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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Centrality_of_Ibn_Ishaq" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Centrality_of_Ibn_Ishaq"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Centrality of Ibn Ishaq </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Centrality_of_Ibn_Ishaq-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_authors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_authors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Other authors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_authors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ibn_Abbas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ibn_Abbas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Ibn Abbas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ibn_Abbas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Event" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Event"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Event </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Event-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Event subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Event-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ansar's_meeting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ansar's_meeting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Ansar's meeting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ansar's_meeting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abu_Bakr_at_the_Saqifa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abu_Bakr_at_the_Saqifa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Abu Bakr at the Saqifa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abu_Bakr_at_the_Saqifa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abu_Bakr's_remarks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abu_Bakr's_remarks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Abu Bakr's remarks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abu_Bakr's_remarks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Violence_at_the_Saqifa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Violence_at_the_Saqifa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Violence at the Saqifa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Violence_at_the_Saqifa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Ali </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ali-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ali subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Absence_from_the_Saqifa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absence_from_the_Saqifa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Absence from the Saqifa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absence_from_the_Saqifa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_case_for_Ali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_case_for_Ali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 The case for Ali </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_case_for_Ali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Shura </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Merits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Merits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Merits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Merits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Youth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Youth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Youth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Youth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_Quran" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_Quran"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 In the Quran </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_Quran-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ali's_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ali's_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Ali's views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ali's_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tribal_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tribal_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Tribal politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Tribal_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Tribal politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Tribal_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Banu_Aws" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banu_Aws"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Banu Aws </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banu_Aws-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banu_Khazraj" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banu_Khazraj"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Banu Khazraj </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banu_Khazraj-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banu_Taym" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banu_Taym"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Banu Taym </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banu_Taym-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banu_Aslam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banu_Aslam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Banu Aslam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banu_Aslam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banu_Hashim" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banu_Hashim"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Banu Hashim </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banu_Hashim-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jealousy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jealousy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Jealousy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jealousy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hereditary_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hereditary_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Hereditary succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hereditary_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Falta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Falta </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Falta-sublist" class="cdx-button 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Ali's opposition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ali's_opposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Threats_against_Ali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats_against_Ali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Threats against Ali </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Threats_against_Ali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Boycott_of_Ali" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Boycott_of_Ali"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Boycott of Ali </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Boycott_of_Ali-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attack_on_Ali's_house_and_his_pledge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attack_on_Ali's_house_and_his_pledge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Attack on Ali's house and his pledge </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attack_on_Ali's_house_and_his_pledge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" > 13 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A9" title="سقيفة بني ساعدة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سقيفة بني ساعدة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C9%99qif%C9%99" title="Səqifə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Səqifə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE" title="সকীফা – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সকীফা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87" title="سقیفه بنی‌ساعده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سقیفه بنی‌ساعده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqifah_Bani_Sa%27idah" title="Saqifah Bani Sa'idah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Saqifah Bani Sa'idah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqifa_dei_Banu_Sa%27ida" title="Saqifa dei Banu Sa'ida – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Saqifa dei Banu Sa'ida" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sakifa" title="Sakifa – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sakifa" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%81%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%89_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87" title="سقيفة بنى ساعده – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سقيفة بنى ساعده" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqifah" title="Saqifah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Saqifah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%D9%87" title="سقيفه بني ساعده – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سقيفه بني ساعده" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%B2_%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%B5" title="Собрание в Сакифе – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Собрание в Сакифе" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saqifa" title="Saqifa – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Saqifa" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%86%DB%8C%E2%80%8C_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B9%D8%AF%DB%81" 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Muhammad</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Muhammad" title="Category:Muhammad">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;"><a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prophetic_biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophetic biography">Life</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Mecca" title="Muhammad in Mecca">Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijrah" title="Hijrah">Hijrah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Medina" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad in Medina">Medina</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_after_the_occupation_of_Mecca" title="Muhammad after the occupation of Mecca">After Conquest of Mecca</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Farewell_Pilgrimage" title="Farewell Pilgrimage">Farewell Pilgrimage</a> (<a href="/wiki/Farewell_Sermon" title="Farewell Sermon">Farewell Sermon</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_early_Islamic_history" title="Timeline of early Islamic history">Milestones and records</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Career</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_career_of_Muhammad" title="Military career of Muhammad">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_career_of_Muhammad" title="Diplomatic career of Muhammad">Diplomatic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Muhammad" title="Miracles of Muhammad">Miracles</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_first_revelation" title="Muhammad's first revelation">First revelation</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isra_and_Mi%27raj" class="mw-redirect" title="Isra and Mi'raj">Isra and Mi'raj</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Splitting_of_the_Moon" title="Splitting of the Moon">Splitting of the Moon</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Views</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_views_on_Jews" title="Muhammad's views on Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad%27s_views_on_Christians" title="Muhammad's views on Christians">Christians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Perspectives</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_in_Islam" title="Muhammad in Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_and_the_Bible" title="Muhammad and the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judaism%27s_views_on_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Judaism's views on Muhammad">Judaism</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Christian_views_on_Muhammad" title="Medieval Christian views on Muhammad">Medieval Christian</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_Muhammad" title="Historicity of Muhammad">Historicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Muhammad" title="Criticism of Muhammad">Criticism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saqifah" class="mw-redirect" title="Saqifah">Saqifah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">Companions of Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith_of_the_pen_and_paper" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadith of the pen and paper">Hadith of the pen and paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Praise</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salawat" title="Salawat">Salawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naat" class="mw-redirect" title="Naat">Naat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawlid" title="Mawlid">Mawlid</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color:#dcf5dc;;background:#dcf5dc;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Al-Masjid an-Nabawi</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Possessions_of_Muhammad" title="Possessions of Muhammad">Possessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_of_Muhammad" title="Relics of Muhammad">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_of_Muhammad" title="Seal of Muhammad">Seal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History of Islam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-top:0.1em;font-weight:bold;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/15px-Allah-green.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Allah-green.svg/23px-Allah-green.svg.png 1.5x, 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.navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Muhammad" title="Template:Muhammad"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Muhammad" title="Template talk:Muhammad"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Muhammad" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Muhammad"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Saqifa (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: سَّقِيفَة, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: Saqīfah) of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Sa%27ida" title="Banu Sa'ida">Banu Sa'ida</a> clan refers to the location of an event in early <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> where some of the <a href="/wiki/Companions_of_the_Prophet" title="Companions of the Prophet">companions</a> of the Islamic prophet <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a> pledged their allegiance to <a href="/wiki/Abu_Bakr" title="Abu Bakr">Abu Bakr</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">caliph</a> and successor to Muhammad shortly after his death in 11 <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">AH</a> (632 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>). The Saqifa meeting is among the most controversial events in early Islam, due to the exclusion of a large number of Muhammad's companions, including his immediate family and notably <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a>, his cousin and son-in-law. The conflicts that arose soon after Muhammad's death are considered to be the main cause of the current division among Muslims. Those who accepted Abu Bakr's caliphate were later labeled <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunnis</a>, while the supporters of Ali's right to caliphate were later labeled <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> word saqifa denotes a covered communal place for conversation but the term is synonymous in historical texts with the specific meeting immediately after Muhammad's death in which his succession was debated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecomte2022-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biased_reports">Biased reports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Biased reports">edit</a>]</div> The earliest reports about the Saqifa affair were put into writing in the first half of the second century AH or later. By this time, the Muslim community was firmly divided into Sunni and Shia camps. As a result, the reports of the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Sa%27d" title="Ibn Sa'd">Ibn Sa'd</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 230/845), <a href="/wiki/Al-Baladhuri" title="Al-Baladhuri">al-Baladhuri</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 279/892), and even <a href="/wiki/Al-Tabari" title="Al-Tabari">al-Tabari</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 310/923) reflect the Sunni beliefs, while those authors with Shia sympathies favored their views, including <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 151/768), <a href="/wiki/Ya%27qubi" title="Ya'qubi">al-Ya'qubi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 284/897-8), and <a href="/wiki/Al-Masudi" title="Al-Masudi">al-Mas'udi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 345/956).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197923,_32-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Husain_Mohammad_Jafri" title="Husain Mohammad Jafri">Jafri</a> thus emphasizes the need for surveying all reports to obtain a sound account of the event.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197923-3">[3]</a> For instance, Ibn Sa'd presents a highly polemic account of the Saqifa affair in his Kitab al-Tabaqat al-kabir,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197929-4">[4]</a> where Ali is absent in particular.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecomte2022-1">[1]</a> Jafri regards him as a pioneer of the Sunni "pious" technique,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197929-4">[4]</a> which preserves only the best qualities of companions and suppresses any controversial reports.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197926-5">[5]</a> Similarly, the late works of the Shia <a href="/wiki/Shaykh_Tabarsi" title="Shaykh Tabarsi">al-Tabarsi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 548/1153) and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad-Baqer_Majlesi" title="Mohammad-Baqer Majlesi">al-Majlesi</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1699) are polemic in nature with little historical value, claims Jafri.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197933-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Centrality_of_Ibn_Ishaq">Centrality of Ibn Ishaq</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Centrality of Ibn Ishaq">edit</a>]</div> The earliest report is that of Ibn Ishaq in his Sirat rasul Allah, the recension of which by the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 218/833) has reached us. Uncharacteristically, Ibn Hisham refrains from modifying Ibn Ishaq's account of the Saqifa affair, which is thus a report written by a Shia author and approved by a Sunni editor-critic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197933-6">[6]</a> Ibn Ishaq's account is the basis of the contemporary studies of Jafri and <a href="/wiki/Wilferd_Madelung" title="Wilferd Madelung">Madelung</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197933-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199728-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_authors">Other authors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Other authors">edit</a>]</div> In his <a href="/wiki/Genealogies_of_the_Nobles" title="Genealogies of the Nobles">Ansab al-ashraf</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197929-4">[4]</a> the Sunni al-Baladhuri partly follows Ibn Sa'd's pious technique but also retains some of the controversial material about the Saqifa event in favor of Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197931-8">[8]</a> On the other hand, the contentious content in the work of the Shia al-Ya'qubi is often dismissed by later Sunni authors as fabricated, while Jafri views his work as a valuable collection of documents which survived the tendentious efforts of the Sunni majority historians, who largely suppressed or dismissed divergent views.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197932-9">[9]</a> Madelung similarly believes that the Shia or Sunni partiality of a report alone does not imply its fabrication.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199720-10">[10]</a> The account of the Saqifa meeting by al-Tabari is mostly balanced and unbiased, notes Jafri,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197933-6">[6]</a> and the most detailed, writes <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_M._Ayoub" title="Mahmoud M. Ayoub">Ayoub</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 2021).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201415-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ibn_Abbas">Ibn Abbas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ibn Abbas">edit</a>]</div> The main narrator of the Saqifa event is <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Ibn Abbas</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 68/687-8), Muhammad's cousin and an authority in <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina's</a> scholarly circles. He witnessed the event himself and also received the first-hand account of his father Abbas, who was politically active then.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197925–6-12">[12]</a> Madelung accepts the authenticity of Ibn Abbas' narration, noting that it reflects his characteristic view point.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199728-7">[7]</a> The bulk of Ibn Abbas' narration concerns a Friday sermon by Umar in 23/644.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199728-7">[7]</a> Though this is omitted from most Sunni reports, Madelung and Jafri are confident that the second caliph delivered the speech to discourage those who might have planned to back Ali's nomination as caliph after Umar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199729-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197934–5-14">[14]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Event">Event</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Event">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abu_bakr2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Abu_bakr2.jpg/220px-Abu_bakr2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Abu_bakr2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="310" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Vowing to Abu Bakr at the Saqifa, with Umar on the right. Persian miniature created circa 1595.</figcaption></figure> During Muhammad's lifetime, Muslims in Medina were divided into two groups: the <a href="/wiki/Muhajirun" title="Muhajirun">Muhajirun</a>, who had converted to Islam in <a href="/wiki/Mecca" title="Mecca">Mecca</a> and migrated to <a href="/wiki/Medina" title="Medina">Medina</a> with Muhammad, and the <a href="/wiki/Ansar_(Islam)" title="Ansar (Islam)">Ansar</a>, who were originally from Medina and had invited Muhammad to govern their city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawa201747-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ansar's_meeting">Ansar's meeting</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ansar's meeting">edit</a>]</div> In the immediate aftermath of Muhammad's death in 11/632, a gathering of the Ansar took place at the Saqifa (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'courtyard') of the Banu Sa'ida clan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20143-16">[16]</a> while his close relatives prepared for the burial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197934-17">[17]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Conventional_wisdom" title="Conventional wisdom">conventional wisdom</a> is that the Ansar met there to decide on a new leader for the <a href="/wiki/Ummah" title="Ummah">Muslim community</a> among themselves, with the intentional exclusion of the Muhajirun. This is also what Umar stated in his speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199731-18">[18]</a> The leading candidate was possibly <a href="/wiki/Sa%CA%BDd_ibn_%CA%BDUbadah" title="Saʽd ibn ʽUbadah">Sa'd ibn Ubada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198519-19">[19]</a> a companion of Muhammad and a chief of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Khazraj" title="Banu Khazraj">Banu Khazraj</a>, the majority tribe of the Ansar, who was sick on that day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199730-20">[20]</a> For Madelung, the absence of the Muhajirun instead indicates that the Ansar met to re-establish their control over Medina under the belief that the Muhajirun would mostly return to Mecca after Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199731-18">[18]</a> Alternatively, Jafri suspects that the Ansar met preemptively because they were fearful of Meccan domination and possibly aware of their designs for leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197935-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abu_Bakr_at_the_Saqifa">Abu Bakr at the Saqifa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Abu Bakr at the Saqifa">edit</a>]</div> Among three available traditions, Jafri chooses the one that appears in nearly all of his sources, according to which the news of the Saqifa meeting reached Abu Bakr, Umar, and <a href="/wiki/Abu_Ubayda_ibn_al-Jarrah" title="Abu Ubayda ibn al-Jarrah">Abu Ubaida</a> when they were most likely in the house of Abu Ubaida, possibly to discuss the leadership crisis.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197936-22">[22]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Walker_Arnold" title="Thomas Walker Arnold">Arnold</a> and Jafri are confident that Abu Bakr and Umar had earlier planned or formed an alliance in anticipation of Muhammad's death,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold201615-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197939-24">[24]</a> while Madelung attributes the planning only to Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199738–40-25">[25]</a> In Ibn Ishaq's report, someone then informs Abu Bakr and Umar about the Saqifa meeting, "If you want to have command of the people, then take it before their [the Ansar's] action becomes serious."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197934-17">[17]</a> The two then rushed to the Saqifa, accompanied by Abu Ubaida, perhaps to prevent any unexpected development.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197936-22">[22]</a> Some encouraged the three men not to do so but they pressed on anyway, reports Umar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199730-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197936-22">[22]</a> Umar narrates that "the Muhajirun" joined Abu Bakr, and then Umar suggested they go to the Ansar gathered at the Saqifa. Madelung rejects this, noting that Abu Bakr, Umar, and Abu Ubaida were the only members of the Muhajirun in the Saqifa meeting, possibly accompanied by a few relatives and clients. For Madelung, the near absence of the Muhajirun at the Saqifa also explains why there are no other reports about the event, arguing that the Ansar must have been reluctant to recount their defeat later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199732-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abu_Bakr's_remarks">Abu Bakr's remarks</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Abu Bakr's remarks">edit</a>]</div> Once there, Umar says he "realized that they [the Ansar] intended to cut us off from our root [i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Quraysh" title="Quraysh">Quraysh</a>] and to usurp the rule from us."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199730-20">[20]</a> Abu Bakr then rose and warned the Ansar that Arabs will not recognize the rule of anyone outside of Muhammad's tribe, the Quraysh. The Muhajirun, Abu Bakr argued, were the best of Arabs in lineage and location,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197937-27">[27]</a> as quoted by Ibn Ishaq.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197934-17">[17]</a> Abu Bakr also noted that the Muhajirun had accepted Islam earlier and were closer to Muhammad in kinship, adds al-Baladhuri.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199737-28">[28]</a> The Quraysh's relation with Muhammad is also noted by al-Ya'qubi<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197937-27">[27]</a> and al-Tabari,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201417-29">[29]</a> and also by the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Moojan_Momen" title="Moojan Momen">Momen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198518-30">[30]</a> Madelung, however, considers it unlikely that Abu Bakr brought up the Quraysh's kinship with Muhammad as that would have invited questions about the rights of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Hashim" title="Banu Hashim">Banu Hashim</a>, Muhammad's clan and his closest kin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199737–8-31">[31]</a> Returning to Ibn Ishaq's account, Abu Bakr then reportedly invited the Ansar to choose Umar or Abu Ubaida as Muhammad's successor. Umar reports that he was displeased with this offer because he considered Abu Bakr to be more entitled to rulership than himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197937-27">[27]</a> Madelung regards this as a manoeuvre by Abu Bakr to present himself as an acceptable alternative to Umar and Abu Ubaida for the Ansar, adding that Abu Ubaida lacked prominence while Umar had apparently just discredited himself before the meeting by publicly denying Muhammad's death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199739-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Violence_at_the_Saqifa">Violence at the Saqifa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Violence at the Saqifa">edit</a>]</div> Ibn Ishaq's account continues that <a href="/wiki/Habab_ibn_Mundhir" title="Habab ibn Mundhir">Habab ibn Mundhir</a>, a veteran of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badr" title="Battle of Badr">Battle of Badr</a>, countered Abu Bakr with the suggestion that the Quraysh and the Ansar should choose their separate rulers among themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199731-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197938-33">[33]</a> A heated argument then followed, reports Umar, until he asked Abu Bakr to stretch his hand and pledged allegiance to him. Others followed suit, he claims, adding that, "Then we jumped upon Sa'd until one of them called out: 'You killed Sa'd ibn Ubada.' I said, 'May God kill Sa'd.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199731-18">[18]</a> The outburst of violence at the Saqifa indicates that a substantial number of the Ansar must have initially refused to follow Umar's lead, writes Madelung. Otherwise, he argues, there would have been no need to beat up their chief Sa'd ibn Ubada.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199733-34">[34]</a> Sa'd remained defiant until his murder by a "<a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">jinn</a>" during the reign of Umar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199734–5-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecomte2022-1">[1]</a> possibly at the instigation of the second caliph.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199735-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201415-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ali">Ali</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Ali">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absence_from_the_Saqifa">Absence from the Saqifa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Absence from the Saqifa">edit</a>]</div> Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law was preparing Muhammad's body for burial, alongside other close relatives, and was likely unaware of the ongoing Saqifa meeting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197940-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198518-30">[30]</a> Following Umar's pledge to Abu Bakr, the Saqifa account of the <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufan</a> <a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_al-Nakha%27i" title="Ibrahim al-Nakha'i">al-Nakha'i</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 96/714-15) adds, "But the Ansar, or some of them, said: 'We will not swear allegiance to anyone but Ali.'" <a href="/wiki/Leone_Caetani" title="Leone Caetani">Caetani</a> dismisses this report because of its Shia coloring, while Madelung accepts it, noting that al-Nakha'i is not known for Shia sympathies and his account is otherwise distinctly Sunni.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199735-36">[36]</a> Similarly, al-Ya'qubi writes that the Ansar al-Mundhir ibn Arqam interrupted the proceedings and nominated Ali for succession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197937–8-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201414-39">[39]</a> The contemporary Jafri,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197937–8-38">[38]</a> Lalani,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani20003-40">[40]</a> and Momen<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198518-30">[30]</a> state that some advocated the case of Ali at the Saqifa. Madelung is not certain whether the succession of Ali was discussed at the Saqifa but considers it likely,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199735-36">[36]</a> commenting that the Ansar would have naturally turned to Ali because of their family ties with the prophet.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199736-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[note 1]</a> Umar in his sermon explained that they had pressed the Ansar for an immediate oath of allegiance at the Saqifa because, he claimed, they might have had otherwise elected one of their own to succeed Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199733-34">[34]</a> Referring to this claim, Madelung suggests that Umar was partly fearful that the Ansar would put forward the case of Ali among themselves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199737-28">[28]</a> This is also a proposal entertained by McHugo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo2018§1.III-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_case_for_Ali">The case for Ali</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The case for Ali">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Shura">Shura</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Shura">edit</a>]</div> Madelung is of the view that a broad <a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">shura</a>, in which Ali was to be on option, would have led to the election of Ali: The Ansar would have supported Ali because of their family ties with Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199740-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub20149-45">[44]</a> Among the Muhajirun, the candidacy of Ali would have likely been supported by the powerful Abd Shams clan of the Quraysh because of their close ties with the Banu Hashim and despite their conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199740-44">[43]</a> Their chief <a href="/wiki/Abu_Sufyan_ibn_Harb" title="Abu Sufyan ibn Harb">Abu Sufyan</a> indeed offered his support to Ali after the appointment of Abu Bakr,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199740–1-46">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022-47">[46]</a> but was turned down by Ali who said he was concerned about the unity of the nascent Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199740–1-46">[45]</a> The joint support of the Ansar and Abd Shams would have carried Ali to the caliphate, conjectures Madelung. He adds that the straightforward logic of dynastic succession would have likely prevailed in a general shura in favor of Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199741–2-48">[47]</a> Some others similarly consider it likely that Ali would have been elected in a formal assembly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo2018§1.III-43">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Merits">Merits</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Merits">edit</a>]</div> In terms of merits, the same arguments that favored Abu Bakr over the Ansar (kinship, service to Islam, lineage, etc.) would have likely favored Ali over Abu Bakr,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197939-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198519-19">[19]</a> as often evoked by Shia authors in support of Ali's right to succession.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198519-19">[19]</a> For Jafri, the Sunni arguments that justify Abu Bakr's caliphate on the basis that he led the prayer in Muhammad's final days reflect later theological developments. He also finds the related traditions to be confused and contradictory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197939-24">[24]</a> In the same vein, Lecomte writes that Muhammad respected Abu Bakr but considers the prayer story inconclusive because it does not formally relate to the political leadership of the community.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecomte2022-1">[1]</a> Shaban goes further and assigns no significance to the prayer story, saying that Muhammad had frequently delegated this task to others in the past.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197616-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Youth">Youth</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Youth">edit</a>]</div> A common argument by Sunni and Western scholars is that the young Ali, aged about thirty at the time,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2011118-50">[49]</a> could have not been a serious candidate for the caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199742-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2011117-52">[51]</a> This is the view of <a href="/wiki/Laura_Veccia_Vaglieri" title="Laura Veccia Vaglieri">Veccia Vaglieri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022-47">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Lammens" title="Henri Lammens">Lammens</a>, and also Shaban,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2011117–8-53">[52]</a> who suggests that Ali was untried for the responsibility.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShaban197616-49">[48]</a> In contrast, <a href="/wiki/Reza_Aslan" title="Reza Aslan">Aslan</a> argues that Ali regularly took key responsibilities despite his youth when Muhammad was alive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2011118-50">[49]</a> Alternatively, Madelung argues that Ali's youth would have only mattered if there had been an agreement on the hereditary succession to Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199742-51">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_the_Quran">In the Quran</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: In the Quran">edit</a>]</div> Families of the past prophets are given a prominent role in the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung19978-54">[53]</a> After the past prophets, their kin are selected by God as the spiritual and material heirs to the prophets in the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199717-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197914–16-56">[55]</a> Muhammad's family (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a>) similarly enjoys an eminent position in the Quran.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199712–16-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197916-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202158,_64–66-59">[58]</a> As such, insofar as the Quran reflects the views of Muhammad, Madelung argues that he could have not seen his succession differently from the past prophets or considered Abu Bakr as his natural successor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199716–7-60">[59]</a> Jafri develops a similar line of argument.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197914–22-61">[60]</a> This is also the Shia view.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi202281-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ali's_views">Ali's views</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ali's views">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg/215px-Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg" decoding="async" width="215" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg/322px-Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg/429px-Investiture_of_Ali_Edinburgh_codex.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="796" /></a><figcaption>The Investiture of Ali at Ghadir Khumm in a 14th-century copy of <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">al-Biruni</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Chronology_of_Ancient_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronology of Ancient Nations">Chronology of Ancient Nations</a></figcaption></figure> Veccia Vaglieri is uncertain whether Ali actually hoped to succeed Muhammad because he made no effort in Sunni sources to seize the rule, despite being advised to do so by Abbas and Abu Sufyan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022-47">[46]</a> Alternatively, Ayoub describes the mild opposition of Ali in Sunni sources as apologetic.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201424-63">[62]</a> He and some others maintain that Ali viewed himself as the most qualified person to lead the Muslim community after Muhammad by virtue of his merits and his kinship with Muhammad.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201424-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997141,_253-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013113-4-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198562-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi202279-67">[66]</a> These authors argue that Ali eventually relinquished his claims to the caliphate for the sake of the unity of a nascent Islam in crisis when it became clear that Muslims did not broadly support his cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997141-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197944–5-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198519–20-70">[69]</a> Had the Muslim community favored Ali, Madelung suggests, he would have no longer considered the caliphate just as his right, but also as his duty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997141-68">[67]</a> Indeed, in speeches and letters attributed to Ali, it is repeatedly emphasized that the leadership of the Muslim community is the prerogative of the family of Muhammad (<a href="/wiki/Ahl_al-Bayt" title="Ahl al-Bayt">Ahl al-Bayt</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201427-71">[70]</a> Mavani, Madelung, and <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah-Kazemi" title="Reza Shah-Kazemi">Shah-Kazemi</a> add that Ali further considered himself as the designated successor of Muhammad through a divine decree at the <a href="/wiki/Ghadir_Khumm" title="Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013114,_117-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997253-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi202279-67">[66]</a> Ayoub disagrees,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub20149-45">[44]</a> but concedes that Ali and some others indeed considered him as the most qualified to lead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub20149,_24-74">[73]</a> To support his claims, Madelung cites a Sunni statement attributed to Ali when he pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr after a long delay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997141-68">[67]</a> He also notes that Ali publicly referred to the Ghadir Khumm after his ascension to the caliphate in 656.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997253-73">[72]</a> Mavani similarly cites some Sunni and Shia reports,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013113–5,_131–2-75">[74]</a> including the proceedings of the electoral council in 644 when Ali refused to be bound by the precedence of the first two caliphs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2013-77">[76]</a> Another report by al-Tabari indicates that Ali again publicly excluded the practices of Abu Bakr and Umar from the <a href="/wiki/Sunnah" title="Sunnah">Sunna</a> (of Muhammad) when his supporters pledged their allegiance to him in <a href="/wiki/Kufa" title="Kufa">Kufa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997252–3-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo201862-79">[78]</a> Madelung holds that Ali's views about succession mostly match the Shia beliefs today,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2022-80">[79]</a> and Lalani and <a href="/wiki/Farhad_Daftary" title="Farhad Daftary">Daftary</a> have similar opinions,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani2006590-81">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaftary201427-71">[70]</a> whereas Veccia Vaglieri considers Shia beliefs to be fabricated because Ali "showed no inclination to legitimism."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022-47">[46]</a> By contrast, some others detail the public opposition of Ali to the appointment of Abu Bakr at the Saqifa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199732-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETabatabai197510-82">[81]</a> Even though Ali most likely did not give up his claims to the caliphate, it seems that he accepted the first three caliphs as administrators and rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeaney2021136-83">[82]</a> Indeed, Madelung highlights some Sunni hadiths, according to which Ali praised Abu Bakr and Umar,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung2022-80">[79]</a> while some others note the Sunni tendency to minimize and neutralize the conflicts among companions after Muhammad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi202278-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELucas2004255-84-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi1997120-86">[85]</a> particularly about the Saqifa affair.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201339-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197943-88">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199783-89">[88]</a> In Waq'at Siffin and some other early Shia sources, Ali contrasts the corruption of the third caliph, <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a>, with the political leadership of Abu Bakr and Umar, even though he rejects their religious legitimacy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake2008260-90">[89]</a> A related example is the account of the negotiations before the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Siffin" title="Battle of Siffin">Battle of Siffin</a> (657) by Ibn Muzahim (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 827-8), which quotes Ali as saying that Abu Bakr and Umar had governed justly, even though they had assumed the caliphate wrongfully.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub2014113-91">[90]</a> Mavani and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Massi_Dakake" title="Maria Massi Dakake">Maria M. Dakake</a> suggest that Ali viewed the succession of Abu Bakr as a digression which turned into a full-blown deviation with the rebellion of Mu'awiya during his own caliphate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013114-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDakake200850-93">[92]</a> This is also the Shia view, as represented by the Shia jurist <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 1989).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013204n8-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tribal_politics">Tribal politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Tribal politics">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banu_Aws">Banu Aws</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Banu Aws">edit</a>]</div> A question can be raised as to what enabled a handful of the Muhajirun to force their will upon the Ansar at the Saqifa. Ibn Ishaq and Caetani attribute this to an earlier collusion between the Muhajirun and the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Aws" title="Banu Aws">Banu Aws</a>, the rival tribe of the Banu Khazraj among the Ansar. Madelung rejects this as unlikely but suggests that <a href="/wiki/Usaid_Bin_Hudair" class="mw-redirect" title="Usaid Bin Hudair">Usaid ibn Hudair</a>, a chief of the Banu Aws, must have backed Abu Bakr at the Saqifa and carried with him the majority of the Aws,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199733-34">[34]</a> as also apparent from a related report by al-Tabari.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197939-24">[24]</a> Jafri likewise suggests that the deep-rooted enmity between the minority Banu Aws and the majority Banu Khazraj made it preferable for the former to instead submit to the Qurayshite rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197938–9-95">[94]</a> Momen has a similar opinion,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198519-19">[19]</a> and Ayoub regards the rivalry between the Banu Khazraj and the Banu Aws as the decisive factor in the appointment of Abu Bakr,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201423-96">[95]</a> who reportedly reminded the Ansar about this rivalry in the Saqifa account of the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Al-Jahiz" title="Al-Jahiz">al-Jahiz</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 869), thus rekindling their pre-Islamic conflict, according to Ayoub.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201411–2-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banu_Khazraj">Banu Khazraj</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Banu Khazraj">edit</a>]</div> The position of the Banu Khazraj was further weakened by internal rivalries, particularly between their chief Sa'd ibn Ubada and his cousin Bashr ibn Sa'd. The latter was among the first to break ranks and support Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199733–4-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197939-24">[24]</a> Once an agreement over Abu Bakr was nearly reached, Jafri believes that the Khazraj found it unwise to lag behind and risk losing favor with the new ruler.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197939-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banu_Taym">Banu Taym</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Banu Taym">edit</a>]</div> Jafri suggests that the rivalries among the larger clans within the Muhajirun made it easier for them to accept the rule of Abu Bakr, who belonged to the small clan of <a href="/wiki/Banu_Taym" title="Banu Taym">Banu Taym</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197938-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banu_Aslam">Banu Aslam</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Banu Aslam">edit</a>]</div> Madelung and Caetani both hold that a decisive factor for Abu Bakr was the timely arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Aslam" title="Banu Aslam">Banu Aslam</a> tribe in Medina with great numbers that filled the streets of Medina. The Banu Aslam tribe were known for their hostility towards the Ansar and readily supported Abu Bakr's bid for power. Umar would often point out, "It was only when I saw the Banu Aslam that I became certain of [our] victory." It is not known today whether this happened by chance or the Banu Aslam were tipped off about the Ansar's ambitions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199734-99">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banu_Hashim">Banu Hashim</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Banu Hashim">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jealousy">Jealousy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Jealousy">edit</a>]</div> Muhammad's clan, the Banu Hashim, and particularly his notable uncle Abbas supported the succession of Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecomte2022-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShu'ayb2013524-100">[99]</a> Aslan suggests that the exclusion of Ali from the Saqifa affair was deliberate and reflected the fear among the Quraysh that combining the prophethood and the caliphate in the Banu Hashim would have made them too powerful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2011118–9-101">[100]</a> A conversation to this effect between the Hashemite <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Abbas" title="Ibn Abbas">Ibn Abbas</a> and Umar is cited by Momen and Madelung.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198519-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199740-44">[43]</a> The former author voices a similar view to Aslan,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198518–9-102">[101]</a> while the latter acknowledges the "jealousy of the Quraysh,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199768-103">[102]</a> but believes that the simple logic of dynastic succession would have nevertheless prevailed in a broad shura in favor of Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199741–2-48">[47]</a> For Keaney, the Meccan elite were concerned that Ali's caliphate would have kept the future leadership of the community out of their hands and within the Banu Hashim.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeaney2021§3.1-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hereditary_succession">Hereditary succession</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Hereditary succession">edit</a>]</div> Lammens believes that Arabs disliked hereditary leadership while Madelung limits this attitude to <a href="/wiki/Bedouin" title="Bedouin">Bedouin</a> Arabs. Among the Quraysh, he argues, hereditary leadership was not uncommon, reflecting their belief that noble qualities were inherited. This view is echoed by Aslan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2011118-50">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asma_Afsaruddin" title="Asma Afsaruddin">Afsaruddin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Sharon" title="Moshe Sharon">Sharon</a> maintain that kinship was not a factor in early Islam whereas <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Amir-Moezzi" title="Mohammad Ali Amir-Moezzi">Amir-Moezzi</a> and Mavani have challenged this point.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201334-105">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAfsaruddin2013185-106">[105]</a> In particular, Mavani writes that tribal values were deeply entrenched in the Arab society of that time, according to which kinship and noble lineage were the primary marks of identity and source of authority.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani201334-105">[104]</a> Keaney believes that leadership was hereditary in the traditional Arab society and something that ran in families in a broad sense of the word.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeaney2021§3.1-104">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lewis" title="Bernard Lewis">Lewis</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 2018) says that the Arab tradition was to choose the <a href="/wiki/Sheikh" title="Sheikh">sheikh</a> from a single family. However, Ali was Muhammad's cousin and son-in-law which, he claims, carries little weight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis196850-107">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Falta">Falta</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Falta">edit</a>]</div> Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham narrate that Umar in his speech famously said, "The oath of allegiance for Abu Bakr was a falta [i.e., a precipitate and ill-considered deal],<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199722-108">[107]</a> but God averted the evil of it."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197939-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199730-20">[20]</a> Alternatively, the Sunni al-Baladhuri quotes Umar in his Ansab as saying, "By God, the oath of allegiance for Abu Bakr was no falta," adding that Muhammad had already designated Abu Bakr as his successor. In another narration by al-Baladhuri, Umar calls it a lie that the Saqifa affair was a falta. Madelung rejects both of the reports by al-Baladhuri as highly unlikely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199730-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legitimacy">Legitimacy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Legitimacy">edit</a>]</div> Madelung suspects that Umar considered the Saqifa affair a falta because it excluded from decision making the majority of the Muhajirun and particularly Muhammad's kin, whose participation was vital for a legitimate outcome.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199733-34">[34]</a> Possibly because of its questionable legal authority, Umar also warned Muslims in his speech against ever following the example of Saqifa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani20132-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201441-110">[109]</a> Similar concerns are raised by <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Abbas_(scholar)" title="Hassan Abbas (scholar)">Abbas</a> and Momen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202193-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198519-19">[19]</a> Walker adds that Muhammad's relatives were disgruntled by Abu Bakr's hasty appointment which denied them a voice in the matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20143-16">[16]</a> Jafri notes the prominence of Abu Bakr but comments that his appointment was the decision of a group of companions, hastily forced upon others, and its success was due to the delicate group conflicts in Medina.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197939-24">[24]</a> Some contemporary authors have further criticized the Saqifa affair as a "backroom deal" and a "coup" which was heavily influenced by the pre-Islamic tribal politics.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20143-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGross201258-112">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202194-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198518–9-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECooperson200025-114">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199756-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELewis196851-116">[115]</a> The evil of the falta which, Umar thought, had been averted by God would erupt later in the form of the <a href="/wiki/First_Fitna" title="First Fitna">First Fitna</a>, suggests Madelung.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997147-117">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consolidation">Consolidation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Consolidation">edit</a>]</div> Umar in his sermon asserted that "the necks of all Muslims were stretched [in obedience] for Abu Bakr," though Madelung considers it more likely that his authority was highly precarious at first.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199743-118">[117]</a> After the Saqifa meeting, Abu Bakr reportedly headed to the <a href="/wiki/Al-Masjid_an-Nabawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Masjid an-Nabawi">Prophet's Mosque</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197940-37">[37]</a> and gave his inaugural speech there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecomte2022-1">[1]</a> Abbas and <a href="/wiki/Lesley_Hazleton" title="Lesley Hazleton">Hazleton</a> comment that Muhammad was already buried by this time,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202194-113">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHazleton200965-119">[118]</a> with the exclusion of Abu Bakr from the funeral rites.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcHugo201841-120">[119]</a> With the help of the Banu Aslam and Banu Aws tribes, Umar is then said to have dominated the streets to secure the pledges of allegiance from the Medinans, according to Madelung.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199743-118">[117]</a> In chronological order, Abu Bakr obtained the backing of <a href="/wiki/Uthman" title="Uthman">Uthman</a> and of the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_dynasty" title="Umayyad dynasty">Banu Umayyad</a>, of Sa'd and <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_ibn_Awf" title="Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf">Abd al-Rahman ibn Awf</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Banu_Zuhrah" title="Banu Zuhrah">Banu Zuhra</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awwam" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awwam">Zubayr</a>, and finally of Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELecomte2022-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ali's_opposition">Ali's opposition</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Ali's opposition">edit</a>]</div> Al-Baladhuri reports that the Banu Hashim and some companions gathered at Ali's house after learning about the appointment of Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201331–2-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199732-26">[26]</a> Among them were Muhammad's uncle Abbas and <a href="/wiki/Zubayr_ibn_al-Awam" class="mw-redirect" title="Zubayr ibn al-Awam">Zubayr</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199732-26">[26]</a> These protesters held that Ali was the rightful successor to Muhammad,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele2018-123">[122]</a> possibly referring to Muhammad's announcement at <a href="/wiki/Event_of_Ghadir_Khumm" class="mw-redirect" title="Event of Ghadir Khumm">Ghadir Khumm</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAmir-Moezzi2022-124">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Miqdad_ibn_Aswad" title="Miqdad ibn Aswad">Miqdad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salman_the_Persian" title="Salman the Persian">Salman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abu_Dharr_al-Ghifari" title="Abu Dharr al-Ghifari">Abu Dharr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talha_ibn_Ubayd_Allah" title="Talha ibn Ubayd Allah">Talha</a> were also among the companions who supported Ali's cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESteigerwald200435-125">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Threats_against_Ali">Threats against Ali</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Threats against Ali">edit</a>]</div> Abu Bakr is said to have tasked Umar with securing Ali's pledge of allegiance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202197-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197940-37">[37]</a> As noted by al-Tabari,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199743-118">[117]</a> the latter then led an armed mob to Ali's residence and threatened to set the house on fire if Ali and his supporters would not pledge their allegiance to Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197940-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249-127">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini20068-128">[127]</a> The scene soon grew violent,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199743-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197941-129">[128]</a> but the mob retreated without Ali's pledge after his wife <a href="/wiki/Fatimah" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatimah">Fatima</a> pleaded with them,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197940-37">[37]</a> as reported in the Sunni <a href="/wiki/Al-Imama_wa_al-Siyasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa">al-Imama wa al-siyasa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201334-130">[129]</a> Alternatively, al-Baladhuri states that Ali capitulated and pledged allegiance to Abu Bakr immediately after Umar's threat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199784-131">[130]</a> In contrast, the canonical <a href="/wiki/Sahih_al-Bukhari" title="Sahih al-Bukhari">Sahih al-Bukhari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sahih_Muslim" title="Sahih Muslim">Sahih Muslim</a> relate that Ali pledged to Abu Bakr after Fatima died sometime later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199786-132">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Boycott_of_Ali">Boycott of Ali</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Boycott of Ali">edit</a>]</div> Madelung believes that Abu Bakr later placed a boycott on Ali and also on the Banu Hashim to abandon their support for Ali.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199743–4-133">[132]</a> As a result, prominent men ceased to speak to Ali, as related in a Sunni hadith attributed to <a href="/wiki/Aisha" title="Aisha">Aisha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199743–4-133">[132]</a> Those who initially supported Ali gradually turned away and pledged their allegiance to Abu Bakr, adds Jafri.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197940–1-134">[133]</a> At the same time, Ali turned down proposals to advance his claims by force,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197944-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVeccia_Vaglieri2022-47">[46]</a> possibly for the unity of a nascent Islam.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198519–20-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197944–5-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201424-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attack_on_Ali's_house_and_his_pledge">Attack on Ali's house and his pledge</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Attack on Ali's house and his pledge">edit</a>]</div> While there is considerable uncertainty about the events,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199743-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197940–1-134">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202197-126">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-122">[121]</a> Ali most likely did not pledge allegiance to Abu Bakr until his wife Fatima died within six months of her father Muhammad, as reported by some canonical Sunni works.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199786-132">[131]</a> In Shia sources, the death (and miscarriage) of the young Fatima are attributed to an <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Fatima%27s_house" title="Attack on Fatima's house">attack on her house</a> to subdue Ali at the order of Abu Bakr.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201378-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuehler2014186-122">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFedele2018-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202198-137">[136]</a> Sunnis categorically reject these allegations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202198-137">[136]</a> After Fatima's death and in the absence of popular support, Ali is said to have relinquished his claims to the caliphate for the sake of the unity of a nascent Islam,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung1997141-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197944-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198519,_20-138">[137]</a> which was facing internal and external threats, according to Mavani.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117-76">[75]</a> In contrast with Muhammad's lifetime,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2013-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117-76">[75]</a> Ali is believed to have retired from public life during the caliphates of Abu Bakr, Umar, and Uthman,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrAfsaruddin2021-139">[138]</a> which has been interpreted as a silent censure of the first three caliphs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2013-77">[76]</a> While he reputedly advised Abu Bakr and Umar on government and religious matters,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENasrAfsaruddin2021-139">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPoonawala1982-140">[139]</a> the mutual distrust and hostility of Ali with the two caliphs is well-documented,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAslan2011122-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199742,_52–54,_213–4-142">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAbbas202194-113">[112]</a> but largely downplayed or ignored in Sunni sources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197945-143">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi202278-84">[83]</a> Their differences were epitomized during the proceedings of the electoral council in 644 when Ali refused to be bound by the precedence of the first two caliphs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMavani2013117-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnthony2013-77">[76]</a> In contrast, Shias tend to view Ali's pledge of allegiance to Abu Bakr as a (coerced) act of political expediency or <a href="/wiki/Taqiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Taqiya">taqiya</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShah-Kazemi202281-62">[61]</a> thus rejecting that Ali ever pledged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200022-144">[143]</a> The charge that Ali pledged to Abu Bakr under duress appears also in <a href="/wiki/Al-Imama_wa_al-Siyasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Imama wa al-Siyasa">al-Imama wa al-siyasa</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201420-145">[144]</a> sometimes attributed to <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qutaybah" title="Ibn Qutaybah">Ibn Qutaybah</a> (<abbr title="died">d.</abbr> 889) but possibly written by another Sunni author in the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> era.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201417-29">[29]</a> These conflicts after Muhammad's death are considered as the roots of the current division among Muslims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197923-3">[3]</a> Those who accepted Abu Bakr's caliphate were later labeled Sunnis, while the supporters of Ali's right to caliphate went on to form the Shia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadie20173-146">[145]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Succession_to_Muhammad" title="Succession to Muhammad">Succession to Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sahabah_who_did_not_give_bay%27ah_to_Abu_Bakr" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sahabah who did not give bay'ah to Abu Bakr">List of Sahabah who did not give bay'ah to Abu Bakr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Fatima%27s_house" title="Attack on Fatima's house">Attack on Fatima's house</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Wife of <a href="/wiki/Hashim_ibn_Abd_Manaf" title="Hashim ibn Abd Manaf">Hashim</a>, mother of <a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Muttalib" title="Abd al-Muttalib">Abd al-Muttalib</a>, was <a href="/wiki/Salma_bint_Amr" title="Salma bint Amr">Salma bint Amr</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khazraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Khazraj">Khazraj</a> tribe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199736-41">[41]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELecomte2022-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecomte2022_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecomte2022_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecomte2022_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecomte2022_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecomte2022_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecomte2022_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELecomte2022_1-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFLecomte2022">Lecomte 2022</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197923,_32-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197923,_32_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, pp. 23, 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197923-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197923_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197923_3-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197929-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197929_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197929_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197929_4-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197926-5"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197926_5-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197933-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197933_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197933_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197933_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197933_6-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 33. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199728-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199728_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199728_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199728_7-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197931-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197931_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197932-9"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197932_9-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199720-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199720_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201415-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub201415_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub201415_11-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyoub2014">Ayoub 2014</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197925–6-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197925–6_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, pp. 25–6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199729-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199729_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 29. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197934–5-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197934–5_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, pp. 34–5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHawa201747-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHawa201747_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHawa2017">Hawa 2017</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWalker20143-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker20143_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker20143_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWalker20143_16-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFWalker2014">Walker 2014</a>, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197934-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197934_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197934_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197934_17-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199731-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199731_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199731_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199731_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199731_18-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198519-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198519_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198519_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198519_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198519_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198519_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198519_19-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199730-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199730_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199730_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199730_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199730_20-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199730_20-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 30. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197935-21"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197935_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197936-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197936_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197936_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197936_22-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArnold201615-23"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArnold201615_23-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArnold2016">Arnold 2016</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197939-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197939_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197939_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197939_24-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197939_24-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197939_24-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197939_24-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197939_24-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197939_24-7">h</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199738–40-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199738–40_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, pp. 38–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199732-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199732_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199732_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199732_26-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199732_26-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 32. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197937-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197937_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197937_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197937_27-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199737-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199737_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199737_28-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 37. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201417-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub201417_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub201417_29-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyoub2014">Ayoub 2014</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMomen198518-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198518_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198518_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMomen198518_30-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMomen1985">Momen 1985</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199737–8-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199737–8_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, pp. 37–8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199739-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199739_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 1997</a>, p. 39. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197938-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197938_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197938_33-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadelung199733-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199733_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199733_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199733_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMadelung199733_34-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMadelung1997">Madelung 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id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEQutbuddin2006249_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFQutbuddin2006">Qutbuddin 2006</a>, p. 249. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini20068-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECorteseCalderini20068_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCorteseCalderini2006">Cortese & Calderini 2006</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197941-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197941_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 41. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhetia201334-130"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKhetia201334_130-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKhetia2013">Khetia 2013</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199784-131"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoufi199784_131-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSoufi1997">Soufi 1997</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESoufi199786-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoufi199786_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESoufi199786_132-1">b</a> <a 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1997</a>, pp. 42, 52–54, 213–4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJafri197945-143"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJafri197945_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJafri1979">Jafri 1979</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELalani200022-144"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELalani200022_144-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLalani2000">Lalani 2000</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAyoub201420-145"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAyoub201420_145-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAyoub2014">Ayoub 2014</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBadie20173-146"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBadie20173_146-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBadie2017">Badie 2017</a>, p. 3. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWalker2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Walker, Adam H. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/muhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1/mode/2up">"ABU BAKR AL-SIDDIQ (C. 573-634)"</a>. In Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (eds.). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopaedia of the Prophet of God. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 1–4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610691772" title="Special:BookSources/9781610691772"><bdi>9781610691772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=ABU+BAKR+AL-SIDDIQ+%28C.+573-634%29&rft.btitle=Muhammad+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopaedia+of+the+Prophet+of+God&rft.pages=1-4&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781610691772&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Adam+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2012" class="citation book cs1">Gross, Max (2012). "Shi'a Muslims and Security: the Centrality of Iran". In Seiple, Chris; Hoover, Dennis; Otis, Pauletta (eds.). The Routledge handbook of religion and security. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136239328" title="Special:BookSources/9781136239328"><bdi>9781136239328</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shi%E2%80%99a+Muslims+and+Security%3A+the+Centrality+of+Iran&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+handbook+of+religion+and+security&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781136239328&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Max&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbbas2021" class="citation book cs1">Abbas, Hassan (2021). The Prophet's Heir: The life of Ali ibn Abi Talib. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300252057" title="Special:BookSources/9780300252057"><bdi>9780300252057</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet%27s+Heir%3A+The+life+of+Ali+ibn+Abi+Talib&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780300252057&rft.aulast=Abbas&rft.aufirst=Hassan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperson2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Cooperson" title="Michael Cooperson">Cooperson, Michael</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B38tRebLIrMC&pg=PA25">Classical Arabic Biography: The Heirs of the Prophets in the Age of al-Ma'mun</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42669-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-139-42669-5"><bdi>978-1-139-42669-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classical+Arabic+Biography%3A+The+Heirs+of+the+Prophets+in+the+Age+of+al-Ma%27mun&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-139-42669-5&rft.aulast=Cooperson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB38tRebLIrMC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLalani2000" class="citation book cs1">Lalani, Arzina R. (2000). Early Shi'i Thought: The Teachings of Imam Muhammad al-Baqir. I. B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1860644344" title="Special:BookSources/978-1860644344"><bdi>978-1860644344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Shi%27i+Thought%3A+The+Teachings+of+Imam+Muhammad+al-Baqir&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1860644344&rft.aulast=Lalani&rft.aufirst=Arzina+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLecomte2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lecomte, G. (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/al-sakifa-COM_0980?s.num=1&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.cluster.Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&s.q=sakifa">"Al-Saḳīfa"</a>. In Bearman, P. (ed.). Encyclopaedia of Islam (Second ed.). Brill Reference Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Al-Sa%E1%B8%B3%C4%ABfa&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Brill+Reference+Online&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Lecomte&rft.aufirst=G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-2%2Fal-sakifa-COM_0980%3Fs.num%3D1%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.cluster.Encyclopaedia%2Bof%2BIslam%26s.q%3Dsakifa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBadie2017" class="citation book cs1">Badie, Dina (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3Fk7DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA3">After Saddam: American Foreign Policy and the Destruction of Secularism in the Middle East</a>. 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Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780853982005" title="Special:BookSources/9780853982005"><bdi>9780853982005</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=9780853982005&rft.aulast=Momen&rft.aufirst=Moojan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSoufi1997" class="citation thesis cs1">Soufi, Denise Louise (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/304390529">The Image of Fatima in Classical Muslim Thought</a> (PhD thesis). 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Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385532099" title="Special:BookSources/9780385532099"><bdi>9780385532099</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Prophet%3A+The+Epic+Story+of+the+Shia-Sunni+Split+in+Islam&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780385532099&rft.aulast=Hazleton&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faftertheprophettheepicstoryoftheshiasunnisplitinislampdfdrive.com%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAslan2011" class="citation book cs1">Aslan, Reza (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nogodbutgodorigi0000asla_n9k1/mode/2up">No god but God: The Origins, Evolution, and Future of Islam</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780812982442" title="Special:BookSources/9780812982442"><bdi>9780812982442</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+god+but+God%3A+The+Origins%2C+Evolution%2C+and+Future+of+Islam&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780812982442&rft.aulast=Aslan&rft.aufirst=Reza&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnogodbutgodorigi0000asla_n9k1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFedele2018" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Fedele, Valentina (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jt91DwAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA56">"FATIMA (605/15-632 CE)"</a>. In de-Gaia, Susan (ed.). Encyclopedia of Women in World Religions. ABC-CLIO. p. 56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781440848506" title="Special:BookSources/9781440848506"><bdi>9781440848506</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=FATIMA+%28605%2F15-632+CE%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women+in+World+Religions&rft.pages=56&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781440848506&rft.aulast=Fedele&rft.aufirst=Valentina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djt91DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuehler2014" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Buehler, Arthur F. 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ABC-CLIO. pp. 182–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610691772" title="Special:BookSources/9781610691772"><bdi>9781610691772</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=FATIMA+%28d.+632%29&rft.btitle=Muhammad+in+History%2C+Thought%2C+and+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopaedia+of+the+Prophet+of+God&rft.pages=182-7&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781610691772&rft.aulast=Buehler&rft.aufirst=Arthur+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmuhammadinhistor0000unse_h4s1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawa2017" class="citation cs2">Hawa, Salam (2017), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YUAlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA47">The Erasure of Arab Political Identity: Colonialism and Violence</a>, Taylor & Francis, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39006-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-39006-0"><bdi>978-1-317-39006-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Erasure+of+Arab+Political+Identity%3A+Colonialism+and+Violence&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-317-39006-0&rft.aulast=Hawa&rft.aufirst=Salam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYUAlDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaban1976" class="citation book cs1">Shaban, M.A. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/IslamicHistoryANewInterpretationVol.1/mode/2up">Islamic History: Volume 1, AD 600-750 (AH 132): A New Interpretation</a>. 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Encyclopaedia of Islam (Third ed.). Brill Reference Online.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ghad%C4%ABr+Khumm&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Islam&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Brill+Reference+Online&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Amir-Moezzi&rft.aufirst=Mohammad+Ali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freferenceworks.brillonline.com%2Fentries%2Fencyclopaedia-of-islam-3%2Fghadir-khumm-COM_27419%3Fs.num%3D0%26s.f.s2_parent%3Ds.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3%26s.q%3DGhad%25C4%25ABr%2BKhumm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQutbuddin2006" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Qutbuddin, Tahera (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MedievalIslamicCivilizationAnEncyclopedia_201603">"FATIMA (AL-ZAHRA') BINT MUHAMMAD (CA. 12 BEFORE HIJRA-1 1/CA. 610-632)"</a>. In Meri, Josef W. (ed.). Medieval Islamic Civilization: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. pp. 248–50. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415966900" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415966900"><bdi>978-0415966900</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=FATIMA+%28AL-ZAHRA%27%29+BINT+MUHAMMAD+%28CA.+12+BEFORE+HIJRA-1+1%2FCA.+610-632%29&rft.btitle=Medieval+Islamic+Civilization%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=248-50&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0415966900&rft.aulast=Qutbuddin&rft.aufirst=Tahera&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMedievalIslamicCivilizationAnEncyclopedia_201603&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorteseCalderini2006" class="citation book cs1">Cortese, Delia; Calderini, Simonetta (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yz4pAAAAYAAJ">Women and the Fatimids in the World of Islam</a> (First ed.). Edinburgh University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0748617333" title="Special:BookSources/978-0748617333"><bdi>978-0748617333</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+the+Fatimids+in+the+World+of+Islam&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Edinburgh+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0748617333&rft.aulast=Cortese&rft.aufirst=Delia&rft.au=Calderini%2C+Simonetta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYz4pAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShu'ayb2013" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shu'ayb, Fiazuddin (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/princetonencyclo0000unse/page/524/mode/2up">"succession"</a>. In Bowering, Gerhard; Crone, Patricia; Kadi, Wadad; Mirza, Mahan; Stewart, Devin J.; Zaman, Muhammad Qasim (eds.). The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought. 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Macmillan Reference USA. pp. 35–8. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780028656045" title="Special:BookSources/9780028656045"><bdi>9780028656045</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam+and+the+Muslim+World&rft.pages=35-8&rft.pub=Macmillan+Reference+USA&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780028656045&rft.aulast=Steigerwald&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaofis0001unse%2Fpage%2F34%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVeccia_Vaglieri2022" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Veccia Vaglieri, L. 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Encyclopedia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CA%BFAl%C4%AB&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Nasr&rft.aufirst=Seyyed+Hossein&rft.au=Afsaruddin%2C+Asma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAli-Muslim-caliph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAyoub2014" class="citation book cs1">Ayoub, Mahmoud M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/crisisofmuslimhi0000ayou/mode/2up">The Crisis of Muslim History: Religion and Politics in Early Islam</a>. Oneworld Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780746746" title="Special:BookSources/9781780746746"><bdi>9781780746746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crisis+of+Muslim+History%3A+Religion+and+Politics+in+Early+Islam&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781780746746&rft.aulast=Ayoub&rft.aufirst=Mahmoud+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcrisisofmuslimhi0000ayou%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDakake2008" class="citation book cs1">Dakake, Maria Massi (2008). The Charismatic Community: Shi'ite Identity in Early Islam. 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Bloomsbury Academic. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780768410" title="Special:BookSources/9781780768410"><bdi>9781780768410</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Shi%27i+Islam&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781780768410&rft.aulast=Daftary&rft.aufirst=Farhad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshii-heritage-series-farhad-daftary-a-history-of-shii-islam-i.-b.-tauris-2013%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTabatabai1975" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Allameh_Tabatabaei" class="mw-redirect" title="Allameh Tabatabaei">Tabatabai, S.M.H.</a> (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ShiaInIslamCopy/mode/2up">Shi'ite Islam</a>. Translated by Nasr, S.H. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0873953908" title="Special:BookSources/0873953908"><bdi>0873953908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27ite+Islam&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0873953908&rft.aulast=Tabatabai&rft.aufirst=S.M.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FShiaInIslamCopy%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Saqifa&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIbn_HishamIbn_Ishaq1955" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hisham" title="Ibn Hisham">Ibn Hisham</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Ishaq" title="Ibn Ishaq">Ibn Ishaq</a> (1955), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/GuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad">The life of Muhammad: a translation of Isḥāq's Sīrat rasūl Allāh</a>, translated by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Guillaume" title="Alfred Guillaume">Alfred Guillaume</a>, Oxford University Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Muhammad%3A+a+translation+of+Is%E1%B8%A5%C4%81q%27s+S%C4%ABrat+ras%C5%ABl+All%C4%81h&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft.au=Ibn+Hisham&rft.au=Ibn+Ishaq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGuillaumeATheLifeOfMuhammad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASaqifa" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4164559#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/sakifetu-beni-saide">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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