ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-hyphen li::after{content:" - ";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist-comma li::after{content:"、";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:"（"counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li::after{content:"，"}.mw-parser-output .sslist li::after{content:"；"}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child::after{content:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist">本模板：<ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:DNA%E8%88%87RNA%E7%9A%84%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83" title="Template:DNA與RNA的比較">查看</a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:DNA%E8%88%87RNA%E7%9A%84%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:DNA與RNA的比較（页面不存在）">讨论</a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:DNA%E8%88%87RNA%E7%9A%84%E6%AF%94%E8%BC%83" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:DNA與RNA的比較">编辑</a></li></ul></div> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>項目</th> <th><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DNA</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核糖核酸">RNA</a></th> <th style="width: 30%;">解說 </th></tr> <tr> <td>組成主幹之<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="糖类">糖類</a>分子<a href="#cite_note-berg-12">[12]</a></td> <td>2-<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96" title="脱氧核糖">去氧核糖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8" title="磷酸">磷酸</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96" title="核糖">核糖</a>和磷酸</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>骨架結構</td> <td>规则的[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89#可疑来源" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">需要較佳来源</a>]<a href="#cite_note-全解-15">[15]</a>:50<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E5%8F%8C%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B" title="核酸双螺旋">双螺旋结构</a><a href="#cite_note-人教-16">[16]</a></td> <td>单螺旋结构[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%8F%AF%E4%BE%9B%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89#可疑来源" title="Wikipedia:可供查證">需要較佳来源</a>]<a href="#cite_note-人教-16">[16]</a> 或<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%96%E7%92%B0" title="莖環">茎环结构</a><a href="#cite_note-分子生物学导论-17">[17]</a></td> <td>即脱氧核糖核酸由两条脱氧核苷酸链构成，而核糖核酸由一条核糖核苷酸链构成。<a href="#cite_note-全解-15">[15]</a>:49 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸">核苷酸</a>數</td> <td>通常上百萬</td> <td>通常數百至數千個</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%B9%BC%E5%9F%BA" title="核鹼基">鹼基</a>種類<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-人教-16">[16]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E5%98%8C%E5%91%A4" title="腺嘌呤">腺嘌呤</a>（A）<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E9%94%AE" title="氢键">···</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%BA%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="胸腺嘧啶">胸腺嘧啶</a>（T） <a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9E%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="胞嘧啶">胞嘧啶</a>（C）··· <a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E5%98%8C%E5%91%A4" title="鳥嘌呤">鳥嘌呤</a>（G）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E5%98%8C%E5%91%A4" title="腺嘌呤">腺嘌呤</a>（A）··· <a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="尿嘧啶">尿嘧啶</a>（U） <a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9E%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="胞嘧啶">胞嘧啶</a>（C）··· <a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E5%98%8C%E5%91%A4" title="鳥嘌呤">鳥嘌呤</a>（G）</td> <td>除部分例外，DNA為胸腺嘧啶（5-甲基尿嘧啶），RNA為尿嘧啶，使RNA更易被水解。 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%A2%B3%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="五碳糖">五碳糖</a>種類<a href="#cite_note-人教-16">[16]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96" title="脱氧核糖">脫氧核醣</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96" title="核糖">核醣</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%A2%B3%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="五碳糖">五碳糖</a>連接組成分</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="氫原子">氫原子</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%9F%E5%9F%BA" title="羟基">羟基</a></td> <td>在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%94%E7%A2%B3%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="五碳糖">五碳糖</a>的第二個<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>原子上連接的組成分不同。 </td></tr> <tr> <td>存在于（对于真核细胞而言）<a href="#cite_note-人教-16">[16]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">细胞核</a>（少量存在于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="线粒体">线粒体</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E4%BD%93" title="叶绿体">叶绿体</a>）</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞质">细胞质</a></td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Difference_DNA_RNA-ZH.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Difference_DNA_RNA-ZH.svg/400px-Difference_DNA_RNA-ZH.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Difference_DNA_RNA-ZH.svg/600px-Difference_DNA_RNA-ZH.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Difference_DNA_RNA-ZH.svg/800px-Difference_DNA_RNA-ZH.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>DNA和RNA的组成与结构。左為<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%86%A3%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="核醣核酸">RNA</a>，右為<a class="mw-selflink selflink">DNA</a></figcaption></figure> 兩股脱氧核醣核酸長鏈上的鹼基以<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E9%94%AE" title="氢键">氫鍵</a>相互吸引，使雙螺旋形态得以維持。這些鹼基可分為兩大類，以5角及6角<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%82%E7%8E%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="杂环化合物">雜環化合物</a>組合而成的一類稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%8C%E5%91%A4" title="嘌呤">嘌呤</a>；只有一個6角雜環的則稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="嘧啶">嘧啶</a><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-13">[13]</a>。組成脱氧核醣核酸的鹼基，分別是<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E5%98%8C%E5%91%A4" title="腺嘌呤">腺嘌呤</a>（adenine，縮寫A）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9E%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="胞嘧啶">胞嘧啶</a>（cytosine，C）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E5%98%8C%E5%91%A4" title="鳥嘌呤">鳥嘌呤</a>（guanine，G）與<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%BA%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="胸腺嘧啶">胸腺嘧啶</a>（thymine，T）。鹼基、糖類分子與磷酸三者結合之後，便成為完整的核苷酸。還有一種鹼基稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="尿嘧啶">尿嘧啶</a>（uracil，U），此種鹼基比胸腺嘧啶少了一個位於環上的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA" title="甲基">甲基</a>，一般出現在RNA分子中，角色相當於脱氧核醣核酸裡的胸腺嘧啶。通常在脱氧核醣核酸中，它会作为胞嘧啶的分解产物，或是<a href="/wiki/CpG%E5%B2%9B" title="CpG岛">CpG岛</a>中還未經<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96" title="甲基化">甲基化</a>的胞嘧啶突变产物。少見的例外發現於一種稱為PBS1的<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%AC%E8%8F%8C%E4%BD%93" title="噬菌体">細菌病毒</a>，此類病毒的脱氧核醣核酸中含有尿嘧啶<a href="#cite_note-nature1963-takahashi-19">[19]</a>。在某些特定RNA分子的合成過程中，會有許多尿嘧啶在酵素的作用下失去一個甲基，因而轉變成胸腺嘧啶，這種情形大多出現於一些在構造上具有功能，或者具有酵素能力的RNA上，例如<a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">轉運RNA</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="核糖體RNA">核糖體RNA</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a>。 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/File:DNA_orbit_animated.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/DNA_orbit_animated.gif" decoding="async" width="290" height="477" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>脱氧核醣核酸片段結構動畫，各種鹼基水平排列於兩條螺旋長鏈之間。<a href="/wiki/File:DNA_orbit_animated.gif" title="File:DNA orbit animated.gif">放大觀看</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></figcaption></figure> 兩股脱氧核醣核酸長鏈會以右旋方式交互纏繞成雙螺旋結構，因为以磷酸联结而成的骨架位於外部，且兩股之間會留下一些空隙，因此位於螺旋內部的鹼基，即使從螺旋外側依然可見（如右方動畫）。雙螺旋的表面有兩種凹槽（或称“沟”）：較大的寬22<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97" class="mw-redirect" title="埃格斯特朗">埃</a>；較小的寬12埃<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>。由於各個鹼基靠近大凹槽的一面較容易與外界接觸，因此如<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="转录因子">轉錄因子</a>等能夠與特定序列結合的蛋白質與鹼基接觸時，通常是作用在靠近大凹槽的一面<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a>。 <div class="thumb tleft" style="background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.5em;"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width:230px; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.3em;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Base_pair_GC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Base_pair_GC.svg/280px-Base_pair_GC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Base_pair_GC.svg/420px-Base_pair_GC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Base_pair_GC.svg/560px-Base_pair_GC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="369" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width:230px; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.3em;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Base_pair_AT.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Base_pair_AT.svg/280px-Base_pair_AT.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Base_pair_AT.svg/420px-Base_pair_AT.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Base_pair_AT.svg/560px-Base_pair_AT.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="352" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="border: none; width:280px;"><div class="thumbcaption">上圖可見GC鹼基對由三個<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E9%94%AE" title="氢键">氫鍵</a>相連；下圖可見AT鹼基對是由兩個氫鍵相連。圖中的氫鍵皆以虛線表示。</div></div></div> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="鹼基配對">鹼基配對</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：鹼基配對">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AB%E6%B0%AE%E9%B9%BC%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="含氮鹼基">含氮鹼基</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%BC%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="鹼基對">鹼基對</a></div> 一股脱氧核醣核酸上所具有的各類型<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AB%E6%B0%AE%E9%B9%BC%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="含氮鹼基">含氮碱基</a>，都只會與另一股上的一個特定類型鹼基產生鍵結。此種情形稱為互補性<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9F%BA%E5%AF%B9" title="碱基对">鹼基配對</a>。嘌呤與嘧啶之間會形成<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E9%94%AE" title="氢键">氫鍵</a>，在一般情况下，A只與T相連，而C只與G相連。因此排列於雙螺旋上的核苷酸，便以這種稱為鹼基對的方式相互联结。除此之外，與脱氧核醣核酸序列無關的<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E6%B0%B4%E6%80%A7" title="疏水性">疏水性效應</a>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%96%8A_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="重疊 (化學)">π重疊</a>效應所產生的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a>，也是兩股脱氧核醣核酸能維持結合狀態的原因<a href="#cite_note-未命名-20230318195218-2">[2]</a>。由於氫鍵比<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%83%B9%E9%8D%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="共價鍵">共價鍵</a>更容易斷裂，這使雙股脱氧核醣核酸可能會因為機械力或高<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6" title="温度">溫</a>作用，而有如拉鍊一般地解開<a href="#cite_note-未命名_2-20230318195218-3">[3]</a>，这种现象被称为<a href="/wiki/DNA%E5%8F%98%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA变性">DNA变性</a>。由於互補的特性，使位於雙股序列上的訊息，皆以雙倍的形式存在，這種特性對於脱氧核醣核酸複製過程來說相當重要。互補鹼基之間可逆且具專一性的交互作用，是生物脱氧核醣核酸所共同擁有的關鍵功能<a href="#cite_note-Alberts-4">[4]</a>。 兩種不同的鹼基對分別是以不同數目的氫鍵結合：A-T之間有兩條；G-C之間則有三條（如本段上方左圖所示）。多一條氫鍵使GC配對的穩定性高於AT配對，也因此兩股脱氧核醣核酸的結合強度，是由GC配對所佔比例，以及雙螺旋的總長度來決定。當脱氧核醣核酸雙螺旋較長且GC含量較高時，其雙股之間的結合能力較強；長度較短且AT含量較高時，結合能力則較弱<a href="#cite_note-未命名_3-20230318195218-5">[5]</a>。雙螺旋上有某些部位必須能夠輕易解開，這些部位通常含有有較多的AT配對，例如細菌<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%90" title="啟動子">啟動子</a>上一段含有TATAAT序列的<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%83%E8%AB%BE%E7%9B%92" title="普里布諾盒">普里布諾盒</a><a href="#cite_note-未命名_4-20230318195218-6">[6]</a>。在實驗室中，若找出解開氫鍵所需的溫度，也就是所謂<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔點</a>（Tm），便能計算出兩股之間的結合強度。當脱氧核醣核酸雙螺旋上所有的鹼基配對都解開之後，溶液中的兩股脱氧核醣核酸將分裂成獨立的分子。單股脱氧核醣核酸分子並無固定的形體，但仍有某些形狀較為穩定且常見<a href="#cite_note-未命名_5-20230318195218-7">[7]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="正義與反義">正義與反義</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：正義與反義">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9_(%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="義 (分子生物學)">義 (分子生物學)</a></div> 一般來說，當一段脱氧核醣核酸序列之mRNA為轉譯成蛋白質的RNA序列時，稱為「正義」（sense），而相對並互補的另一股序列，則稱為「反義」（anti-sense）。由於<a href="/wiki/RNA%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6" title="RNA聚合酶">RNA聚合酶</a>的作用方式，是根據模板上的訊息來合成一段與模板互補的RNA片段，因此正義mRNA的序列實際上與脱氧核醣核酸上的正義股相同。在同一股脱氧核醣核酸上，可能同時會有屬於正義和反義的片段。此外，反義RNA在原核生物或真核生物體內皆存在，但是其功能尚未明瞭<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>。有研究認為，反义RNA可利用RNA與RNA之間的鹼基配對，來調控<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE" title="基因表現">基因的表現</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>。 少數屬於原核生物、真核生物、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E7%B2%92" title="质粒">質體</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>的脱氧核醣核酸序列（後兩者較前兩者多），會由於正義股與反義股之間的差異難以區分，而產生重疊基因<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a>，這類脱氧核醣核酸序列具有雙重功能，一方面能以5'往3'的方向合成蛋白質，另一方面也能以相反方向合成另一個蛋白質。這種重疊現象一方面在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">細菌</a>體內參與調控基因的轉錄<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>，一方面則在較小的病毒基因組中，扮演增加訊息量的角色<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>。為了縮減基因組的大小，也有某些病毒以線狀或環狀的單股脱氧核醣核酸作為遺傳物質<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="超螺旋">超螺旋</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：超螺旋">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/DNA%E8%B6%85%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B" title="DNA超螺旋">DNA超螺旋</a></div> 脱氧核醣核酸链在双螺旋基础上如繩索般扭轉的現象與過程稱為<a href="/wiki/DNA%E8%B6%85%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B" title="DNA超螺旋">DNA超螺旋</a>。當脱氧核醣核酸處於「鬆弛」狀態時，雙螺旋的兩股通常會延着中軸，以每10.4個鹼基對旋轉一圈的方式扭轉。但如果脱氧核醣核酸受到扭轉，其兩股的纏繞方式將變得更緊或更鬆<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a>。當脱氧核醣核酸扭轉方向與雙股螺旋的旋轉方向相同時，稱為正超螺旋，此時鹼基將更加緊密地結合。反之若扭轉方向與雙股螺旋相反，則稱為負超螺旋，鹼基之間的結合度會降低。自然界中大多數的脱氧核醣核酸，會因為<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%92%B2%E7%95%B0%E6%A7%8B%E9%85%B6" title="拓撲異構酶">拓撲異構酶</a>的作用，而形成輕微的負超螺旋狀態<a href="#cite_note-Champoux-32">[32]</a>。拓撲異構酶同時也在<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" title="转录">轉錄</a>作用或<a href="/wiki/DNA%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6" title="DNA复制">DNA複製</a>過程中，負責紓解脱氧核醣核酸鏈所受的扭轉壓力<a href="#cite_note-Wang-33">[33]</a>。 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A-DNA,_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png/290px-A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png/435px-A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png/580px-A-DNA%2C_B-DNA_and_Z-DNA.png 2x" data-file-width="2486" data-file-height="1620" /></a><figcaption>由左到右分別為A型、B型與Z型三種脱氧核醣核酸結構。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="各種類型的雙螺旋結構">各種類型的雙螺旋結構</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：各種類型的雙螺旋結構">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/DNA%E7%9A%84%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E6%80%A7%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA的機械性質">DNA的機械性質</a></div> 脱氧核醣核酸有多種不同的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%8B%E8%B1%A1%E7%95%B0%E6%A7%8B" title="構象異構">構象</a>，其中有些構象之間在構造上的差異並不大。目前已辨識出來的構象包括：<a href="/wiki/A-DNA" title="A-DNA">A-DNA</a>、<a href="/wiki/B-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="B-DNA">B-DNA</a>、<a href="/wiki/C-DNA" title="C-DNA">C-DNA</a>、D-DNA<a href="#cite_note-Hayashi2005-34">[34]</a>、E-DNA<a href="#cite_note-Vargason2000-35">[35]</a>、H-DNA<a href="#cite_note-Wang2006-36">[36]</a>、L-DNA<a href="#cite_note-Hayashi2005-34">[34]</a>、P-DNA<a href="#cite_note-Allemand1998-37">[37]</a>與<a href="/wiki/Z-DNA" title="Z-DNA">Z-DNA</a><a href="#cite_note-Ghosh-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a>。不過以現有的生物系統來說，自然界中可見的只有A-DNA、B-DNA與Z-DNA。脱氧核醣核酸所具有的構象可根據脱氧核醣核酸序列、超螺旋的程度與方向、鹼基上的化學修飾，以及溶液狀態，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E" title="金属">金屬</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" title="离子">離子</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%83%BA" title="多胺">多胺</a>濃度來分類<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>。三種主要構象中以B型為細胞中最常見的類型<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a>，與另兩種脱氧核醣核酸雙螺旋的差異，在於其幾何形态與尺寸。 其中A型擁有較大的寬度與右旋結構，小凹槽較淺且較寬，大凹槽則較深較窄。A型一般存在於非生理狀態的脫水樣本中，在細胞中則可能為脱氧核醣核酸與RNA混合而成的產物（類似酵素及脱氧核醣核酸的複合物）<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a>。若一段脱氧核醣核酸上的鹼基受到一種稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96" title="甲基化">甲基化</a>的化學修飾，將使其構型轉變成<a href="/wiki/Z-DNA" title="Z-DNA">Z型</a>。此時螺旋形式轉為左旋，與較常見的右旋B型相反<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a>。某些專門與Z-脱氧核醣核酸結合的蛋白質可辨識出這種少見的結構，此外Z型脱氧核醣核酸可能參與了轉錄作用的調控<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="四聯體結構">四聯體結構</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：四聯體結構">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png/220px-Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png/330px-Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png/440px-Parallel_telomere_quadruple.png 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>由重複排列的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E7%B2%92" title="端粒">端粒</a>構成的脱氧核醣核酸四聯體結構形态。脱氧核醣核酸骨架的構形與一般的螺旋結構顯著地有所不同<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a>。</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/G-%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%AF%E9%AB%94" title="G-四聯體">G-四聯體</a></div> 線狀<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体">染色體</a>的末端有一段稱<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E7%B2%92" title="端粒">端粒</a>的特殊區域，由於一般參與複製脱氧核醣核酸的酶無法作用於染色體的3'端，因此這些端粒的主要功能，是使細胞能利用一種稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E7%B2%92%E9%85%B6" title="端粒酶">端粒酶</a>的酶來複製端粒<a href="#cite_note-Greider-46">[46]</a>。如果端粒消失，那麼複製過程將使染色體長度縮小。因此這些特化的端帽能保護染色體結尾不被<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%88%87%E9%85%B6" title="外切酶">外切酶</a>破壞，並阻止細胞中的<a href="/wiki/DNA%E4%BF%AE%E5%BE%A9" title="DNA修復">DNA修復</a>系統將其視為需修正的損毀位置<a href="#cite_note-Nugent-47">[47]</a>。在人類細胞中，端粒是由重複出現數千次TTAGGG序列的單股脱氧核醣核酸所組成<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a>。 這些序列富含鳥嘌呤，可形成一種由四個鹼基重疊而成的特殊結構，使染色體末端較為穩定。四個鳥嘌呤可構成一個平面，並且重疊於其他平面之上，產生穩定的<a href="/wiki/G-%E5%9B%9B%E8%81%AF%E9%AB%94" title="G-四聯體">G-四聯體</a>結構<a href="#cite_note-Burge-49">[49]</a>。鹼基與位在四個鹼基中心的金屬離子<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%AF%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="螯合物">螯合物</a>之間，是經由氫鍵結合以穩定結構。左圖顯示由上方觀看人類端粒中的四聯體，圖中可見每四個鹼基為一組，共三層鹼基重疊而成的單股脱氧核醣核酸環狀物。在鹼基環繞的中心，可見三個螯合在一起的<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%BE" title="钾">鉀</a>離子<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a>。也有其他類型的結構存在，例如中心的四個鹼基，除了可以是屬於單一的一股脱氧核醣核酸之外，也可能是由多條平行的脱氧核醣核酸各自貢獻一個鹼基而形成。 端粒另外還可形成一種大型環狀結構，稱為端粒環或T環（T-loop）。是由單股脱氧核醣核酸經過端粒結合蛋白的作用之後，捲曲而成的一個大迴圈<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a>。在T環長鏈最前端的地方，單股的脱氧核醣核酸會附着在雙股脱氧核醣核酸之上，破壞雙螺旋脱氧核醣核酸與另一股的鹼基配對，形成一種稱為替代環或D環的三股結構<a href="#cite_note-Burge-49">[49]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="化學修飾">化學修飾</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：化學修飾">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="鹼基修飾">鹼基修飾</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：鹼基修飾">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tright" style="background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.5em;"> <table border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" style="width:300px; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.3em;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Cytosine_chemical_structure.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Cytosine_chemical_structure.svg/75px-Cytosine_chemical_structure.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Cytosine_chemical_structure.svg/113px-Cytosine_chemical_structure.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Cytosine_chemical_structure.svg/150px-Cytosine_chemical_structure.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="464" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:5-Methylcytosine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/5-Methylcytosine.svg/95px-5-Methylcytosine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/5-Methylcytosine.svg/143px-5-Methylcytosine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/5-Methylcytosine.svg/190px-5-Methylcytosine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="543" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Tymina.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tymina.svg/97px-Tymina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tymina.svg/146px-Tymina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Tymina.svg/194px-Tymina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="225" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9E%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="胞嘧啶">胞嘧啶</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/5-%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E8%83%9E%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="5-甲基胞嘧啶">5-甲基胞嘧啶</a> </td> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%BA%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="胸腺嘧啶">胸腺嘧啶</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="border: none; width:300px;font-size: 85%;"><div class="thumbcaption">正常與附加一個5-甲基的胞嘧啶。經過脫氨作用之後，5-甲基胞嘧碇會轉變成胸腺嘧啶。</div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/DNA%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96" title="DNA甲基化">DNA甲基化</a></div> 基因的表現，受染色體上的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E8%B4%A8" title="染色质">染色質</a>結構與<a href="/wiki/%E7%95%B0%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E8%B3%AA" title="異染色質">異染色質</a>（基因無表現或低表現）區域裡的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9E%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="胞嘧啶">胞嘧啶</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96" title="甲基化">甲基化</a>所影響。舉例而言，當胞嘧啶受到甲基化時，會轉變成<a href="/wiki/5-%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E8%83%9E%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="5-甲基胞嘧啶">5-甲基胞嘧啶</a>，此作用對於<a href="/wiki/X%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E5%8E%BB%E6%B4%BB%E5%8C%96" title="X染色體去活化">X染色體的去活化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E9%8A%98%E5%8D%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="基因銘印">铭印</a>和保护脱氧核醣核酸分子不被<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%88%87%E9%85%B6" title="內切酶">内切酶</a>所切断（存在例外）而言相當重要<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a>。甲基化的程度在不同生物之間有所差異，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%80%E9%BA%97%E9%9A%B1%E6%A1%BF%E7%B7%9A%E8%9F%B2" title="秀麗隱桿線蟲">秀麗隱桿線蟲</a>便缺乏胞嘧啶甲基化，而在<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E6%A4%8E%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9" title="脊椎动物">脊椎動物</a>體內則較常出現，大約有1%的脱氧核醣核酸為5-甲基胞嘧啶<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a>。5-甲基胞嘧啶容易因自然發生的<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="脫氨作用">脫氨作用</a>而變成胸腺嘧啶，也因此使甲基化的胞嘧啶成為<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98" title="突变">突變</a>熱點<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a>，这也解释了为什么胞嘧啶和鸟嘌呤会集中出现在CpG岛里，因为那里的甲基化作用被压制，没有甲基化的胞嘧啶所产生的突变产物并非胸腺嘧啶，而是尿嘧啶。因为尿嘧啶会相对容易地被更正过来，所以CpG岛内胞嘧啶不易形成突变而会被保留下来。其他的鹼基修飾還包括細菌的腺嘌呤甲基化，以及使<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E8%B3%AA%E9%AB%94" title="動質體">動質體</a>（一種生物）的尿嘧啶轉變成「J-鹼基」的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="糖基化">糖基化</a>等<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>。 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png/250px-Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="346" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png/375px-Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png/500px-Benzopyrene_DNA_adduct_1JDG.png 2x" data-file-width="1131" data-file-height="1566" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%A6%E8%8A%98" class="mw-redirect" title="苯並芘">苯並芘</a>是一種突變原，可於<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E8%8D%89" title="烟草">菸葉</a>燃燒生成的<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%99" title="煙">煙</a>中發現，圖為苯並芘與脱氧核醣核酸的加合物<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="脱氧核醣核酸損害">脱氧核醣核酸損害</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：脱氧核醣核酸損害">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E8%AE%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="突變">突變</a></div> 有許多不同種類的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E8%AE%8A%E5%8E%9F" title="突變原">突變原</a>可對DNA造成損害，其中包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E5%89%82" title="氧化剂">氧化劑</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%B7%E5%8C%96%E5%8A%91" title="烷化劑">烷化劑</a>，以及高頻<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2" title="电磁波">電磁輻射</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96%E7%BA%BF" title="紫外线">紫外線</a>與<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" title="X射线">X射線</a>。不同的突變原對DNA造成不同類型的損害，舉例而言，紫外線會造成<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%BA%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6%E4%BA%8C%E8%81%9A%E9%AB%94" title="胸腺嘧啶二聚體">胸腺嘧啶二聚體</a>的形成，並與相鄰的鹼基產生交叉，進而使DNA發生損害<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a>。另一方面，氧化劑如<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E5%9F%BA" title="自由基">自由基</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%87%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E6%B0%A2" title="过氧化氢">過氧化氫</a>，可造成多種不同形态的損害，尤其可對鳥苷進行鹼基修飾，並且使雙股分解<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a>。根據估計，在一個人類細胞中，每天大約有500個鹼基遭受氧化損害<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a>。在各種氧化損害當中，以雙股分解最為危險，此種損害難以修復，且可造成DNA序列的<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%9E%E7%AA%81%E8%AE%8A" title="點突變">點突變</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8F%92%E5%85%A5_(%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8)" title="插入 (遺傳學)">插入</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%AA%E9%99%A4_(%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8)" title="刪除 (遺傳學)">刪除</a>，以及<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E6%98%93%E4%BD%8D" title="染色體易位">染色體易位</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a>。 許多突變原可<a href="/wiki/%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8)" title="嵌入 (化學)">嵌入</a>相鄰的兩個鹼基對之間，這些嵌入劑大多是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B3%E9%A6%99%E6%80%A7" title="芳香性">芳香性</a>分子及平面分子，包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4%E5%8C%96%E4%B9%99%E9%8C%A0" title="溴化乙錠">乙錠</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E8%AB%BE%E9%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="道諾黴素">道諾黴素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="阿黴素">阿黴素</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%88%A9%E5%BA%A6%E8%83%BA" title="沙利度胺">沙利竇邁</a>。必須先使鹼基之間的空隙變大，才能使嵌入劑置入鹼基對之間，整體而言，脱氧核醣核酸會因為雙螺旋解開而扭曲變形。結構改變會使轉錄作用與脱氧核醣核酸複製過程受到抑制，進而導致毒害與突變。因此脱氧核醣核酸嵌入劑通常也是<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E7%99%8C%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="致癌物質">致癌物</a>，常見的例子有<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%A6%E8%8A%98" class="mw-redirect" title="苯並芘">二醇環氧苯並芘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%96%E5%95%B6" title="吖啶">吖啶</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%83%E9%BA%B4%E6%AF%92%E7%B4%A0" title="黃麴毒素">黃麴毒素</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%B4%E5%8C%96%E4%B9%99%E9%8C%A0" title="溴化乙錠">溴化乙錠</a>等<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>。但是這些物質也因為能夠抑制脱氧核醣核酸的轉錄與複製，而可應用於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%96%97%E6%B3%95" title="化学疗法">化學治療</a>中，用以抑制<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%8C%E7%97%87" title="癌症">癌症</a>細胞的快速生長情形<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生物機能概觀">生物機能概觀</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：生物機能概觀">编辑</a>]</div> 脱氧核醣核酸於真核生物細胞內，通常是以長條狀<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体">染色體</a>形式存在；在原核生物細胞內則是環狀染色體。細胞內的所有染色體合稱<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84" title="基因組">基因組</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84" title="人類基因組">人類基因組</a>中大約有30億個鹼基對，共組成了46個染色體<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>。脱氧核醣核酸所攜帶的訊息，是以<a href="/wiki/DNA%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA序列">脱氧核醣核酸序列</a>形式，保存於一些稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>的片段中。基因中的遺傳訊息是經由互補的鹼基配對來傳遞，例如在轉錄作用中，細胞裡的RNA核苷酸會與互補的脱氧核醣核酸結合，複製出一段與脱氧核醣核酸序列互補的RNA序列。一般來說，這段RNA序列將會在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91_(%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6)" class="mw-redirect" title="翻译 (遗传学)">轉譯</a>作用中，經由RNA之間的互補配對，合成出相對應的蛋白質序列。另一方面，細胞也可以在稱為脱氧核醣核酸複製的過程中，單純地複製其自身的遺傳訊息。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="基因組結構">基因組結構</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：基因組結構">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞核">細胞核</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="染色質">染色質</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="染色體">染色體</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%B7%A8%E7%A2%BCDNA" title="非編碼DNA">非編碼DNA</a></div> 真核生物的基因組脱氧核醣核酸主要存放於<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">細胞核</a>中，此外也有少量位於<a href="/wiki/%E7%B7%9A%E7%B2%92%E9%AB%94" title="線粒體">粒線體</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B6%E7%BB%BF%E4%BD%93" title="叶绿体">葉綠體</a>內。原核生物的脱氧核醣核酸則是保存在形狀不規則的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%9F%E6%A0%B8" title="拟核">類核</a>（nucleoid）當中<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a>。基因是脱氧核醣核酸的一段區域，保存了基因組裡的遺傳訊息，是<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3" title="遺傳">遺傳</a>的單位，影響了生物個體的特定表徵。基因中含有可轉錄的<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E6%94%BE%E9%96%B1%E8%AE%80%E6%A1%86%E6%9E%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="開放閱讀框架">開放閱讀框架</a>，以及一些可調節開放閱讀框架表現的<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%BF%E6%8E%A7%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" title="調控序列">調控序列</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%90" title="啟動子">啟動子</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%90" title="強化子">強化子</a>。 許多物種的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84" title="基因組">基因組</a>都只有一小部分可編譯成蛋白質。以人類為例，在人類的基因組中只有1.5%屬於含有蛋白質編碼的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%98%BE%E5%AD%90" title="外显子">外顯子</a>，另有超過50%屬於無編碼的<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E8%A4%87%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" title="重複序列">重複序列</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a>。真核生物基因組中如此大量的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%B7%A8%E7%A2%BCDNA" title="非編碼DNA">非編碼DNA</a>，以及物種之間不尋常的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84%E5%A4%A7%E5%B0%8F" title="基因組大小">基因組大小</a>或<a href="/wiki/C%E5%80%BC" title="C值">C值</a>差異，長久以來一直是個難題，人們稱之為「<a href="/wiki/C%E5%80%BC%E8%AC%8E" title="C值謎">C值謎</a>」<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a>。不過這些不含蛋白質編碼的脱氧核醣核酸序列，仍可能合成出具有功能的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%B7%A8%E7%A2%BCRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="非編碼RNA">非編碼RNA</a>分子，用以調控基因表現<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>。 <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T7_RNA_polymerase_at_work.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/T7_RNA_polymerase_at_work.png/300px-T7_RNA_polymerase_at_work.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/T7_RNA_polymerase_at_work.png/450px-T7_RNA_polymerase_at_work.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/T7_RNA_polymerase_at_work.png/600px-T7_RNA_polymerase_at_work.png 2x" data-file-width="1348" data-file-height="934" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/T7RNA%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="T7RNA聚合酶">T7RNA聚合酶</a>（藍色）以脱氧核醣核酸模板（橙色）為依據，合成mRNA（綠色）<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a>。</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="染色體">染色體</a>中的某些非編碼脱氧核醣核酸序列，本身具有結構上的功能。例如一般只帶有少量基因的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E7%B2%92" title="端粒">端粒</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%9D%80%E7%B5%B2%E7%B2%92" title="着絲粒">着絲粒</a>，對於染色體的穩定性及機能而言顯得相當重要<a href="#cite_note-Nugent-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a>。人類體內有一類大量存在的非編碼脱氧核醣核酸，稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%BD%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="偽基因">偽基因</a>，是一些因突變累積而變得殘缺無用的基因複製品<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>。這些序列通常只可算是分子<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E7%9F%B3" title="化石">化石</a>，不過有時候也會因為<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8D%E8%A4%87" title="基因重複">基因重複</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%A8%E7%95%B0%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="趨異演化">趨異演化</a>，而成為新基因裡的新遺傳物質<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="轉錄與轉譯">轉錄與轉譯</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：轉錄與轉譯">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AF%86%E7%A2%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="遺傳密碼">遺傳密碼</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E9%8C%84" class="mw-redirect" title="轉錄">轉錄</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="蛋白質生物合成">蛋白質生物合成</a></div> 基因是指一段含有遺傳訊息，且可影響生物體<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="表型">表現型</a>的脱氧核醣核酸序列。基因裡的脱氧核醣核酸鹼基序列決定了<a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">信使RNA</a>的序列，而信使RNA的序列又決定了蛋白質的序列。<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91_(%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6)" class="mw-redirect" title="翻译 (遗传学)">轉譯作用</a>可依據基因所含有的核苷酸序列，以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81" title="遗传密码">遺傳密碼</a>規則，生產出對應的蛋白質<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a>序列。遺傳密碼的組成單位稱為密碼子，是含有三個字母的「指令」，這些單位則由三個核苷酸組成，例如ACT、CAG或TTT。 在<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E9%8C%84%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="轉錄作用">轉錄作用</a>中，基因裡的密碼子會在<a href="/wiki/RNA%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6" title="RNA聚合酶">RNA聚合酶</a>的作用下，複製成為信使RNA。之後<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="核糖体">核醣體</a>會幫助帶着氨基酸的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E8%BF%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="转运核糖核酸">轉移RNA</a>與信使RNA進行鹼基配對，進而將信使RNA解碼。由於組成密碼子的鹼基共有四種，且以三字母為一單位，因此可能存在的密碼子一共有64種（43）。與這些密碼子對應的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%83%BA%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="標準蛋白胺基酸列表">標準氨基酸</a>有20種，因此大多數氨基酸對應了一種以上的密碼子。另外有三個密碼子稱為「終止密碼子」或「無義密碼子」，是編碼區域的末端，分別是TAA、TGA與TAG，這是屬於DNA上的終止密碼。而在mRNA上的則是UAG、UAA與UGA。當轉譯到達這三組密碼子時就會停止轉譯，並進行下一步的修飾。 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DNA_replication_zh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/DNA_replication_zh.png/450px-DNA_replication_zh.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/DNA_replication_zh.png/675px-DNA_replication_zh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/DNA_replication_zh.png/900px-DNA_replication_zh.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption>圖為脱氧核醣核酸複製，首先<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E9%85%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="螺旋酶">螺旋酶</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%92%B2%E7%95%B0%E6%A7%8B%E9%85%B6" title="拓撲異構酶">拓撲異構酶</a>將雙螺旋解開，接着一個<a href="/wiki/DNA%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6" title="DNA聚合酶">DNA聚合酶</a>負責合成<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E9%80%B2%E8%82%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="前進股">前進股</a>；另一個則與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E9%81%B2%E8%82%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="延遲股">延遲股</a>結合，製造一些不連續的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B2%A1%E5%B4%8E%E7%89%87%E6%AE%B5" title="岡崎片段">岡崎片段</a>，再由<a href="/wiki/DNA%E9%80%A3%E6%8E%A5%E9%85%B6" title="DNA連接酶">脱氧核醣核酸連接酶</a>將其黏合。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="複製">複製</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：複製">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/DNA%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA複製">DNA複製</a></div> 生物個體成長需要經歷<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="细胞分裂">細胞分裂</a>，當細胞進行分裂時，必須將自身基因組中的脱氧核醣核酸複製，才能使子細胞擁有和親代相同的遺傳訊息。脱氧核醣核酸的雙股結構可供<a href="/wiki/DNA%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6" title="DNA复制">脱氧核醣核酸複製</a>機制進行，在此複製過程中，兩條長鏈會先分離，之後一種稱為<a href="/wiki/DNA%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6" title="DNA聚合酶">DNA聚合酶</a>的酵素，會分別以兩條長鏈為依據，合成出互補的脱氧核醣核酸序列。酵素可找出正確的外來互補鹼基，並將其結合到模板長鏈上，進而製造出新的互補長鏈。由於脱氧核醣核酸聚合酶只能以5'到3'的方向合成脱氧核醣核酸鏈，因此雙螺旋中平行但方向相反的兩股，具有不同的合成機制<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>。舊長鏈上的鹼基序列決定了新長鏈上的鹼基序列，使細胞得以獲得完整的脱氧核醣核酸複製品。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="與蛋白質的交互作用">與蛋白質的交互作用</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：與蛋白質的交互作用">编辑</a>]</div> 脱氧核醣核酸若要發揮其功用，必須仰賴與<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白質</a>之間的交互作用，有些蛋白質的作用不具專一性，有些則只專門與個別的脱氧核醣核酸序列結合。聚合酶在各類酵素中尤其重要，此種蛋白質可與脱氧核醣核酸結合，並作用於轉錄或脱氧核醣核酸複製過程。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="脱氧核醣核酸結合蛋白">脱氧核醣核酸結合蛋白</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：脱氧核醣核酸結合蛋白">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nucleosome_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Nucleosome_2.jpg/280px-Nucleosome_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Nucleosome_2.jpg/420px-Nucleosome_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Nucleosome_2.jpg/560px-Nucleosome_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="528" /></a><figcaption>脱氧核醣核酸與<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="組織蛋白">組織蛋白</a>（上圖白色部分）的交互作用，這種蛋白質中的鹼性氨基酸（左下藍色），可與脱氧核醣核酸上的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8" title="磷酸">酸性磷酸基團</a>結合（右下紅色）。</figcaption></figure> 結構蛋白可與脱氧核醣核酸結合，是非專一性脱氧核醣核酸-蛋白質交互作用的常見例子。染色體中的結構蛋白與脱氧核醣核酸組合成複合物，使脱氧核醣核酸組織成緊密結實的<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E8%B4%A8" title="染色质">染色質</a>構造。對真核生物來說，染色質是由脱氧核醣核酸與一種稱為<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="組織蛋白">組織蛋白</a>的小型鹼性蛋白質所組合而成；而原核生物體內的此種結構，則掺杂了多種類型的蛋白質<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a>。雙股脱氧核醣核酸可在組織蛋白的表面上附着並纏繞整整兩圈，以形成一種稱為<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%B0%8F%E9%AB%94" title="核小體">核小體</a>的盤狀複合物。組織蛋白裡的鹼性殘基，與脱氧核醣核酸上的酸性糖磷酸骨架之間可形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%94%AE" title="离子键">離子鍵</a>，使兩者發生非專一性交互作用，也使複合物中的鹼基序列相互分離<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a>。在鹼性氨基酸殘基上所發生的化學修飾有<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B2%E5%9F%BA%E5%8C%96" title="甲基化">甲基化</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96" title="磷酸化">磷酸化</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%AF%E5%8C%96" title="乙醯化">乙醯化</a>等<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a>，這些化學作用可使脱氧核醣核酸與組織蛋白之間的作用強度發生變化，進而使脱氧核醣核酸與<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="转录因子">轉錄因子</a>接觸的難易度改變，影響轉錄作用的速率<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>。其他位於染色體內的非專一性脱氧核醣核酸結合蛋白，還包括一種能優先與脱氧核醣核酸結合，並使其扭曲的高移動性群蛋白<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a>。這類蛋白質可以改變核小體的排列方式，產生更複雜的染色質結構<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a>。 脱氧核醣核酸結合蛋白中有一種專門與單股脱氧核醣核酸結合的類型，稱為單股脱氧核醣核酸結合蛋白。人類的複製蛋白A是此類蛋白中獲得較多研究的成員，作用於多數與解開雙螺旋有關的過程，包括脱氧核醣核酸複製、重組以及脱氧核醣核酸修復<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a>。這類結合蛋白可固定單股脱氧核醣核酸，使其變得較為穩定，以避免形成<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%96%E7%92%B0" title="莖環">莖環</a>（stem-loop），或是因為<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E9%85%B6" title="核酸酶">核酸酶</a>的作用而水解。 <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png/185px-Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png" decoding="async" width="185" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png/278px-Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png/370px-Lambda_repressor_1LMB.png 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="1569" /></a><figcaption>λ抑制子是一類具<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B-%E8%BD%89%E8%A7%92-%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B" title="螺旋-轉角-螺旋">螺旋-轉角-螺旋</a>結構的轉錄因子，可與脱氧核醣核酸目標結合<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a>。</figcaption></figure> 相對而言，其他的蛋白質則只能與特定的脱氧核醣核酸序列進行專一性結合。大多數關於此類蛋白質的研究集中於各種可調控轉錄作用的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="转录因子">轉錄因子</a>。這類蛋白質中的每一種，都能與特定的脱氧核醣核酸序列結合，進而活化或抑制位於<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%90" title="啟動子">啟動子</a>附近序列的基因轉錄作用。轉錄因子有兩種作用方式，第一種可以直接或經由其他中介蛋白質的作用，而與負責轉錄的RNA聚合酶結合，再使聚合酶與啟動子結合，並開啟轉錄作用<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a>。第二種則與專門修飾組織蛋白的酵素結合於啟動子上，使脱氧核醣核酸模板與聚合酶發生接觸的難度改變<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a>。 由於目標脱氧核醣核酸可能散佈在生物體中的整個基因組中，因此改變一種轉錄因子的活性可能會影響許多基因的運作<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a>。這些<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="转录因子">轉錄因子</a>也因此經常成為<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%8A%E6%81%AF%E5%82%B3%E9%81%9E_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="訊息傳遞 (生物)">信號傳遞</a>過程中的作用目標，也就是作為細胞反映環境改變，或是進行分化和發育時的媒介。具專一性的轉錄因子會與脱氧核醣核酸發生交互作用，使脱氧核醣核酸鹼基的周圍產生許多接觸點，讓其他蛋白質得以「讀取」這些脱氧核醣核酸序列。多數的鹼基交互作用發生在大凹槽，也就是最容易從外界接觸<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9F%BA%E5%AF%B9" title="碱基对">鹼基</a>的部位<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a>。 <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EcoRV_1RVA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/EcoRV_1RVA.png/250px-EcoRV_1RVA.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/EcoRV_1RVA.png/375px-EcoRV_1RVA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/EcoRV_1RVA.png/500px-EcoRV_1RVA.png 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="1017" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E9%85%B6" title="限制酶">限制酶</a><a href="/wiki/EcoRV" title="EcoRV">EcoRV</a>（綠色）與其受質脱氧核醣核酸形成複合物<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>。</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="脱氧核醣核酸修飾酶">脱氧核醣核酸修飾酶</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：脱氧核醣核酸修飾酶">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="核酸酶與連接酶">核酸酶與連接酶</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：核酸酶與連接酶">编辑</a>]</div> 核酸酶是一種可經由催化<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E4%BA%8C%E9%85%AF%E9%8D%B5" title="磷酸二酯鍵">磷酸雙酯鍵</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%A7%A3" title="水解">水解</a>，而將脱氧核醣核酸鏈切斷的<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6" title="酶">酶</a>。其中一種稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%88%87%E9%85%B6" title="外切酶">外切酶</a>，可水解位於脱氧核醣核酸長鏈末端的核苷酸；另一種則是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%88%87%E9%85%B6" title="內切酶">內切酶</a>，作用於脱氧核醣核酸兩個端點之間的位置。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物學</a>領域中使用頻率最高的核酸酶為<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E9%85%B6" title="限制酶">限制內切酶</a>，可切割特定的脱氧核醣核酸序列。例如左圖中的EcoRV可辨識出具有6個鹼基的5′-GAT|ATC-3′序列，並從GAT與ATC之間那條垂直線所在的位置將其切斷。此類酵素在自然界中能消化噬菌體脱氧核醣核酸，以保護遭受<a href="/wiki/%E5%99%AC%E8%8F%8C%E4%BD%93" title="噬菌体">噬菌體</a>感染的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌">細菌</a>，此作用屬於<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E4%BF%AE%E9%A3%BE%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="限制修飾系統">限制修飾系統</a>的一部分<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a>。在技術上，對序列具專一性的核酸酶可應用於<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%81%B8%E6%AE%96" class="mw-redirect" title="分子選殖">分子選殖</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E6%8C%87%E7%B4%8B%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="遺傳指紋分析">脱氧核醣核酸指紋分析</a>。 另一種酶<a href="/wiki/DNA%E9%80%A3%E6%8E%A5%E9%85%B6" title="DNA連接酶">脱氧核醣核酸連接酶</a>，則可利用來自<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7" title="三磷酸腺苷">腺苷三磷酸</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%9F%E9%85%B0%E8%83%BA%E8%85%BA%E5%98%8C%E5%91%A4%E4%BA%8C%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="烟酰胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸">煙醯胺腺嘌呤二核苷酸</a>的能量，將斷裂的脱氧核醣核酸長鏈重新接合<a href="#cite_note-Doherty-92">[92]</a>。連接酶對於脱氧核醣核酸複製過程中產生的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%B6%E9%81%B2%E8%82%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="延遲股">延遲股</a>而言尤其重要，這些位於<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD%E5%8F%89" class="mw-redirect" title="複製叉">複製叉</a>上的短小片段，可在此酵素作用下黏合成為脱氧核醣核酸模板的完整複製品。此外連接酶也參與了<a href="/wiki/DNA%E4%BF%AE%E5%BE%A9" title="DNA修復">DNA修復</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E9%87%8D%E7%B5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="遺傳重組">遺傳重組</a>作用<a href="#cite_note-Doherty-92">[92]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="拓撲異構酶與螺旋酶">拓撲異構酶與螺旋酶</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：拓撲異構酶與螺旋酶">编辑</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%92%B2%E7%95%B0%E6%A7%8B%E9%85%B6" title="拓撲異構酶">拓撲異構酶</a>是一種同時具有核酸酶與連接酶效用的酶，可改變脱氧核醣核酸的<a href="/wiki/DNA%E8%B6%85%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B" title="DNA超螺旋">超螺旋</a>程度。其中有些是先使脱氧核醣核酸雙螺旋的其中一股切開以形成缺口，讓另一股能穿過此缺口，進而減低超螺旋程度，最後再將切開的部位黏合<a href="#cite_note-Champoux-32">[32]</a>。其他類型則是將兩股脱氧核醣核酸同時切開，使另一條雙股脱氧核醣核酸得以通過此缺口，之後再將缺口黏合<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a>。拓撲異構酶參與了許多脱氧核醣核酸相關作用，例如脱氧核醣核酸複製與轉錄<a href="#cite_note-Wang-33">[33]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E9%85%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="螺旋酶">螺旋酶</a>是<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%A9%AC%E8%BE%BE" title="分子马达">分子馬達</a>的一種類型，可利用來自各種<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E4%B8%89%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷三磷酸">核苷三磷酸</a>，尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7" title="三磷酸腺苷">腺苷三磷酸</a>的化學能量，破壞鹼基之間的氫鍵，使DNA雙螺旋解開成單股形式<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a>。此類酶參與了大多數關於DNA的作用，且必須接觸鹼基才能發揮功用。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="聚合酶">聚合酶</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：聚合酶">编辑</a>]</div> 聚合酶是一種利用<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E4%B8%89%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷三磷酸">核苷三磷酸</a>來合成聚合苷酸鏈的酶，方法是將一個核苷酸連接到另一個核苷酸的3'<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%9F%E5%9F%BA" title="羟基">羥基</a>位置，因此所有的聚合酶都是以5'往3'的方向進行合成作用<a href="#cite_note-Joyce1995-95">[95]</a>。在此類酶的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BB%E6%80%A7%E4%BD%8D%E7%82%B9" title="活性位点">活化位置</a>上，核苷三磷酸分子會與單股聚合苷酸模板發生鹼基配對，因而使聚合酶能夠精確地依據模板，合成出互補的另一股聚合苷酸。聚合酶可依據所能利用的模板類型來做分類。 在<a href="/wiki/DNA%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6" title="DNA复制">脱氧核醣核酸複製</a>過程中，依賴脱氧核醣核酸模板的<a href="/wiki/DNA%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6" title="DNA聚合酶">DNA聚合酶</a>可合成出脱氧核醣核酸序列的複製品。由於此複製過程的精確性是生命維持所必需，因此許多這類聚合酶擁有<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%A1%E6%AD%A3_(%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8)" class="mw-redirect" title="校正 (遺傳學)">校正</a>功能，可辨識出合成反應中偶然發生的配置錯誤，也就是一些無法與另一股配對的鹼基。檢測出錯誤之後，其3'到5'方向的外切酶活性會發生作用，並將錯誤的鹼基移除<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a>。大多數生物體內的脱氧核醣核酸聚合酶，是以稱為<a href="/wiki/%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD%E9%AB%94" title="複製體">複製體</a>的大型複合物形式來發生作用，此複合物中含有許多附加的次單位，如<a href="/wiki/DNA%E5%A4%BE" title="DNA夾">DNA夾</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B%E9%85%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="螺旋酶">螺旋酶</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a>。 依賴RNA作為模板的脱氧核醣核酸聚合酶是一種較特別的聚合酶，可將RNA長鏈的序列複製成脱氧核醣核酸版本。其中包括一種稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E9%85%B6" title="逆转录酶">逆轉錄酶</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>酶，此種酶參與了<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="逆转录病毒">逆轉錄病毒</a>對細胞的感染過程；另外還有複製<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E7%B2%92" title="端粒">端粒</a>所需的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%AF%E7%B2%92%E9%85%B6" title="端粒酶">端粒酶</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greider-46">[46]</a>，本身結構中含有RNA模板<a href="#cite_note-Nugent-47">[47]</a>。 轉錄作用是由依賴脱氧核醣核酸作為合成模板的<a href="/wiki/RNA%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6" title="RNA聚合酶">RNA聚合酶</a>來進行，此類酶可將脱氧核醣核酸長鏈上的序列複製成RNA版本。為了起始一個基因的轉錄，RNA聚合酶會先與一段稱為<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%9F%E5%8B%95%E5%AD%90" title="啟動子">啟動子</a>的脱氧核醣核酸序列結合，並使兩股脱氧核醣核酸分離，再將基因序列複製成<a href="/wiki/MRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MRNA">信使RNA</a>，直到到達能使轉錄結束的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%82%E6%AD%A2%E5%AD%90" title="終止子">終止子</a>序列為止。如同人類體內依賴脱氧核醣核酸模板的脱氧核醣核酸聚合酶，負責轉錄人類基因組中大多數基因的RNA聚合酶II，也是大型蛋白質複合物的一部分，此複合物受到多重調控，也含有許多附加的次單位<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="遺傳重組">遺傳重組</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：遺傳重組">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tright" style="background:#f9f9f9; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.5em;"> <table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:250px; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #ccc; margin:0.3em;"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Holliday_Junction_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Holliday_Junction_cropped.png/250px-Holliday_Junction_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Holliday_Junction_cropped.png/375px-Holliday_Junction_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Holliday_Junction_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="447" data-file-height="356" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/File:Holliday_junction_coloured.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Holliday_junction_coloured.png/250px-Holliday_junction_coloured.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Holliday_junction_coloured.png/375px-Holliday_junction_coloured.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Holliday_junction_coloured.png/500px-Holliday_junction_coloured.png 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1620" /></a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="border: none; width:245px;"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E9%87%8D%E7%B5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="遺傳重組">遺傳重組</a>過程中產生的<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89" title="霍利迪交叉">Holliday交叉</a>結構，圖中的紅色、藍色、綠色與黃色分別表示四條不同的DNA長鏈<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a>。</div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E9%87%8D%E7%B5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="遺傳重組">遺傳重組</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chromosomal_Recombination.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chromosomal_Recombination.svg/232px-Chromosomal_Recombination.svg.png" decoding="async" width="232" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chromosomal_Recombination.svg/348px-Chromosomal_Recombination.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Chromosomal_Recombination.svg/464px-Chromosomal_Recombination.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="334" /></a><figcaption>重組過程中，兩條染色體（M與F）斷裂之後又重新接合，產生兩條重新排列過的染色體（C1與C2）。</figcaption></figure> 各條脱氧核醣核酸螺旋間的交互作用不常發生，在人類細胞核裡的每個染色體，各自擁有一塊稱作「染色體領域」的區域<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a>。染色體之間在物理上的分離，對於維持脱氧核醣核酸資訊儲藏功能的穩定性而言相當重要。 不過染色體之間有時也會發生<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E9%87%8D%E7%B5%84" class="mw-redirect" title="遺傳重組">重組</a>，在重組的過程中，會進行<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E4%BA%92%E6%8F%9B" title="染色體互換">染色體互換</a>：首先兩條脱氧核醣核酸螺旋會先斷裂，之後交換其片段，最後再重新黏合。重組作用使染色體得以互相交換遺傳訊息，並產生新的基因組合，進而增加<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9" title="自然选择">自然選擇</a>的效果，且可能對蛋白質的演化產生重要影響<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a>。遺傳重組也參與脱氧核醣核酸修復作用，尤其是當細胞中的脱氧核醣核酸發生斷裂的時候<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a>。 <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%BA%90%E9%87%8D%E7%B5%84" title="同源重組">同源重組</a>是最常見的染色體互換方式，可發生於兩條序列相類似的染色體上。而非同源重組則對細胞具有傷害性，會造成<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E6%98%93%E4%BD%8D" title="染色體易位">染色體易位</a>與遺傳異常。可催化重組反應的酵素，如<a href="/wiki/RAD51" title="RAD51">RAD51</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a>，稱為「重組酶」。重組作用的第一個步驟，是<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%88%87%E9%85%B6" title="內切酶">內切酶</a>作用，或是脱氧核醣核酸的損壞所造成的脱氧核醣核酸雙股斷裂<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a>。重組酶可催化一系列步驟，使兩條螺旋結合產生<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E8%BF%AA%E4%BA%A4%E5%8F%89" title="霍利迪交叉">Holliday交叉</a>。其中每條螺旋中的單股脱氧核醣核酸，皆與另一條螺旋上與之互補的脱氧核醣核酸連結在一起，進而形成一種可於染色體內移動的交叉形構造，造成脱氧核醣核酸鏈的互換。重組反應最後會因為交叉結構的斷裂，以及脱氧核醣核酸的重新黏合而停止<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="脱氧核醣核酸生物代謝的演化">脱氧核醣核酸生物代謝的演化</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：脱氧核醣核酸生物代謝的演化">编辑</a>]</div> 脱氧核醣核酸所包含的遺傳訊息，是所有現代生命機能，以及生物生長與繁殖的基礎。不過目前尚未明瞭在長達40億年<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%8E%86%E7%A8%8B" title="生命演化历程">生命史</a>中，脱氧核醣核酸究竟是何時出現並開始發生作用。有一些科學家認為，早期的生命形态有可能是以RNA作為遺傳物質<a href="#cite_note-Joyce2002-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a>。RNA可能在早期細胞代謝中扮演主要角色，一方面可傳遞遺傳訊息；另一方面也可作為<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B6" title="核酶">核醣酶</a>的一部分，進行<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96" title="催化">催化</a>作用<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a>。在古代<a href="/wiki/RNA%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AD%B8%E8%AA%AA" title="RNA世界學說">RNA世界</a>裡，核酸同時具有催化與遺傳上的功能，而這些分子後來可能演化成為目前以四種核苷酸組成遺傳密碼的形式，這是因為當鹼基種類較少時，複製的精確性會增加；而鹼基種類較多時，增加的則是核酸的催化效能。兩種可達成不同目的功能最後在四種鹼基的情形下達到最合適數量<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a>。 不過關於這種古代遺傳系統並沒有直接證據，且由於脱氧核醣核酸在環境中無法存留超過一百萬年，在溶液中又會逐漸降解成短小的片段，因此大多數化石中並無脱氧核醣核酸可供研究<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a>。即使如此，仍有一些聲稱表示已經獲得更古老的DNA，其中一項研究表示，已從存活於2億5千萬年古老的鹽類晶體中的細菌分離出脱氧核醣核酸<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a>，但此宣布引起了討論與爭議<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="技術應用">技術應用</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：技術應用">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="遺傳工程">遺傳工程</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：遺傳工程">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="分子生物學">分子生物學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="遺傳工程">遺傳工程</a></div> 重組脱氧核醣核酸技術在現代<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学">生物學</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化學</a>中受到廣泛應用，所謂<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E7%B5%84DNA" title="重組DNA">重組DNA</a>，是指集合其他脱氧核醣核酸序列所製成的人造脱氧核醣核酸，可以<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E7%B2%92" title="质粒">质粒</a>或以<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E8%BC%89%E9%AB%94" title="病毒載體">病毒載體</a>搭載所想要的格式，將脱氧核醣核酸<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%89%E5%8C%96_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9)" title="轉化 (生物)">轉型</a>到生物個體中<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a>。經過<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="基因工程">遺傳改造</a>處裡之後的生物體，可用來生產重組<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白質</a>，以供醫學研究使用<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a>，或是於<a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A" title="农业">農業</a>上栽種<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法醫鑑識">法醫鑑識</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：法醫鑑識">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E6%8C%87%E7%B4%8B%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="遺傳指紋分析">遺傳指紋分析</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="法医学">法醫</a>可利用犯罪現場遺留的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E6%B6%B2" title="血液">血液</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E6%B6%B2" title="精液">精液</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E8%86%9A" title="皮膚">皮膚</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%94%BE%E6%B6%B2" title="唾液">唾液</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%9B%E9%AB%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="毛髮">毛髮</a>中的脱氧核醣核酸，來辨識可能的加害人。此過程稱為<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E6%8C%87%E7%B4%8B%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="遺傳指紋分析">遺傳指紋分析</a>或脱氧核醣核酸特徵測定，此分析方法比較不同人類個體中許多的重複脱氧核醣核酸片段的長度，這些脱氧核醣核酸片段包括<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%AD%E4%B8%B2%E8%81%AF%E9%87%8D%E8%A4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="短串聯重複">短串聯重複</a>序列與<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%8D%AB%E6%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="小卫星">小衛星</a>序列等，一般來說是最為可靠的罪犯辨識技術<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a>。不過如果犯罪現場遭受多人的脱氧核醣核酸污染，那麼將會變得較為複雜難解<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a>。 首先於1984年發展脱氧核醣核酸特徵測定的人是一名英國遺傳學家<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%9D%B0%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="亚历克·杰弗里斯">阿萊克·傑弗里斯</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a>。到了1988年，英國的謀殺案嫌犯<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%A5%87%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B" title="科林·皮奇福克">科林·皮奇福克</a>，成為第一位因脱氧核醣核酸特徵測定證據而遭定罪者<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a>。利用特定類型犯罪者的脱氧核醣核酸樣本，可建立出資料庫，幫助調查者解決一些只從現場採集到脱氧核醣核酸樣本的舊案件。此外，脱氧核醣核酸特徵測定也可用來辨識重大災害中的罹難者<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a>。 另外，有保險公司利用DNA鑑識技術，以確認理賠責任歸屬。相關事例包括：年僅16歲的臺灣少年Lien-Yang Lee於2013年9月在澳洲遭遇車禍，他在申報保險理賠時聲稱，事故發生時他是坐後排乘客座上；不過，RACQ保險公司指駕駛座前安全氣囊上血跡的DNA，是屬於Lien-Yang Lee，故推斷在車禍發生時他是坐在前排駕駛座上；故此，RACQ保險公司指他涉及詐欺，拒絕支付相關醫療費用；隨後昆士蘭州高等法院亦於2017年3月確認，Lien-Yang Lee在事故發生時涉及無照駕駛。<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="歷史學與人類學">歷史學與人類學</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：歷史學與人類學">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%A8%AE%E7%B3%BB%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="種系發生學">種系發生學</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E7%B3%BB%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="遺傳系譜學">遺傳系譜學</a></div> 由於脱氧核醣核酸在經歷一段時間後會積聚一些具有遺傳能力突變，因此其中所包含的歷史訊息，可經由脱氧核醣核酸序列的比較，使遺傳學家瞭解生物體的演化歷史，也就是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="系统发生学">種系</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a>。這些研究是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%A6" title="系统发生学">種系發生學</a>的一部分，也是<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="演化生物学">演化生物學</a>上的有利工具。假如對物種以內範圍的脱氧核醣核酸序列進行比較，那麼<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="群体遗传学">群體遺傳學家</a>就可得知特定族群的歷史。此方法的應用範圍可從<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="生態遺傳學">生態遺傳學</a>到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="人类学">人類學</a>，舉例而言，脱氧核醣核酸證據已被試圖用來尋找<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B1%E8%B9%A4%E7%9A%84%E4%BB%A5%E8%89%B2%E5%88%97%E5%8D%81%E6%94%AF%E6%B4%BE" title="失蹤的以色列十支派">失蹤的以色列十支派</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a>。DNA也可以用來調查現代家族的親戚關係，例如建構<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%8E%E9%BA%97%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%98%8E%E6%96%AF" title="莎麗·海明斯">莎麗·海明斯</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%B0%E6%96%90%E9%80%8A" title="托马斯·杰斐逊">托马斯·杰斐逊</a>的後代之間的家族關係，研究方式則與上述的犯罪調查相當類似，因此有時候某些犯罪調查案件之所以能解決，是因為犯罪現場的脱氧核醣核酸與犯罪者親屬的脱氧核醣核酸相符<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="生物資訊學">生物資訊學</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：生物資訊學">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%87%E8%A8%8A%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生物資訊學">生物資訊學</a></div> <a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="生物信息学">生物資訊學</a>影響了脱氧核醣核酸序列資料的運用、搜尋與<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E6%8C%96%E6%8E%98" title="数据挖掘">資料挖掘</a>工作，並發展出各種用於儲存並搜尋脱氧核醣核酸序列的技術，可進一步應用於<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="计算机科学">電腦科學</a>，尤其是<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%97%E4%B8%B2%E6%90%9C%E5%B0%8B%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95" title="字串搜尋演算法">字串搜尋演算法</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E5%99%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%B9%A0" title="机器学习">機器學習</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%87%E6%96%99%E5%BA%AB%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="資料庫理論">資料庫理論</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a>。字串搜尋或比對演算法是從較大的序列或較多的字母中，尋找單一序列或少數字母的出現位置，可發展用來搜尋特定的核苷酸序列<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a>。在其他如<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%9C%AC%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E5%99%A8" title="文本编辑器">文本編輯器</a>的應用裡，通常可用簡單的演算法來解決問題，但只有少量可辨識特徵的脱氧核醣核酸序列，卻造成這些演算法的運作不良。<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%8D" title="序列比對">序列比對</a>則試圖辨識出<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%BA%90" title="同源">同源</a>序列，並定位出使這些序列產生差異的特定<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98" title="突变">突變</a>位置，其中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%87%8D%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%E6%AF%94%E5%B0%8D" title="多重序列比對">多重序列比對</a>技術可用來研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F%E6%A8%B9" title="系統發生樹">種系發生</a>關係及蛋白質的功能<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a>。由整個基因組所構成的資料含有的大量脱氧核醣核酸序列，例如<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="人类基因组计划">人類基因組計畫</a>的研究對象。若要將每個染色體上的每個基因，以及負責調控基因的位置都標示出來，會相當困難。脱氧核醣核酸序列上具有蛋白質或RNA編碼特徵的區域，可利用<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E9%A2%84%E6%B5%8B" title="基因预测">基因識別</a>演算法辨識出來，使研究者得以在進行實驗以前，就預測出生物體內可能表現出來的特殊<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="基因产物">基因產物</a><a href="#cite_note-Mount-132">[132]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="脱氧核醣核酸與電腦">脱氧核醣核酸與電腦</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：脱氧核醣核酸與電腦">编辑</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DNA_nanostructures.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DNA_nanostructures.png/400px-DNA_nanostructures.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DNA_nanostructures.png/600px-DNA_nanostructures.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/DNA_nanostructures.png/800px-DNA_nanostructures.png 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>自我組裝產生的脱氧核醣核酸纳米結構。左方為電腦繪圖，可見4條由脱氧核醣核酸雙螺旋產生的交叉。右方為<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E6%98%BE%E5%BE%AE%E9%95%9C" title="原子力显微镜">原子力顯微鏡</a>測得的影像。圖像来自<div class="noprint"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pbio.0020073">Strong, 2004</a></div>.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/DNA%E9%81%8B%E7%AE%97" title="DNA運算">DNA運算</a></div> 脱氧核醣核酸最早在運算上應用，是解決了一個屬於<a href="/wiki/NP%E5%AE%8C%E5%85%A8" title="NP完全">NP完全</a>的小型直接<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A0%93%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%91%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="哈密頓路徑問題">漢彌爾頓路徑問題</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a>。脱氧核醣核酸可作為「<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AF%E4%BB%B6" title="软件">軟體</a>」，將訊息寫成核苷酸序列；並以酵素或其他分子作為「<a href="/wiki/%E7%A1%AC%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="硬體">硬體</a>」進行讀取或修飾。舉例來說，作為硬體的<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%90%E5%88%B6%E9%85%B6" title="限制酶">限制酶</a><a href="/wiki/FokI" title="FokI">FokI</a>可以搭載一段具有軟體功能的GGATG序列脱氧核醣核酸，再以其他的脱氧核醣核酸片段進行輸入，並與軟硬體複合物產生反應，最後輸出另一段脱氧核醣核酸<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a>。這種類似<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E7%81%B5%E6%9C%BA" title="图灵机">圖靈機</a>的裝置可應用於<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9" title="药物">藥物</a>治療。此外脱氧核醣核酸運算在能源消耗、空間需求以及效率上優於電子電腦，且脱氧核醣核酸運算為具有高度平行（見<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B6%E8%A1%8C%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97" title="并行计算">平行運算</a>）的計算方式。許多其他問題，包括多種<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%BD%E8%B1%A1%E6%A9%9F%E5%99%A8" title="抽象機器">抽象機器</a>的模擬、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E5%8F%AF%E6%BB%A1%E8%B6%B3%E6%80%A7%E9%97%AE%E9%A2%98" title="布尔可满足性问题">布爾可滿足性問題</a>，以及有界形式的<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%85%E8%A1%8C%E6%8E%A8%E9%8A%B7%E5%93%A1%E5%95%8F%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="旅行推銷員問題">旅行推銷員問題</a>，皆曾利用脱氧核醣核酸運算做过分析<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a>。由於小巧緊密的特性，脱氧核醣核酸也成為<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81%E5%AD%A6" title="密码学">密碼學</a>理論的一部分，尤其在於能夠利用脱氧核醣核酸有效地建構並使用無法破解的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E6%AC%A1%E6%80%A7%E5%AF%86%E7%A2%BC%E6%9C%AC" title="一次性密碼本">一次性密碼本</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a>。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="脱氧核醣核酸與纳米科技">脱氧核醣核酸與纳米科技</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：脱氧核醣核酸與纳米科技">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/DNA%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA纳米科技">DNA纳米科技</a></div> 脱氧核醣核酸的分子性質，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%B5%84%E8%A3%9D" title="自組裝">自我組裝</a>特性，使其可用於某些<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3" title="纳米">纳米</a>尺度的建構技術，例如利用脱氧核醣核酸作為模板，可導引<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%AF%BC%E4%BD%93" title="半导体">半導體</a>晶體的生長<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a>。或是利用脱氧核醣核酸本身，來製成一些特殊結構，例如由脱氧核醣核酸長鏈交叉形成的脱氧核醣核酸「瓦片」（tile）<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a>或是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E9%9D%A2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="多面體">多面體</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a>。此外也可以做出一些可活動的元件，例如纳米機械開關，此機械可經由使脱氧核醣核酸在不同的<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%B9%E6%98%A0%E5%BC%82%E6%9E%84" title="对映异构">光學異構物</a>（B型與Z型）之間進行轉變，而使構形發生變化，導致開關的開啟或關閉<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a>。還有一種脱氧核醣核酸機械含有類似鑷子的構造，可加入外來脱氧核醣核酸使鑷子開合，並排出廢物脱氧核醣核酸，此時脱氧核醣核酸的作用類似「燃料」<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a>。脱氧核醣核酸所建構出來的裝置，也可用來作為上述的脱氧核醣核酸運算工具。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="歷史">歷史</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：歷史">编辑</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg/220px-Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg/330px-Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg/440px-Maclyn_McCarty_with_Francis_Crick_and_James_D_Watson_-_10.1371_journal.pbio.0030341.g001-O.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2740" data-file-height="2153" /></a><figcaption>双螺旋模型的共同原创者：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯·沃森">詹姆斯·沃森</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B" title="弗朗西斯·克里克">弗朗西斯·克里克</a>（右），他们与<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%8D%A1%E8%92%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麦克林恩·麦卡蒂（页面不存在）">麦克林恩·麦卡蒂</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclyn_McCarty" class="extiw" title="en:Maclyn McCarty">Maclyn McCarty</a>）（左）。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pencil_sketch_of_the_DNA_double_helix_by_Francis_Crick_Wellcome_L0051225.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pencil_sketch_of_the_DNA_double_helix_by_Francis_Crick_Wellcome_L0051225.jpg/220px-Pencil_sketch_of_the_DNA_double_helix_by_Francis_Crick_Wellcome_L0051225.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pencil_sketch_of_the_DNA_double_helix_by_Francis_Crick_Wellcome_L0051225.jpg/330px-Pencil_sketch_of_the_DNA_double_helix_by_Francis_Crick_Wellcome_L0051225.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Pencil_sketch_of_the_DNA_double_helix_by_Francis_Crick_Wellcome_L0051225.jpg/440px-Pencil_sketch_of_the_DNA_double_helix_by_Francis_Crick_Wellcome_L0051225.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4900" data-file-height="6254" /></a><figcaption>在1953年由<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B" title="弗朗西斯·克里克">弗朗西斯·克里克</a>画的DNA双螺旋结构的铅笔素描。</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="分子生物學史">分子生物學史</a></div> 最早分離出脱氧核醣核酸的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="弗雷德里希·米歇爾">弗雷德里希·米歇爾</a>是一名<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%A3%AB" title="瑞士">瑞士</a>醫生，他在1869年，從廢棄繃帶裡所殘留的<a href="/wiki/%E8%86%BF" title="膿">膿液</a>中，發現一些只有顯微鏡可觀察的物質。由於這些物質位於細胞核中，因此米歇爾稱之為「核素」（nuclein）<a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a>。到了1919年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E6%96%87" title="菲巴斯·利文">菲巴斯·利文</a>進一步辨識出組成脱氧核醣核酸的鹼基、糖類以及磷酸<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸">核苷酸</a>單元<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a>，他認為脱氧核醣核酸可能是許多核苷酸經由磷酸基團的联结，而串聯在一起。不過他所提出概念中，脱氧核醣核酸長鏈較短，且其中的鹼基是以固定順序重複排列。1937年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C" title="威廉·阿斯特伯里">威廉·阿斯特伯里</a>完成了第一張<a href="/wiki/X%E5%85%89%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="X光散射技术">X光繞射</a>圖，闡明了脱氧核醣核酸結構的規律性<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a>。 1928年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF" title="弗雷德里克·格里菲斯">弗雷德里克·格里菲斯</a>從<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="格里菲斯實驗">格里菲斯實驗</a>中發現，平滑型的肺炎球菌，能轉變成為粗糙型的同種細菌，方法是將已死的平滑型與粗糙型活體混合在一起。這種現象稱為「轉型」。但造成此現象的因子，也就是脱氧核醣核酸，是直到1943年，才由<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C" title="奥斯瓦尔德·埃弗里">奧斯瓦爾德·埃弗里</a>等人所辨識出來<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a>。1953年，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%8C" title="阿弗雷德·赫希">阿弗雷德·赫希</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E8%8E%8E%C2%B7%E8%94%A1%E6%96%AF" title="瑪莎·蔡斯">瑪莎·蔡斯</a>確認了脱氧核醣核酸的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3" title="遺傳">遺傳</a>功能，他們在<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E9%9B%AA-%E8%94%A1%E5%8F%B8%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="赫雪-蔡司實驗">赫希-蔡斯實驗</a>中發現，脱氧核醣核酸是<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%B8%E6%A1%BF%E8%8F%8C%E5%99%AC%E8%8F%8C%E9%AB%94T2" class="mw-redirect" title="腸桿菌噬菌體T2">T2噬菌體</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E7%89%A9%E8%B3%AA" title="遺傳物質">遺傳物質</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a>。 到了1953年，當時在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%87%E8%BF%AA%E8%AE%B8%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="卡文迪许实验室">卡文迪許實驗室</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%A3%AE" title="詹姆斯·杜威·沃森">詹姆斯·沃森</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B" title="弗朗西斯·克里克">佛朗西斯·克里克</a>，依據<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A6%E6%95%A6%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="伦敦国王学院">倫敦國王學院</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E8%8E%8E%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E5%AF%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97" title="羅莎琳·富蘭克林">羅莎琳·富蘭克林</a>所拍攝的<a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A7%E7%89%8751" title="照片51">X光繞射圖</a><a href="#cite_note-FWPUB-147">[147]</a>及相關資料，提出了<a href="#cite_note-FWPUB-147">[147]</a>最早的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="核酸分子結構">核酸分子結構</a>精確模型，並發表於《<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6_(%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A)" title="自然 (期刊)">自然</a>》期刊<a href="#cite_note-Watson-11">[11]</a>。五篇關於此模型的實驗證據論文，也同時以同一主題發表於《自然》<a href="#cite_note-NatureDNA50-148">[148]</a>。其中包括富蘭克林與<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E8%91%9B%E6%96%AF%E6%9E%97" title="雷蒙·葛斯林">雷蒙·葛斯林</a>的論文<a href="#cite_note-NatFranGos-149">[149]</a>，此文所附帶的X光繞射圖<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a>，是沃森與克里克闡明脱氧核醣核酸結構的關鍵證據。此外<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="莫里斯·威爾金斯">莫里斯·威爾金斯</a>團隊也是同期論文的發表者之一<a href="#cite_note-NatWilk-151">[151]</a>。富蘭克林與葛斯林隨後又提出了A型與B型脱氧核醣核酸雙螺旋結構之間的差異<a href="#cite_note-NatFrankGos2-152">[152]</a>。1962年，沃森、克里克以及威爾金斯共同獲得了<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔奖">諾貝爾</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E6%88%96%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔生理学或医学奖">生理學或醫學獎</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a>。 克里克在1957年的一場演說中，提出了<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="中心法則">分子生物學的中心法則</a>，預測了脱氧核醣核酸、RNA以及蛋白質之間的關係，並闡述了「轉接子假說」（即後來的tRNA）<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a>。1958年，<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E4%BF%AE%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E7%91%9F%E7%94%9F" title="馬修·梅瑟生">馬修·梅瑟生</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E9%81%94" title="富蘭克林·史達">富蘭克林·史達</a>在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A-%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="米西尔逊-斯塔尔实验">梅瑟生-史達實驗</a>中，確認了脱氧核醣核酸的複製機制<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a>。後來克里克團隊的研究顯示，遺傳密碼是由三個鹼基以不重複的方式所組成，稱為密碼子。這些密碼子所構成的<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81" title="遗传密码">遺傳密碼</a>，最後是由<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%91%9B%E8%B3%93%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%8B%89%E7%B4%8D" title="哈爾·葛賓·科拉納">哈爾·葛賓·科拉納</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7W%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9" title="羅伯特·W·霍利">羅伯特·W·霍利</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%80%AB%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="馬歇爾·沃倫·尼倫伯格">馬歇爾·沃倫·尼倫伯格</a>解出<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a>。這些發現代表了分子生物學的誕生。 為了測出所有人類的脱氧核醣核酸序列，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="人类基因组计划">人類基因組計畫</a>於1990年代展開。到了2001年，多國合作的國際團隊與私人企業<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E9%9B%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8" title="塞雷拉基因組公司">塞雷拉基因組公司</a>，分別將<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84" title="人類基因組">人類基因組</a>序列草圖發表於《自然》<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a>與《科學》<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a>兩份期刊。 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见">参见</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：参见">编辑</a>]</div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:生物学">生物学主题</a></li> <li style="display:table-row"><a href="/wiki/File:DNA_Double_Helix.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DNA_Double_Helix.png/32px-DNA_Double_Helix.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DNA_Double_Helix.png/48px-DNA_Double_Helix.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/DNA_Double_Helix.png/64px-DNA_Double_Helix.png 2x" data-file-width="586" data-file-height="443" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:遗传学">遗传学主题</a></li> <li style="display:table-row"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/32px-TPI1_structure.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/48px-TPI1_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/64px-TPI1_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="914" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:分子与细胞生物学">分子与细胞生物学主题</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核糖核酸">核糖核酸</a>（RNA）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核酸">核酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="染色體">染色體</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B8%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="常染色体">常染色体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E6%80%A7%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="遺傳性疾病">遺傳性疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA%E6%B8%AC%E5%BA%8F" title="DNA測序">DNA測序</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%96%B9%E5%A2%A8%E9%BB%9E%E6%B3%95" title="南方墨點法">南方墨點法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DNA%E5%BE%AE%E9%99%A3%E5%88%97" title="DNA微陣列">DNA微陣列</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6%E9%93%BE%E5%BC%8F%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="聚合酶链式反应">聚合酶链式反应</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%8F%E6%95%B0%E5%88%86%E8%A3%82" title="减数分裂">减数分裂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E7%94%9F%E8%AB%96" title="泛生論">泛生論</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E8%A1%8D%E5%B0%84%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="X射线衍射法">X射线衍射法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E7%8A%B6DNA" class="mw-disambig" title="环状DNA">环状DNA</a></li></ul> </div> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻">參考文獻</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=31" title="编辑章节：參考文獻">编辑</a>]</div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> Matt Ridley。蔡承志、許優優譯。《23對染色體》（Genome）。商周出版。2000年。<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789576676789" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-957-667-678-9</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-未命名-20230318195218-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-未命名-20230318195218_2-0">2.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-未命名-20230318195218_2-1">2.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ponnuswamy P, Gromiha M. On the conformational stability of oligonucleotide duplexes and tRNA molecules. J Theor Biol. 1994, 169 (4): 419 – 32. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7526075?dopt=Abstract">PMID 7526075</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=On+the+conformational+stability+of+oligonucleotide+duplexes+and+tRNA+molecules&rft.au=Ponnuswamy+P%2C+Gromiha+M&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=J+Theor+Biol&rft.pages=419+-+32&rft.volume=169&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-未命名_2-20230318195218-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-未命名_2-20230318195218_3-0">3.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-未命名_2-20230318195218_3-1">3.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Clausen-Schaumann H, Rief M, Tolksdorf C, Gaub H. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=1300792&blobtype=pdf">Mechanical stability of single DNA molecules</a>. Biophys J. 2000, 78 (4): 1997 – 2007 [2007-06-20]. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10733978?dopt=Abstract">PMID 10733978</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924224955/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1300792/pdf/10733978.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2019-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Mechanical+stability+of+single+DNA+molecules&rft.au=Clausen-Schaumann+H%2C+Rief+M%2C+Tolksdorf+C%2C+Gaub+H&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Biophys+J&rft.pages=1997+-+2007&rft.volume=78&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Fpicrender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D1300792%26blobtype%3Dpdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Alberts-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Alberts_4-0">4.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberts_4-1">4.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Alberts_4-2">4.2</a> <cite class="citation book">Alberts, Bruce; Alexander Johnson; Julian Lewis; Martin Raff; Keith Roberts; Peter Walters. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=mboc4.TOC&depth=2">Molecular Biology of the Cell; Fourth Edition</a>. New York and London: Garland Science. 2002 [2007-06-20]. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780815332183" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8153-3218-3</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091003234557/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=mboc4.TOC&depth=2">存档</a>于2009-10-03）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.au=Alexander+Johnson&rft.au=Julian+Lewis&rft.au=Keith+Roberts&rft.au=Martin+Raff&rft.au=Peter+Walters&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft.aulast=Alberts&rft.btitle=Molecular+Biology+of+the+Cell%3B+Fourth+Edition&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.place=New+York+and+London&rft.pub=Garland+Science&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbooks%2Fbv.fcgi%3Fcall%3Dbv.View..ShowTOC%26rid%3Dmboc4.TOC%26depth%3D2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-未命名_3-20230318195218-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-未命名_3-20230318195218_5-0">5.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-未命名_3-20230318195218_5-1">5.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Chalikian T, Völker J, Plum G, Breslauer K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=22151&blobtype=pdf">A more unified picture for the thermodynamics of nucleic acid duplex melting: a characterization by calorimetric and volumetric techniques</a>. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1999, 96 (14): 7853 – 8 [2007-06-20]. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10393911?dopt=Abstract">PMID 10393911</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924224955/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC22151/pdf/pq007853.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2019-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=A+more+unified+picture+for+the+thermodynamics+of+nucleic+acid+duplex+melting%3A+a+characterization+by+calorimetric+and+volumetric+techniques&rft.au=Chalikian+T%2C+V%C3%B6lker+J%2C+Plum+G%2C+Breslauer+K&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=14&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.pages=7853+-+8&rft.volume=96&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Fpicrender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D22151%26blobtype%3Dpdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-未命名_4-20230318195218-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-未命名_4-20230318195218_6-0">6.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-未命名_4-20230318195218_6-1">6.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">deHaseth P, Helmann J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_molecular-microbiology_1995-06_16_5/page/817">Open complex formation by Escherichia coli RNA polymerase: the mechanism of polymerase-induced strand separation of double helical DNA</a>. Mol Microbiol. 1995, 16 (5): 817 – 24. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7476180?dopt=Abstract">PMID 7476180</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Open+complex+formation+by+Escherichia+coli+RNA+polymerase%3A+the+mechanism+of+polymerase-induced+strand+separation+of+double+helical+DNA&rft.au=deHaseth+P%2C+Helmann+J&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Mol+Microbiol&rft.pages=817+-+24&rft.volume=16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_molecular-microbiology_1995-06_16_5%2Fpage%2F817&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-未命名_5-20230318195218-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-未命名_5-20230318195218_7-0">7.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-未命名_5-20230318195218_7-1">7.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Isaksson J, Acharya S, Barman J, Cheruku P, Chattopadhyaya J. Single-stranded adenine-rich DNA and RNA retain structural characteristics of their respective double-stranded conformations and show directional differences in stacking pattern. Biochemistry. 2004, 43 (51): 15996 – 6010. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15609994?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15609994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Single-stranded+adenine-rich+DNA+and+RNA+retain+structural+characteristics+of+their+respective+double-stranded+conformations+and+show+directional+differences+in+stacking+pattern&rft.au=Isaksson+J%2C+Acharya+S%2C+Barman+J%2C+Cheruku+P%2C+Chattopadhyaya+J&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=51&rft.jtitle=Biochemistry&rft.pages=15996+-+6010&rft.volume=43&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Butler-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Butler_8-0">^</a> Butler, John M. (2001) Forensic DNA Typing "Elsevier". pp. 14 – 15. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780121479510" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-12-147951-0</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mandelkern M, Elias J, Eden D, Crothers D. The dimensions of DNA in solution. J Mol Biol. 1981, 152 (1): 153 – 61. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7338906?dopt=Abstract">PMID 7338906</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=The+dimensions+of+DNA+in+solution&rft.au=Mandelkern+M%2C+Elias+J%2C+Eden+D%2C+Crothers+D&rft.date=1981&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=J+Mol+Biol&rft.pages=153+-+61&rft.volume=152&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Gregory S; et al. The DNA sequence and biological annotation of human chromosome 1. Nature. 2006, 441 (7091): 315 – 21. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16710414?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16710414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=The+DNA+sequence+and+biological+annotation+of+human+chromosome+1&rft.au=Gregory+S&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7091&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=315+-+21&rft.volume=441&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Watson-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_11-0">11.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Watson_11-1">11.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Watson J, Crick F. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/B/B/Y/W/_/scbbyw.pdf">Molecular structure of nucleic acids; a structure for deoxyribose nucleic acid</a> (PDF). Nature. 1953, 171 (4356): 737 – 8 [2007-06-20]. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13054692?dopt=Abstract">PMID 13054692</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140823063212/http://profiles.nlm.nih.gov/SC/B/B/Y/W/_/scbbyw.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2014-08-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Molecular+structure+of+nucleic+acids%3B+a+structure+for+deoxyribose+nucleic+acid&rft.au=Watson+J%2C+Crick+F&rft.date=1953&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4356&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=737+-+8&rft.volume=171&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fprofiles.nlm.nih.gov%2FSC%2FB%2FB%2FY%2FW%2F_%2Fscbbyw.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-berg-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berg_12-0">12.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg_12-1">12.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berg_12-2">12.2</a> Berg J., Tymoczko J. and Stryer L. (2002) Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman and Company <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0716749556" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7167-4955-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC_13-0">13.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC_13-1">13.1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/misc/naabb.html">Abbreviations and Symbols for Nucleic Acids, Polynucleotides and their Constituents</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070205191106/http://www.chem.qmul.ac.uk/iupac/misc/naabb.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature (CBN) Accessed 03 Jan 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ghosh-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh_14-0">14.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ghosh_14-1">14.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ghosh A, Bansal M. A glossary of DNA structures from A to Z. Acta Crystallogr D Biol Crystallogr. 2003, 59 (Pt 4): 620 – 6. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12657780?dopt=Abstract">PMID 12657780</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=A+glossary+of+DNA+structures+from+A+to+Z&rft.au=Ghosh+A%2C+Bansal+M&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=Pt+4&rft.jtitle=Acta+Crystallogr+D+Biol+Crystallogr&rft.pages=620+-+6&rft.volume=59&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-全解-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-全解_15-0">15.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-全解_15-1">15.1</a> <cite class="citation book">薛金星. 中学教材全解工具版高中生物必修1 分子与细胞. 陕西人民教育出版社. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787545015751" title="Special:网络书源/9787545015751">ISBN 9787545015751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.au=%E8%96%9B%E9%87%91%E6%98%9F&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%99%E6%9D%90%E5%85%A8%E8%A7%A3+%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E7%89%88+%E9%AB%98%E4%B8%AD%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%85%E4%BF%AE1+%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787545015751&rft.pub=%E9%99%95%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-人教-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-人教_16-0">16.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-人教_16-1">16.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-人教_16-2">16.2</a> <a href="#cite_ref-人教_16-3">16.3</a> <a href="#cite_ref-人教_16-4">16.4</a> <cite class="citation book"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE" title="人民教育出版社">人民教育出版社</a>. 生物1 必修分子与细胞. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787107176708" title="Special:网络书源/9787107176708">ISBN 9787107176708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.au=%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft.btitle=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A91+%E5%BF%85%E4%BF%AE+%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787107176708&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-分子生物学导论-17"><a href="#cite_ref-分子生物学导论_17-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Setubal, João Carlos. Meidanis, João. Introduction to computational molecular biology. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/880306796">主编聂理.《分子生物学导论》</a>. World Pub. Corperation. 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7-5062-6574-5" title="Special:网络书源/7-5062-6574-5">ISBN 7-5062-6574-5</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/880306796">OCLC 880306796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+computational+molecular+biology&rft.au=Setubal%2C+Jo%C3%A3o+Carlos.+Meidanis%2C+Jo%C3%A3o.&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%BB%E7%BC%96+%E8%81%82%E7%90%86.%E3%80%8A%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%AF%BC%E8%AE%BA%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=7-5062-6574-5&rft.pub=World+Pub.+Corperation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F880306796&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F880306796&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biotech.nstm.gov.tw/LifeScienceConcept/SpiralC/Spiral05.htm">生命的螺旋-DNA與RNA</a>. 國立科學工藝博物館.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E7%9A%84%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B-DNA%E8%88%87RNA&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E5%9C%8B%E7%AB%8B%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%B7%A5%E8%97%9D%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbiotech.nstm.gov.tw%2FLifeScienceConcept%2FSpiralC%2FSpiral05.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-nature1963-takahashi-19"><a href="#cite_ref-nature1963-takahashi_19-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Takahashi I, Marmur J. Replacement of thymidylic acid by deoxyuridylic acid in the deoxyribonucleic acid of a transducing phage for Bacillus subtilis. Nature. 1963, 197: 794 – 5. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/13980287?dopt=Abstract">PMID 13980287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Replacement+of+thymidylic+acid+by+deoxyuridylic+acid+in+the+deoxyribonucleic+acid+of+a+transducing+phage+for+Bacillus+subtilis&rft.au=Takahashi+I%2C+Marmur+J.&rft.date=1963&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=794+-+5&rft.volume=197&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Agris P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=14715921">Decoding the genome: a modified view</a>. Nucleic Acids Res. 2004, 32 (1): 223 – 38. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14715921">PMID 14715921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Decoding+the+genome%3A+a+modified+view&rft.au=Agris+P&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&rft.pages=223+-+38&rft.volume=32&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D14715921&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14715921&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接">失效連結</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> 來源：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?pdbId=1D65">PDB 1D65</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080928112201/http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?pdbId=1D65">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Wing R, Drew H, Takano T, Broka C, Tanaka S, Itakura K, Dickerson R. Crystal structure analysis of a complete turn of B-DNA. Nature. 1980, 287 (5784): 755 – 8. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7432492?dopt=Abstract">PMID 7432492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Crystal+structure+analysis+of+a+complete+turn+of+B-DNA&rft.au=Wing+R%2C+Drew+H%2C+Takano+T%2C+Broka+C%2C+Tanaka+S%2C+Itakura+K%2C+Dickerson+R&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5784&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=755+-+8&rft.volume=287&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Pabo C, Sauer R. Protein-DNA recognition. Annu Rev Biochem: 293 – 321. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6236744?dopt=Abstract">PMID 6236744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Protein-DNA+recognition&rft.au=Pabo+C%2C+Sauer+R&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Biochem&rft.pages=293+-+321&rft.volume=53&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hüttenhofer A, Schattner P, Polacek N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-genetics_2005-05_21_5/page/289">Non-coding RNAs: hope or hype?</a>. Trends Genet. 2005, 21 (5): 289 – 97. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15851066?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15851066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Non-coding+RNAs%3A+hope+or+hype%3F&rft.au=H%C3%BCttenhofer+A%2C+Schattner+P%2C+Polacek+N&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Trends+Genet&rft.pages=289+-+97&rft.volume=21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_trends-in-genetics_2005-05_21_5%2Fpage%2F289&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Munroe S. Diversity of antisense regulation in eukaryotes: multiple mechanisms, emerging patterns. J Cell Biochem. 2004, 93 (4): 664 – 71. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15389973?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15389973</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Diversity+of+antisense+regulation+in+eukaryotes%3A+multiple+mechanisms%2C+emerging+patterns&rft.au=Munroe+S&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=J+Cell+Biochem&rft.pages=664+-+71&rft.volume=93&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Makalowska I, Lin C, Makalowski W. Overlapping genes in vertebrate genomes. Comput Biol Chem. 2005, 29 (1): 1 – 12. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680581?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15680581</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Overlapping+genes+in+vertebrate+genomes&rft.au=Makalowska+I%2C+Lin+C%2C+Makalowski+W&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Comput+Biol+Chem&rft.pages=1+-+12&rft.volume=29&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Johnson Z, Chisholm S. Properties of overlapping genes are conserved across microbial genomes. Genome Res. 2004, 14 (11): 2268 – 72. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15520290?dopt=Abstract">PMID 15520290</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Properties+of+overlapping+genes+are+conserved+across+microbial+genomes&rft.au=Johnson+Z%2C+Chisholm+S&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&rft.pages=2268+-+72&rft.volume=14&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lamb R, Horvath C. Diversity of coding strategies in influenza viruses. Trends Genet. 1991, 7 (8): 261 – 6. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1771674?dopt=Abstract">PMID 1771674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Diversity+of+coding+strategies+in+influenza+viruses&rft.au=Lamb+R%2C+Horvath+C&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Trends+Genet&rft.pages=261+-+6&rft.volume=7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Davies J, Stanley J. Geminivirus genes and vectors. Trends Genet. 1989, 5 (3): 77 – 81. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2660364?dopt=Abstract">PMID 2660364</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Geminivirus+genes+and+vectors&rft.au=Davies+J%2C+Stanley+J&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Trends+Genet&rft.pages=77+-+81&rft.volume=5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Berns K. Parvovirus replication. Microbiol Rev. 1990, 54 (3): 316 – 29. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2215424?dopt=Abstract">PMID 2215424</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Parvovirus+replication&rft.au=Berns+K&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Microbiol+Rev&rft.pages=316+-+29&rft.volume=54&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Benham C, Mielke S. DNA mechanics. Annu Rev Biomed Eng: 21 – 53. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16004565?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16004565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=DNA+mechanics&rft.au=Benham+C%2C+Mielke+S&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Biomed+Eng&rft.pages=21+-+53&rft.volume=7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Champoux-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Champoux_32-0">32.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Champoux_32-1">32.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Champoux J. DNA topoisomerases: structure, function, and mechanism. Annu Rev Biochem: 369 – 413. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11395412?dopt=Abstract">PMID 11395412</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=DNA+topoisomerases%3A+structure%2C+function%2C+and+mechanism&rft.au=Champoux+J&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Biochem&rft.pages=369+-+413&rft.volume=70&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wang_33-0">33.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wang_33-1">33.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Wang J. Cellular roles of DNA topoisomerases: a molecular perspective. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2002, 3 (6): 430 – 40. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12042765?dopt=Abstract">PMID 12042765</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Cellular+roles+of+DNA+topoisomerases%3A+a+molecular+perspective&rft.au=Wang+J&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Nat+Rev+Mol+Cell+Biol&rft.pages=430+-+40&rft.volume=3&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Hayashi2005-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hayashi2005_34-0">34.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hayashi2005_34-1">34.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hayashi G, Hagihara M, Nakatani K. Application of L-DNA as a molecular tag. Nucleic Acids Symp Ser (Oxf). 2005, 49: 261 – 262. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17150733?dopt=Abstract">PMID 17150733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Application+of+L-DNA+as+a+molecular+tag&rft.au=Hayashi+G%2C+Hagihara+M%2C+Nakatani+K&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Symp+Ser+%28Oxf%29&rft.pages=261+-+262&rft.volume=49&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Vargason2000-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Vargason2000_35-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Vargason JM, Eichman BF, Ho PS. The extended and eccentric E-DNA structure induced by cytosine methylation or bromination. Nature Structural Biology. 2000, 7: 758 – 761. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10966645?dopt=Abstract">PMID 10966645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=The+extended+and+eccentric+E-DNA+structure+induced+by+cytosine+methylation+or+bromination&rft.au=Vargason+JM%2C+Eichman+BF%2C+Ho+PS&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Structural+Biology&rft.pages=758+-+761&rft.volume=7&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Wang2006-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Wang2006_36-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Wang G, Vasquez KM. Non-B DNA structure-induced genetic instability. Mutat Res. 2006, 598 (1 – 2): 103 – 119. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16516932?dopt=Abstract">PMID 16516932</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Non-B+DNA+structure-induced+genetic+instability&rft.au=Wang+G%2C+Vasquez+KM&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1+%E2%80%93+2&rft.jtitle=Mutat+Res&rft.pages=103+-+119&rft.volume=598&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Allemand1998-37"><a href="#cite_ref-Allemand1998_37-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Allemand; et al. Stretched and overwound DNA forms a Pauling-like structure with exposed bases. PNAS. 1998, 24: 14152–14157. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9826669?dopt=Abstract">PMID 9826669</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Stretched+and+overwound+DNA+forms+a+Pauling-like+structure+with+exposed+bases&rft.au=Allemand&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PNAS&rft.pages=14152-14157&rft.volume=24&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Palecek E. Local supercoil-stabilized DNA structures. Critical Reviews in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. 1991, 26 (2): 151 – 226. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1914495?dopt=Abstract">PMID 1914495</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Local+supercoil-stabilized+DNA+structures&rft.au=Palecek+E&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Critical+Reviews+in+Biochemistry+and+Molecular+Biology&rft.pages=151+-+226&rft.volume=26&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Basu H, Feuerstein B, Zarling D, Shafer R, Marton L. Recognition of Z-RNA and Z-DNA determinants by polyamines in solution: experimental and theoretical studies. J Biomol Struct Dyn. 1988, 6 (2): 299 – 309. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2482766?dopt=Abstract">PMID 2482766</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Recognition+of+Z-RNA+and+Z-DNA+determinants+by+polyamines+in+solution%3A+experimental+and+theoretical+studies&rft.au=Basu+H%2C+Feuerstein+B%2C+Zarling+D%2C+Shafer+R%2C+Marton+L&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=J+Biomol+Struct+Dyn&rft.pages=299+-+309&rft.volume=6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Leslie AG, Arnott S, Chandrasekaran R, Ratliff RL. Polymorphism of DNA double helices. J. Mol. Biol. 1980, 143 (1): 49–72. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7441761">PMID 7441761</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Polymorphism+of+DNA+double+helices&rft.au=Leslie+AG%2C+Arnott+S%2C+Chandrasekaran+R%2C+Ratliff+RL&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=J.+Mol.+Biol.&rft.pages=49-72&rft.volume=143&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7441761&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Wahl M, Sundaralingam M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_biopolymers_1997_44_1/page/45">Crystal structures of A-DNA duplexes</a>. Biopolymers. 1997, 44 (1): 45 – 63. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9097733?dopt=Abstract">PMID 9097733</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Crystal+structures+of+A-DNA+duplexes&rft.au=Wahl+M%2C+Sundaralingam+M&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Biopolymers&rft.pages=45+-+63&rft.volume=44&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_biopolymers_1997_44_1%2Fpage%2F45&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lu XJ, Shakked Z, Olson WK. A-form conformational motifs in ligand-bound DNA structures. J. Mol. Biol. 2000, 300 (4): 819–40. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10891271">PMID 10891271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=A-form+conformational+motifs+in+ligand-bound+DNA+structures&rft.au=Lu+XJ%2C+Shakked+Z%2C+Olson+WK&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=J.+Mol.+Biol.&rft.pages=819-40&rft.volume=300&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10891271&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Rothenburg S, Koch-Nolte F, Haag F. DNA methylation and Z-DNA formation as mediators of quantitative differences in the expression of alleles. Immunol Rev: 286 – 98. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12086319?dopt=Abstract">PMID 12086319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=DNA+methylation+and+Z-DNA+formation+as+mediators+of+quantitative+differences+in+the+expression+of+alleles&rft.au=Rothenburg+S%2C+Koch-Nolte+F%2C+Haag+F&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Immunol+Rev&rft.pages=286+-+98&rft.volume=184&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Oh D, Kim Y, Rich A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12486233">Z-DNA-binding proteins can act as potent effectors of gene expression in vivo</a>. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 2002, 99 (26): 16666–71. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12486233">PMID 12486233</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Z-DNA-binding+proteins+can+act+as+potent+effectors+of+gene+expression+in+vivo&rft.au=Oh+D%2C+Kim+Y%2C+Rich+A&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=26&rft.jtitle=Proc.+Natl.+Acad.+Sci.+U.S.A.&rft.pages=16666-71&rft.volume=99&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D12486233&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12486233&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接">失效連結</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> 來自<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/atlas/xray/structures/U/ud0017/ud0017.html">NDB UD0017</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012172448/http://ndbserver.rutgers.edu/atlas/xray/structures/U/ud0017/ud0017.html">存檔</a>，存档日期2007-10-12. </li> <li id="cite_note-Greider-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Greider_46-0">46.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Greider_46-1">46.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Greider C, Blackburn E. Identification of a specific telomere terminal transferase activity in Tetrahymena extracts. Cell. 1985, 43 (2 Pt 1): 405 – 13. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3907856?dopt=Abstract">PMID 3907856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Identification+of+a+specific+telomere+terminal+transferase+activity+in+Tetrahymena+extracts&rft.au=Greider+C%2C+Blackburn+E&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2+Pt+1&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.pages=405+-+13&rft.volume=43&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Nugent-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_47-0">47.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_47-1">47.1</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nugent_47-2">47.2</a> <cite class="citation journal">Nugent C, Lundblad V. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/12/8/1073">The telomerase reverse transcriptase: components and regulation</a>. Genes Dev. 1998, 12 (8): 1073 – 85 [2007-06-20]. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9553037?dopt=Abstract">PMID 9553037</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927012934/http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/12/8/1073">存档</a>于2007-09-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=The+telomerase+reverse+transcriptase%3A+components+and+regulation&rft.au=Nugent+C%2C+Lundblad+V&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=Genes+Dev&rft.pages=1073+-+85&rft.volume=12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genesdev.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F12%2F8%2F1073&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Wright W, Tesmer V, Huffman K, Levene S, Shay J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/11/21/2801">Normal human chromosomes have long G-rich telomeric overhangs at one end</a>. Genes Dev. 1997, 11 (21): 2801 – 9 [2007-06-20]. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9353250?dopt=Abstract">PMID 9353250</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927012433/http://www.genesdev.org/cgi/content/full/11/21/2801">存档</a>于2007-09-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Normal+human+chromosomes+have+long+G-rich+telomeric+overhangs+at+one+end&rft.au=Wright+W%2C+Tesmer+V%2C+Huffman+K%2C+Levene+S%2C+Shay+J&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=21&rft.jtitle=Genes+Dev&rft.pages=2801+-+9&rft.volume=11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genesdev.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F11%2F21%2F2801&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Burge-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burge_49-0">49.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burge_49-1">49.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Burge S, Parkinson G, Hazel P, Todd A, Neidle S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=17012276">Quadruplex DNA: sequence, topology and structure</a>. Nucleic Acids Res. 2006, 34 (19): 5402 – 15 [2007-06-20]. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17012276?dopt=Abstract">PMID 17012276</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924224956/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1636468/?tool=pubmed">存档</a>于2019-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Quadruplex+DNA%3A+sequence%2C+topology+and+structure&rft.au=Burge+S%2C+Parkinson+G%2C+Hazel+P%2C+Todd+A%2C+Neidle+S&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=19&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&rft.pages=5402+-+15&rft.volume=34&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D17012276&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Parkinson G, Lee M, Neidle S. Crystal structure of parallel quadruplexes from human telomeric DNA. Nature. 2002, 417 (6891): 876 – 80. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12050675?dopt=Abstract">PMID 12050675</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Crystal+structure+of+parallel+quadruplexes+from+human+telomeric+DNA&rft.au=Parkinson+G%2C+Lee+M%2C+Neidle+S&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6891&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=876+-+80&rft.volume=417&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Griffith J, Comeau L, Rosenfield S, Stansel R, Bianchi A, Moss H, de Lange T. Mammalian telomeres end in a large duplex loop. Cell. 1999, 97 (4): 503 – 14. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10338214?dopt=Abstract">PMID 10338214</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Mammalian+telomeres+end+in+a+large+duplex+loop&rft.au=Griffith+J%2C+Comeau+L%2C+Rosenfield+S%2C+Stansel+R%2C+Bianchi+A%2C+Moss+H%2C+de+Lange+T&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.pages=503+-+14&rft.volume=97&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Klose R, Bird A. Genomic DNA methylation: the mark and its mediators. Trends Biochem Sci. 2006, 31 (2): 89–97. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16403636">PMID 16403636</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Genomic+DNA+methylation%3A+the+mark+and+its+mediators&rft.au=Klose+R%2C+Bird+A&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Trends+Biochem+Sci&rft.pages=89-97&rft.volume=31&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16403636&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bird A. DNA methylation patterns and epigenetic memory. Genes Dev. 2002, 16 (1): 6–21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11782440">PMID 11782440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=DNA+methylation+patterns+and+epigenetic+memory&rft.au=Bird+A&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Genes+Dev&rft.pages=6-21&rft.volume=16&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11782440&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Walsh C, Xu G. Cytosine methylation and DNA repair. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol: 283–315. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16570853">PMID 16570853</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Cytosine+methylation+and+DNA+repair&rft.au=Walsh+C%2C+Xu+G&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Top+Microbiol+Immunol&rft.pages=283-315&rft.volume=301&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16570853&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ratel D, Ravanat J, Berger F, Wion D. N6-methyladenine: the other methylated base of DNA. Bioessays. 2006, 28 (3): 309–15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16479578">PMID 16479578</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=N6-methyladenine%3A+the+other+methylated+base+of+DNA&rft.au=Ratel+D%2C+Ravanat+J%2C+Berger+F%2C+Wion+D&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Bioessays&rft.pages=309-15&rft.volume=28&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16479578&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Gommers-Ampt J, Van Leeuwen F, de Beer A, Vliegenthart J, Dizdaroglu M, Kowalak J, Crain P, Borst P. beta-D-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil: a novel modified base present in the DNA of the parasitic protozoan T. brucei. Cell. 1993, 75 (6): 1129–36. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8261512">PMID 8261512</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=beta-D-glucosyl-hydroxymethyluracil%3A+a+novel+modified+base+present+in+the+DNA+of+the+parasitic+protozoan+T.+brucei&rft.au=Gommers-Ampt+J%2C+Van+Leeuwen+F%2C+de+Beer+A%2C+Vliegenthart+J%2C+Dizdaroglu+M%2C+Kowalak+J%2C+Crain+P%2C+Borst+P&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.pages=1129-36&rft.volume=75&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8261512&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> 來源：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?pdbId=1JDG">PDB 1JDG</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080922150848/http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/cgi/explore.cgi?pdbId=1JDG">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Douki T, Reynaud-Angelin A, Cadet J, Sage E. Bipyrimidine photoproducts rather than oxidative lesions are the main type of DNA damage involved in the genotoxic effect of solar UVA radiation. Biochemistry. 2003, 42 (30): 9221–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12885257">PMID 12885257</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Bipyrimidine+photoproducts+rather+than+oxidative+lesions+are+the+main+type+of+DNA+damage+involved+in+the+genotoxic+effect+of+solar+UVA+radiation&rft.au=Douki+T%2C+Reynaud-Angelin+A%2C+Cadet+J%2C+Sage+E&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=30&rft.jtitle=Biochemistry&rft.pages=9221-6&rft.volume=42&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12885257&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Cadet J, Delatour T, Douki T, Gasparutto D, Pouget J, Ravanat J, Sauvaigo S. Hydroxyl radicals and DNA base damage. Mutat Res. 1999, 424 (1–2): 9–21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10064846">PMID 10064846</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Hydroxyl+radicals+and+DNA+base+damage&rft.au=Cadet+J%2C+Delatour+T%2C+Douki+T%2C+Gasparutto+D%2C+Pouget+J%2C+Ravanat+J%2C+Sauvaigo+S&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.jtitle=Mutat+Res&rft.pages=9-21&rft.volume=424&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10064846&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Shigenaga M, Gimeno C, Ames B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/content/86/24/9697.full.pdf">Urinary 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine as a biological marker of in vivo oxidative DNA damage</a> (PDF). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1989, 86 (24): 9697–701 [2016-11-15]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2602371">PMID 2602371</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170601223550/http://www.pnas.org/content/86/24/9697.full.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2017-06-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Urinary+8-hydroxy-2%E2%80%B2-deoxyguanosine+as+a+biological+marker+of+in+vivo+oxidative+DNA+damage&rft.au=Shigenaga+M%2C+Gimeno+C%2C+Ames+B&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=24&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.pages=9697-701&rft.volume=86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcontent%2F86%2F24%2F9697.full.pdf&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2602371&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Cathcart R, Schwiers E, Saul R, Ames B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/81/18/5633.pdf">Thymine glycol and thymidine glycol in human and rat urine: a possible assay for oxidative DNA damage</a> (PDF). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1984, 81 (18): 5633–7 [2007-07-05]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6592579">PMID 6592579</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625185225/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/81/18/5633.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2008-06-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Thymine+glycol+and+thymidine+glycol+in+human+and+rat+urine%3A+a+possible+assay+for+oxidative+DNA+damage&rft.au=Cathcart+R%2C+Schwiers+E%2C+Saul+R%2C+Ames+B&rft.date=1984&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=18&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.pages=5633-7&rft.volume=81&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F81%2F18%2F5633.pdf&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6592579&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Valerie K, Povirk L. Regulation and mechanisms of mammalian double-strand break repair. Oncogene. 2003, 22 (37): 5792–812. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12947387">PMID 12947387</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Regulation+and+mechanisms+of+mammalian+double-strand+break+repair&rft.au=Valerie+K%2C+Povirk+L&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=37&rft.jtitle=Oncogene&rft.pages=5792-812&rft.volume=22&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12947387&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ferguson L, Denny W. The genetic toxicology of acridines. Mutat Res. 1991, 258 (2): 123–60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1881402">PMID 1881402</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=The+genetic+toxicology+of+acridines&rft.au=Ferguson+L%2C+Denny+W&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Mutat+Res&rft.pages=123-60&rft.volume=258&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1881402&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jeffrey A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_pharmacology-therapeutics_1985_28_2/page/237">DNA modification by chemical carcinogens</a>. Pharmacol Ther. 1985, 28 (2): 237–72. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3936066">PMID 3936066</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=DNA+modification+by+chemical+carcinogens&rft.au=Jeffrey+A&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Pharmacol+Ther&rft.pages=237-72&rft.volume=28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_pharmacology-therapeutics_1985_28_2%2Fpage%2F237&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3936066&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Stephens T, Bunde C, Fillmore B. Mechanism of action in thalidomide teratogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol. 2000, 59 (12): 1489–99. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10799645">PMID 10799645</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Mechanism+of+action+in+thalidomide+teratogenesis&rft.au=Stephens+T%2C+Bunde+C%2C+Fillmore+B&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Biochem+Pharmacol&rft.pages=1489-99&rft.volume=59&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10799645&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Braña M, Cacho M, Gradillas A, de Pascual-Teresa B, Ramos A. Intercalators as anticancer drugs. Curr Pharm Des. 2001, 7 (17): 1745–80. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11562309">PMID 11562309</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Intercalators+as+anticancer+drugs&rft.au=Bra%C3%B1a+M%2C+Cacho+M%2C+Gradillas+A%2C+de+Pascual-Teresa+B%2C+Ramos+A&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=17&rft.jtitle=Curr+Pharm+Des&rft.pages=1745-80&rft.volume=7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11562309&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Venter J; et al. The sequence of the human genome. Science. 2001, 291 (5507): 1304–51. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11181995">PMID 11181995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=The+sequence+of+the+human+genome&rft.au=Venter+J&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5507&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1304-51&rft.volume=291&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11181995&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Thanbichler M, Wang S, Shapiro L. The bacterial nucleoid: a highly organized and dynamic structure. J Cell Biochem. 2005, 96 (3): 506–21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15988757">PMID 15988757</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=The+bacterial+nucleoid%3A+a+highly+organized+and+dynamic+structure&rft.au=Thanbichler+M%2C+Wang+S%2C+Shapiro+L&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=J+Cell+Biochem&rft.pages=506-21&rft.volume=96&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15988757&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Wolfsberg T, McEntyre J, Schuler G. Guide to the draft human genome. Nature. 2001, 409 (6822): 824–6. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11236998">PMID 11236998</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Guide+to+the+draft+human+genome&rft.au=Wolfsberg+T%2C+McEntyre+J%2C+Schuler+G&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6822&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=824-6&rft.volume=409&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11236998&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Gregory T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/95/1/133">The C-value enigma in plants and animals: a review of parallels and an appeal for partnership</a>. Ann Bot (Lond). 2005, 95 (1): 133–46 [2007-07-08]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15596463">PMID 15596463</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070516055624/http://aob.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/95/1/133">存档</a>于2007-05-16）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=The+C-value+enigma+in+plants+and+animals%3A+a+review+of+parallels+and+an+appeal+for+partnership&rft.au=Gregory+T&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Ann+Bot+%28Lond%29&rft.pages=133-46&rft.volume=95&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faob.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F95%2F1%2F133&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15596463&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">The ENCODE Project Consortium. Identification and analysis of functional elements in 1% of the human genome by the ENCODE pilot project. Nature. 2007, 447 (7146): 799–816. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0028-0836">ISSN 0028-0836</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature05874">doi:10.1038/nature05874</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Identification+and+analysis+of+functional+elements+in+1%25+of+the+human+genome+by+the+ENCODE+pilot+project&rft.au=The+ENCODE+Project+Consortium&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=0028-0836&rft.issue=7146&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=799-816&rft.volume=447&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature05874&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> 來源：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1MSW">PDB 1MSW</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080106154019/http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1MSW">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Pidoux A, Allshire R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk/media/804t6y8vmh5utlb6ua5y/contributions/p/x/7/a/px7ahm740dq5ueuk.pdf">The role of heterochromatin in centromere function</a> (PDF). Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2005, 360 (1455): 569–79. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15905142">PMID 15905142</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=The+role+of+heterochromatin+in+centromere+function&rft.au=Pidoux+A%2C+Allshire+R&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1455&rft.jtitle=Philos+Trans+R+Soc+Lond+B+Biol+Sci&rft.pages=569-79&rft.volume=360&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.journals.royalsoc.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2F804t6y8vmh5utlb6ua5y%2Fcontributions%2Fp%2Fx%2F7%2Fa%2Fpx7ahm740dq5ueuk.pdf&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15905142&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接">失效連結</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Harrison P, Hegyi H, Balasubramanian S, Luscombe N, Bertone P, Echols N, Johnson T, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%AD%8C%E8%AF%97%E5%9D%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马克·本德·歌诗坦（页面不存在）">马克·本德·歌诗坦</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bender_Gerstein" class="extiw" title="en:Mark Bender Gerstein">Mark Bender Gerstein</a>）. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071028173402/http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/12/2/272">Molecular fossils in the human genome: identification and analysis of the pseudogenes in chromosomes 21 and 22</a>. Genome Res. 2002, 12 (2): 272–80 [2007-07-08]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11827946">PMID 11827946</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.org/cgi/content/full/12/2/272">原始内容</a>存档于2007-10-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Molecular+fossils+in+the+human+genome%3A+identification+and+analysis+of+the+pseudogenes+in+chromosomes+21+and+22&rft.au=Harrison+P%2C+Hegyi+H%2C+Balasubramanian+S%2C+Luscombe+N%2C+Bertone+P%2C+Echols+N%2C+Johnson+T%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%AD%8C%E8%AF%97%E5%9D%A6%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Mark+Bender+Gerstein%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3E%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%AD%8C%E8%AF%97%E5%9D%A6%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EMark+Bender+Gerstein%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Genome+Res&rft.pages=272-80&rft.volume=12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genome.org%2Fcgi%2Fcontent%2Ffull%2F12%2F2%2F272&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11827946&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Harrison P, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%AD%8C%E8%AF%97%E5%9D%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马克·本德·歌诗坦（页面不存在）">马克·本德·歌诗坦</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Bender_Gerstein" class="extiw" title="en:Mark Bender Gerstein">Mark Bender Gerstein</a>）. Studying genomes through the aeons: protein families, pseudogenes and proteome evolution. J Mol Biol. 2002, 318 (5): 1155–74. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12083509">PMID 12083509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Studying+genomes+through+the+aeons%3A+protein+families%2C+pseudogenes+and+proteome+evolution&rft.au=Harrison+P%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-all+%22+data-orig-title%3D%22%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%AD%8C%E8%AF%97%E5%9D%A6%22+data-lang-code%3D%22en%22+data-lang-name%3D%22%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%22+data-foreign-title%3D%22Mark+Bender+Gerstein%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-page%22%3E%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%AD%8C%E8%AF%97%E5%9D%A6%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22noprint+ilh-comment%22%3E%EF%BC%88%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-lang%22%3E%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-colon%22%3E%EF%BC%9A%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22ilh-link%22%3E-%7B%3Cspan+lang%3D%22en%22+dir%3D%22auto%22%3EMark+Bender+Gerstein%3C%2Fspan%3E%7D-%3C%2Fspan%3E%EF%BC%89%3C%2Fspan%3E%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=J+Mol+Biol&rft.pages=1155-74&rft.volume=318&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12083509&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Albà M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11178285">Replicative DNA polymerases</a>. Genome Biol. 2001, 2 (1): REVIEWS3002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11178285">PMID 11178285</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Replicative+DNA+polymerases&rft.au=Alb%C3%A0+M&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol&rft.pages=REVIEWS3002&rft.volume=2&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D11178285&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11178285&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接">失效連結</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sandman K, Pereira S, Reeve J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_cellular-and-molecular-life-sciences_1998-12_54_12/page/1350">Diversity of prokaryotic chromosomal proteins and the origin of the nucleosome</a>. Cell Mol Life Sci. 1998, 54 (12): 1350–64. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9893710">PMID 9893710</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Diversity+of+prokaryotic+chromosomal+proteins+and+the+origin+of+the+nucleosome&rft.au=Sandman+K%2C+Pereira+S%2C+Reeve+J&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=12&rft.jtitle=Cell+Mol+Life+Sci&rft.pages=1350-64&rft.volume=54&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_cellular-and-molecular-life-sciences_1998-12_54_12%2Fpage%2F1350&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9893710&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Dame RT. The role of nucleoid-associated proteins in the organization and compaction of bacterial chromatin. Mol. Microbiol. 2005, 56 (4): 858–70. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15853876">PMID 15853876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=The+role+of+nucleoid-associated+proteins+in+the+organization+and+compaction+of+bacterial+chromatin&rft.au=Dame+RT&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Mol.+Microbiol.&rft.pages=858-70&rft.volume=56&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15853876&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Luger K, Mäder A, Richmond R, Sargent D, Richmond T. Crystal structure of the nucleosome core particle at 2.8 A resolution. Nature. 1997, 389 (6648): 251–60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9305837">PMID 9305837</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Crystal+structure+of+the+nucleosome+core+particle+at+2.8+A+resolution&rft.au=Luger+K%2C+M%C3%A4der+A%2C+Richmond+R%2C+Sargent+D%2C+Richmond+T&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6648&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=251-60&rft.volume=389&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9305837&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jenuwein T, Allis C. Translating the histone code. Science. 2001, 293 (5532): 1074–80. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11498575">PMID 11498575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Translating+the+histone+code&rft.au=Jenuwein+T%2C+Allis+C&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5532&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1074-80&rft.volume=293&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11498575&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Ito T. Nucleosome assembly and remodelling. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol: 1–22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12596902">PMID 12596902</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Nucleosome+assembly+and+remodelling&rft.au=Ito+T&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Curr+Top+Microbiol+Immunol&rft.pages=1-22&rft.volume=274&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12596902&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Thomas J. HMG1 and 2: architectural DNA-binding proteins. Biochem Soc Trans. 2001, 29 (Pt 4): 395–401. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11497996">PMID 11497996</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=HMG1+and+2%3A+architectural+DNA-binding+proteins&rft.au=Thomas+J&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=Pt+4&rft.jtitle=Biochem+Soc+Trans&rft.pages=395-401&rft.volume=29&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11497996&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Grosschedl R, Giese K, Pagel J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-genetics_1994-03_10_3/page/94">HMG domain proteins: architectural elements in the assembly of nucleoprotein structures</a>. Trends Genet. 1994, 10 (3): 94–100. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8178371">PMID 8178371</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=HMG+domain+proteins%3A+architectural+elements+in+the+assembly+of+nucleoprotein+structures&rft.au=Grosschedl+R%2C+Giese+K%2C+Pagel+J&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Trends+Genet&rft.pages=94-100&rft.volume=10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_trends-in-genetics_1994-03_10_3%2Fpage%2F94&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8178371&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Iftode C, Daniely Y, Borowiec J. Replication protein A (RPA): the eukaryotic SSB. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 1999, 34 (3): 141–80. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10473346">PMID 10473346</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Replication+protein+A+%28RPA%29%3A+the+eukaryotic+SSB&rft.au=Iftode+C%2C+Daniely+Y%2C+Borowiec+J&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Crit+Rev+Biochem+Mol+Biol&rft.pages=141-80&rft.volume=34&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10473346&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> 來源：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1LMB">PDB 1LMB</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080106153949/http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1LMB">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Myers L, Kornberg R. Mediator of transcriptional regulation. Annu Rev Biochem: 729–49. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10966474">PMID 10966474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Mediator+of+transcriptional+regulation&rft.au=Myers+L%2C+Kornberg+R&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Biochem&rft.pages=729-49&rft.volume=69&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10966474&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Spiegelman B, Heinrich R. Biological control through regulated transcriptional coactivators. Cell. 2004, 119 (2): 157–67. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15479634">PMID 15479634</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Biological+control+through+regulated+transcriptional+coactivators&rft.au=Spiegelman+B%2C+Heinrich+R&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.pages=157-67&rft.volume=119&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15479634&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Li Z, Van Calcar S, Qu C, Cavenee W, Zhang M, Ren B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12808131">A global transcriptional regulatory role for c-Myc in Burkitt's lymphoma cells</a>. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2003, 100 (14): 8164–9 [2007-07-12]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12808131">PMID 12808131</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924224956/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC166200/?tool=pubmed">存档</a>于2019-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=A+global+transcriptional+regulatory+role+for+c-Myc+in+Burkitt%27s+lymphoma+cells&rft.au=Li+Z%2C+Van+Calcar+S%2C+Qu+C%2C+Cavenee+W%2C+Zhang+M%2C+Ren+B&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=14&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.pages=8164-9&rft.volume=100&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D12808131&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12808131&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Pabo C, Sauer R. Protein-DNA recognition. Annu Rev Biochem: 293–321. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6236744">PMID 6236744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Protein-DNA+recognition&rft.au=Pabo+C%2C+Sauer+R&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Biochem&rft.pages=293-321&rft.volume=53&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F6236744&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Created from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1RVA">PDB 1RVA</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080106154027/http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1RVA">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bickle T, Krüger D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=372918&blobtype=pdf">Biology of DNA restriction</a>. Microbiol Rev. 1993, 57 (2): 434–50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8336674">PMID 8336674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Biology+of+DNA+restriction&rft.au=Bickle+T%2C+Kr%C3%BCger+D&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Microbiol+Rev&rft.pages=434-50&rft.volume=57&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Fpicrender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D372918%26blobtype%3Dpdf&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8336674&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接">失效連結</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Doherty-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Doherty_92-0">92.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Doherty_92-1">92.1</a> <cite class="citation journal">Doherty A, Suh S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11058099">Structural and mechanistic conservation in DNA ligases.</a>. Nucleic Acids Res. 2000, 28 (21): 4051–8 [2007-07-12]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11058099">PMID 11058099</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924224957/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC113121/?tool=pubmed">存档</a>于2019-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Structural+and+mechanistic+conservation+in+DNA+ligases.&rft.au=Doherty+A%2C+Suh+S&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=21&rft.jtitle=Nucleic+Acids+Res&rft.pages=4051-8&rft.volume=28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D11058099&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11058099&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Schoeffler A, Berger J. Recent advances in understanding structure-function relationships in the type II topoisomerase mechanism. Biochem Soc Trans. 2005, 33 (Pt 6): 1465–70. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16246147">PMID 16246147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Recent+advances+in+understanding+structure-function+relationships+in+the+type+II+topoisomerase+mechanism&rft.au=Schoeffler+A%2C+Berger+J&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=Pt+6&rft.jtitle=Biochem+Soc+Trans&rft.pages=1465-70&rft.volume=33&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16246147&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Tuteja N, Tuteja R. Unraveling DNA helicases. Motif, structure, mechanism and function. Eur J Biochem. 2004, 271 (10): 1849–63. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15128295">PMID 15128295</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.2004.04094.x">doi:10.1111/j.1432-1033.2004.04094.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Unraveling+DNA+helicases.+Motif%2C+structure%2C+mechanism+and+function&rft.au=Tuteja+N%2C+Tuteja+R&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=10&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Biochem&rft.pages=1849-63&rft.volume=271&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1432-1033.2004.04094.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15128295&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Joyce1995-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Joyce1995_95-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Joyce C, Steitz T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/picrender.fcgi?artid=177480&blobtype=pdf">Polymerase structures and function: variations on a theme?</a>. J Bacteriol. 1995, 177 (22): 6321–9 [2007-07-12]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7592405">PMID 7592405</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924224957/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC177480/pdf/1776321.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2019-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Polymerase+structures+and+function%3A+variations+on+a+theme%3F&rft.au=Joyce+C%2C+Steitz+T&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=22&rft.jtitle=J+Bacteriol&rft.pages=6321-9&rft.volume=177&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Fpicrender.fcgi%3Fartid%3D177480%26blobtype%3Dpdf&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7592405&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hubscher U, Maga G, Spadari S. Eukaryotic DNA polymerases. Annu Rev Biochem: 133–63. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12045093">PMID 12045093</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Eukaryotic+DNA+polymerases&rft.au=Hubscher+U%2C+Maga+G%2C+Spadari+S&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Biochem&rft.pages=133-63&rft.volume=71&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12045093&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Johnson A, O'Donnell M. Cellular DNA replicases: components and dynamics at the replication fork. Annu Rev Biochem: 283–315. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15952889">PMID 15952889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Cellular+DNA+replicases%3A+components+and+dynamics+at+the+replication+fork&rft.au=Johnson+A%2C+O%27Donnell+M&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annu+Rev+Biochem&rft.pages=283-315&rft.volume=74&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15952889&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Tarrago-Litvak L, Andréola M, Nevinsky G, Sarih-Cottin L, Litvak S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/reprint/8/8/497">The reverse transcriptase of HIV-1: from enzymology to therapeutic intervention</a>. FASEB J. 1994, 8 (8): 497–503 [2007-07-12]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7514143">PMID 7514143</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080905011452/http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/reprint/8/8/497">存档</a>于2008-09-05）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=The+reverse+transcriptase+of+HIV-1%3A+from+enzymology+to+therapeutic+intervention&rft.au=Tarrago-Litvak+L%2C+Andr%C3%A9ola+M%2C+Nevinsky+G%2C+Sarih-Cottin+L%2C+Litvak+S&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=8&rft.jtitle=FASEB+J&rft.pages=497-503&rft.volume=8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fasebj.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F8%2F8%2F497&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7514143&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Martinez E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_plant-molecular-biology_2002-12_50_6/page/925">Multi-protein complexes in eukaryotic gene transcription</a>. Plant Mol Biol. 2002, 50 (6): 925–47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12516863">PMID 12516863</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Multi-protein+complexes+in+eukaryotic+gene+transcription&rft.au=Martinez+E&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6&rft.jtitle=Plant+Mol+Biol&rft.pages=925-47&rft.volume=50&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_plant-molecular-biology_2002-12_50_6%2Fpage%2F925&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12516863&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> 來源：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1M6G">PDB 1M6G</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100110012504/http://www.rcsb.org/pdb/explore/explore.do?structureId=1M6G">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Cremer T, Cremer C. Chromosome territories, nuclear architecture and gene regulation in mammalian cells. Nat Rev Genet. 2001, 2 (4): 292–301. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11283701">PMID 11283701</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Chromosome+territories%2C+nuclear+architecture+and+gene+regulation+in+mammalian+cells&rft.au=Cremer+T%2C+Cremer+C&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=Nat+Rev+Genet&rft.pages=292-301&rft.volume=2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11283701&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Pál C, Papp B, Lercher M. An integrated view of protein evolution. Nat Rev Genet. 2006, 7 (5): 337–48. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16619049">PMID 16619049</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=An+integrated+view+of+protein+evolution&rft.au=P%C3%A1l+C%2C+Papp+B%2C+Lercher+M&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Nat+Rev+Genet&rft.pages=337-48&rft.volume=7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16619049&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">O'Driscoll M, Jeggo P. The role of double-strand break repair - insights from human genetics. Nat Rev Genet. 2006, 7 (1): 45–54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16369571">PMID 16369571</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=The+role+of+double-strand+break+repair+-+insights+from+human+genetics&rft.au=O%27Driscoll+M%2C+Jeggo+P&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Nat+Rev+Genet&rft.pages=45-54&rft.volume=7&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16369571&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Vispé S, Defais M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_biochimie_1997-10_79_9-10/page/587">Mammalian Rad51 protein: a RecA homologue with pleiotropic functions</a>. Biochimie. 1997, 79 (9-10): 587–92. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9466696">PMID 9466696</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Mammalian+Rad51+protein%3A+a+RecA+homologue+with+pleiotropic+functions&rft.au=Visp%C3%A9+S%2C+Defais+M&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=9-10&rft.jtitle=Biochimie&rft.pages=587-92&rft.volume=79&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_biochimie_1997-10_79_9-10%2Fpage%2F587&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9466696&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Neale MJ, Keeney S. Clarifying the mechanics of DNA strand exchange in meiotic recombination. Nature. 2006, 442 (7099): 153–8. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16838012">PMID 16838012</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Clarifying+the+mechanics+of+DNA+strand+exchange+in+meiotic+recombination&rft.au=Neale+MJ%2C+Keeney+S&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7099&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=153-8&rft.volume=442&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16838012&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Dickman M, Ingleston S, Sedelnikova S, Rafferty J, Lloyd R, Grasby J, Hornby D. The RuvABC resolvasome. Eur J Biochem. 2002, 269 (22): 5492–501. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12423347">PMID 12423347</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=The+RuvABC+resolvasome&rft.au=Dickman+M%2C+Ingleston+S%2C+Sedelnikova+S%2C+Rafferty+J%2C+Lloyd+R%2C+Grasby+J%2C+Hornby+D&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=22&rft.jtitle=Eur+J+Biochem&rft.pages=5492-501&rft.volume=269&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12423347&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Joyce2002-107"><a href="#cite_ref-Joyce2002_107-0">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Joyce G. The antiquity of RNA-based evolution. Nature. 2002, 418 (6894): 214–21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12110897">PMID 12110897</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=The+antiquity+of+RNA-based+evolution&rft.au=Joyce+G&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6894&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=214-21&rft.volume=418&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12110897&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Orgel L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070710095656/http://www.crbmb.com/cgi/reprint/39/2/99.pdf">Prebiotic chemistry and the origin of the RNA world</a> (PDF). Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol: 99–123. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15217990">PMID 15217990</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.crbmb.com/cgi/reprint/39/2/99.pdf">原始内容</a> (PDF)存档于2007-07-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Prebiotic+chemistry+and+the+origin+of+the+RNA+world&rft.au=Orgel+L&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Crit+Rev+Biochem+Mol+Biol&rft.pages=99-123&rft.volume=39&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.crbmb.com%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F39%2F2%2F99.pdf&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15217990&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Davenport R. Ribozymes. Making copies in the RNA world. Science. 2001, 292 (5520): 1278. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11360970">PMID 11360970</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Ribozymes.+Making+copies+in+the+RNA+world&rft.au=Davenport+R&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5520&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1278&rft.volume=292&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11360970&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Szathmáry E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/89/7/2614.pdf">What is the optimum size for the genetic alphabet?</a> (PDF). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1992, 89 (7): 2614–8 [2007-07-13]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1372984">PMID 1372984</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625185222/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/89/7/2614.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2008-06-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=What+is+the+optimum+size+for+the+genetic+alphabet%3F&rft.au=Szathm%C3%A1ry+E&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.pages=2614-8&rft.volume=89&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F89%2F7%2F2614.pdf&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1372984&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Lindahl T. Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA. Nature. 1993, 362 (6422): 709–15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8469282">PMID 8469282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Instability+and+decay+of+the+primary+structure+of+DNA&rft.au=Lindahl+T&rft.date=1993&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6422&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=709-15&rft.volume=362&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8469282&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Vreeland R, Rosenzweig W, Powers D. Isolation of a 250 million-year-old halotolerant bacterium from a primary salt crystal. Nature. 2000, 407 (6806): 897–900. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11057666">PMID 11057666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Isolation+of+a+250+million-year-old+halotolerant+bacterium+from+a+primary+salt+crystal&rft.au=Vreeland+R%2C+Rosenzweig+W%2C+Powers+D&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6806&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=897-900&rft.volume=407&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11057666&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hebsgaard M, Phillips M, Willerslev E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_trends-in-microbiology_2005-05_13_5/page/212">Geologically ancient DNA: fact or artefact?</a>. Trends Microbiol. 2005, 13 (5): 212–20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15866038">PMID 15866038</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Geologically+ancient+DNA%3A+fact+or+artefact%3F&rft.au=Hebsgaard+M%2C+Phillips+M%2C+Willerslev+E&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Trends+Microbiol&rft.pages=212-20&rft.volume=13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_trends-in-microbiology_2005-05_13_5%2Fpage%2F212&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15866038&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Nickle D, Learn G, Rain M, Mullins J, Mittler J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_2002-01_54_1/page/134">Curiously modern DNA for a "250 million-year-old" bacterium</a>. J Mol Evol. 2002, 54 (1): 134–7. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11734907">PMID 11734907</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Curiously+modern+DNA+for+a+%22250+million-year-old%22+bacterium&rft.au=Nickle+D%2C+Learn+G%2C+Rain+M%2C+Mullins+J%2C+Mittler+J&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=J+Mol+Evol&rft.pages=134-7&rft.volume=54&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-molecular-evolution_2002-01_54_1%2Fpage%2F134&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11734907&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Goff SP, Berg P. Construction of hybrid viruses containing SV40 and lambda phage DNA segments and their propagation in cultured monkey cells. Cell. 1976, 9 (4 PT 2): 695–705. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/189942">PMID 189942</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Construction+of+hybrid+viruses+containing+SV40+and+lambda+phage+DNA+segments+and+their+propagation+in+cultured+monkey+cells&rft.au=Goff+SP%2C+Berg+P&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4+PT+2&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.pages=695-705&rft.volume=9&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F189942&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Houdebine L. Transgenic animal models in biomedical research. Methods Mol Biol: 163–202. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17172731">PMID 17172731</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Transgenic+animal+models+in+biomedical+research&rft.au=Houdebine+L&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Methods+Mol+Biol&rft.pages=163-202&rft.volume=360&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17172731&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Daniell H, Dhingra A. Multigene engineering: dawn of an exciting new era in biotechnology. Curr Opin Biotechnol. 2002, 13 (2): 136–41. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11950565">PMID 11950565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Multigene+engineering%3A+dawn+of+an+exciting+new+era+in+biotechnology&rft.au=Daniell+H%2C+Dhingra+A&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Curr+Opin+Biotechnol&rft.pages=136-41&rft.volume=13&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11950565&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Job D. Plant biotechnology in agriculture. Biochimie. 2002, 84 (11): 1105–10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12595138">PMID 12595138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Plant+biotechnology+in+agriculture&rft.au=Job+D&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=11&rft.jtitle=Biochimie&rft.pages=1105-10&rft.volume=84&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12595138&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Collins A, Morton N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/91/13/6007.pdf">Likelihood ratios for DNA identification</a> (PDF). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1994, 91 (13): 6007–11 [2007-07-15]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8016106">PMID 8016106</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127150820/http://www.pnas.org/cgi/reprint/91/13/6007.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2007-11-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Likelihood+ratios+for+DNA+identification&rft.au=Collins+A%2C+Morton+N&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=13&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.pages=6007-11&rft.volume=91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pnas.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F91%2F13%2F6007.pdf&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8016106&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Weir B, Triggs C, Starling L, Stowell L, Walsh K, Buckleton J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-forensic-sciences_1997-03_42_2/page/213">Interpreting DNA mixtures</a>. J Forensic Sci. 1997, 42 (2): 213–22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9068179">PMID 9068179</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Interpreting+DNA+mixtures&rft.au=Weir+B%2C+Triggs+C%2C+Starling+L%2C+Stowell+L%2C+Walsh+K%2C+Buckleton+J&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=J+Forensic+Sci&rft.pages=213-22&rft.volume=42&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-forensic-sciences_1997-03_42_2%2Fpage%2F213&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9068179&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Jeffreys A, Wilson V, Thein S. Individual-specific 'fingerprints' of human DNA.. Nature: 76–9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/2989708">PMID 2989708</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Individual-specific+%27fingerprints%27+of+human+DNA.&rft.au=Jeffreys+A%2C+Wilson+V%2C+Thein+S&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=6023&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=76-9&rft.volume=316&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F2989708&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.forensic.gov.uk/forensic_t/inside/news/list_casefiles.php?case=1">Colin Pitchfork — first murder conviction on DNA evidence also clears the prime suspect</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061214004903/http://www.forensic.gov.uk/forensic_t/inside/news/list_casefiles.php?case=1">存檔</a>，存档日期2006-12-14. Forensic Science Service Accessed 23 Dec 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061112000837/http://massfatality.dna.gov/Introduction/">DNA Identification in Mass Fatality Incidents</a>. National Institute of Justice. September 2006. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://massfatality.dna.gov/Introduction/">原始内容</a>存档于2006-11-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.btitle=DNA+Identification+in+Mass+Fatality+Incidents&rft.date=2006-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=National+Institute+of+Justice&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmassfatality.dna.gov%2FIntroduction%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Legal_Frontline_%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%89%8D%E7%B7%9A%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A%E7%A4%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Legal Frontline 法律前線通訊社（页面不存在）">Legal Frontline 法律前線通訊社</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://legalfrontline.blogspot.com.au/2017/05/dna.html">MAY 4 少年無照駕駛佯稱父親肇事 --- 血跡DNA揭謊言保險公司拒賠</a>. [2017-08-14]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170814174917/http://legalfrontline.blogspot.com.au/2017/05/dna.html">存档</a>于2017-08-14）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.au=Legal+Frontline+%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E5%89%8D%E7%B7%9A%E9%80%9A%E8%A8%8A%E7%A4%BE&rft.btitle=MAY+4+%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E7%84%A1%E7%85%A7%E9%A7%95%E9%A7%9B%E4%BD%AF%E7%A8%B1%E7%88%B6%E8%A6%AA%E8%82%87%E4%BA%8B+---+%E8%A1%80%E8%B7%A1DNA%E6%8F%AD%E8%AC%8A%E8%A8%80%E4%BF%9D%E9%9A%AA%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8%E6%8B%92%E8%B3%A0&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flegalfrontline.blogspot.com.au%2F2017%2F05%2Fdna.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Wray G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=11806830">Dating branches on the tree of life using DNA</a>. Genome Biol. 2002, 3 (1): REVIEWS0001 [2007-07-15]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11806830">PMID 11806830</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190924224959/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC150454/?tool=pubmed">存档</a>于2019-09-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Dating+branches+on+the+tree+of+life+using+DNA&rft.au=Wray+G&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Genome+Biol&rft.pages=REVIEWS0001&rft.volume=3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D11806830&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11806830&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Lost Tribes of Israel, NOVA, PBS airdate: 22 February 2000. Transcript available from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2706israel.html">PBS.org,</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080916110708/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/transcripts/2706israel.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (last accessed on 4 March 2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Kleiman, Yaakov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aish.com/societywork/sciencenature/the_cohanim_-_dna_connection.asp">"The Cohanim/DNA Connection: The fascinating story of how DNA studies confirm an ancient biblical tradition".</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160425030950/http://www.aish.com/societywork/sciencenature/the_cohanim_-_dna_connection.asp">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） aish.com (January 13, 2000). Accessed 4 March 2006. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> Bhattacharya, Shaoni. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn4908">"Killer convicted thanks to relative's DNA".</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070212122456/http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn4908">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） newscientist.com (20 April 2004). Accessed 22 Dec 06 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Baldi, Pierre. Brunak, Soren. Bioinformatics: The Machine Learning Approach MIT Press (2001) <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780262025065" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-262-02506-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Gusfield, Dan. Algorithms on Strings, Trees, and Sequences: Computer Science and Computational Biology. Cambridge University Press, 15 January 1997. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521585194" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-58519-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Sjölander K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081011003734/http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/20/2/170">Phylogenomic inference of protein molecular function: advances and challenges</a>. Bioinformatics. 2004, 20 (2): 170–9 [2007-07-15]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14734307">PMID 14734307</a>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/20/2/170">原始内容</a>存档于2008-10-11）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Phylogenomic+inference+of+protein+molecular+function%3A+advances+and+challenges&rft.au=Sj%C3%B6lander+K&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Bioinformatics&rft.pages=170-9&rft.volume=20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbioinformatics.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F20%2F2%2F170&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14734307&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Mount-132"><a href="#cite_ref-Mount_132-0">^</a> <cite class="citation book">Mount DM. Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis 2. Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0879697121" title="Special:网络书源/0879697121">ISBN 0879697121</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.au=Mount+DM&rft.btitle=Bioinformatics%3A+Sequence+and+Genome+Analysis&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=2&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0879697121&rft.place=Cold+Spring+Harbor%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Adleman L. Molecular computation of solutions to combinatorial problems. Science. 1994, 266 (5187): 1021–4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7973651">PMID 7973651</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Molecular+computation+of+solutions+to+combinatorial+problems&rft.au=Adleman+L&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5187&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1021-4&rft.volume=266&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F7973651&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Benenson Y, Paz-Elizur T, Adar R, Keinan E, Livneh Z, Shapiro E. Programmable and autonomous computingmachine made of biomolecules. Nature. 2001, 414: 430–434.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Programmable+and+autonomous+computingmachine+made+of+biomolecules&rft.au=Benenson+Y%2C+Paz-Elizur+T%2C+Adar+R%2C+Keinan+E%2C+Livneh+Z%2C+Shapiro+E&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=430-434&rft.volume=414&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Parker J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pubmed&pubmedid=12524509">Computing with DNA.</a>. EMBO Rep. 2003, 4 (1): 7–10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12524509">PMID 12524509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Computing+with+DNA.&rft.au=Parker+J&rft.date=2003&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=EMBO+Rep&rft.pages=7-10&rft.volume=4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pubmedcentral.nih.gov%2Farticlerender.fcgi%3Ftool%3Dpubmed%26pubmedid%3D12524509&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12524509&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接">失效連結</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Ashish Gehani, Thomas LaBean and John Reif. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/gehani99dnabased.html">DNA-Based Cryptography</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20071011201426/http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/gehani99dnabased.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）. Proceedings of the 5th DIMACS Workshop on DNA Based Computers, Cambridge, MA, USA, 14–15 June 1999. </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Coffer, J. L.; et al. Dictation of the shape of mesoscale semiconductor nanoparticle assemblies by plasmid DNA. Appl. Phys. Lett. 1996, 69: 3851–3853.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Dictation+of+the+shape+of+mesoscale+semiconductor+nanoparticle+assemblies+by+plasmid+DNA&rft.au=Coffer%2C+J.+L.&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Appl.+Phys.+Lett.&rft.pages=3851-3853&rft.volume=69&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Strong M. Protein Nanomachines. PLoS Biology. 2004, 2: e73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Protein+Nanomachines&rft.au=Strong+M&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLoS+Biology&rft.pages=e73&rft.volume=2&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Chen J, Seeman NC. Synthesis from DNA of a molecule with the connectivity of a cube. Nature. 1991, 350: 631–633.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Synthesis+from+DNA+of+a+molecule+with+the+connectivity+of+a+cube&rft.au=Chen+J%2C+Seeman+NC&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=631-633&rft.volume=350&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Mao C, Sun W, Shen Z, Seeman NC. A nanomechanical device based on the B-Z transition of DNA. Nature. 1999, 397: 144–146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=A+nanomechanical+device+based+on+the+B-Z+transition+of+DNA&rft.au=Mao+C%2C+Sun+W%2C+Shen+Z%2C+Seeman+NC&rft.date=1999&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=144-146&rft.volume=397&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Bernard Yurke, Andrew J. Turberfield, Allen P. Mills, Jr, Friedrich C. Simmel and Jennifer L. Neumann. A DNA-Fuelled Molecular Machine Made of DNA. Nature. 2000, 406: 605–608.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=A+DNA-Fuelled+Molecular+Machine+Made+of+DNA&rft.au=Bernard+Yurke%2C+Andrew+J.+Turberfield%2C+Allen+P.+Mills%2C+Jr%2C+Friedrich+C.+Simmel+and+Jennifer+L.+Neumann&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=605-608&rft.volume=406&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Dahm R. Friedrich Miescher and the discovery of DNA. Dev Biol. 2005, 278 (2): 274–88. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15680349">PMID 15680349</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Friedrich+Miescher+and+the+discovery+of+DNA&rft.au=Dahm+R&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=Dev+Biol&rft.pages=274-88&rft.volume=278&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15680349&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Levene P,. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/40/2/415">The structure of yeast nucleic acid</a>. J Biol Chem. 1919, 40 (2): 415–24 [2007-07-17]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090629031747/http://www.jbc.org/cgi/reprint/40/2/415">存档</a>于2009-06-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=The+structure+of+yeast+nucleic+acid&rft.au=Levene+P%2C&rft.date=1919&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=J+Biol+Chem&rft.pages=415-24&rft.volume=40&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jbc.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F40%2F2%2F415&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Astbury W,. Nucleic acid. Symp. SOC. Exp. Bbl. 1947, 1 (66).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Nucleic+acid&rft.au=Astbury+W%2C&rft.date=1947&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=66&rft.jtitle=Symp.+SOC.+Exp.+Bbl&rft.volume=1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Avery O, MacLeod C, McCarty M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jem.org/cgi/reprint/149/2/297">Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of pneumococcal types. Inductions of transformation by a desoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from pneumococcus type III</a>. J Exp Med. 1944, 79 (2): 137–158 [2007-07-17]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927003928/http://www.jem.org/cgi/reprint/149/2/297">存档</a>于2007-09-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Studies+on+the+chemical+nature+of+the+substance+inducing+transformation+of+pneumococcal+types.+Inductions+of+transformation+by+a+desoxyribonucleic+acid+fraction+isolated+from+pneumococcus+type+III&rft.au=Avery+O%2C+MacLeod+C%2C+McCarty+M&rft.date=1944&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=J+Exp+Med&rft.pages=137-158&rft.volume=79&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jem.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F149%2F2%2F297&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Hershey A, Chase M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jgp.org/cgi/reprint/36/1/39.pdf">Independent functions of viral protein and nucleic acid in growth of bacteriophage</a> (PDF). J Gen Physiol. 1952, 36 (1): 39–56 [2007-07-17]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12981234">PMID 12981234</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001223217/http://www.jgp.org/cgi/reprint/36/1/39.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2008-10-01）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Independent+functions+of+viral+protein+and+nucleic+acid+in+growth+of+bacteriophage&rft.au=Hershey+A%2C+Chase+M&rft.date=1952&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=J+Gen+Physiol&rft.pages=39-56&rft.volume=36&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jgp.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F36%2F1%2F39.pdf&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12981234&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-FWPUB-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FWPUB_147-0">147.0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FWPUB_147-1">147.1</a> Watson J.D. and Crick F.H.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf">"A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid".</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070204110320/http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (PDF) Nature 171, 737–738 (1953). Accessed 13 Feb 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-NatureDNA50-148"><a href="#cite_ref-NatureDNA50_148-0">^</a> Nature Archives <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/archive.html">Double Helix of DNA: 50 Years</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150405140401/http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/archive.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-NatFranGos-149"><a href="#cite_ref-NatFranGos_149-0">^</a> Molecular Configuration in Sodium Thymonucleate. Franklin R. and Gosling R.G.Nature 171, 740–741 (1953)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/franklingosling.pdf">Nature Archives Full Text (PDF)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110103160712/http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/franklingosling.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120525030457/http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/pictures/sci9.001.5.html">Crystallographic photo of Sodium Thymonucleate, Type B. "Photo 51." M…</a>. 2012-05-25. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://osulibrary.oregonstate.edu/specialcollections/coll/pauling/dna/pictures/sci9.001.5.html">原始内容</a>存档于2012-05-25）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.btitle=Crystallographic+photo+of+Sodium+Thymonucleate%2C+Type+B.+%22Photo+51.%22+M%E2%80%A6&rft.date=2012-05-25&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fosulibrary.oregonstate.edu%2Fspecialcollections%2Fcoll%2Fpauling%2Fdna%2Fpictures%2Fsci9.001.5.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-NatWilk-151"><a href="#cite_ref-NatWilk_151-0">^</a> Molecular Structure of Deoxypentose Nucleic Acids. Wilkins M.H.F., A.R. Stokes A.R. & Wilson, H.R. Nature 171, 738–740 (1953)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/wilkins.pdf">Nature Archives (PDF)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20110513234223/http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/wilkins.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-NatFrankGos2-152"><a href="#cite_ref-NatFrankGos2_152-0">^</a> Ev idence for 2-Chain Helix in Crystalline Structure of Sodium Deoxyribonucleate. Franklin R. and Gosling R.G. Nature 172, 156–157 (1953)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/franklingosling2.pdf">Nature Archives, full text (PDF)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070710095703/http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/franklingosling2.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1962</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070104183337/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1962/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Nobelprize .org Accessed 22 Dec 06 </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Crick, F.H.C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/assets/wtx030893.pdf">On degenerate templates and the adaptor hypothesis (PDF).</a> <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Wayback Machine">互联网档案馆</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081001223217/http://genome.wellcome.ac.uk/assets/wtx030893.pdf">存檔</a>，存档日期2008-10-01. genome.wellcome.ac.uk (Lecture, 1955). Accessed 22 Dec 2006 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Meselson M, Stahl F. The replication of DNA in Escherichia coli. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 1958, 44 (7): 671–82. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16590258">PMID 16590258</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=The+replication+of+DNA+in+Escherichia+coli&rft.au=Meselson+M%2C+Stahl+F&rft.date=1958&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+U+S+A&rft.pages=671-82&rft.volume=44&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16590258&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/">The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1968</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070216055416/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1968/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Nobelprize.org Accessed 22 Dec 06 </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">International Human Genome Sequencing Consortium. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v409/n6822/pdf/409860a0.pdf">Initial sequencing and analysis of the human genome.</a> (PDF). Nature. 2001, 409: 860−921 [2007-07-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070712091308/http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v409/n6822/pdf/409860a0.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2007-07-12）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=Initial+sequencing+and+analysis+of+the+human+genome.&rft.au=International+Human+Genome+Sequencing+Consortium&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.pages=860%E2%88%92921&rft.volume=409&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnature%2Fjournal%2Fv409%2Fn6822%2Fpdf%2F409860a0.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <cite class="citation journal">Venter, JC; et al. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/291/5507/1304.pdf">The sequence of the human genome.</a> (PDF). Science. 2001, 291: 1304−1351 [2007-07-25]. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070713115314/http://www.sciencemag.org/cgi/reprint/291/5507/1304.pdf">存档</a> (PDF)于2007-07-13）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&rft.atitle=The+sequence+of+the+human+genome.&rft.au=Venter%2C+JC&rft.date=2001&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=1304%E2%88%921351&rft.volume=291&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencemag.org%2Fcgi%2Freprint%2F291%2F5507%2F1304.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸閱讀">延伸閱讀</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=32" title="编辑章节：延伸閱讀">编辑</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">维基文库</a>中的相关原始文献：<a href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/%E5%8E%BB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E9%86%A3%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E6%8E%A1%E6%A8%A3%E6%A2%9D%E4%BE%8B" class="extiw" title="s:去氧核醣核酸採樣條例">去氧核醣核酸採樣條例</a></div></div> </div> <div style="font-size:90%;"> <ul><li>（中文） 林正焜、洪火樹《認識DNA：下一波的醫療革命》。商周出版，2005年。<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789861244280" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-986-124-428-0</a></li> <li>（中文） Karl Drlica。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%A8%E6%A5%AD%E4%BB%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="周業仁（页面不存在）">周業仁</a>譯。《DNA的14堂課》（Understanding DNA and Gene Cloning）。天下文化，2002年。<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789864170777" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-986-417-077-7</a></li> <li>（中文） James D. Watson。陳正萱、張項譯。《雙螺旋─DNA結構發現者的青春告白》（The Double Helix）。時報出版，1998年。<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789571326177" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-957-13-2617-7</a></li> <li>（英文） Clayton, Julie. (Ed.). 50 Years of DNA, Palgrave MacMillan Press, 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781403914798" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-4039-1479-8</a></li> <li>（英文） Judson, Horace Freeland. The Eighth Day of Creation: Makers of the Revolution in Biology, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 1996. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780879694784" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-87969-478-4</a></li> <li>（英文） Olby, Robert. The Path to The Double Helix: Discovery of DNA, first published in October 1974 by MacMillan, with foreword by Francis Crick; <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780486681177" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-486-68117-7</a>; the definitive DNA textbook, revised in 1994, with a 9 page postscript.</li> <li>（英文） Ridley, Matt. Francis Crick: Discoverer of the Genetic Code (Eminent Lives) HarperCollins Publishers; 192 pp, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780060823337" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-06-082333-7</a> 2006</li> <li>（英文） Rose, Steven. The Chemistry of Life, Penguin, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780140272734" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-14-027273-4</a>.</li> <li>（英文） Watson, James D. and Francis H.C. Crick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf">A structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070204110320/http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (PDF). <a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6_(%E6%9C%9F%E5%88%8A)" title="自然 (期刊)">Nature</a> 171, 737–738, 25 April 1953.</li> <li>（英文） Watson, James D. DNA: The Secret of Life <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780375415463" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-375-41546-3</a>.</li> <li>（英文） Watson, James D. The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA (Norton Critical Editions). <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780393950755" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-393-95075-5</a></li> <li>（英文） Watson, James D. "Avoid boring people and other lessons from a life in science" New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780375421844" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-375-421844</a></li> <li>（英文） Calladine, Chris R.; Drew, Horace R.; Luisi, Ben F. and Travers, Andrew A. Understanding DNA, Elsevier Academic Press, 2003. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780121550899" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-12-155089-9</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結">外部連結</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&section=33" title="编辑章节：外部連結">编辑</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源：<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:DNA" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:DNA">脱氧核糖核酸</a></div></div> </div> <div style="font-size: 90%;"> <ul><li>（中文） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://juang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/BCbasics/Nucleic1.htm">核酸</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070704200131/http://juang.bst.ntu.edu.tw/BCbasics/Nucleic1.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - 生物化學教學網頁</li> <li>（中文） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dna.ym.edu.tw/">畫說DNA</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060903132836/http://dna.ym.edu.tw/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - DNA from the beginning中文版，以動畫介紹DNA</li> <li>（英文） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnai.org/">DNA Interactive</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20120207033619/http://www.dnai.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - Flash互動式介紹</li> <li>（英文） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070630044819/http://www.dnaftb.org/dnaftb/">DNA from the beginning</a></li> <li>（英文） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070825101712/http://orpheus.ucsd.edu/speccoll/testing/html/mss0660a.html#abstract">The Register of Francis Crick Personal Papers</a> - 佛朗西斯·克里克的文章</li> <li>（英文） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070213030135/http://www.ncbe.reading.ac.uk/DNA50/">Double Helix 1953–2003</a> 英國國家生物技術教育中心</li> <li>（英文） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/archive.html">Double helix: 50 years of DNA</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150405140401/http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/archive.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Nature</li> <li>（英文） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060906233359/http://mason.gmu.edu/~emoody/rfranklin.html">Rosalind Franklin's contributions to the study of DNA</a></li> <li>（英文） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127102948/http://www.genome.gov/10506367">U.S. National DNA Day</a> - DNA日</li> <li>（英文） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genome.gov/10506718">Genetic Education Modules for Teachers</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070715012306/http://www.genome.gov/10506718">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - DNA from the Beginning學習指導</li> <li>（英文） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060215191336/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bbcfour/audiointerviews/profilepages/crickwatson1.shtml">Listen to Francis Crick and James Watson talking on the BBC in 1962, 1972, and 1974</a></li> <li>（英文） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fidelitysystems.com/Unlinked_DNA.html">DNA under electron microscope</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070623061349/http://www.fidelitysystems.com/Unlinked_DNA.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>（英文） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070718003128/http://www.dnawiz.com/">DNA Articles</a> - 論文與訊息收集</li> <li>（英文） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070718020408/http://biostudio.com/c_%20education%20mac.htm">DNA coiling to form chromosomes</a></li> <li>（英文） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070306082905/http://pipe.scs.fsu.edu/displar.html">DISPLAR: DNA binding site prediction on protein</a></li> <li>（英文） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dnalc.org/">Dolan DNA Learning Center</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190821082037/http://www.dnalc.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>（英文） Olby, R. (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070207145444/http://chem-faculty.ucsd.edu/joseph/CHEM13/DNA1.pdf">"Quiet debut for the double helix"</a> Nature 421 (January 23): 402–405.</li> <li>（英文） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/trun/artwork/Animations/cloningexp/cloningexp.html">Basic animated guide to DNA cloning</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070806182929/http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/trun/artwork/Animations/cloningexp/cloningexp.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li>（英文） <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/dna_double_helix/">DNA the Double Helix Game</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20100223035803/http://nobelprize.org/educational_games/medicine/dna_double_helix/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） - 諾貝爾獎官方網站</li></ul> </div> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84261037">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{text-align:center;padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf;position:relative}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="基因表达" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE" title="Template:基因表达"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE" title="Template talk:基因表达"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:基因表达"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="基因表达" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE" title="基因表現">基因表达</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" title="遗传学入门">遗传学入门</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81" title="遗传密码">遗传密码</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="中心法則">经典中心法则</a>： <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">DNA</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" title="转录">→</a> <a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BD%BF%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="信使核糖核酸">RNA</a> <a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8)" title="翻譯 (生物學)">→</a> <a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87#中心法则的扩充" title="中心法則">扩充中心法则</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA%E8%A4%87%E8%A3%BD%E9%85%B6" title="RNA複製酶">RNA → RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" class="mw-redirect" title="逆转录">RNA → DNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质 → 蛋白质</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" title="转录">转录</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">类型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="细菌转录（页面不存在）">细菌转录</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterial_transcription" class="extiw" title="en:Bacterial transcription">Bacterial transcription</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeal_transcription&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeal transcription（页面不存在）">古菌转录</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeal_transcription" class="extiw" title="en:Archaeal transcription">Archaeal transcription</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" title="真核转录">真核转录</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">关键元素</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90" title="转录因子">转录因子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E9%85%B6" title="RNA聚合酶">RNA聚合酶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%AF%E5%8A%A8%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="启动子">启动子</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="转录后修饰">转录后修饰</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E4%BF%A1%E4%BD%BFRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="前信使RNA">hnRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%E2%80%B2%E7%AB%AF%E5%B8%BD" title="5′端帽">5'端加帽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA%E5%89%AA%E6%8E%A5" title="RNA剪接">RNA剪接</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96" title="多腺苷酸化">多腺苷酸化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E4%B9%99%E9%86%AF%E5%8C%96" title="組蛋白乙醯化">組蛋白乙醯化</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AD%AF_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8)" title="翻譯 (生物學)">翻译</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">类型</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="原核翻译">原核翻译</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Archaeal_translation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Archaeal translation（页面不存在）">古菌翻译</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeal_translation" class="extiw" title="en:Archaeal translation">Archaeal translation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E6%A0%B8%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="真核翻译">真核翻译</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8.0em;font-weight: normal;">关键元素</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93" title="核糖体">核糖体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="TRNA">tRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="翻译后修饰">翻译后修饰</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7" title="基因表达调控">基因表达调控</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%80%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="表觀遺傳學">表观遗传学调节</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84%E9%8A%98%E5%8D%B0" title="基因組銘印">基因組銘印</a> 等</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7" title="转录调控">转录调控</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基因调控网络（页面不存在）">基因调控网络</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_regulatory_network" class="extiw" title="en:Gene regulatory network">Gene regulatory network</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A1%BA%E5%BC%8F%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%85%83%E4%BB%B6" title="顺式作用元件">顺式作用元件</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96%E6%93%8D%E7%B8%B1%E5%AD%90" title="乳糖操縱子">乳糖操縱子</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%90%8E%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="转录后调控（页面不存在）">转录后调控</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-transcriptional_regulation" class="extiw" title="en:Post-transcriptional regulation">Post-transcriptional regulation</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/P%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="P体">P体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E5%8F%98%E5%89%AA%E6%8E%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="可变剪接">可变剪接</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MiRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="MiRNA">miRNA</a> 等</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翻译调控（页面不存在）">翻译调控</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translational_regulation" class="extiw" title="en:Translational regulation">Translational regulation</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E8%B0%83%E6%8E%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="翻译后调控（页面不存在）">翻译后调控</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-translational_regulation" class="extiw" title="en:Post-translational regulation">Post-translational regulation</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E5%8C%96" title="磷酸化">可逆的</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E9%85%B6%E8%A7%A3" title="蛋白酶解">不可逆的</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">该领域名人</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E6%96%AF%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E8%B3%88%E5%85%8B%E6%9F%8F" title="方斯華·賈克柏">方斯華·賈克柏</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B3%88%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E8%AB%BE" title="賈克·莫諾">賈克·莫諾</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" title="Template:蛋白质生物合成导航"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" title="Template talk:蛋白质生物合成导航"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%AF%BC%E8%88%AA" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:蛋白质生物合成导航"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="遗传学索引" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">遗传学索引</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">描述</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BF%E6%80%BB%E8%A7%88" title="Template:生物化学模板总览">生化</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E8%BE%BE" title="Template:基因表达">基因表达</a></li> <li>DNA <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:DNA%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6" title="Template:DNA复制">复制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:细胞周期蛋白质">周期蛋白</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8D%E7%BB%84" title="Template:基因重组">基因重组</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:DNA%E4%BF%AE%E5%A4%8D" title="Template:DNA修复">修复</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" title="Template:转录">转录</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%9B%A0%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%86%85%E5%8F%97%E4%BD%93" title="Template:转录因子与细胞内受体">转录因子与细胞内受体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Transcription_coregulators" title="Template:Transcription coregulators">辅调节因子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:RNA%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B" title="Template:RNA类型">RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%87%8D%E5%A4%8D%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97" title="Template:重复序列">重复序列</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="Template:转录后修饰">转录后修饰</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91" title="Template:遗传学/翻译">翻译</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E4%BD%93%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="Template:核糖体亚基">核糖体亚基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91%E5%90%8E%E4%BF%AE%E9%A5%B0" title="Template:翻译后修饰">翻译后修饰</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Sorting_nexin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Sorting nexin（页面不存在）">分拣蛋白</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Sorting_nexin" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Sorting nexin">Template:Sorting nexin</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:DNA-binding_proteins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:DNA-binding proteins（页面不存在）">DNA结合蛋白</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:DNA-binding_proteins" class="extiw" title="en:Template:DNA-binding proteins">Template:DNA-binding proteins</a>）/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:RNA-binding_proteins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:RNA-binding proteins（页面不存在）">RNA结合蛋白</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:RNA-binding_proteins" class="extiw" title="en:Template:RNA-binding proteins">Template:RNA-binding proteins</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="Template:核糖核蛋白">核糖核蛋白</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>蛋白质 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Protein_domains" title="Template:Protein domains">结构域</a></li> <li>结构 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E4%B8%80%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质一级结构">1°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E4%BA%8C%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质二级结构">2°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E8%B6%85%E4%BA%8C%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质超二级结构">2+°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E4%B8%89%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质三级结构">3°</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E5%9B%9B%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="Template:蛋白质四级结构">4°</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">疾病</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:DNA_replication_and_repair-deficiency_disorder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder（页面不存在）">Replication and repair</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:DNA_replication_and_repair-deficiency_disorder" class="extiw" title="en:Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder">Template:DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorder</a>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Transcription_factor_and_coregulator_deficiencies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies（页面不存在）">Transcription factor</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Transcription_factor_and_coregulator_deficiencies" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies">Template:Transcription factor and coregulator deficiencies</a>）</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template:Disorders_of_transcription_and_post_transcriptional_modification&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification（页面不存在）">转录相关疾病</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Disorders_of_transcription_and_post_transcriptional_modification" class="extiw" title="en:Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification">Template:Disorders of transcription and post transcriptional modification</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Disorders_of_translation_and_posttranslational_modification" title="Template:Disorders of translation and posttranslational modification">轉譯相關疾病</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="核酸种类" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="Template:核酸"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="Template talk:核酸"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:核酸"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="核酸种类" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核酸">核酸</a>种类</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">组分</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%B9%BC%E5%9F%BA" title="核鹼基">核鹼基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7" title="核苷">核苷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸">核苷酸</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="寡核苷酸">寡核苷酸</a>／<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多核苷酸（页面不存在）">多核苷酸</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/polynucleotide" class="extiw" title="en:polynucleotide">polynucleotide</a>）</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="脱氧核苷酸">脱氧核苷酸</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核糖核酸">核糖核酸</a> (编码与<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%B7%A8%E7%A2%BC%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="非編碼核糖核酸">非编码</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">转译：</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E4%BD%BF%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="信使核糖核酸">mRNA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%8D%E4%BF%A1%E4%BD%BF%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="前信使核糖核酸">前-mRNA／不均一核RNA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E8%BF%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="转运核糖核酸">tRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E9%AB%94%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核糖體核糖核酸">rRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E7%A7%BB-%E4%BF%A1%E4%BD%BFRNA" class="mw-redirect" title="转移-信使RNA">tmRNA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">调控：</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RNA%E5%B9%B2%E6%89%B0" title="RNA干扰">RNA干扰</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="小分子核糖核酸">miRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%B9%B2%E6%89%B0%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="小分子干扰核糖核酸">siRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PiRNA" title="PiRNA">piRNA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E7%BE%A9RNA" title="反義RNA">asRNA</a></li> <li>RNA加工 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E6%A0%B8%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="小核核糖核酸">snRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E4%BB%81%E5%B0%8F%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核仁小核糖核酸">snoRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_RNA" title="Y RNA">Y RNA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%90RNA" title="強化子RNA">強化子RNA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">其他：</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%AF%BC%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="引导核糖核酸">gRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B6" title="核酶">核酶</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E9%AB%AE%E5%A4%BERNA" title="小髮夾RNA">shRNA</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E6%97%B6%E5%BA%8FRNA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小时序RNA（页面不存在）">stRNA</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small_temporal_RNA" class="extiw" title="en:Small temporal RNA">Small temporal RNA</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%BC%8F%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8%E5%B9%B2%E6%89%B0%E5%B0%8FRNA" title="反式作用干扰小RNA">ta-siRNA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">脱氧核糖核酸</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%A3%9C%E8%84%AB%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E9%86%A3%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="互補脫氧核醣核酸">cDNA</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E8%91%89%E7%B6%A0%E9%AB%94DNA" title="葉綠體DNA">cpDNA</a> · <a href="/wiki/GDNA" title="GDNA">gDNA</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E5%85%AB%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97DNA" title="八文字DNA">Hachimoji</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E6%8B%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%8D%95%E9%93%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多拷贝单链（页面不存在）">msDNA</a> · <a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BF%E7%B2%92%E4%BD%93DNA" title="线粒体DNA">mtDNA</a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="脱氧核酶（页面不存在）">脱氧核酶</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E7%B1%BB%E4%BC%BC%E7%89%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="核酸类似物（页面不存在）">核酸类似物</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nucleic_acid_analogue" class="extiw" title="en:Nucleic acid analogue">Nucleic acid analogue</a>）</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%82%E6%BA%90%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="异源核酸（页面不存在）">异源核酸</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeno_nucleic_acid" class="extiw" title="en:Xeno nucleic acid">Xeno nucleic acid</a>） <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GNA" title="GNA">GNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="蘇糖核酸">TNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B1%E7%B3%96" title="己糖">己糖</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8E%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="鎖核酸">LNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BD%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="肽核酸">PNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%97%8E%E5%95%89%E5%9F%BA" title="嗎啉基">吗啉基</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E8%BD%BD%E4%BD%93" title="运载体">载体</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%99%AC%E8%8F%8C%E7%B2%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="噬菌粒（页面不存在）">噬菌粒</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phagemid" class="extiw" title="en:Phagemid">Phagemid</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E7%B2%92" title="质粒">质粒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9B%E5%99%AC%E8%8F%8C%E4%BD%93" title="Λ噬菌体">λ噬菌体</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%8F%E8%B3%AA%E9%AB%94" title="黏質體">黏質體</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=F%E9%BB%8F%E7%B2%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="F黏粒（页面不存在）">F黏粒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="人類人工染色體">人工染色体</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P1-%E8%A1%8D%E7%94%9F%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="P1-衍生人工染色体（页面不存在）">PAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="細菌人工染色體">细菌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D%E8%8F%8C%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="酵母菌人工染色體">酵母菌</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94" title="人類人工染色體">人类</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%A7%8D%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:生物化学物质种类"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%A7%8D%E7%B1%BB" title="Template talk:生物化学物质种类"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%A7%8D%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:生物化学物质种类"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="生物化學物質種類索引" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学">生物化學物質</a><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="Template:代谢">種類</a>索引</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:糖类">糖类</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%86%87" title="Template:醇">醇類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E9%86%87" title="Template:多元醇">糖醇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:糖蛋白类">醣蛋白</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E8%8B%B7" title="Template:糖苷">苷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:脂类">酯質</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B1%BB%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F%E9%85%B8%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:类花生酸类">类花生酸类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8" title="Template:脂肪酸">脂肪酸</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:脂肪酸代谢中间产物">中間物</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Glycerides" title="Template:Glycerides">甘油酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A3%B7%E8%84%82" title="Template:磷脂">磷脂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9E%98%E8%84%82" title="Template:鞘脂">鞘脂類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%83%86%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87%E4%B8%8E%E7%94%BE%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:胆固醇与甾体中间产物">胆固醇与甾体中间产物</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="Template:核酸">核酸</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A2%B1%E5%9F%BA%E3%80%81%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E5%92%8C%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="Template:碱基、核苷和核苷酸">成分</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:核苷酸代谢中间产物">中間物</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:蛋白质">蛋白質</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="Template:氨基酸">胺基酸</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:氨基酸代谢中间产物">中間物</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%9B%9B%E5%90%A1%E5%92%AF" title="Template:四吡咯">四吡咯</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%A1%80%E7%BA%A2%E7%B4%A0%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:血红素代谢中间产物">中間物</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="遗传学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:遗传学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:遗传学（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:遗传学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="遗传学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学">遗传学</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" title="遗传学入门">入门</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传学历史（页面不存在）">历史</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_genetics" class="extiw" title="en:History of genetics">History of genetics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE%E7%B4%A2%E5%BC%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传学条目索引（页面不存在）">有关主题</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_genetics_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of genetics articles">Index of genetics articles</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传学研究组织列表（页面不存在）">组织列表</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_genetics_research_organizations" class="extiw" title="en:List of genetics research organizations">List of genetics research organizations</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">构成要素</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E4%BD%93" title="染色体">染色体</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">脱氧核糖核酸</a>(DNA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸">核苷酸</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核糖核酸">核糖核酸</a>(RNA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84" title="基因組">基因組</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">遗传学领域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="孟德尔定律">古典</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%9D%E5%AE%88%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="保守遗传学（页面不存在）">保守</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation_genetics" class="extiw" title="en:Conservation genetics">Conservation genetics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%85%8B%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="生態遺傳學">生态</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="免疫遗传学">免疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="分子遺傳學">分子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="群体遗传学">群体</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="数量遗传学（页面不存在）">数量</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantitative_genetics" class="extiw" title="en:Quantitative genetics">Quantitative genetics</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="古遗传学">古遗传学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2%E5%9C%9F%E8%91%97%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="美洲土著人的遗传史（页面不存在）">美洲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" class="extiw" title="en:Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas">Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A2%A0%E7%BE%A4%E5%B2%9B%E7%9A%84%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="不列颠群岛的遗传史（页面不存在）">不列颠群岛</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_British_Isles" class="extiw" title="en:Genetic history of the British Isles">Genetic history of the British Isles</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E6%B4%B2%E7%9A%84%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧洲的遗传史（页面不存在）">欧洲</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" class="extiw" title="en:Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E7%9A%84%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="意大利的遗传史（页面不存在）">意大利</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" class="extiw" title="en:Genetic history of Italy">Genetic history of Italy</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%91%E4%B8%9C%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="近东的古遗传学（页面不存在）">近东</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeogenetics_of_the_Near_East" class="extiw" title="en:Archaeogenetics of the Near East">Archaeogenetics of the Near East</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9A%E7%9A%84%E5%8F%A4%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南亚的古遗传学（页面不存在）">南亚</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics_and_archaeogenetics_of_South_Asia" class="extiw" title="en:Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia">Genetics and archaeogenetics of South Asia</a>）</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">有关主题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%80%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="表觀遺傳學">表觀遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="遗传学家">遗传学家</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91" title="基因组编辑">基因编辑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84%E5%AD%B8" title="基因組學">基因組學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AF%86%E7%A0%81" title="遗传密码">遗传密码</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="醫學遺傳學">醫學遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%80%B2%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="分子進化">分子进化</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%86%E5%90%91%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="逆向遗传学（页面不存在）">逆向遗传学</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reverse_genetics" class="extiw" title="en:Reverse genetics">Reverse genetics</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="基因工程">基因工程</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%A4%9A%E6%A0%B7%E6%80%A7" title="遗传多样性">遗传多样性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3" title="遺傳">遺傳</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E7%9B%91%E6%B5%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传监测（页面不存在）">遗传监测</a>（英语：<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_monitoring" class="extiw" title="en:Genetic monitoring">Genetic monitoring</a>）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E7%B3%BB%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="遺傳系譜學">遺傳系譜學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E5%A9%B4%E5%84%BF%E4%BA%8B%E4%BB%B6" title="基因编辑婴儿事件">基因编辑婴儿事件</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:遗传学">遗传学分类</a></li> <li><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:遗传学">遗传学主题</a></li> <li><img alt="共享资源页面" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Genetics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Genetics">共享资源</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7430#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">国际</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/886555/">FAST</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX527602">西班牙</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119649178">法国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119649178">BnF data</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4070512-2">德国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548275805171">以色列</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85037008">美国</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561484">日本</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph116977&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vocab.getty.edu/page/aat/300379678">AAT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=21681">现代乌克兰百科全书</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">检索自“<a dir="ltr" href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=脱氧核糖核酸&oldid=85016867">https://zh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=脱氧核糖核酸&oldid=85016867</a>”</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:页面分类">分类</a>：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:DNA" title="Category:DNA">DNA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:遗传学">遗传学</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B" title="Category:螺旋">螺旋</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%95%A3%E5%B0%84" title="Category:散射">散射</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">隐藏分类：<ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2024%E5%B9%B411%E6%9C%88%E5%B8%A6%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2024年11月带有失效链接的条目">自2024年11月带有失效链接的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive%E6%A8%A1%E6%9D%BFwayback%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Category:Webarchive模板wayback链接">Webarchive模板wayback链接</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E8%87%AA2013%E5%B9%B412%E6%9C%88%E5%B8%A6%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:自2013年12月带有失效链接的条目">自2013年12月带有失效链接的条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8ISBN%E9%AD%94%E6%9C%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用ISBN魔术链接的页面">使用ISBN魔术链接的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8PMID%E9%AD%94%E6%9C%AF%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E7%9A%84%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="Category:使用PMID魔术链接的页面">使用PMID魔术链接的页面</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%90%AB%E6%9C%89%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:含有英語的條目">含有英語的條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E9%9C%80%E8%A6%81%E6%9F%A5%E8%AD%89%E4%BE%86%E6%BA%90%E7%9A%84%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:需要查證來源的維基百科條目">需要查證來源的維基百科條目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8%E4%BA%86%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%B0%E6%8D%AE%E4%B8%8A%E7%9A%84%E5%8C%B9%E9%85%8D%E9%A1%B9" title="Category:维基共享资源分类链接使用了维基数据上的匹配项">维基共享资源分类链接使用了维基数据上的匹配项</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABFAST%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含FAST标识符的维基百科条目">包含FAST标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNE%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNE标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNF%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNF标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABBNFdata%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目">包含BNFdata标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABGND%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含GND标识符的维基百科条目">包含GND标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABJ9U%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目">包含J9U标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABLCCN%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目">包含LCCN标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNDL%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目">包含NDL标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABNKC%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目">包含NKC标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABAAT%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目">包含AAT标识符的维基百科条目</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%8C%85%E5%90%ABEMU%E6%A0%87%E8%AF%86%E7%AC%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%9D%A1%E7%9B%AE" title="Category:包含EMU标识符的维基百科条目">包含EMU标识符的维基百科条目</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 本页面最后修订于2024年11月18日 (星期一) 11:58。</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">本站的全部文字在<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.zh">知识共享署名-相同方式共享 4.0协议</a>之条款下提供，附加条款亦可能应用。（请参阅<a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">使用条款</a>） Wikipedia®和维基百科标志是<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/zh">维基媒体基金会</a>的注册商标；维基™是维基媒体基金会的商标。 维基媒体基金会是按美国国內稅收法501(c)(3)登记的<a class="external text" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Tax_deductibility">非营利慈善机构</a>。 </li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">隐私政策</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%B3%E4%BA%8E">关于维基百科</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%85%8D%E8%B4%A3%E5%A3%B0%E6%98%8E">免责声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">行为准则</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">开发者</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/zh.wikipedia.org">统计</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie声明</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//zh.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">手机版视图</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-74cc59cb9d-22c2l","wgBackendResponseTime":224,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.005","walltime":"2.292","ppvisitednodes":{"value":11263,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":550455,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8220,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":30,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":52,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":249395,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":5,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1817.864 1 -total"," 46.30% 841.750 1 Template:Reflist"," 34.12% 620.194 122 Template:Cite_journal"," 17.41% 316.561 8 Template:Navbox"," 8.12% 147.694 1 Template:基因表达"," 6.78% 123.243 1 Template:Lang-en"," 5.12% 93.098 2 Template:Sister_project"," 5.02% 91.338 2 Template:Side_box"," 4.53% 82.343 1 Template:DNA與RNA的比較"," 4.25% 77.331 1 Template:Commonscat"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.069","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16093320,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","200","18.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","120","11.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","120","11.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","100","9.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","80","7.4"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","5.6"],["type","40","3.7"],["\u003CModule:Citation/CS1:966\u003E","40","3.7"],["\u003Cmw.language.lua:62\u003E","40","3.7"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","40","3.7"],["[others]","240","22.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-697b7966c5-zz4qc","timestamp":"20241126173522","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"\u8131\u6c27\u6838\u7cd6\u6838\u9178","url":"https:\/\/zh.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7430","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q7430","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"\u7ef4\u57fa\u5a92\u4f53\u9879\u76ee\u8d21\u732e\u8005"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-08-11T07:52:05Z","dateModified":"2024-11-18T11:58:08Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/4\/4c\/DNA_Structure%2BKey%2BLabelled.pn_NoBB.png","headline":"DNA\uff1b\u7de8\u78bc\u7528\u65bc\u6240\u6709\u5df2\u77e5\u751f\u7269\u548c\u8a31\u591a\u75c5\u6bd2\u7684\u767c\u80b2\u548c\u529f\u80fd\u7684\u907a\u50b3\u6307\u4ee4\u7684\u5206\u5b50"}</script> </body> </html>