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id="toc-Name_and_demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>First Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Second Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Third Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Beginnings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beginnings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Beginnings</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beginnings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Francis's_last_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Francis's_last_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Francis's last years</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Francis's_last_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Dissensions_during_Francis's_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissensions_during_Francis's_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Dissensions during Francis's life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissensions_during_Francis's_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Custody_of_the_Holy_Land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Custody_of_the_Holy_Land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Custody of the Holy Land</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Custody_of_the_Holy_Land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_after_Francis's_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_after_Francis's_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Development after Francis's death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_after_Francis's_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Development_to_1239" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_to_1239"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Development to 1239</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development_to_1239-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1239–1274" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1239–1274"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>1239–1274</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1239–1274-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>14th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1274–1300" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1274–1300"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>1274–1300</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1274–1300-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persecution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persecution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Persecution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persecution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renewed_controversy_on_the_question_of_poverty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renewed_controversy_on_the_question_of_poverty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Renewed controversy on the question of poverty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renewed_controversy_on_the_question_of_poverty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Separate_congregations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Separate_congregations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Separate congregations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Separate_congregations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Clareni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clareni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Clareni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clareni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Minorites_of_Narbonne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minorites_of_Narbonne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.2</span> <span>Minorites of Narbonne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minorites_of_Narbonne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reform_of_Johannes_de_Vallibus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reform_of_Johannes_de_Vallibus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.3</span> <span>Reform of Johannes de Vallibus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reform_of_Johannes_de_Vallibus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.4</span> <span>Unification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Franciscans_and_the_Inquisition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Franciscans_and_the_Inquisition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Franciscans and the Inquisition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Franciscans_and_the_Inquisition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_World_missions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_World_missions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>New World missions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_World_missions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Contemporary organizations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_organizations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary organizations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Order_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Order_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>First Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Order_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Order_of_Friars_Minor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_Friars_Minor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Order of Friars Minor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_Friars_Minor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_Friars_Minor_Conventual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_Friars_Minor_Conventual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Order of Friars Minor Conventual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_Friars_Minor_Conventual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Order of Friars Minor Capuchin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Order_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Order_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Second Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Order_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poor_Clares" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poor_Clares"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Poor Clares</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poor_Clares-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Order_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Order_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Third Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Order_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Secular_Franciscan_Order" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secular_Franciscan_Order"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Secular Franciscan Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secular_Franciscan_Order-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Order_Regular" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Order_Regular"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Third Order Regular</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Order_Regular-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Third_Order_Regular_in_North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Order_Regular_in_North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2.1</span> <span>Third Order Regular in North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Order_Regular_in_North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brothers_and_Sisters_of_Penance_of_St._Francis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brothers_and_Sisters_of_Penance_of_St._Francis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Brothers and Sisters of Penance of St. Francis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brothers_and_Sisters_of_Penance_of_St._Francis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_tertiaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_tertiaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Other tertiaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_tertiaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Franciscan_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Franciscan_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Other Franciscan organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Franciscan_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_Christian_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_Christian_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Other Christian traditions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_Christian_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinguishing_characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinguishing_characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Distinguishing characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Distinguishing_characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Distinguishing characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Distinguishing_characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Spirituality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visions_and_stigmata" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visions_and_stigmata"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Visions and stigmata</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visions_and_stigmata-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contributions_to_biblical_scholarship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contributions_to_biblical_scholarship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Contributions to biblical scholarship</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contributions_to_biblical_scholarship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_members" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_members"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Notable members</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_members-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Order_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Order_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>First Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Order_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Order_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Order_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Second Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Order_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Third_Order_3" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Third_Order_3"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Third Order</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Third_Order_3-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Research resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header 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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Franciscans</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciskane" title="Franciskane – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Franciskane" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franziskaner" title="Franziskaner – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Franziskaner" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="فرنسيسكانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرنسيسكانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orden_de_Sant_Francisco" title="Orden de Sant Francisco – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Orden de Sant Francisco" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="فرانسيسکن‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فرانسيسکن‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Францысканцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Францысканцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Францішкане – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Францішкане" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Францискански орден – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Францискански орден" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franjevci" title="Franjevci – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Franjevci" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fam%C3%ADlia_franciscana" title="Família franciscana – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Família franciscana" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1k%C3%A1ni" title="Františkáni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Františkáni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urdd_Sant_Ffransis" title="Urdd Sant Ffransis – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Urdd Sant Ffransis" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciskanerordenen" title="Franciskanerordenen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Franciskanerordenen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franziskanische_Orden" title="Franziskanische Orden – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Franziskanische Orden" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frantsisklased" title="Frantsisklased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Frantsisklased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8E%CE%BD" title="Τάγμα των Φραγκισκανών – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τάγμα των Φραγκισκανών" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orden_Franciscana" title="Orden Franciscana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Orden Franciscana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciskanoj" title="Franciskanoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Franciskanoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7" title="فرانسیسکن‌ها – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرانسیسکن‌ها" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_des_ordres_franciscains" title="Histoire des ordres franciscains – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire des ordres franciscains" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiskanen" title="Fransiskanen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fransiskanen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proinsiasaigh" title="Proinsiasaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Proinsiasaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orde_franciscana" title="Orde franciscana – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Orde franciscana" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%84%EB%9E%80%EC%B9%98%EC%8A%A4%EC%BD%94%ED%9A%8C" title="프란치스코회 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="프란치스코회" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%BD%D5%AF%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ֆրանցիսկյան միաբանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆրանցիսկյան միաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franjevci" title="Franjevci – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Franjevci" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciskano" title="Franciskano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Franciskano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiskan" title="Fransiskan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fransiskan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordine_francescano" title="Ordine francescano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ordine francescano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%93%D7%A8_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%99" title="המסדר הפרנציסקני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המסדר הפרנציסקני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koobu_pa%C9%A3t%CA%8A_%C5%8Bgb%C9%9By%C9%9B_cikpe%C9%96e" title="Koobu paɣtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ cikpeɖe – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Koobu paɣtʊ ŋgbɛyɛ cikpeɖe" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wafransisko" title="Wafransisko – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Wafransisko" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordines_Franciscani" title="Ordines Franciscani – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ordines Franciscani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francisk%C4%81%C5%86i" title="Franciskāņi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Franciskāņi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranci%C5%A1konai" title="Pranciškonai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pranciškonai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferences_rend" title="Ferences rend – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ferences rend" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الفرنسيسكان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الفرنسيسكان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscanen" title="Franciscanen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Franciscanen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%82%B3%E4%BC%9A" title="フランシスコ会 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フランシスコ会" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiskanerordenen" title="Fransiskanerordenen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fransiskanerordenen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiskanarordenen" title="Fransiskanarordenen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fransiskanarordenen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zakony_i_zgromadzenia_franciszka%C5%84skie" title="Zakony i zgromadzenia franciszkańskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zakony i zgromadzenia franciszkańskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscanos" title="Franciscanos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Franciscanos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordinele_franciscane" title="Ordinele franciscane – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ordinele franciscane" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Францисканцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Францисканцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7eskan%C3%ABt" title="Françeskanët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Françeskanët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscan" title="Franciscan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Franciscan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franti%C5%A1k%C3%A1ni" title="Františkáni – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Františkáni" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C4%8Di%C5%A1kani" title="Frančiškani – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Frančiškani" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Фрањевци – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фрањевци" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franjevci" title="Franjevci – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Franjevci" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiskan" title="Fransiskan – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Fransiskan" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fransiskaanit" title="Fransiskaanit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fransiskaanit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciskanorden" title="Franciskanorden – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Franciskanorden" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franciscano" title="Franciscano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Franciscano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%88" title="பிரான்சிஸ்கன் சபை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரான்சிஸ்கன் சபை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grey_friars&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Grey friars">Grey friars</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Group of religious orders within the Catholic Church</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Minorites" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Minorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Minorities">Minorities</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Grey Friars" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Greyfriars_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Greyfriars (disambiguation)">Greyfriars (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Orders of Friars Minor</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname" lang="la">Ordo Fratrum Minorum</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg/200px-FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg/300px-FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg/400px-FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1917" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A cross, Christ's arm and Saint Francis's arm, a universal symbol of the Franciscans<sup id="cite_ref-sbf_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">OFM</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Formation</th><td class="infobox-data note">24 February 1209<span class="noprint">; 815 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1209-02-24</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Mendicant Order of Pontifical Right for men<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data">Via S. Maria Mediatrice 25, 00165 Rome, Italy</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Membership </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12,476 members (8,512 priests) as of 2020<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Motto</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Pax et bonum</i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Latin)</span><br /><i>Peace and [all] good</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Minister General</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Massimo_Fusarelli" title="Massimo Fusarelli">Massimo Fusarelli</a><sup id="cite_ref-auto1_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Parent organization</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular Franciscan Order</a> (1221)<br /><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Third Order of Saint Francis</a> (1447)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;">Secessions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">OFM</a> (1897)<br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Conventual" title="Order of Friars Minor Conventual">OFM Conventual</a> (1517)<br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">OFM Capuchin</a> (1520)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.6em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Formerly called</div></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Order of Observant Friars Minor<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StFrancis_part.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/StFrancis_part.jpg/220px-StFrancis_part.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/StFrancis_part.jpg/330px-StFrancis_part.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/StFrancis_part.jpg/440px-StFrancis_part.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Francis of Assisi, founder of the Order of Friars Minor; oldest known portrait in existence of Francis, dating back to his retreat to <a href="/wiki/Subiaco,_Lazio" title="Subiaco, Lazio">Subiaco</a> (1223–1224)</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Franciscans</b> are a group of related <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_religious_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic religious order">religious orders</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founded in 1209 by the Italian saint <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a>, these orders include three independent orders for men (the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Order of Friars Minor</a> being the largest contemporary male order), orders for <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Clare" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Clare">Order of Saint Clare</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Third Order of Saint Francis</a> open to male and female members. They adhere to the teachings and spiritual disciplines of the founder and of his main associates and followers, such as <a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Hungary" title="Elizabeth of Hungary">Elizabeth of Hungary</a>. Several smaller <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_spirituality_in_Protestantism" title="Franciscan spirituality in Protestantism">Protestant Franciscan</a> orders or other groups have been established since late 1800s as well, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (April 2024)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Francis began preaching around 1207 and traveled to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> to seek approval from <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a> in 1209 to form a new religious order. The original <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Francis" title="Rule of Saint Francis">Rule of Saint Francis</a> approved by the Pope did not allow ownership of property, requiring members of the order to beg for food while preaching. The austerity was meant to emulate the life and ministry of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesus Christ">Jesus Christ</a>. Franciscans traveled and preached in the streets, while staying in church properties. <a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a>, under Francis's guidance, founded the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Poor Clares</a> (Order of Saint Clare) of the Franciscans. </p><p>The extreme poverty required of members was relaxed in the final revision of the Rule in 1223. The degree of observance required of members remained a major source of conflict within the order, resulting in numerous secessions.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Order of Friars Minor, previously known as the "Observant" branch, is one of the three Franciscan <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute#Categorization" title="Religious institute">First Orders</a> within the Catholic Church, the others being the "<a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Conventual" title="Order of Friars Minor Conventual">Conventuals</a>" (formed 1517) and "<a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchins</a>" (1520). The Order of Friars Minor, in its current form, is the result of an amalgamation of several smaller orders completed in 1897 by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OFM_CE1913_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OFM_CE1913-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter two, the Capuchin and Conventual, remain distinct <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">religious institutes</a> within the Catholic Church, observing the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Francis" title="Rule of Saint Francis">Rule of Saint Francis</a> with different emphases. Conventual Franciscans are sometimes referred to as <b>minorites</b> or <b>greyfriars</b> because of their <a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">habit</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> they are known as <b><a href="/wiki/Bernardines_(Franciscans)" title="Bernardines (Franciscans)">Bernardines</a></b>, after <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_of_Siena" title="Bernardino of Siena">Bernardino of Siena</a>, although the term elsewhere refers to <a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a> instead. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribalta-san_francisco-prado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ribalta-san_francisco-prado.jpg/220px-Ribalta-san_francisco-prado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ribalta-san_francisco-prado.jpg/330px-Ribalta-san_francisco-prado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Ribalta-san_francisco-prado.jpg/440px-Ribalta-san_francisco-prado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2359" data-file-height="3051" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Saint Francis</a> Comforted by a Musician Angel</i>, by <a href="/wiki/Francesc_Ribalta" title="Francesc Ribalta">Francisco Ribalta</a>.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name_and_demographics">Name and demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name and demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Regra_bulada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Regra_bulada.jpg/220px-Regra_bulada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Regra_bulada.jpg/330px-Regra_bulada.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Regra_bulada.jpg/440px-Regra_bulada.jpg 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Francis" title="Rule of Saint Francis">Regula bullata</a></i></span>, the rule confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Pope Honorius III</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The name of the original order, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ordo Fratrum Minorum</i></span> (Friars Minor, literally 'Order of Lesser Brothers') stems from Francis of Assisi's rejection of luxury and wealth. Francis was the son of a rich cloth merchant, but gave up his wealth to pursue his faith more fully. He had cut all ties that remained with his family, and pursued a life living in solidarity with his fellow brothers in Christ.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In other words, he abandoned his life among the wealthy and aristocratic classes (or <i>Majori</i>) to live like the poor and peasants (<i>minori</i>). Francis adopted the simple tunic worn by peasants as the <a href="/wiki/Religious_habit" title="Religious habit">religious habit</a> for his order, and had others who wished to join him do the same. Those who joined him became the original Order of Friars Minor.<sup id="cite_ref-sbf_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Order">First Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The First Order or the Order of Friars Minor, or <b>Seraphic Order<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></b> are commonly called simply the <b>Franciscans</b>. This order is a <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_religious_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic religious order">religious order</a> of men, some of whom trace their origin to Francis of Assisi.<sup id="cite_ref-Fordham_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fordham-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their official <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> name is the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ordo Fratrum Minorum</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-ceofm_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ceofm-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Francis thus referred to his followers as "Fraticelli", meaning "Little Brothers". Franciscan brothers are informally called <b>friars</b> or the <b>Minorites</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-cefran_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cefran-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern organization of the Friars Minor comprises three separate families or groups, each considered a religious order in its own right under its own minister General and particular type of governance. They all live according to a body of regulations known as the Rule of Saint Francis.<sup id="cite_ref-Fordham_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fordham-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Order of Friars Minor</a>, also known as the Observants, are most commonly simply called <b>Franciscan friars</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fordham_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fordham-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> official name: Friars Minor (OFM).<sup id="cite_ref-cefran_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cefran-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Order of Friars Minor Capuchin</a> or simply <b>Capuchins</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fordham_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fordham-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> official name: Friars Minor Capuchin (OFM Cap.).<sup id="cite_ref-cefran_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cefran-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Conventual" title="Order of Friars Minor Conventual">Order of Friars Minor Conventual</a> or simply <b>Minorites</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-Fordham_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fordham-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> official name: Friars Minor Conventual (OFM Conv.).<sup id="cite_ref-cefran_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cefran-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Order">Second Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Second Order, most commonly called <b><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Poor Clares</a></b> in English-speaking countries, consists of only one branch of religious sisters. The order is called the Order of St. Clare (OSC), but prior to 1263 they were called "The Poor Ladies", "The Poor Enclosed Nuns", and "The Order of San Damiano".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Order">Third Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Third Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Franciscan <a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">third order</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Third Order of Saint Francis</a>, has many men and women members, separated into two main branches: </p> <ul><li>The <b><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular Franciscan Order</a></b>, OFS, originally known as the Brothers and Sisters of Penance or Third Order of Penance, try to live the ideals of the movement in their daily lives outside of <a href="/wiki/Religious_institute_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious institute (Catholic)">religious institutes</a>.</li> <li>Members of the <b>Third Order Regular</b> (TOR) live in religious communities under the traditional <a href="/wiki/Religious_vows" title="Religious vows">religious vows</a>. They grew out of the Secular Franciscan Order.</li></ul> <p>The 2013 <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></span> gave the following figures for the membership of the principal male Franciscan orders:.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Order of Friars Minor (OFM): 1,915 communities; 12,476 members (including 8,512 priests)</li> <li>Franciscan Order of Friars Minor Conventual (OFM Conv.): 572 communities; 3,981 members (including 2,777 priests)</li> <li>Franciscan Order of Friars Minor Capuchin (OFM Cap.): 1,542 communities; 10,355 members (including 6,796 priests)</li> <li>Third Order Regular of Saint Francis (TOR): 147 communities; 813 members (including 581 priests)</li></ul> <p>The coat of arms that is a universal symbol of Franciscan "contains the <a href="/wiki/Tau_Cross" class="mw-redirect" title="Tau Cross">Tau cross</a>, with two crossed arms: Christ's right hand with the nail wound and Francis' left hand with the stigmata wound."<sup id="cite_ref-sbf_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sbf-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beginnings">Beginnings</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Beginnings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dream_of_Innocent_III_and_the_Confirmation_of_the_Rule_of_St_Francis_Benozzo_Gozzoli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dream_of_Innocent_III_and_the_Confirmation_of_the_Rule_of_St_Francis_Benozzo_Gozzoli.jpg/220px-Dream_of_Innocent_III_and_the_Confirmation_of_the_Rule_of_St_Francis_Benozzo_Gozzoli.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dream_of_Innocent_III_and_the_Confirmation_of_the_Rule_of_St_Francis_Benozzo_Gozzoli.jpg/330px-Dream_of_Innocent_III_and_the_Confirmation_of_the_Rule_of_St_Francis_Benozzo_Gozzoli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Dream_of_Innocent_III_and_the_Confirmation_of_the_Rule_of_St_Francis_Benozzo_Gozzoli.jpg/440px-Dream_of_Innocent_III_and_the_Confirmation_of_the_Rule_of_St_Francis_Benozzo_Gozzoli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Dream of <a href="/wiki/Innocent_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent III">Innocent III</a> and the Confirmation of the <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Francis" title="Rule of Saint Francis">Rule of Saint Francis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benozzo_Gozzoli" title="Benozzo Gozzoli">Benozzo Gozzoli</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A sermon Francis heard in 1209 on <a href="/wiki/Matthew_10:9" title="Matthew 10:9">Matthew 10:9</a> made such an impression on him that he decided to devote himself wholly to a life of apostolic poverty. Clad in a rough garment, barefoot, and, after the <a href="/wiki/Evangelism" title="Evangelism">Evangelical</a> precept, without staff or scrip, he began to preach repentance.<sup id="cite_ref-cefa_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cefa-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He was soon joined by a prominent fellow townsman, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Quintavalle" title="Bernard of Quintavalle">Bernard of Quintavalle</a>, who contributed all that he had to the work, and by other companions, who are said to have reached the number of eleven within a year. The brothers lived in the deserted <a href="/wiki/Leper_colony" title="Leper colony">leper colony</a> of Rivo Torto near <a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a>; but they spent much of their time traveling through the mountainous districts of <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, always cheerful and full of songs, yet making a deep impression on their hearers by their earnest exhortations. Their life was extremely ascetic, though such practices were apparently not prescribed by the first rule which Francis gave them (probably as early as 1209) which seems to have been nothing more than a collection of Scriptural passages emphasizing the duty of poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In spite of some similarities between this principle and some of the fundamental ideas of the followers of <a href="/wiki/Peter_Waldo" title="Peter Waldo">Peter Waldo</a>, the brotherhood of Assisi succeeded in gaining the approval of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_III" title="Pope Innocent III">Pope Innocent III</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chest107_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chest107-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What seems to have impressed first the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Diocese_of_Assisi-Nocera_Umbra-Gualdo_Tadino" title="Roman Catholic Diocese of Assisi-Nocera Umbra-Gualdo Tadino">Bishop of Assisi</a>, Guido, then <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholicism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal (Catholicism)">Cardinal</a> <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_di_San_Paolo" title="Giovanni di San Paolo">Giovanni di San Paolo</a> and finally Innocent himself, was their utter loyalty to the Catholic Church and the clergy. Innocent III was not only the pope reigning during the life of Francis of Assisi, but he was also responsible for helping to construct the church Francis was being called to rebuild. Innocent III and the Fourth Lateran Council helped maintain the church in Europe. Innocent probably saw in them a possible answer to his desire for an orthodox preaching force to counter heresy. Many legends have clustered around the decisive audience of Francis with the pope. The realistic account in <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Paris" title="Matthew Paris">Matthew Paris</a>, according to which the pope originally sent the shabby saint off to keep swine, and only recognized his real worth by his ready obedience, has, in spite of its improbability, a certain historical interest, since it shows the natural antipathy of the older <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict">Benedictine monasticism</a> to the plebeian mendicant orders. The group was <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsured</a> and Francis was ordained as a deacon, allowing him to proclaim Gospel passages and preach in churches during Mass.<sup id="cite_ref-Francis_of_Assisi_and_His_World_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Francis_of_Assisi_and_His_World-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Francis's_last_years"><span id="Francis.27s_last_years"></span>Francis's last years</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Francis's last years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Francis had to suffer from the dissensions just alluded to and the transformation they effected in the original constitution of the brotherhood making it a regular order under strict supervision from Rome. Exasperated by the demands of running a growing and fractious Order, Francis asked <a href="/wiki/Pope_Honorius_III" title="Pope Honorius III">Pope Honorius III</a> for help in 1219. He was assigned Cardinal <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Ugolino</a> as protector of the Order by the pope. Francis resigned the day-to-day running of the Order into the hands of others but retained the power to shape the Order's legislation, writing a Rule in 1221 which he revised and had approved in 1223. After about 1221, the day-to-day running of the Order was in the hands of Brother <a href="/wiki/Elias_of_Cortona" title="Elias of Cortona">Elias of Cortona</a>, an able friar who was elected as leader of the friars a few years after Francis's death (1232) but who aroused much opposition because of his autocratic leadership style.<sup id="cite_ref-Paschal_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paschal-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He planned and built the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francesco_d%27Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi">Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> is buried, a building which includes the friary <a href="/wiki/Sacro_Convento" title="Sacro Convento">Sacro Convento</a>, still today the spiritual centre of the Order.<sup id="cite_ref-sacro_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sacro-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Honorius_III_approving_the_Rule_of_St._Francis,_Bartolome_del_Castro,_c._1500_(Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Honorius_III_approving_the_Rule_of_St._Francis%2C_Bartolome_del_Castro%2C_c._1500_%28Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg/220px-Honorius_III_approving_the_Rule_of_St._Francis%2C_Bartolome_del_Castro%2C_c._1500_%28Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Honorius_III_approving_the_Rule_of_St._Francis%2C_Bartolome_del_Castro%2C_c._1500_%28Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="378" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Honorius_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorius III">Honorius III</a> Approving the Rule of St. <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></i>, Bartolome del Castro, c. 1500 (<a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Museum_of_Art" title="Philadelphia Museum of Art">Philadelphia Museum of Art</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the external successes of the brothers, as they were reported at the yearly general chapters, there was much to encourage Francis. <a href="/wiki/Caesar_of_Speyer" title="Caesar of Speyer">Caesar of Speyer</a>, the first German <a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">provincial</a>, a zealous advocate of the founder's strict principle of poverty, began in 1221 from <a href="/wiki/Augsburg" title="Augsburg">Augsburg</a>, with twenty-five companions, to win for the Order the land watered by the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. In 1224 <a href="/wiki/Agnellus_of_Pisa" title="Agnellus of Pisa">Agnellus of Pisa</a> led a small group of friars to England. The branch of the Order arriving in England became known as the "greyfriars".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning at <a href="/wiki/Greyfriars,_Canterbury" title="Greyfriars, Canterbury">Greyfriars</a> at <a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a>, the ecclesiastical capital, they moved on to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, the political capital, and <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, the intellectual capital. From these three bases the Franciscans swiftly expanded to embrace the principal towns of England. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dissensions_during_Francis's_life"><span id="Dissensions_during_Francis.27s_life"></span>Dissensions during Francis's life</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dissensions during Francis's life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The controversy about how to follow the Gospel life of poverty, which extends through the first three centuries of Franciscan history, began in the lifetime of the founder. The ascetic brothers Matthew of <a href="/wiki/Narni" title="Narni">Narni</a> and Gregory of Naples, a nephew of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_Ugolino" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardinal Ugolino">Cardinal Ugolino</a>, were the two vicars-general to whom Francis had entrusted the direction of the order during his absence. They carried through at a chapter which they held certain stricter regulations in regard to fasting and the reception of alms, which departed from the spirit of the original rule. It did not take Francis long, on his return, to suppress this insubordinate tendency but he was less successful in regard to another of an opposite nature which soon came up. <a href="/wiki/Elias_of_Cortona" title="Elias of Cortona">Elias of Cortona</a> originated a movement for the increase of the worldly consideration of the Order and the adaptation of its system to the plans of the hierarchy which conflicted with the original notions of the founder and helped to bring about the successive changes in the rule already described. Francis was not alone in opposition to this lax and secularizing tendency. On the contrary, the party which clung to his original views and after his death took his "Testament" for their guide, known as Observantists or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it"><a href="/wiki/Zelanti" title="Zelanti">Zelanti</a></i></span>, was at least equal in numbers and activity to the followers of Elias. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Custody_of_the_Holy_Land">Custody of the Holy Land</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Custody of the Holy Land"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Holy_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Custodian of the Holy Land">Custodian of the Holy Land</a></div> <p>After an intense apostolic activity in Italy, in 1219 Francis went to <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Crusade" title="Fifth Crusade">Fifth Crusade</a> to announce the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Saracens" class="mw-redirect" title="Saracens">Saracens</a>. He met with the Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Kamil" title="Al-Kamil">Malik al-Kamil</a>, initiating a spirit of dialogue and understanding between <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>. The Franciscan presence in the Holy Land started in 1217, when the province of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> was established, with Brother Elias as Minister. By 1229 the friars had a small house near the fifth station of the <a href="/wiki/Via_Dolorosa" title="Via Dolorosa">Via Dolorosa</a>. In 1272 sultan <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baibars</a> allowed the Franciscans to settle in the <a href="/wiki/Cenacle" title="Cenacle">Cenacle</a> on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Zion" title="Mount Zion">Mount Zion</a>. Later on, in 1309, they also settled in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Sepulchre">Holy Sepulchre</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>. In 1335 the king of Naples <a href="/wiki/Robert,_King_of_Naples" title="Robert, King of Naples">Robert of Anjou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Roberto d'Angiò</i>) and his wife <a href="/wiki/Sancha_of_Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Sancha of Majorca">Sancha of Majorca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Sancia di Maiorca</i>) bought the Cenacle and gave it to the Franciscans. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_VI" title="Pope Clement VI">Pope Clement VI</a> by the Bulls <i>Gratias agimus</i> and <i>Nuper charissimae</i> (1342) declared the Franciscans as the official custodians of the Holy Places in the name of the Catholic Church. </p><p>The Franciscan <a href="/wiki/Custodian_of_the_Holy_Land" class="mw-redirect" title="Custodian of the Holy Land">Custody of the Holy Land</a> is still in force today.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development_after_Francis's_death"><span id="Development_after_Francis.27s_death"></span>Development after Francis's death</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Development after Francis's death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Development_to_1239">Development to 1239</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Development to 1239"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Anthony_pereda.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Anthony_pereda.jpg/220px-Anthony_pereda.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Anthony_pereda.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="317" data-file-height="324" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1195–1231</span>) with the <a href="/wiki/Child_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Child Jesus">Infant Christ</a>, painting by <a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_Pereda" title="Antonio de Pereda">Antonio de Pereda</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1611–1678</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Elias was a lay friar, and encouraged other laymen to enter the order. This brought opposition from many ordained friars and ministers provincial, who also opposed increased centralization of the Order. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a> declared his intention to build a splendid church to house the body of Francis and the task fell to Elias, who at once began to lay plans for the erection of a great basilica at Assisi, to enshrine the remains of the <i>Poverello</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Paschal_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paschal-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In order to build the basilica, Elias proceeded to collect money in various ways to meet the expenses of the building. Elias thus also alienated the zealots in the order, who felt this was not in keeping with the founder's views upon the question of poverty. </p><p>The earliest leader of the strict party was <a href="/wiki/Brother_Leo" title="Brother Leo">Brother Leo</a>, a close companion of Francis during his last years and the author of the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Speculum perfectionis</i></span>, a strong polemic against the laxer party. Having protested against the collection of money for the erection of the basilica of San Francesco, it was Leo who broke in pieces the marble box which Elias had set up for offertories for the completion of the basilica at <a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a>. For this Elias had him scourged, and this outrage on St Francis's dearest disciple consolidated the opposition to Elias. Leo was the leader in the early stages of the struggle in the order for the maintenance of St Francis's ideas on strict poverty.<sup id="cite_ref-paschrob_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-paschrob-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the chapter held in May 1227, Elias was rejected in spite of his prominence, and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Parenti" title="Giovanni Parenti">Giovanni Parenti</a>, Minister Provincial of Spain, was elected Minister General of the order. </p><p>In 1232 Elias succeeded him, and under him the Order significantly developed its ministries and presence in the towns. Many new houses were founded, especially in Italy, and in many of them special attention was paid to education. The somewhat earlier settlements of Franciscan teachers at the universities (in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, for example, where <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander of Hales</a> was teaching) continued to develop. Contributions toward the promotion of the Order's work, and especially the building of the Basilica in Assisi, came in abundantly. Funds could only be accepted on behalf of the friars for determined, imminent, real necessities that could not be provided for from begging. When in 1230, the General Chapter could not agree on a common interpretation of the 1223 Rule it sent a delegation including <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a> to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Pope Gregory IX</a> for an authentic interpretation of this piece of papal legislation. The bull <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quo elongati</i></span> of Gregory IX declared that the Testament of St. Francis was not legally binding and offered an interpretation of poverty that would allow the Order to continue to develop. Gregory IX authorized agents of the Order to have custody of such funds where they could not be spent immediately. Elias pursued with great severity the principal leaders of the opposition, and even <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_di_Quintavalle" class="mw-redirect" title="Bernardo di Quintavalle">Bernardo di Quintavalle</a>, the founder's first disciple, was obliged to conceal himself for years in the forest of <a href="/wiki/Sefro" title="Sefro">Monte Sefro</a>. </p><p>The conflict between the two parties lasted many years and the <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Zelanti</i></span> won several notable victories in spite of the favor shown to their opponents by the papal administration, until finally the reconciliation of the two points of view was seen to be impossible and the order was actually split into halves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1239–1274"><span id="1239.E2.80.931274"></span>1239–1274</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1239–1274"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_de_Mafra_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_de_Mafra_%281%29.jpg/220px-Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_de_Mafra_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_de_Mafra_%281%29.jpg/330px-Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_de_Mafra_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_de_Mafra_%281%29.jpg/440px-Pal%C3%A1cio_Nacional_de_Mafra_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2191" data-file-height="1708" /></a><figcaption>A Franciscan convent in <a href="/wiki/Mafra,_Portugal" title="Mafra, Portugal">Mafra</a> in Portugal</figcaption></figure> <p>Elias governed the Order from the center, imposing his authority on the provinces (as had Francis). A reaction to this centralized government was led from the provinces of England and Germany. At the general chapter of 1239, held in Rome under the personal presidency of Gregory IX, Elias was deposed in favor of <a href="/wiki/Albert_of_Pisa" title="Albert of Pisa">Albert of Pisa</a>, the former provincial of England,<sup id="cite_ref-new_advent_friars_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-new_advent_friars-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a moderate Observantist. This chapter introduced General Statutes to govern the Order and devolved power from the <a href="/wiki/Minister_General_(Franciscan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister General (Franciscan)">Minister General</a> to the Ministers Provincial sitting in chapter. The next two Ministers General, <a href="/wiki/Haymo_of_Faversham" title="Haymo of Faversham">Haymo of Faversham</a> (1240–44) and <a href="/wiki/Crescentius_of_Jesi" title="Crescentius of Jesi">Crescentius of Jesi</a> (1244–47), consolidated this greater democracy in the Order but also led the Order towards a greater clericalization. The new <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Pope Innocent IV</a> supported them in this. In a bull of November 14, 1245, this pope even sanctioned an extension of the system of financial agents, and allowed the funds to be used not simply for those things that were necessary for the friars but also for those that were useful. </p><p>The Observantist party took a strong stand in opposition to this ruling and agitated so successfully against the lax General that in 1247, at a chapter held in Lyon, France—where Innocent IV was then residing—he was replaced by the strict Observantist <a href="/wiki/John_of_Parma" title="John of Parma">John of Parma</a> (1247–57) and the Order refused to implement any provisions of Innocent IV that were laxer than those of Gregory IX. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois,_Claude_(dit_Fr%C3%A8re_Luc)_-_Saint_Bonaventure.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_Claude_%28dit_Fr%C3%A8re_Luc%29_-_Saint_Bonaventure.jpg/220px-Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_Claude_%28dit_Fr%C3%A8re_Luc%29_-_Saint_Bonaventure.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_Claude_%28dit_Fr%C3%A8re_Luc%29_-_Saint_Bonaventure.jpg/330px-Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_Claude_%28dit_Fr%C3%A8re_Luc%29_-_Saint_Bonaventure.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_Claude_%28dit_Fr%C3%A8re_Luc%29_-_Saint_Bonaventure.jpg/440px-Fran%C3%A7ois%2C_Claude_%28dit_Fr%C3%A8re_Luc%29_-_Saint_Bonaventure.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="583" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a> (1221–1274), painting by Claude François (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1650–1660</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Elias, who had been excommunicated and taken under the protection of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>, was now forced to give up all hope of recovering his power in the Order. He died in 1253, after succeeding by recantation in obtaining the removal of his censures. Under John of Parma, who enjoyed the favor of Innocent IV and <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Pope Alexander IV</a>, the influence of the Order was notably increased, especially by the provisions of the latter pope in regard to the academic activity of the brothers. He not only sanctioned the theological institutes in Franciscan houses, but did all he could to support the friars in the Mendicant Controversy, when the secular Masters of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> and the Bishops of France combined to attack the <a href="/wiki/Mendicant_orders" title="Mendicant orders">mendicant orders</a>. It was due to the action of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Alexander_IV" title="Pope Alexander IV">Alexander IV</a>'s envoys, who were obliged to threaten the university authorities with excommunication, that the degree of doctor of theology was finally conceded to the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> and the Franciscan <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a> (1257), who had previously been able to lecture only as licentiates. </p><p>The Franciscan <a href="/wiki/Gerard_of_Borgo_San_Donnino" class="mw-redirect" title="Gerard of Borgo San Donnino">Gerard of Borgo San Donnino</a> at this time issued a Joachimite tract and <a href="/wiki/John_of_Parma" title="John of Parma">John of Parma</a> was seen as favoring the condemned theology of <a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a>. To protect the Order from its enemies, John was forced to step down and recommended Bonaventure as his successor. Bonaventure saw the need to unify the Order around a common ideology and both wrote a new life of the founder and collected the Order's legislation into the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitutions_of_Narbonne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constitutions of Narbonne (page does not exist)">Constitutions of Narbonne</a>, so called because they were ratified by the Order at its chapter held at <a href="/wiki/Narbonne" title="Narbonne">Narbonne</a>, France, in 1260. In the chapter of <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a> three years later Bonaventure's <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Legenda maior</i></span> was approved as the only biography of Francis and all previous biographies were ordered to be destroyed. Bonaventure ruled (1257–74) in a moderate spirit, which is represented also by various works produced by the order in his time – especially by the <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Expositio regulae</i></span> written by <a href="/wiki/David_of_Augsburg" title="David of Augsburg">David of Augsburg</a> soon after 1260. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="14th_century">14th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 14th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1274–1300"><span id="1274.E2.80.931300"></span>1274–1300</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1274–1300"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The successor to Bonaventure, Jerome of Ascoli or Girolamo Masci (1274–79), (the future <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Pope Nicholas IV</a>), and his successor, <a href="/wiki/Bonagratia_of_Bologna" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonagratia of Bologna">Bonagratia of Bologna</a> (1279–85), also followed a middle course. Severe measures were taken against certain extreme <a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Spirituals</a> who, on the strength of the rumor that <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Pope Gregory X</a> was intending at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Lyon" title="Second Council of Lyon">Council of Lyon</a> (1274–75) to force the mendicant orders to tolerate the possession of property, threatened both pope and council with the renunciation of allegiance. Attempts were made, however, to satisfy the reasonable demands of the Spiritual party, as in the bull <i>Exiit qui seminat</i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Pope Nicholas III</a> (1279), which pronounced the principle of complete poverty to be meritorious and holy, but interpreted it in the way of a somewhat sophistical distinction between possession and usufruct. The bull was received respectfully by Bonagratia and the next two generals, <a href="/wiki/Arlotto_of_Prato" title="Arlotto of Prato">Arlotto of Prato</a> (1285–87) and <a href="/wiki/Matthew_of_Aqua_Sparta" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew of Aqua Sparta">Matthew of Aqua Sparta</a> (1287–89); but the Spiritual party under the leadership of the Bonaventuran pupil and apocalyptic <a href="/wiki/Peter_Olivi" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Olivi">Pierre Jean Olivi</a> regarded its provisions for the dependence of the friars upon the pope and the division between brothers occupied in manual labor and those employed on spiritual missions as a corruption of the fundamental principles of the Order. They were not won over by the conciliatory attitude of the next general, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Gaufredi" title="Raymond Gaufredi">Raymond Gaufredi</a> (1289–96), and of the Franciscan Pope Nicholas IV (1288–92). The attempt made by the next pope, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Celestine_V" title="Pope Celestine V">Celestine V</a>, an old friend of the order, to end the strife by uniting the Observantist party with his own order of hermits (see <a href="/wiki/Celestines" title="Celestines">Celestines</a>) was scarcely more successful. Only a part of the Spirituals joined the new order, and the secession scarcely lasted beyond the reign of the hermit-pope. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Boniface_VIII" title="Pope Boniface VIII">Pope Boniface VIII</a> annulled Celestine's bull of foundation with his other acts, deposed the general <a href="/wiki/Raymond_de_Gaufredi" class="mw-redirect" title="Raymond de Gaufredi">Raymond Gaufredi</a>, and appointed a man of laxer tendency, <a href="/wiki/John_de_Murro" class="mw-redirect" title="John de Murro">John de Murro</a>, in his place. The Benedictine section of the Celestines was separated from the Franciscan section, and the latter was formally suppressed by Pope Boniface VIII in 1302. The leader of the Observantists, Olivi, who spent his last years in the Franciscan house at Tarnius and died there in 1298, had pronounced against the extremer "Spiritual" attitude, and given an exposition of the theory of poverty which was approved by the more moderate Observantists, and for a long time constituted their principle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Persecution">Persecution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Persecution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a> (1305–14) this party succeeded in exercising some influence on papal decisions. In 1309 Clement had a commission sit at <a href="/wiki/Avignon" title="Avignon">Avignon</a> for the purpose of reconciling the conflicting parties. <a href="/wiki/Ubertino_of_Casale" title="Ubertino of Casale">Ubertino of Casale</a>, the leader, after Olivi's death, of the stricter party, who was a member of the commission, induced the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Vienne" title="Council of Vienne">Council of Vienne</a> to arrive at a decision in the main favoring his views, and the papal constitution <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Exivi de paradiso</i></span> (1313) was on the whole conceived in the same sense. Clement's successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a> (1316–34), favored the laxer or conventual party. By the bull <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quorundam exigit</i></span> he modified several provisions of the constitution <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Exivi</i></span>, and required the formal submission of the Spirituals. Some of them, encouraged by the strongly Observantist general <a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Cesena" title="Michael of Cesena">Michael of Cesena</a>, ventured to dispute the pope's right so to deal with the provisions of his predecessor. Sixty-four of them were summoned to Avignon and the most obstinate delivered over to the Inquisition, four of them being burned (1318). Shortly before this all the separate houses of the Observantists had been suppressed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Renewed_controversy_on_the_question_of_poverty">Renewed controversy on the question of poverty</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Renewed controversy on the question of poverty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panewniki_Hedwig.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Panewniki_Hedwig.jpg/220px-Panewniki_Hedwig.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Panewniki_Hedwig.jpg/330px-Panewniki_Hedwig.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Panewniki_Hedwig.jpg/440px-Panewniki_Hedwig.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Franciscan friary in <a href="/wiki/Katowice" title="Katowice">Katowice</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> <p>A few years later a new controversy, this time theoretical, broke out on the question of <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_poverty" title="Apostolic poverty">poverty</a>. In his 14 August 1279 bull <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Exiit qui seminat</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_III" title="Pope Nicholas III">Pope Nicholas III</a> had confirmed the arrangement already established by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Pope Innocent IV</a>, by which all property given to the Franciscans was vested in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a>, which granted the friars the mere use of it. The bull declared that renunciation of ownership of all things "both individually but also in common, for God's sake, is meritorious and holy; Christ, also, showing the way of perfection, taught it by word and confirmed it by example, and the first founders of the church militant, as they had drawn it from the fountainhead itself, distributed it through the channels of their teaching and life to those wishing to live perfectly."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schatz_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schatz-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <i>Exiit qui seminat</i> banned disputing about its contents, the decades that followed saw increasingly bitter disputes about the form of poverty to be observed by Franciscans, with the Spirituals (so called because associated with the Age of the Spirit that <a href="/wiki/Joachim_of_Fiore" title="Joachim of Fiore">Joachim of Fiore</a> had said would begin in 1260)<sup id="cite_ref-History_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pitched against the <a href="/wiki/Conventual_Franciscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Conventual Franciscans">Conventual Franciscans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_V" title="Pope Clement V">Pope Clement V</a>'s bull <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Exivi de Paradiso</i></span> of 20 November 1312<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> failed to effect a compromise between the two factions.<sup id="cite_ref-History_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Clement V's successor, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a> was determined to suppress what he considered to be the excesses of the Spirituals, who contended eagerly for the view that Christ and his apostles had possessed absolutely nothing, either separately or jointly, and who were citing <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Exiit qui seminat</i></span> in support of their view.<sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1317, John XXII formally condemned the group of them known as the Fraticelli.<sup id="cite_ref-History_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 26 March 1322, with <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia nonnunquam</i></span>, he removed the ban on discussion of Nicholas III's bull<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and commissioned experts to examine the idea of poverty based on belief that Christ and the apostles owned nothing. The experts disagreed among themselves, but the majority condemned the idea on the grounds that it would condemn the church's right to have possessions.<sup id="cite_ref-History_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Franciscan chapter held in <a href="/wiki/Perugia" title="Perugia">Perugia</a> in May 1322 declared on the contrary: "To say or assert that Christ, in showing the way of perfection, and the Apostles, in following that way and setting an example to others who wished to lead the perfect life, possessed nothing either severally or in common, either by right of ownership and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">dominium</i></span> or by personal right, we corporately and unanimously declare to be not heretical, but true and catholic."<sup id="cite_ref-History_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the bull <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ad conditorem canonum</i></span> of 8 December 1322,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John XXII, declaring it ridiculous to pretend that every scrap of food given to the friars and eaten by them belonged to the pope, refused to accept ownership over the goods of the Franciscans in the future and granted them exemption from the rule that absolutely forbade ownership of anything even in common, thus forcing them to accept ownership.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> And, on 12 November 1323, he issued the short bull <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quum inter nonnullos</i></span><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which declared "erroneous and heretical" the doctrine that Christ and his apostles had no possessions whatever.<sup id="cite_ref-Schatz_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schatz-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kleinhenz_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kleinhenz-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John XXII's actions thus demolished the fictitious structure that gave the appearance of absolute poverty to the life of the Franciscan friars.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Influential members of the order protested, such as the minister general <a href="/wiki/Michael_of_Cesena" title="Michael of Cesena">Michael of Cesena</a>, the English provincial <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bonagratia_of_Bergamo" title="Bonagratia of Bergamo">Bonagratia of Bergamo</a>. In 1324, <a href="/wiki/Louis_IV,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Louis IV, Holy Roman Emperor">Louis the Bavarian</a> sided with the Spirituals and accused the pope of heresy. In reply to the argument of his opponents that Nicholas III's bull <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Exiit qui seminat</i></span> was fixed and irrevocable, John XXII issued the bull <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia quorundam</i></span> on 10 November 1324<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he declared that it cannot be inferred from the words of the 1279 bull that Christ and the apostles had nothing, adding: "Indeed, it can be inferred rather that the Gospel life lived by Christ and the Apostles did not exclude some possessions in common, since living 'without property' does not require that those living thus should have nothing in common." In 1328, Michael of Cesena was summoned to Avignon to explain the Order's intransigence in refusing the pope's orders and its complicity with Louis of Bavaria. Michael was imprisoned in Avignon, together with Francesco d'Ascoli, Bonagratia, and William of Ockham. In January of that year Louis of Bavaria entered Rome and had himself crowned emperor. Three months later he declared John XXII deposed and installed the Spiritual Franciscan <a href="/wiki/Antipope_Nicholas_V" title="Antipope Nicholas V">Pietro Rainalducci</a> as <a href="/wiki/Antipope" title="Antipope">antipope</a>. The Franciscan chapter that opened in <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> on 28 May reelected Michael of Cesena, who two days before had escaped with his companions from Avignon. But in August Louis the Bavarian and his pope had to flee Rome before an attack by <a href="/wiki/Robert,_King_of_Naples" title="Robert, King of Naples">Robert, King of Naples</a>. Only a small part of the Franciscan Order joined the opponents of John XXII, and at a general chapter held in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> in 1329 the majority of all the houses declared their submission to the Pope. With the bull <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia vir reprobus</i></span> of 16 November 1329,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John XXII replied to Michael of Cesena's attacks on <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ad conditorem canonum</i></span>, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quum inter nonnullos</i></span>, and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Quia quorundam</i></span>. In 1330, Antipope Nicholas V submitted, followed later by the ex-general Michael, and finally, just before his death, by Ockham.<sup id="cite_ref-History_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Separate_congregations">Separate congregations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Separate congregations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_christian_missionary_Friar_landing_in_southrn_India_(14th_cCentury).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/A_christian_missionary_Friar_landing_in_southrn_India_%2814th_cCentury%29.jpg/220px-A_christian_missionary_Friar_landing_in_southrn_India_%2814th_cCentury%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="334" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/A_christian_missionary_Friar_landing_in_southrn_India_%2814th_cCentury%29.jpg/330px-A_christian_missionary_Friar_landing_in_southrn_India_%2814th_cCentury%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/A_christian_missionary_Friar_landing_in_southrn_India_%2814th_cCentury%29.jpg/440px-A_christian_missionary_Friar_landing_in_southrn_India_%2814th_cCentury%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1665" data-file-height="2528" /></a><figcaption>A Christian missionary friar landing in southern India (14th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>Out of all these dissensions in the 14th century sprang a number of separate congregations, or almost sects, to say nothing of the heretical parties of the <a href="/wiki/Beghards" class="mw-redirect" title="Beghards">Beghards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Fraticelli</a>, some of which developed within the Order on both hermit and cenobitic principles and may here be mentioned: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Clareni">Clareni</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Clareni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Clareni or Clarenini was an association of hermits established on the river Clareno in the march of <a href="/wiki/Ancona" title="Ancona">Ancona</a> by <a href="/wiki/Angelo_da_Clareno" title="Angelo da Clareno">Angelo da Clareno</a> (1337). Like several other smaller congregations, it was obliged in 1568 under <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_V" title="Pope Pius V">Pope Pius V</a> to unite with the general body of Observantists. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Minorites_of_Narbonne">Minorites of Narbonne</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Minorites of Narbonne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As a separate congregation, this originated through the union of a number of houses which followed Olivi after 1308. It was limited to southwestern France and, its members being accused of the heresy of the Beghards, was suppressed by the Inquisition during the controversies under John XXII. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reform_of_Johannes_de_Vallibus">Reform of Johannes de Vallibus</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reform of Johannes de Vallibus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franciscan_monastery_Lopud.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Franciscan_monastery_Lopud.JPG/220px-Franciscan_monastery_Lopud.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Franciscan_monastery_Lopud.JPG/330px-Franciscan_monastery_Lopud.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Franciscan_monastery_Lopud.JPG/440px-Franciscan_monastery_Lopud.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Franciscan convent at Lopud in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This was founded in the hermitage of St. Bartholomew at Brugliano near <a href="/wiki/Foligno" title="Foligno">Foligno</a> in 1334. The congregation was suppressed by the Franciscan general chapter in 1354; reestablished in 1368 by Paolo de' Trinci of Foligno; confirmed by Gregory XI in 1373, and spread rapidly from Central Italy to France, Spain, Hungary, and elsewhere. Most of the Observantist houses joined this congregation by degrees, so that it became known simply as the "brothers of the regular Observance." It acquired the favor of the popes by its energetic opposition to the heretical <a href="/wiki/Fraticelli" title="Fraticelli">Fraticelli</a>, and was expressly recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Constance" title="Council of Constance">Council of Constance</a> (1415). It was allowed to have a special vicar-general of its own and legislate for its members without reference to the conventual part of the Order. Through the work of such men as <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_of_Siena" title="Bernardino of Siena">Bernardino of Siena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Capistrano" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni da Capistrano">Giovanni da Capistrano</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dietrich_Coelde" title="Dietrich Coelde">Dietrich Coelde</a> (b. 1435? at Munster; was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Brethren_of_the_Common_Life" title="Brethren of the Common Life">Brethren of the Common Life</a>, died December 11, 1515), it gained great prominence during the 15th century. By the end of the Middle Ages, the Observantists, with 1,400 houses, comprised nearly half of the entire Order. Their influence brought about attempts at reform even among the Conventuals, including the quasi-Observantist brothers living under the rule of the Conventual ministers (Martinianists or <i>Observantes sub ministris</i>), such as the male Colletans, later led by Boniface de Ceva in his reform attempts principally in France and Germany; the reformed congregation founded in 1426 by the Spaniard Philip de Berbegal and distinguished by the special importance they attached to the little hood (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cappuciola</i></span>); the Neutri, a group of reformers originating about 1463 in Italy, who tried to take a middle ground between the Conventuals and Observantists, but refused to obey the heads of either, until they were compelled by the pope to affiliate with the regular Observantists, or with those of the Common Life; the Caperolani, a congregation founded about 1470 in North Italy by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Caperolo" title="Pietro Caperolo">Peter Caperolo</a>, but dissolved again on the death of its founder in 1481; the Amadeists, founded by the noble Portuguese Amadeo, who entered the Franciscan order at Assisi in 1452, gathered around him a number of adherents to his fairly strict principles (numbering finally twenty-six houses), and died in the odor of sanctity in 1482. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unification">Unification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Unification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Barbary_w_Przeworsku_fasada1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Barbary_w_Przeworsku_fasada1.jpg/220px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Barbary_w_Przeworsku_fasada1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Barbary_w_Przeworsku_fasada1.jpg/330px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Barbary_w_Przeworsku_fasada1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Barbary_w_Przeworsku_fasada1.jpg/440px-Ko%C5%9Bci%C3%B3%C5%82_%C5%9Bw._Barbary_w_Przeworsku_fasada1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3672" data-file-height="4896" /></a><figcaption>Franciscan Church from 15th century in <a href="/wiki/Przeworsk" title="Przeworsk">Przeworsk</a>, Poland</figcaption></figure> <p>Projects for a union between the two main branches of the Order were put forth not only by the Council of Constance but by several popes, without any positive result. By direction of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Martin_V" title="Pope Martin V">Pope Martin V</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Capistrano" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni da Capistrano">John of Capistrano</a> drew up statutes which were to serve as a basis for reunion, and they were actually accepted by a general chapter at Assisi in 1430; but the majority of the Conventual houses refused to agree to them, and they remained without effect. At <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Capistrano" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni da Capistrano">John of Capistrano</a>'s request <a href="/wiki/Pope_Eugene_IV" title="Pope Eugene IV">Eugene IV</a> issued a bull (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Ut sacra minorum</i></span>, 1446) aimed at the same result, but again nothing was accomplished. Equally unsuccessful were the attempts of the Franciscan <a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Pope Sixtus IV</a>, who bestowed a vast number of privileges on both of the original mendicant orders, but by this very fact lost the favor of the Observants and failed in his plans for reunion. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a> succeeded in reducing some of the smaller branches, but left the division of the two great parties untouched. This division was finally legalized by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Leo X</a>, after a general chapter held in Rome in 1517, in connection with the reform-movement of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Council_of_the_Lateran" title="Fifth Council of the Lateran">Fifth Lateran Council</a>, had once more declared the impossibility of reunion. The less strict principles of the Conventuals, permitting the possession of real estate and the enjoyment of fixed revenues, were recognized as tolerable, while the Observants, in contrast to this <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">usus moderatus</i></span>, were held strictly to their own <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">usus arctus</i></span> or <i>pauper</i>. </p><p>All of the groups that followed the Franciscan Rule literally were united to the Observants, and the right to elect the <a href="/wiki/Minister_General_(Franciscan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister General (Franciscan)">Minister General of the Order</a>, together with the seal of the Order, was given to this united grouping.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2017)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> This grouping, since it adhered more closely to the rule of the founder, was allowed to claim a certain superiority over the Conventuals. The Observant general (elected now for six years, not for life) inherited the title of "Minister-General of the Whole Order of St. Francis" and was granted the right to confirm the choice of a head for the Conventuals, who was known as "Master-General of the Friars Minor Conventual"—although this privilege never became practically operative. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Franciscans_and_the_Inquisition">Franciscans and the Inquisition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Franciscans and the Inquisition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Inquisition#Papal_inquisition" title="Medieval Inquisition">Medieval Inquisition § Papal inquisition</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustins_-_L%27Agitateur_du_Languedoc_-_Jean-Paul_Laurens_RO_699.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Augustins_-_L%27Agitateur_du_Languedoc_-_Jean-Paul_Laurens_RO_699.jpg/220px-Augustins_-_L%27Agitateur_du_Languedoc_-_Jean-Paul_Laurens_RO_699.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Augustins_-_L%27Agitateur_du_Languedoc_-_Jean-Paul_Laurens_RO_699.jpg/330px-Augustins_-_L%27Agitateur_du_Languedoc_-_Jean-Paul_Laurens_RO_699.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Augustins_-_L%27Agitateur_du_Languedoc_-_Jean-Paul_Laurens_RO_699.jpg/440px-Augustins_-_L%27Agitateur_du_Languedoc_-_Jean-Paul_Laurens_RO_699.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6599" data-file-height="5062" /></a><figcaption><i>L'agitateur du Languedoc</i>, Jean-Paul Laurens‘ depiction of <a href="/wiki/Bernard_D%C3%A9licieux" title="Bernard Délicieux">Bernard Délicieux</a>’s examination by the Inquisition</figcaption></figure> <p>In about 1236 during the time of <a href="/wiki/Elias_of_Cortona" title="Elias of Cortona">Elias of Cortona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Pope Gregory IX</a> appointed the Franciscans, along with the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a>, as Inquisitors.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Franciscans had been involved in anti-heretical activities from the beginning simply by preaching and acting as living examples of the Gospel life.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As official Inquisitors, they were authorized to use torture to extract confessions, as approved by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Innocent_IV" title="Pope Innocent IV">Pope Innocent IV</a> in 1252 while <a href="/wiki/John_of_Parma" title="John of Parma">John of Parma</a> was General Minister.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Franciscans were involved in the torture and trials of Jews, Muslims, and other heretics <sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> throughout the Middle Ages and wrote their own manuals to guide Inquisitors, such as the 14th century <i>Codex Casanatensis</i> for use by Inquisitors in Tuscany.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As well as acting as prosecutors, many friars, particularly those associated with the <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Franciscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual Franciscans">Spiritual Franciscans</a> and even some <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Observants</a>, were also subject to interrogation and prosecution by the Inquisition at various stages in the 13th and 14th centuries. Notable cases from the Spirituals include <a href="/wiki/Angelo_da_Clareno" title="Angelo da Clareno">Angelo da Clareno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_D%C3%A9licieux" title="Bernard Délicieux">Bernard Délicieux</a>. Notable examples of Observants include the four burned during the suppression of the Observant houses in 1318 mentioned above. </p><p><span class="citation-needed-content" style="padding-left:0.1em; padding-right:0.1em; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); border:1px solid var(--border-color-subtle, #c8ccd1);">Some 300,000 Jews, up to a quarter of the Spanish population, had to convert to Catholicism or flee Spain, or were killed in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Inquisition" title="Spanish Inquisition">Spanish Inquisition</a>.</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Inquisition spread to the new world during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> to root out heretics, leading further persecution and execution (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Inquisition" title="Mexican Inquisition">Mexican Inquisition</a>). <sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_World_missions">New World missions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: New World missions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_California" title="Spanish missions in California">Spanish missions in California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_missions_in_New_Mexico" title="Spanish missions in New Mexico">Spanish missions in New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junipero_Serra" class="mw-redirect" title="Junipero Serra">Junipero Serra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_missions_to_the_Maya" title="Franciscan missions to the Maya">Franciscan missions to the Maya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Missions_in_the_Sierra_Gorda" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda">Franciscan Missions in the Sierra Gorda</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mexican_secularization_act_of_1833" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican secularization act of 1833">Mexican secularization act of 1833</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolas-Antoine_Taunay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nicolas-Antoine_Taunay.jpg/220px-Nicolas-Antoine_Taunay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nicolas-Antoine_Taunay.jpg/330px-Nicolas-Antoine_Taunay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Nicolas-Antoine_Taunay.jpg/440px-Nicolas-Antoine_Taunay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5388" data-file-height="4324" /></a><figcaption>Franciscan friars look at the sea and city landscape from the <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Convento_de_Santo_Ant%C3%B4nio_(Rio_de_Janeiro)" class="extiw" title="pt:Convento de Santo Antônio (Rio de Janeiro)">Convent of Santo Antônio</a> (Saint Anthony) in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> (capital city of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Kingdom of Portugal</a> at the time), Brazil c. 1816</figcaption></figure> <p>The work of the Franciscans in New Spain began in 1523, when three Flemish friars—Juan de Ayora, Pedro de Tecto, and Pedro de Gante—reached the central highlands. Their impact as missionaries was limited at first, since two of them died on <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Cortés</a>'s expedition to Central America in 1524, but Fray Pedro de Gante initiated the evangelization process and studied the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahuatl language">Nahuatl language</a> through his contacts with children of the Indian elite from the city of <a href="/wiki/Tetzcoco_(altepetl)" title="Tetzcoco (altepetl)">Tetzcoco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, in May 1524, with the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles_of_Mexico" title="Twelve Apostles of Mexico">Twelve Apostles of Mexico</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Valencia" title="Martín de Valencia">Martín de Valencia</a>. There they built the <a href="/wiki/Convent_of_San_Francisco,_Madero_Street,_Mexico_City" title="Convent of San Francisco, Madero Street, Mexico City">Convento Grande de San Francisco</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which became Franciscan headquarters for <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> for the next three hundred years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_organizations">Contemporary organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Contemporary organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Order_2">First Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: First Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Order_of_Friars_Minor">Order of Friars Minor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Order of Friars Minor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beato_Amadeo_da_Silva.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Beato_Amadeo_da_Silva.jpg/220px-Beato_Amadeo_da_Silva.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="341" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Beato_Amadeo_da_Silva.jpg/330px-Beato_Amadeo_da_Silva.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Beato_Amadeo_da_Silva.jpg/440px-Beato_Amadeo_da_Silva.jpg 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="885" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amadeus_of_Portugal" title="Amadeus of Portugal">Amadeus of Portugal</a> (1420–1482), reformer of the Order of Friars Minor</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Order of Friars Minor</a></b> (<b>OFM</b>) has 1,500 houses in about 100 provinces and <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">custodiae</i></span>, with about 16,000 members. In 1897, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> combined the Observants, <a href="/wiki/Discalced" title="Discalced">Discalced</a> (Alcantarines), Recollects, and Riformati into one order under general constitutions. While the Capuchins and Conventuals wanted the reunited Observants to be referred to as The Order of Friars Minor of the Leonine Union, they were instead called simply the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Order of Friars Minor</a>. Despite the tensions caused by this forced union the Order grew from 1897 to reach a peak of 26,000 members in the 1960s before declining after the 1970s. The Order is headed by a Minister General, who since July 2021 is Father Massimo Fusarelli. <sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Order_of_Friars_Minor_Conventual">Order of Friars Minor Conventual</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Order of Friars Minor Conventual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Conventual" title="Order of Friars Minor Conventual">Order of Friars Minor Conventual</a></b> (<b>OFM Conv.</b>) consists of 290 houses worldwide with a total of almost 5000 friars. They have experienced growth in this century throughout the world. They are located in Italy, the United States, Canada, Australia, and throughout Latin America, and Africa. They are the largest in number in Poland because of the work and inspiration of <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin">Order of Friars Minor Capuchin</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Order of Friars Minor Capuchin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bernardino_Ochino.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cb/Bernardino_Ochino.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="252" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="163" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_Ochino" title="Bernardino Ochino">Bernardino Ochino</a> (1487–1564), co-founder of the Capuchin Order</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Order of Friars Minor Capuchin</a></b> (<b>OFM Cap.</b>) are the youngest branch of Franciscans, founded in 1525 by Matteo Serafini (<a href="/wiki/Matteo_Bassi" class="mw-redirect" title="Matteo Bassi">Matteo Bassi</a>, Matteo da Bascio), an Observant friar, who felt himself called to an even stricter observance of Franciscan austerity. With the support of the Papal Court, the new branch received early recognition and grew fast, first in Italy and after 1574 all over Europe and throughout the world. The Capuchins eventually became a separate order in 1619. The name Capuchins refers to the particular shape of the long hood or <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">capuce</i></span>; originally a popular nickname, it has become a part of the official name of the order. The order now exists in 106 countries all over the world, with around 10,500 brothers living in more than 1700 communities known as fraternities or friaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Order_2">Second Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Second Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poor_Clares">Poor Clares</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Poor Clares"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Simone_Martini_047.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Simone_Martini_047.jpg/220px-Simone_Martini_047.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Simone_Martini_047.jpg/330px-Simone_Martini_047.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Simone_Martini_047.jpg/440px-Simone_Martini_047.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2464" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a> (1194–1253), founder of the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Poor Clares</a>, in a painting by <a href="/wiki/Simone_Martini" title="Simone Martini">Simone Martini</a> (1284–1344) in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francesco_d%27Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi">Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Poor Clares</a></b>, officially the <b>Order of Saint Clare</b>, are members of a <a href="/wiki/Enclosed_religious_orders" title="Enclosed religious orders">contemplative order</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nun" title="Nun">nuns</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. The Poor Clares were the second <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> order to be established. Founded by <a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Clare of Assisi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> on <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> in the year 1212, they were organized after the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Order of Friars Minor</a> (the first order), and before the Third Order of Saint Francis. As of 2011 there were over 20,000 Poor Clare nuns in over 75 countries throughout the world. They follow several different observances and are organized into federations.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Poor Clares follow the <i><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_St._Clare" class="mw-redirect" title="Rule of St. Clare">Rule of St. Clare</a></i> which was approved by Pope <a href="/wiki/Innocent_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Innocent IV">Innocent IV</a> the day before Clare's death in 1253. The main branch of the Order (<b>OSC</b>) follows the observance of Pope Urban. Other branches established since that time, who operate under their own unique <a href="/wiki/Constitutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutions">constitutions</a>, are the <a href="/wiki/Colettine_Poor_Clares" title="Colettine Poor Clares">Colettine Poor Clares</a> (<b>PCC</b> – founded 1410), the <a href="/wiki/Capuchin_Poor_Clares" title="Capuchin Poor Clares">Capuchin Poor Clares</a> (<b>OSC Cap.</b> – founded 1538), and the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares_of_Perpetual_Adoration" title="Poor Clares of Perpetual Adoration">Poor Clares of Perpetual Adoration</a> (<b>PCPA</b> – founded 1854). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Order_2">Third Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Third Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:S_lucchese.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/S_lucchese.jpg/220px-S_lucchese.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/S_lucchese.jpg/330px-S_lucchese.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/S_lucchese.jpg/440px-S_lucchese.jpg 2x" data-file-width="752" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luchesius_Modestini" title="Luchesius Modestini">Luchesius Modestini</a>, honored as the first Franciscan tertiary</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Third Order of Saint Francis</a></div> <p>The <b>Third Order of Saint Francis</b> comprises people who desired to grow in holiness in their daily lives without entering <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monastic</a> life. After founding the Friars Minor and seeing a need, Francis created a way of life to which married men and women, as well as the single and the <a href="/wiki/Secular_clergy" title="Secular clergy">secular clergy</a>, could belong and live according to the Gospel. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secular_Franciscan_Order">Secular Franciscan Order</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Secular Franciscan Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular Franciscan Order</a></b>, prior to 1978 also known as the Third Order Secular of Saint Francis, is an order founded by Francis in 1212 for brothers and sisters who do not live in a religious community. Members of the order continue to live secular lives, however they do gather regularly for fraternal activities. In the United States alone there are 17,000 professed members of the order. Members of the Order live according to a Rule composed by St Francis in 1221. The Rule was slightly modified through the centuries and was replaced at the turn of the 20th century by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a>, himself a member of the Order. A new and current Rule was approved by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a> in 1978, and the Third Order was renamed the Secular Franciscan Order. It is an international organization with its own <a href="/wiki/Minister_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister General">Minister General</a> based in Rome. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Third_Order_Regular">Third Order Regular</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Third Order Regular"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Franziska_schervier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Franziska_schervier.jpg/220px-Franziska_schervier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="323" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Franziska_schervier.jpg/330px-Franziska_schervier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/8a/Franziska_schervier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mary_Frances_Schervier" title="Mary Frances Schervier">Mary Frances Schervier</a> (1819–1876) was a member of the Third Order of St. Francis who became the foundress of the <a href="/wiki/Poor_Sisters_of_St._Francis" title="Poor Sisters of St. Francis">Poor Sisters of St. Francis</a>, founded to serve the needy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Within a century of the death of Francis, members of the Third Order began to live in common, in an attempt to follow a more <a href="/wiki/Ascetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascetic">ascetical</a> way of life. <a href="/wiki/Angela_of_Foligno" title="Angela of Foligno">Angela of Foligno</a> (+1309) was foremost among those who achieved great depths in their lives of prayer and service of the poor, while living in community with other women of the Order. </p><p>Among the men, the <a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_St._Francis#Third_Order_Regular_of_St._Francis_of_Penance" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Order of St. Francis">Third Order Regular of St. Francis of Penance</a><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was formed in 1447 by a papal decree that united several communities of <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermits</a> following the Third Order <a href="/wiki/Catholic_religious_order" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic religious order">Rule</a> into a single Order with its own Minister General. Today it is an international community of friars who desire to emphasize the works of mercy and on-going conversion. The community is also known as the Franciscan Friars, <b>TOR</b>, and they strive to "rebuild the Church" in areas of high school and college education, parish ministry, church renewal, social justice, campus ministry, hospital chaplaincies, foreign missions, and other ministries in places where the church is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The association of Franciscans (Grey Friars) with education becomes a stock fictional reference in (for example) the works of <a href="/wiki/William_Makepeace_Thackeray" title="William Makepeace Thackeray"> Thackeray</a> ("Grey Friars School" in <i><a href="/wiki/Pendennis" title="Pendennis">Pendennis</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Newcomes" title="The Newcomes">The Newcomes</a></i>) or of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hamilton_(writer)" title="Charles Hamilton (writer)"> "Frank Richards"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greyfriars_School" title="Greyfriars School">Greyfriars School</a> of <a href="/wiki/Billy_Bunter" title="Billy Bunter">Billy Bunter</a> fame). </p><p>After the formal recognition of the members of religious tertiary communities, the following centuries saw a steady growth of such communities across Europe. Initially, the women's communities took a monastic form of life, either voluntarily or under pressure from <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical" title="Ecclesiastical">ecclesiastical</a> superiors. The great figure of this development was <a href="/wiki/Hyacintha_Mariscotti" title="Hyacintha Mariscotti">Hyacintha Mariscotti</a>. As Europe entered the upheavals of the modern age, new communities arose which were able to focus more exclusively on social service, especially during the immediate post-<a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleonic</a> period which devastated much of Western Europe. An example of this is <a href="/wiki/Mary_Frances_Schervier" title="Mary Frances Schervier">Mary Frances Schervier</a> (1819–1876). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Third_Order_Regular_in_North_America">Third Order Regular in North America</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Third Order Regular in North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This movement continued in North America as various congregations arose from one coast to another, in answer to the needs of the large emigrant communities that were flooding the cities of the United States and Canada. </p><p>The Third Order Regular of the <a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_the_Poor_of_St._Francis_of_Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Brothers of the Poor of St. Francis of Assisi">Brothers of the Poor of St. Francis of Assisi</a>, <b>CFP</b>, are an active community, based in the United States, with houses in Belgium, The Netherlands, Germany, and Brazil. These Franciscans strive to live an integrated life through prayer, community, and ministry to the poor, neglected and disadvantaged youth, the powerless, people in need, and the elderly. The Brothers of the Poor live by their vows of poverty (living a simple lifestyle), consecrated chastity (loving all, possessing no one, striving sincerely, for <a href="/wiki/Singleness_of_heart" title="Singleness of heart">singleness of heart</a>, a celibate way of loving and being loved), and obedience (to God, to the community, to the church, and to self). The Brothers of the Poor also serve persons with AIDS and people who ask for help, regardless of their religion or their social/economic background. They are teachers, childcare workers, social workers, counselors, pastoral ministers, retreat ministers, religious educators, and school administrators, along with other tasks. </p><p>The Regular Tertiaries, officially the Third Order Regular of St. Francis of Penance, who operate the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_University_of_Steubenville" title="Franciscan University of Steubenville">Franciscan University of Steubenville</a>, follow a rule approved by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_X" title="Pope Leo X">Pope Leo X</a>. Today this group is present in 17 countries: Italy, Croatia, Spain, France, Germany, Austria, US, India, Sri Lanka, South Africa, Brazil, Paraguay, Mexico, Peru, Sweden, Bangladesh, and the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brothers_and_Sisters_of_Penance_of_St._Francis">Brothers and Sisters of Penance of St. Francis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Brothers and Sisters of Penance of St. Francis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OswaldStaniforth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/OswaldStaniforth.jpg/220px-OswaldStaniforth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/OswaldStaniforth.jpg/330px-OswaldStaniforth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/86/OswaldStaniforth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="418" data-file-height="517" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Staniforth" title="Oswald Staniforth">Oswald Staniforth</a>, a 19th-century friar</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Brothers_and_Sisters_of_Penance_of_St._Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Brothers and Sisters of Penance of St. Francis">Brothers and Sisters of Penance of St. Francis</a>, is a private confraternity of the Catholic Church whose members strive to model their lives according to the Rule and Statutes of the Primitive Rule of the Third Order of St. Francis, which was written for lay people in 1221 by Francis of Assisi. Right now there are several hundred members within the United States and a few hundred more throughout the world. The order was originally started in 1996 by members of the Archdiocese of St. Paul in Minnesota. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_tertiaries">Other tertiaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Other tertiaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1435, <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Paola" title="Francis of Paola">Francis of Paola</a> founded the "Poor Hermits of Saint Francis of Assisi", later known as the "Hermits of the Order of <a href="/wiki/Minim_(religious_order)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minim (religious order)">Minims</a>", and then renamed the "Order of Minims" in 1506 by Pope <a href="/wiki/Julius_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Julius II">Julius II</a>. There are mendicant friars, contemplative nuns, and lay tertiaries.</li> <li>The Society of the Atonement, also known as <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Atonement" title="Society of the Atonement">Graymoor Friars</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Atonement" title="Society of the Atonement">Graymoor Sisters</a>, started in 1898 as a religious community in the <a href="/wiki/Episcopal_Church_(United_States)" title="Episcopal Church (United States)">Episcopal Church</a>, and came into union with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a> in 1909.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Friars_of_the_Immaculate" title="Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate">Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate</a> started in 1970, and became an institute with Pontifical Right in 1998. In that same year, the Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate also became an institute with Pontifical Right. There are also Third Order Franciscan Sisters of the Immaculate, an offshoot of the Franciscan Tertiaries of the Immaculate.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Franciscan_organizations">Other Franciscan organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Other Franciscan organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>The Community of the <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Friars_of_the_Renewal" title="Franciscan Friars of the Renewal">Franciscan Friars of the Renewal</a> started in 1987, and the Franciscan Sisters of the Renewal in 1988.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Missionaries_of_the_Eternal_Word" title="Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word">Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word</a> started in 1987, and are now a Public Clerical Association of the Faithful.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans_International" title="Franciscans International">Franciscans International</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">Non-governmental organization</a> (NGO) with General Consultative status at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, uniting the voices of Franciscan brothers and sisters from around the world. It operates under the sponsorship of the Conference of the Franciscan Family (<b>CFF</b>) and serves all Franciscans and the global community by bringing grassroots Franciscans to the United Nations forums in New York City and Geneva. It brings the spiritual and ethical values of the Franciscans to the United Nations and international organisations.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Christian_traditions">Other Christian traditions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Other Christian traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_spirituality_in_Protestantism" title="Franciscan spirituality in Protestantism">Franciscan spirituality in Protestantism</a></div> <p>One of the results of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Movement" title="Oxford Movement">Oxford Movement</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Anglican_Communion" title="Anglican Communion">Anglican Church</a> during the 19th century was the re-establishment of religious orders, including some of Franciscan inspiration. The principal Anglican communities in the Franciscan tradition are the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_St._Francis" title="Community of St. Francis">Community of St. Francis</a> (women, founded 1905) (CSF), the Poor Clares of Reparation (PCR), the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Francis" title="Society of Saint Francis">Society of Saint Francis</a> (men, founded 1934)(SSF), the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_St._Clare" title="Community of St. Clare">Community of St. Clare</a> (women, enclosed) (OSC), and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Francis">Order of St. Francis</a> (men, founded in 2003). There is also a <a href="/wiki/Third_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Order">Third Order</a> known as the Third Order Society of St Francis (TSSF), and the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Franciscans" title="Lesser Franciscans">Lesser Franciscans</a>. </p><p>There is also an order of Sisters of St. Clare in the <a href="/wiki/Puget_Sound" title="Puget Sound">Puget Sound</a> area of <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington state</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Olympia" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Olympia">Diocese of Olympia</a>), the Little Sisters of St. Clare.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are further some small Franciscan communities within European <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Old_Catholic_Church" title="Old Catholic Church">Old Catholic Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are some <a href="/wiki/Franciscan_orders_in_Lutheranism" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan orders in Lutheranism">Franciscan orders in Lutheran Churches</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lutheran_Franciscans" title="Order of Lutheran Franciscans">Order of Lutheran Franciscans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Sisterhood_of_Mary" title="Evangelical Sisterhood of Mary">Evangelical Sisterhood of Mary</a>, and the Evangelische Kanaan Franziskus-Bruderschaft (Kanaan Franciscan Brothers). </p><p>In addition, there are associations of Franciscan inspiration not connected with a mainstream Christian tradition and describing themselves as ecumenical or dispersed. The Companions of Francis Apostolic Religious Institute (CFARI), with its roots in independent Catholicism and Anglicanism, is a dispersed, egalitarian and ecumenical order of Franciscans based in Pasadena, California, with vowed members in California, Arizona and New Mexico. CFARI members live among the populations they serve and are self supporting in their ministry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Distinguishing_characteristics">Distinguishing characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Distinguishing characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spirituality">Spirituality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Spirituality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Franciscan theology conforms to broader <a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">doctrine</a> with the Catholic Church, but involves several unique emphases. Franciscan theologians view creation, the natural world, as good and joyous, and avoid dwelling on the "stain of <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">original sin</a>." Francis expressed great affection towards animals and inanimate natural objects as fellow inhabitants of God's creation, in his work <i>Canticle of the Creatures</i> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Laudes Creaturarum</i></span>, also known as the <i><a href="/wiki/Canticle_of_the_Sun" title="Canticle of the Sun">Canticle of the Sun</a></i>). Special emphasis is put on the <a href="/wiki/Incarnation_of_Christ" class="mw-redirect" title="Incarnation of Christ">Incarnation of Christ</a> viewed as a special act of humility, as Francis was struck by God's great charity in sacrificing his son for our salvation; they also exhibit great devotion to the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>. The Rule of Saint Francis calls for members to practice simple living and detachment from material possessions in emulation of Jesus' life and earthly ministry. The simple lifestyle helps members of the order, in whichever branch, to experience solidarity with the poor and to work for social justice. Franciscan spirituality also strongly emphasizes working to preserve the church, and remain loyal to it.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visions_and_stigmata">Visions and stigmata</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Visions and stigmata"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stigmata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stigmata.jpg/170px-Stigmata.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="268" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stigmata.jpg/255px-Stigmata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Stigmata.jpg/340px-Stigmata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Stigmatisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Stigmatisation">stigmatization</a> of St. Francis</figcaption></figure> <p>Among Catholic religious, Franciscans have proportionally reported higher ratios of <a href="/wiki/Stigmata" title="Stigmata">stigmata</a> and have claimed proportionally higher ratios of <a href="/wiki/Visions_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Visions of Jesus and Mary">visions of Jesus and Mary</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> himself was one of the first reported cases of stigmata, and perhaps the most famous stigmatic of modern times is <a href="/wiki/Padre_Pio" title="Padre Pio">Padre Pio</a>, a Capuchin, who also reported visions of Jesus and Mary. Pio's stigmata persisted for over fifty years and he was examined by numerous <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physicians</a> in the 20th century, who confirmed the existence of the wounds, but none of whom could produce a medical explanation for the fact that his bleeding wounds would never get <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infected</a>. According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Britannica">Encyclopaedia Britannica</a></i>, his wounds healed once, but reappeared.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Columbia_Encyclopedia" title="Columbia Encyclopedia">Columbia Encyclopedia</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> some medical authorities who examined Padre Pio's wounds were inclined to believe that the stigmata were connected with nervous or cataleptic <a href="/wiki/Hysteria" title="Hysteria">hysteria</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Answers.com" title="Answers.com">Answers.com</a><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (June 2016)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the wounds were examined by Luigi Romanelli, chief physician of the City Hospital of Barletta, for about one year; <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Festa" title="Giorgio Festa">Giorgio Festa</a>, a private practitioner who examined them in 1920 and 1925; <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bastianelli" title="Giuseppe Bastianelli">Giuseppe Bastianelli</a>, a physician to <a href="/wiki/Pope_Benedict_XV" title="Pope Benedict XV">Pope Benedict XV</a>, who agreed that the wounds existed but made no other comment; and pathologist <a href="/wiki/Amico_Bignami" title="Amico Bignami">Amico Bignami</a> who also observed the wounds but made no <a href="/wiki/Medical_diagnosis" title="Medical diagnosis">diagnosis</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contributions_to_biblical_scholarship">Contributions to biblical scholarship</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Contributions to biblical scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allegra_Gabriele.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/57/Allegra_Gabriele.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="251" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="199" data-file-height="251" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Allegra" title="Gabriele Allegra">Gabriele Allegra</a> (1907–1976) of <a href="/wiki/Studium_Biblicum_Franciscanum" title="Studium Biblicum Franciscanum">the Studium Biblicum Franciscanum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Franciscans established the <a href="/wiki/Studium_Biblicum_Franciscanum" title="Studium Biblicum Franciscanum">Studium Biblicum Franciscanum</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Academic_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Academic society">academic society</a> based in Jerusalem and <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> for the study of scripture. The Hong Kong branch founded by <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Allegra" title="Gabriele Allegra">Gabriele Allegra</a> produced the first complete translation of the Catholic Bible in Chinese in 1968 after a 40-year effort.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Studium_Biblicum_Translation" class="mw-redirect" title="Studium Biblicum Translation">Studium Biblicum Translation</a> is often considered the authoritative Chinese Bible among Catholics. </p><p>The early efforts of another Franciscan, namely <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_di_Monte_Corvino" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni di Monte Corvino">Giovanni di Monte Corvino</a> who had attempted a first translation of the Bible in <a href="/wiki/Beijing" title="Beijing">Beijing</a> in the 14th century, provided the initial spark for Gabriele Allegra's 40 year undertaking, when at the age of 21 he happened to attend the 6th centenary celebration for Monte Corvino. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notable_members">Notable members</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Notable members"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roger-bacon-statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Roger-bacon-statue.jpg/220px-Roger-bacon-statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Roger-bacon-statue.jpg/330px-Roger-bacon-statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Roger-bacon-statue.jpg/440px-Roger-bacon-statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1214–1294</span>), statue from the 19th century in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Oxford University Museum of Natural History">Oxford University Museum of Natural History</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Franciscan order boasts a number of distinguished members. From its first century can be cited the three great scholastics <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander of Hales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Duns_Scotus" class="mw-redirect" title="John Duns Scotus">John Duns Scotus</a>, the "Doctor of Wonders" <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a>, and the well-known mystic authors and popular preachers <a href="/wiki/David_of_Augsburg" title="David of Augsburg">David of Augsburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bertold_von_Regensburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bertold von Regensburg">Berthold of Regensburg</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saint_Bernardino_of_Siena.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Saint_Bernardino_of_Siena.PNG/170px-Saint_Bernardino_of_Siena.PNG" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Saint_Bernardino_of_Siena.PNG/255px-Saint_Bernardino_of_Siena.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Saint_Bernardino_of_Siena.PNG/340px-Saint_Bernardino_of_Siena.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1643" data-file-height="2345" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bernardino_of_Siena" title="Bernardino of Siena">Bernardino of Siena</a> (1380–1440), painted by <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Bellini" title="Jacopo Bellini">Jacopo Bellini</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1400–1470</span>)</figcaption></figure> <p>During the Middle Ages noteworthy members included <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_of_Lyra" title="Nicholas of Lyra">Nicholas of Lyra</a>, Biblical commentator <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_of_Siena" title="Bernardino of Siena">Bernardino of Siena</a>, philosopher <a href="/wiki/William_of_Ockham" title="William of Ockham">William of Ockham</a>, preachers <a href="/wiki/John_of_Capistrano" title="John of Capistrano">John of Capistrano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Maillard" title="Oliver Maillard">Oliver Maillard</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michel_Menot&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michel Menot (page does not exist)">Michel Menot</a>, and historians <a href="/wiki/Luke_Wadding" title="Luke Wadding">Luke Wadding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Pagi" title="Antoine Pagi">Antoine Pagi</a>. </p><p>In the field of Christian art during the later Middle Ages, the Franciscan movement exercised considerable influence, especially in Italy. The influence of Franciscan ideals shows in several great painters of the 13th and 14th centuries, especially <a href="/wiki/Cimabue" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>, who, though they were not friars, were spiritual sons of Francis in the wider sense; it is also seen in the plastic masterpieces of the latter, as well as the architectural conceptions of both himself and his school. The Italian Gothic style, whose earliest important monument is the great convent church at <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_San_Francesco_d%27Assisi" class="mw-redirect" title="Basilica of San Francesco d'Assisi">Assisi</a> (built 1228–53), was cultivated as a rule principally by members of the order or men under their influence. </p><p>The early spiritual poetry of Italy was partially inspired by Francis himself, who was followed by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_of_Celano" title="Thomas of Celano">Thomas of Celano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure" title="Bonaventure">Bonaventure</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jacopone_da_Todi" title="Jacopone da Todi">Jacopone da Todi</a>. Through a tradition which held him to have been a member of the Franciscan Third Order, even <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante</a> may be included within this artistic tradition (cf. especially <i><a href="/wiki/The_Divine_Comedy#Paradiso" class="mw-redirect" title="The Divine Comedy">Paradiso</a></i>, xi. 50). </p><p>Other famous members of the Franciscan family include <a href="/wiki/Anthony_of_Padua" title="Anthony of Padua">Anthony of Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Rabelais" title="François Rabelais">François Rabelais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Hales" title="Alexander of Hales">Alexander of Hales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Pian_del_Carpini" class="mw-redirect" title="Giovanni da Pian del Carpini">Giovanni da Pian del Carpini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pio_of_Pietrelcina" class="mw-redirect" title="Pio of Pietrelcina">Pio of Pietrelcina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Kolbe" title="Maximilian Kolbe">Maximilian Kolbe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Sarullo" title="Pasquale Sarullo">Pasquale Sarullo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamerto_Esqui%C3%BA" title="Mamerto Esquiú">Mamerto Esquiú</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Allegra" title="Gabriele Allegra">Gabriele Allegra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Junipero_Serra" class="mw-redirect" title="Junipero Serra">Junipero Serra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simpliciano_of_the_Nativity" title="Simpliciano of the Nativity">Simpliciano of the Nativity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mychal_F._Judge" class="mw-redirect" title="Mychal F. Judge">Mychal F. Judge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelico_Chavez" title="Angelico Chavez">Angelico Chavez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Docher" title="Anton Docher">Anton Docher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Cupertino" title="Joseph of Cupertino">Joseph of Cupertino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Groeschel" title="Benedict Groeschel">Benedict Groeschel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leonard_of_Port_Maurice" title="Leonard of Port Maurice">Leonard of Port Maurice</a>. </p><p>During the "spiritual conquest" of New Spain, 1523–1572, the arrival of the first group of Franciscans, the <a href="/wiki/Twelve_Apostles_of_Mexico" title="Twelve Apostles of Mexico">Twelve Apostles of Mexico</a>, included <a href="/wiki/Mart%C3%ADn_de_Valencia" title="Martín de Valencia">Martín de Valencia</a>, but more prominently for his corpus of writings on the earliest years was <a href="/wiki/Toribio_de_Benavente_Motolinia" class="mw-redirect" title="Toribio de Benavente Motolinia">Toribio de Benavente Motolinia</a>. Other important Franciscans are <a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Molina" title="Alonso de Molina">Alonso de Molina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_de_Olmos" title="Andrés de Olmos">Andrés de Olmos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Bernardino de Sahagún</a>, who all created texts in indigenous language of <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> to aid friars in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church_in_Mexico" title="History of the Catholic Church in Mexico">evangelization of Mexico</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geronimo_de_Mendieta" class="mw-redirect" title="Geronimo de Mendieta">Geronimo de Mendieta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augustin_de_Vetancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustin de Vetancourt">Augustin de Vetancourt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fray_Juan_de_Torquemada" title="Fray Juan de Torquemada">Juan de Torquemada</a> are important contributors to the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Franciscans_in_central_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Franciscans in central Mexico">history of the Franciscans in central Mexico</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A modern notable member is <a href="/wiki/Casey_Cole" title="Casey Cole">Casey Cole</a>, an American <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> <a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">friar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic priest">Catholic priest</a>, writer, and blogger. Cole runs his own online blog and YouTube channel<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> called <i>Breaking in the Habit</i><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is the author of the books <i>Let Go: Seven Stumbling Blocks to Christian Discipleship</i> and <i>Called: What Happens After Saying Yes to God</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alonso_de_Posada" title="Alonso de Posada">Alonso de Posada</a> (1626-?) Spanish missionary in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Franciscan_Colleges_and_Universities" title="Association of Franciscan Colleges and Universities">Association of Franciscan Colleges and Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_general_of_the_Order_of_Friars_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ministers general of the Order of Friars Minor">List of ministers general of the Order of Friars Minor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Antonio_of_Vicenza" title="Maria Antonio of Vicenza">Maria Antonio of Vicenza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Franciscan_saints" title="Category:Franciscan saints">List of Franciscan saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> The founder of Franciscans.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply_of_Franciscan_missions_in_New_Mexico" title="Supply of Franciscan missions in New Mexico">Supply of Franciscan missions in New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_Manso" title="Tomás Manso">Tomás Manso</a> (1604–1659) Spanish missionary in New Mexico.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-sbf-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sbf_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sbf_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sbf_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222055739/https://www.sbfranciscans.org/faqs-ask-friar">"Do the Franciscans have a coat or arms like many other religious orders?"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-02-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Franciscan+%7C+Definition%2C+History%2C+%26+Facts+%7C+Britannica&rft.date=2024-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FFranciscans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cfcfranciscans.org/">"Community of Francis and Clare"</a>. <i>Community of Francis and Clare</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Franciscans%2C+Religious+Order&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2013-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FFranciscans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Francis-of-Assisi">"Saint Francis of Assisi, Italian Saint"</a>. <i>Encyclopaedia Britannica</i>. 26 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saint+Francis+of+Assisi%2C+Italian+Saint&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft.date=2013-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FSaint-Francis-of-Assisi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OFM_CE1913-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-OFM_CE1913_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBihl1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Bihl, Michael (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Order of Friars Minor"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Order_of_Friars_Minor">"Order of Friars Minor" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Order+of+Friars+Minor&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Bihl&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwaller2014" class="citation journal cs1">Schwaller, John F. (2014). "Francis of Assisi: The Life by Augustine Thompson, O.P. (review)". <i>The Americas</i>. <b>71</b> (2): 379–380. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftam.2014.0136">10.1353/tam.2014.0136</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142650555">142650555</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Project_Muse" title="Project Muse">Project MUSE</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/article/555981">555981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Americas&rft.atitle=Francis+of+Assisi%3A+The+Life+by+Augustine+Thompson%2C+O.P.+%28review%29&rft.volume=71&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=379-380&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftam.2014.0136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142650555%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Schwaller&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/saint/all-saints-of-the-seraphic-order-feast-733">"All Saints of the Seraphic Order (Feast)"</a>. <i>Catholic News Agency</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Catholic+News+Agency&rft.atitle=All+Saints+of+the+Seraphic+Order+%28Feast%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicnewsagency.com%2Fsaint%2Fall-saints-of-the-seraphic-order-feast-733&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fordham-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fordham_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fordham_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fordham_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fordham_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fordham_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130527092111/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/stfran-rule.html">"The rule of the Franciscan Order from the Medieval Sourcebook"</a>. Fordham.edu. 1999-09-22. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/source/stfran-rule.html">the original</a> on 2013-05-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+rule+of+the+Franciscan+Order+from+the+Medieval+Sourcebook&rft.pub=Fordham.edu&rft.date=1999-09-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fordham.edu%2Fhalsall%2Fsource%2Fstfran-rule.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ceofm-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ceofm_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaschal_Robinson1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Paschal Robinson (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Order of Friars Minor"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Order_of_Friars_Minor">"Order of Friars Minor" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Order+of+Friars+Minor&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Paschal+Robinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cefran-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cefran_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cefran_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cefran_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cefran_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaschal_Robinson1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Paschal Robinson (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Franciscan Order"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Franciscan_Order">"Franciscan Order" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Franciscan+Order&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Paschal+Robinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlberzoni2004" class="citation book cs1">Alberzoni, Maria Pia (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uUcmAQAAIAAJ"><i>Clare of Assisi and the Poor Sisters in the Thirteenth Century</i></a>. St. Bonaventure, NY: Franciscan Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576591956" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576591956"><bdi>978-1576591956</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clare+of+Assisi+and+the+Poor+Sisters+in+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.place=St.+Bonaventure%2C+NY&rft.pub=Franciscan+Institute&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1576591956&rft.aulast=Alberzoni&rft.aufirst=Maria+Pia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuUcmAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annuario Pontificio per l'anno 2022</i> (Citta del Vaticano: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2022, pp. 1386–1387.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cefa-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cefa_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaschal_Robinson1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Paschal Robinson (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/St. Francis of Assisi"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/St._Francis_of_Assisi">"St. Francis of Assisi" </a></span>. In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=St.+Francis+of+Assisi&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rft.au=Paschal+Robinson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06208a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia: Rule of Saint Francis"</a>. <i>www.newadvent.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia%3A+Rule+of+Saint+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F06208a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chest107-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-chest107_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chesterton (1924), pp. 107–108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Francis_of_Assisi_and_His_World-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Francis_of_Assisi_and_His_World_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Galli (2002), pp. 74–80</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paschal-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paschal_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paschal_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05382a.htm">Robinson, Paschal. "Elias of Cortona." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191229015938/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05382a.htm">Archived</a> 2019-12-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Vol. 5. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1909. 28 December 2019 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sacro-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sacro_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709090753/http://www.sanfrancescoassisi.org/en/st-francis/important-persons/brother-elia">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Brother Elia of Cortona ", Basilica Papale e Sacro convent di San Francesco in Assisi"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanfrancescoassisi.org/en/st-francis/important-persons/brother-elia">the original</a> on 2019-07-09<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Brother+Elia+of+Cortona+%22%2C+Basilica+Papale+e+Sacro+convent+di+San+Francesco+in+Assisi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanfrancescoassisi.org%2Fen%2Fst-francis%2Fimportant-persons%2Fbrother-elia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stpatrickswaterloo.org.uk/greyfriars.html">Greyfriars in England</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705124031/http://www.stpatrickswaterloo.org.uk/greyfriars.html">Archived</a> 2008-07-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615234812/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/cust/TSmain.html">"Franciscan Custody of the Holy Land"</a>. Christusrex.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/cust/TSmain.html">the original</a> on 2013-06-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Franciscan+Custody+of+the+Holy+Land&rft.pub=Christusrex.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christusrex.org%2Fwww1%2Fofm%2Fcust%2FTSmain.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-paschrob-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-paschrob_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09173a.htm">Robinson, Paschal. "Brother Leo." The Catholic Encyclopedia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191205134451/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09173a.htm">Archived</a> 2019-12-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Vol. 9. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1910. 28 December 2019 <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-new_advent_friars-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-new_advent_friars_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06281a.htm">"Order of Friars Minor"</a>. <i>newadvent.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=newadvent.org&rft.atitle=Order+of+Friars+Minor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F06281a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190703073106/https://www.papalencyclicals.net/nichol03/exiit-e.htm">"Exiit qui seminat"</a>. August 14, 1279. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.papalencyclicals.net/nichol03/exiit-e.htm">the original</a> on July 3, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exiit+qui+seminat&rft.date=1279&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.papalencyclicals.net%2Fnichol03%2Fexiit-e.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPope_Nicholas_III" class="citation web cs1">Pope Nicholas III. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franciscan-archive.org/bullarium/exiit-e.html">"English translation 2"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=English+translation+2&rft.au=Pope+Nicholas+III&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.franciscan-archive.org%2Fbullarium%2Fexiit-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/Ockham/wexiit.html">English translation 1</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111101081949/http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/Ockham/wexiit.html">Archived</a> 2011-11-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> cf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franciscan-archive.org/bullarium/exiit-e.html">English translation 2</a> and another translation in Rosalind B. Brooke, <i>The Image of St Francis</i>. Cambridge University Press, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78291-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-78291-3">978-0-521-78291-3</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Dn4eAAAAIAAJ&q=Brian+Tierney+%22consisted+in+the+exercise%22&pg=PA70">"Origins of papal infallibility, 1150–1350: a study on the concepts of infallibility, sovereignty and tradition in the Middle Ages"</a>. Brill Archive. 1972<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Origins+of+papal+infallibility%2C+1150%E2%80%931350%3A+a+study+on+the+concepts+of+infallibility%2C+sovereignty+and+tradition+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Brill+Archive&rft.date=1972&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDn4eAAAAIAAJ%26q%3DBrian%2BTierney%2B%2522consisted%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bexercise%2522%26pg%3DPA70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schatz-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schatz_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schatz_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IeH4OKYflbkC&dq=Klaus+Schatz+%22Olivi+by+no%22&pg=PA118"><i>Klaus Schatz, </i>Papal Primacy<i><span></span></i></a>. Collegeville, Minnesota: Liturgical Press. 1996. pp. 117–118. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814655221" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814655221"><bdi>978-0814655221</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Klaus+Schatz%2C+Papal+Primacy&rft.place=Collegeville%2C+Minnesota&rft.pages=117-118&rft.pub=Liturgical+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0814655221&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIeH4OKYflbkC%26dq%3DKlaus%2BSchatz%2B%2522Olivi%2Bby%2Bno%2522%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_30-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130522162037/http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/fra/FRAht03.html">"History of the Franciscan Movement (3)"</a>. Christusrex.org. 2001-12-30. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.christusrex.org/www1/ofm/fra/FRAht03.html">the original</a> on 2013-05-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Franciscan+Movement+%283%29&rft.pub=Christusrex.org&rft.date=2001-12-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.christusrex.org%2Fwww1%2Fofm%2Ffra%2FFRAht03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, <i>The Image of St Francis</i>, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112210247/http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/Ockham/wexivi.html">"Exivi de Paradiso – Pope Clement V"</a>. <i>franciscan-archive.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franciscan-archive.org/bullarium/exivi-e.html">the original</a> on January 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=franciscan-archive.org&rft.atitle=Exivi+de+Paradiso+%E2%80%93+Pope+Clement+V&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.franciscan-archive.org%2Fbullarium%2Fexivi-e.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kleinhenz-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinhenz_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kleinhenz_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_Kleinhenz2003" class="citation book cs1">Christopher Kleinhenz (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TNs3BQAAQBAJ&dq=Kleinhenz+conflicting+acts&pg=PT874"><i>Medieval Italy: An Encyclopedia</i></a>. Vol. 1. Routledge. p. 373. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415939300" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415939300"><bdi>978-0415939300</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Italy%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=373&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0415939300&rft.au=Christopher+Kleinhenz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTNs3BQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DKleinhenz%2Bconflicting%2Bacts%26pg%3DPT874&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606232917/http://www.mq.edu.au/about_us/faculties_and_departments/faculty_of_arts/mhpir/politics_and_international_relations/staff/john_kilcullen/quia_nonnunquam/">"John XXII, Quia nonnunquam"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mq.edu.au/about_us/faculties_and_departments/faculty_of_arts/mhpir/politics_and_international_relations/staff/john_kilcullen/quia_nonnunquam/">the original</a> on 2014-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+XXII%2C+Quia+nonnunquam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mq.edu.au%2Fabout_us%2Ffaculties_and_departments%2Ffaculty_of_arts%2Fmhpir%2Fpolitics_and_international_relations%2Fstaff%2Fjohn_kilcullen%2Fquia_nonnunquam%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, p. 100</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606234314/http://www.mq.edu.au/about_us/faculties_and_departments/faculty_of_arts/mhpir/politics_and_international_relations/staff/john_kilcullen/john_xxii_ad_conditorem_canonum/">"John XXII, Ad conditorem canonum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mq.edu.au/about_us/faculties_and_departments/faculty_of_arts/mhpir/politics_and_international_relations/staff/john_kilcullen/john_xxii_ad_conditorem_canonum/">the original</a> on 2014-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+XXII%2C+Ad+conditorem+canonum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mq.edu.au%2Fabout_us%2Ffaculties_and_departments%2Ffaculty_of_arts%2Fmhpir%2Fpolitics_and_international_relations%2Fstaff%2Fjohn_kilcullen%2Fjohn_xxii_ad_conditorem_canonum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, pp. 100–101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/QINN-E.HTM">English translation 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606071618/http://www.ewtn.com/library/PAPALDOC/QINN-E.HTM">Archived</a> 2013-06-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franciscan-archive.org/bullarium/qinn-e.html">English translation 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1pxjEAAAQBAJ&dq=Brian+Tierney+%22judged+heretical%22&pg=PA181"><i>Tierney, p. 181</i></a>. BRILL. 7 March 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47696-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-47696-7"><bdi>978-90-04-47696-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tierney%2C+p.+181&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2022-03-07&rft.isbn=978-90-04-47696-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1pxjEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3DBrian%2BTierney%2B%2522judged%2Bheretical%2522%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooke, p. 101</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/Ockham/wqq.html">English translation 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112204455/http://www.humanities.mq.edu.au/Ockham/wqq.html">Archived</a> 2012-01-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.franciscan-archive.org/bullarium/qquor-e.html">English translation 2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603055534/http://www.mq.edu.au/about_us/faculties_and_departments/faculty_of_arts/mhpir/politics_and_international_relations/staff/john_kilcullen/john_xxii_quia_vir_reprobus/">"John XXII, Quia vir reprobus"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mq.edu.au/about_us/faculties_and_departments/faculty_of_arts/mhpir/politics_and_international_relations/staff/john_kilcullen/john_xxii_quia_vir_reprobus/">the original</a> on 2013-06-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=John+XXII%2C+Quia+vir+reprobus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mq.edu.au%2Fabout_us%2Ffaculties_and_departments%2Ffaculty_of_arts%2Fmhpir%2Fpolitics_and_international_relations%2Fstaff%2Fjohn_kilcullen%2Fjohn_xxii_quia_vir_reprobus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia – Inquisition"</a>. <i>New Advent</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026132112/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08026a.htm">Archived</a> from the original on October 26, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Advent&rft.atitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia+%E2%80%93+Inquisition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newadvent.org%2Fcathen%2F08026a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prudlo, Donald S., <i>The Origin, Development, and Refinement of Medieval Religious Mendicancies</i> (Brill, 2011) p. 144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180812154823/http://www.faculty.ucr.edu/~legneref/bronze/witches.htm#franciscan">"Witches in Religion"</a>. <i>New Advent</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Studium+Biblicum+OFM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbofmhk.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 13: Guide to Ethnohistorical Sources, Pt. 2.</i> <a href="/wiki/Howard_F._Cline" title="Howard F. Cline">Howard F. Cline</a> (ed.). Austin: University of Texas Press, 1973, pp. 142–143, 186–239, 256–275.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/c/BreakingInTheHabit">"Breaking In The Habit"</a>. <i>YouTube</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Breaking+In+The+Habit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fc%2FBreakingInTheHabit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://breakinginthehabit.org/">"Breaking In The Habit"</a>. <i>Breaking In The Habit</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Breaking+In+The+Habit&rft.atitle=Breaking+In+The+Habit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbreakinginthehabit.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2019" class="citation web cs1">Hayes, Maria (2019-02-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221202101040/https://hnp.org/priestly-ordination-of-casey-cole-set-for-june-22/">"Priestly Ordination of Casey Cole Set for June 22"</a>. <i>Holy Name Province</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hnp.org/priestly-ordination-of-casey-cole-set-for-june-22/">the original</a> on 2022-12-02<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holy+Name+Province&rft.atitle=Priestly+Ordination+of+Casey+Cole+Set+for+June+22&rft.date=2019-02-20&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhnp.org%2Fpriestly-ordination-of-casey-cole-set-for-june-22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2018" class="citation web cs1">Hayes, Maria (2018-04-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221208121720/https://hnp.org/casey-cole-writes-first-book/">"Casey Cole Writes First Book"</a>. <i>Holy Name Province</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hnp.org/casey-cole-writes-first-book/">the original</a> on 2022-12-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-01-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holy+Name+Province&rft.atitle=Casey+Cole+Writes+First+Book&rft.date=2018-04-03&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhnp.org%2Fcasey-cole-writes-first-book%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Books</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAguiar_de_Castro1997" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Aguiar de Castro, José Acácio (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GE2HOwAACAAJ"><i>O simbolismo da natureza em Santo António de Lisboa</i></a>. Biblioteca humanística e teológica (in Portuguese). Vol. 11. Porto: Universidade Católica Portugesa, Fundação Eng António de Almeida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9728386030" title="Special:BookSources/978-9728386030"><bdi>978-9728386030</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+simbolismo+da+natureza+em+Santo+Ant%C3%B3nio+de+Lisboa&rft.place=Porto&rft.series=Biblioteca+human%C3%ADstica+e+teol%C3%B3gica&rft.pub=Universidade+Cat%C3%B3lica+Portugesa%2C+Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Eng+Ant%C3%B3nio+de+Almeida&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-9728386030&rft.aulast=Aguiar+de+Castro&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+Ac%C3%A1cio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGE2HOwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnald_of_Sarrant2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Arnald_of_Sarrant" title="Arnald of Sarrant">Arnald of Sarrant</a> (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1wshYVi3KM4C&pg=RA2-PA486"><i>Chronicle of the Twenty-Four Generals of the Order of Friars Minor</i></a>. Translated by Noel Muscat. Malta: TAU Franciscan Communications<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronicle+of+the+Twenty-Four+Generals+of+the+Order+of+Friars+Minor&rft.place=Malta&rft.pub=TAU+Franciscan+Communications&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Arnald+of+Sarrant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1wshYVi3KM4C%26pg%3DRA2-PA486&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurr2010" class="citation book cs1">Burr, David (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HKw3QDsgz30C"><i>Spiritual Franciscans: From Protest to Persecution in the Century After Saint Francis</i></a>. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04138-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-271-04138-4"><bdi>978-0-271-04138-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spiritual+Franciscans%3A+From+Protest+to+Persecution+in+the+Century+After+Saint+Francis&rft.place=University+Park%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-271-04138-4&rft.aulast=Burr&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHKw3QDsgz30C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampsMcCloskey1995" class="citation book cs1">Camps, Arnulf; McCloskey, Patrick (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0s2bPQAACAAJ"><i>The Friars Minor in China (1294–1955): Especially the Years 1925–55, Based on the Research of Friars Bernward Willeke and Domenico Gandolfi, OFM</i></a>. History series. Vol. 10. Franciscan Institute Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-002-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-002-7"><bdi>978-1-57659-002-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Friars+Minor+in+China+%281294%E2%80%931955%29%3A+Especially+the+Years+1925%E2%80%9355%2C+Based+on+the+Research+of+Friars+Bernward+Willeke+and+Domenico+Gandolfi%2C+OFM&rft.series=History+series&rft.pub=Franciscan+Institute+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-1-57659-002-7&rft.aulast=Camps&rft.aufirst=Arnulf&rft.au=McCloskey%2C+Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0s2bPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmody1994" class="citation book cs1">Carmody, Maurice (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fX6ImwEACAAJ"><i>The Leonine Union of the Order of Friars Minor: 1897</i></a>. History series. Vol. 8. Franciscan Institute Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-084-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-084-3"><bdi>978-1-57659-084-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leonine+Union+of+the+Order+of+Friars+Minor%3A+1897&rft.series=History+series&rft.pub=Franciscan+Institute+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-57659-084-3&rft.aulast=Carmody&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfX6ImwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarmody2008" class="citation book cs1">Carmody, Maurice (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5evwOgAACAAJ"><i>The Franciscan Story</i></a>. Athena Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84748-141-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84748-141-2"><bdi>978-1-84748-141-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Franciscan+Story&rft.pub=Athena+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84748-141-2&rft.aulast=Carmody&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5evwOgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotter1994" class="citation book cs1">Cotter, Francis J. (1994). Roberta A. McKelvie (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i1_ZAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Friars Minor in Ireland from their arrival to 1400</i></a>. History series. Vol. 7. Franciscan Institute Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-083-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-083-6"><bdi>978-1-57659-083-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Friars+Minor+in+Ireland+from+their+arrival+to+1400&rft.series=History+series&rft.pub=Franciscan+Institute+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-57659-083-6&rft.aulast=Cotter&rft.aufirst=Francis+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di1_ZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouturier2007" class="citation book cs1">Couturier, David B. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gTSEBAAACAAJ"><i>The Fraternal Economy: A Pastoral Psychology of Franciscan Economics</i></a>. Cloverdale Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929569-23-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929569-23-6"><bdi>978-1-929569-23-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fraternal+Economy%3A+A+Pastoral+Psychology+of+Franciscan+Economics&rft.pub=Cloverdale+Books&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-929569-23-6&rft.aulast=Couturier&rft.aufirst=David+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgTSEBAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaniel1992" class="citation book cs1">Daniel, E. Randolph (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JWo4AAAACAAJ"><i>The Franciscan Concept of Mission in the High Middle Ages</i></a>. Franciscan Pathways Series. Franciscan Institute Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-065-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-065-2"><bdi>978-1-57659-065-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Franciscan+Concept+of+Mission+in+the+High+Middle+Ages&rft.series=Franciscan+Pathways+Series&rft.pub=Franciscan+Institute+Publications&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-57659-065-2&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=E.+Randolph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJWo4AAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsser1970" class="citation book cs1">Esser, Kajetan (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G2nZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Origins of the Franciscan Order</i></a>. Franciscan Herald Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8199-0408-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8199-0408-9"><bdi>978-0-8199-0408-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins+of+the+Franciscan+Order&rft.pub=Franciscan+Herald+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-8199-0408-9&rft.aulast=Esser&rft.aufirst=Kajetan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG2nZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloodMatura1975" class="citation book cs1">Flood, David; Matura, Thaddée (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=veZlQgAACAAJ"><i>The Birth of a Movement: A Study of the First Rule of St. Francis</i></a>. Franciscan Herald Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8199-0567-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8199-0567-3"><bdi>978-0-8199-0567-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+a+Movement%3A+A+Study+of+the+First+Rule+of+St.+Francis&rft.pub=Franciscan+Herald+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8199-0567-3&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Matura%2C+Thadd%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DveZlQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_of_Assisi1982" class="citation book cs1">Francis of Assisi (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sznaF957ieQC"><i>Francis and Clare: The Complete Works</i></a>. Classics of Western spirituality. Translated by Regis J. Armstrong and Ignatius C. Brady. New York: Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809124466" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809124466"><bdi>978-0809124466</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+and+Clare%3A+The+Complete+Works&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Classics+of+Western+spirituality&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0809124466&rft.au=Francis+of+Assisi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsznaF957ieQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancis_of_Assisi" class="citation book cs1">Francis of Assisi. Armstrong, Regis J.; Hellmann, J. A. Wayne; Short, William J. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/#tbm=bks&hl=en&q=bibliogroup%3A%22Francis+of+Assisi%3A+Early+Documents%22"><i>Francis of Assisi: Early Documents</i></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Francis+of+Assisi%3A+Early+Documents&rft.au=Francis+of+Assisi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2F%23tbm%3Dbks%26hl%3Den%26q%3Dbibliogroup%253A%2522Francis%2Bof%2BAssisi%253A%2BEarly%2BDocuments%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span> – 4 volumes <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Tb_gQgAACAAJ"><i>The Saint</i></a>. Francis of Assisi: Early Documents. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). New City Press. 1999. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-904287-62-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-904287-62-2"><bdi>978-0-904287-62-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Saint&rft.series=Francis+of+Assisi%3A+Early+Documents&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=New+City+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-904287-62-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTb_gQgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ASsmngEACAAJ"><i>The Founder</i></a>. Francis of Assisi: Early Documents. Vol. 2 (Illustrated ed.). New City Press. 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56548-113-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56548-113-8"><bdi>978-1-56548-113-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Founder&rft.series=Francis+of+Assisi%3A+Early+Documents&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=New+City+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-56548-113-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DASsmngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=USYhjwEACAAJ"><i>The Prophet</i></a>. Francis of Assisi: Early Documents. Vol. 3 (Annotated ed.). New City Press. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56548-114-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56548-114-5"><bdi>978-1-56548-114-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophet&rft.series=Francis+of+Assisi%3A+Early+Documents&rft.edition=Annotated&rft.pub=New+City+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-56548-114-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUSYhjwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hj3ZAAAAMAAJ"><i>Index</i></a>. Francis of Assisi: Early Documents. Vol. 4 (Annotated ed.). New City Press. 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56548-172-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56548-172-5"><bdi>978-1-56548-172-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Index&rft.series=Francis+of+Assisi%3A+Early+Documents&rft.edition=Annotated&rft.pub=New+City+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-56548-172-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhj3ZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliat-Smith1914" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Gilliat-Smith" title="Ernest Gilliat-Smith">Gilliat-Smith, Ernest</a> (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SaintClareOfAssisi"><i>Saint Clare of Assisi: her life and legislation</i></a>. London: J.M. Dent & Sons, Ltd. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/SaintClareOfAssisi/page/n184">160</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0665656316" title="Special:BookSources/978-0665656316"><bdi>978-0665656316</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saint+Clare+of+Assisi%3A+her+life+and+legislation&rft.place=London&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=J.M.+Dent+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=978-0665656316&rft.aulast=Gilliat-Smith&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FSaintClareOfAssisi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2015" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, C.H. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yn4GCAAAQBAJ"><i>Medieval Monasticism: Forms of Religious Life in Western Europe in the Middle Ages</i></a>. Medieval World Series (4th ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-50467-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-50467-2"><bdi>978-1-317-50467-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Monasticism%3A+Forms+of+Religious+Life+in+Western+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.series=Medieval+World+Series&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-317-50467-2&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=C.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYn4GCAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch1988" class="citation book cs1">Lynch, Cyprian J. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vTk7NgAACAAJ"><i>A Poor Man's Legacy: An Anthology of Franciscan Poverty</i></a>. Franciscan Pathways Series. Franciscan Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-069-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-069-0"><bdi>978-1-57659-069-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Poor+Man%27s+Legacy%3A+An+Anthology+of+Franciscan+Poverty&rft.series=Franciscan+Pathways+Series&rft.pub=Franciscan+Institute&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-1-57659-069-0&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Cyprian+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvTk7NgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacVicar1963" class="citation book cs1">MacVicar, Thaddeus (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jk9mnQEACAAJ"><i>The Franciscan Spirituals and the Capuchin Reform</i></a>. History series. Vol. 5. Franciscan Institute Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-086-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-086-7"><bdi>978-1-57659-086-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Franciscan+Spirituals+and+the+Capuchin+Reform&rft.series=History+series&rft.pub=Franciscan+Institute+Publications&rft.date=1963&rft.isbn=978-1-57659-086-7&rft.aulast=MacVicar&rft.aufirst=Thaddeus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djk9mnQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerlo2009" class="citation book cs1">Merlo, Grado Giovanni (2009). <i>In the Name of St. Francis: A History of the Friars Minor and Franciscanism until the Early Sixteenth Century</i>. Translated by Robert J. Karris and Raphael Bonanno. Franciscan Institute Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-155-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-155-0"><bdi>978-1-57659-155-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Name+of+St.+Francis%3A+A+History+of+the+Friars+Minor+and+Franciscanism+until+the+Early+Sixteenth+Century&rft.pub=Franciscan+Institute+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-57659-155-0&rft.aulast=Merlo&rft.aufirst=Grado+Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorman1983" class="citation book cs1">Moorman, John Richard Humpidge (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8_wlAQAAIAAJ"><i>Medieval Franciscan houses</i></a>. History series. Vol. 4. Franciscan Institute Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-079-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-079-9"><bdi>978-1-57659-079-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Franciscan+houses&rft.series=History+series&rft.pub=Franciscan+Institute+Publications&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-1-57659-079-9&rft.aulast=Moorman&rft.aufirst=John+Richard+Humpidge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8_wlAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorman1988" class="citation book cs1">Moorman, John Richard Humpidge (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-CFGAAAACAAJ"><i>A History of the Franciscan Order: From Its Origins to the Year 1517</i></a>. Franciscan Herald Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8199-0921-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8199-0921-3"><bdi>978-0-8199-0921-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Franciscan+Order%3A+From+Its+Origins+to+the+Year+1517&rft.pub=Franciscan+Herald+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8199-0921-3&rft.aulast=Moorman&rft.aufirst=John+Richard+Humpidge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-CFGAAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsborne1994" class="citation book cs1">Osborne, Kenan B. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B4G_bwAACAAJ"><i>The History of Franciscan Theology</i></a>. Franciscan Institute Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-032-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-032-4"><bdi>978-1-57659-032-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Franciscan+Theology&rft.pub=Franciscan+Institute+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-57659-032-4&rft.aulast=Osborne&rft.aufirst=Kenan+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB4G_bwAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenocak2012" class="citation book cs1">Senocak, Neslihan (2012). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/poorperfectriseo00enoc"><i>The Poor and the Perfect: the rise of learning in the Franciscan order, 1209–1310</i></a></span>. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6471-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-6471-3"><bdi>978-0-8014-6471-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poor+and+the+Perfect%3A+the+rise+of+learning+in+the+Franciscan+order%2C+1209%E2%80%931310&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-6471-3&rft.aulast=Senocak&rft.aufirst=Neslihan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoorperfectriseo00enoc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span> – Shows how Franciscans shifted away from an early emphasis on poverty and humility and instead emphasized educational roles</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharp1966" class="citation book cs1">Sharp, Dorothea Elizabeth (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mQyfngEACAAJ"><i>Franciscan Philosophy at Oxford in the Thirteenth Century</i></a>. British Society of Franciscan Studies. Vol. 16. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-576-99216-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-576-99216-9"><bdi>978-0-576-99216-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franciscan+Philosophy+at+Oxford+in+the+Thirteenth+Century&rft.series=British+Society+of+Franciscan+Studies&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1966&rft.isbn=978-0-576-99216-9&rft.aulast=Sharp&rft.aufirst=Dorothea+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmQyfngEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomson1975" class="citation book cs1">Thomson, Williell R. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zYPNn9K06SIC"><i>Friars in the Cathedral: The First Franciscan Bishops 1226–1261</i></a>. Studies and texts. Vol. 33. Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0888440334" title="Special:BookSources/978-0888440334"><bdi>978-0888440334</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0082-5328">0082-5328</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Friars+in+the+Cathedral%3A+The+First+Franciscan+Bishops+1226%E2%80%931261&rft.place=Toronto&rft.series=Studies+and+texts&rft.pub=Pontifical+Institute+of+Mediaeval+Studies&rft.date=1975&rft.issn=0082-5328&rft.isbn=978-0888440334&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.aufirst=Williell+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzYPNn9K06SIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2004" class="citation book cs1">White, Joseph M. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xg7iAAAAMAAJ"><i>Peace and good in America: a history of Holy Name Province Order of Friars Minor, 1850s to the present</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). Holy Name Province OFM. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-196-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57659-196-3"><bdi>978-1-57659-196-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Peace+and+good+in+America%3A+a+history+of+Holy+Name+Province+Order+of+Friars+Minor%2C+1850s+to+the+present&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Holy+Name+Province+OFM&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-57659-196-3&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Joseph+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxg7iAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><b>Articles</b> </p> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalevi2012" class="citation journal cs1">Halevi, Masha (2012). "Between Faith and Science: Franciscan Archaeology in the Service of the Holy Places". <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i>. <b>48</b> (2): 249–267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00263206.2012.653139">10.1080/00263206.2012.653139</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144234605">144234605</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+Eastern+Studies&rft.atitle=Between+Faith+and+Science%3A+Franciscan+Archaeology+in+the+Service+of+the+Holy+Places&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=249-267&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00263206.2012.653139&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144234605%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Halevi&rft.aufirst=Masha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmucki2000" class="citation book cs1">Schmucki, Oktavian (2000). "Die Regel des Johannes von Matha und die Regel des Franziskus von Assisi. Ähnlichkeiten und Eigenheiten. Neue Beziehungen zum Islam". In Cipollone, Giulio (ed.). <i>La Liberazione dei 'Captivi' tra Cristianità e Islam: Oltre la Crociata e il Gihad: Tolleranza e Servizio Umanitario</i>. Collectanea Archivi Vaticani. Vol. 46. Vatican City: Archivio Segreto Vaticano. pp. 219–244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Regel+des+Johannes+von+Matha+und+die+Regel+des+Franziskus+von+Assisi.+%C3%84hnlichkeiten+und+Eigenheiten.+Neue+Beziehungen+zum+Islam&rft.btitle=La+Liberazione+dei+%27Captivi%27+tra+Cristianit%C3%A0+e+Islam%3A+Oltre+la+Crociata+e+il+Gihad%3A+Tolleranza+e+Servizio+Umanitario&rft.place=Vatican+City&rft.series=Collectanea+Archivi+Vaticani&rft.pages=219-244&rft.pub=Archivio+Segreto+Vaticano&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Schmucki&rft.aufirst=Oktavian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFranciscans" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Franciscans" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Franciscans">Franciscans</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_Order_3">First Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: First Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofm.org/">Order of Friars Minor</a> (official website)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofmcap.org/">Order of Friars Minor Capuchin</a> (official website)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ofmconv.net/">Order of Friars Minor Conventual</a> (official website)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_Order_3">Second Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Second Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://poorclare.org/">Order of Saint Clare</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210916095149/http://poorclare.org/">Archived</a> 2021-09-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (official website).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Third_Order_3">Third Order</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Third Order"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ciofs.org/portal/index.php?lang=en">Secular Franciscan Order</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140830143534/http://www.ciofs.org/portal/index.php?lang=en">Archived</a> 2014-08-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (official website).</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.francescanitor.org/?lang=en">Third Order Regular of St. Francis of Penance</a> (official website)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_resources">Research resources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Research resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100707020545/http://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/kt5199r1g0/">Online guide to the Academy of American Franciscan History Microfilm Collection, 1526–1972</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Bancroft_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bancroft Library">The Bancroft Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://users.bart.nl/~roestb/franciscan/">Franciscan authors, 13th – 18th century</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140902235259/http://users.bart.nl/~roestb/franciscan/">Archived</a> 2014-09-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalfranciscans.com/">Digital Franciscans</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810042301/http://www.digitalfranciscans.com/">Archived</a> 2014-08-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – extensive list of Franciscan internet resources</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.ucd.ie/view/ivrla:18726">Luke Wadding Papers: correspondence relating to Fr Luke Wadding OFM and the Irish Friars Minor at St. Isidore's College, Rome, on ecclesiastical and political matters; and concerning his interests as historian of the Franciscan Order.</a> A UCD Digital Library Collection.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190331142702/http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_253.html">Lewis E 253 Manuscript of an evangelist and prebendary of the minor orders at OPenn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0023/html/lewis_e_258.html">Lewis E 258 Life of Holy Francis and his companions at OPenn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://openn.library.upenn.edu/Data/0012/html/lcp_ms14.html">14 Regulae ordinis fratrum minorum Franciscani etc. at OPenn</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/library/special-collections/a-z/franciscan">Franciscan Society Collection</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_College_London" title="University College London">University College London</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciscans&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p003k9dz">Greyfriars and Blackfriars</a>, BBC Radio 4 discussion with Henrietta Leyser, Anthony Kenny & Alexander Murray (<i>In Our Time</i>, November 10, 2005)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Franciscans</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #A0522D; color: white;"><div>Organisations founded or inspired by <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi"><b><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Saint Francis</span></b></a> (1181–1226)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #A0522D; color: white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Saint_Francis" title="Rule of Saint Francis">Rule of Saint Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_of_Assisi" title="Clare of Assisi">Rule of Saint Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_cross" title="Tau cross">Tau Cross</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Crown" title="Franciscan Crown">Franciscan Crown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Custos_(Franciscans)" title="Custos (Franciscans)">Custos</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custody_of_the_Holy_Land" title="Custody of the Holy Land">Custodian of the Holy Land</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_General_(Franciscan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister General (Franciscan)">Minister General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ministers_general_of_the_Order_of_Friars_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ministers general of the Order of Friars Minor">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mount_of_piety" title="Mount of piety">Monte di Pietá</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_missions_to_the_Maya" title="Franciscan missions to the Maya">Franciscan missions to the Maya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Studium_Biblicum_Franciscanum" title="Studium Biblicum Franciscanum">Studium Biblicum Franciscanum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscans_International" title="Franciscans International">Franciscans International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_spirituality_in_Protestantism" title="Franciscan spirituality in Protestantism">Franciscan spirituality in Protestantism</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding:0.8em 0.9em 3em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="PioM"><img alt="PioM" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg/80px-FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg/120px-FrancescoCoA_PioM.svg.png 1.5x, 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title="Franciscan Friars of the Renewal">Franciscan Friars of the Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Poor Clares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capuchin_Poor_Clares" title="Capuchin Poor Clares">Capuchin Poor Clares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colettine_Poor_Clares" title="Colettine Poor Clares">Colettine Poor Clares</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular Franciscan Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Third Order of Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_and_Sisters_of_Penance_of_Saint_Francis" title="Brothers and Sisters of Penance of Saint Francis">Brothers and Sisters of Penance of Saint Francis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minims_(religious_order)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minims (religious order)">Order of Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Militia_Immaculatae" title="Militia Immaculatae">Militia Immaculatae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Minims_of_the_Perpetual_Help_of_Mary" title="Franciscan Minims of the Perpetual Help of Mary">Franciscan Minims of the Perpetual Help of Mary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #A0522D; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Popes</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_IX" title="Pope Gregory IX">Gregory IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_X" title="Pope Gregory X">Gregory X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Nicholas_IV" title="Pope Nicholas IV">Nicholas IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_IV" title="Pope Sixtus IV">Sixtus IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Julius_II" title="Pope Julius II">Julius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Sixtus_V" title="Pope Sixtus V">Sixtus V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_XIV" title="Pope Clement XIV">Clement XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">John XXIII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #A0522D; color: white;"><div> <ul><li> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Franciscans" title="Category:Franciscans"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Category</span></a></b></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Francis_of_Assisi" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Francis_of_Assisi" title="Template:Francis of Assisi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Francis_of_Assisi" title="Template talk:Francis of Assisi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Francis_of_Assisi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Francis of Assisi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Francis_of_Assisi" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Organisations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Order of Friars Minor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Custody_of_the_Holy_Land" title="Custody of the Holy Land">Custody of the Holy Land</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Order of Saint Clare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular Franciscan Order</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Third Order of Saint Francis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:StFrancis_part.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/StFrancis_part.jpg/120px-StFrancis_part.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/StFrancis_part.jpg/180px-StFrancis_part.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/StFrancis_part.jpg/240px-StFrancis_part.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Works by Francis</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canticle_of_the_Sun" title="Canticle of the Sun">Canticle of the Sun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Created</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sanctuary_of_Greccio" title="Sanctuary of Greccio">Sanctuary of Greccio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nativity_scene" title="Nativity scene">Nativity scene (live)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Honors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feast_of_Saints_Francis_and_Catherine" title="Feast of Saints Francis and Catherine">Feast of Saints Francis and Catherine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Animal_Day" title="World Animal Day">World Animal Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Literature about</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_Flowers_of_St._Francis" title="Little Flowers of St. Francis">Little Flowers of St. Francis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Visual art</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nativity_with_Saint_Francis_and_Saint_Lawrence" title="Nativity with Saint Francis and Saint Lawrence">Nativity with Saint Francis and Saint Lawrence</a></i> (Caravaggio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_in_Meditation_(Caravaggio)" title="Saint Francis in Meditation (Caravaggio)">Saint Francis in Meditation</a></i> (Caravaggio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_in_Prayer_(Caravaggio)" title="Saint Francis in Prayer (Caravaggio)">Saint Francis in Prayer</a></i> (Caravaggio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_in_Ecstasy_(Caravaggio)" title="Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy (Caravaggio)">Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy</a></i> (Caravaggio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_(Giotto)" title="Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (Giotto)">Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata</a></i> (Giotto)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_(Nuno_Gon%C3%A7alves)" title="São Francisco (Nuno Gonçalves)">São Francisco</a></i> (Gonçalves)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St_Francis_(Francisco_de_Zurbar%C3%A1n)" title="St Francis (Francisco de Zurbarán)">St Francis</a></i> (Zurbarán)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_Receiving_the_Stigmata_(van_Eyck)" title="Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata (van Eyck)">Saint Francis Receiving the Stigmata</a></i> (van Eyck)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_in_Ecstasy_(Bellini)" title="St. Francis in Ecstasy (Bellini)">St. Francis in Ecstasy</a></i> (Bellini)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Francis_of_Assisi_in_Ecstasy_(El_Greco,_1600)" title="Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy (El Greco, 1600)">Saint Francis of Assisi in Ecstasy</a></i> (studio of El Greco)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_in_Ecstasy_(Zurbar%C3%A1n)" title="St. Francis in Ecstasy (Zurbarán)">St. Francis in Ecstasy</a></i> (Zurbarán)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/All_Creatures_of_Our_God_and_King" title="All Creatures of Our God and King">All Creatures of Our God and King</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Canticle_of_the_Sun_(Sowerby)" title="The Canticle of the Sun (Sowerby)">The Canticle of the Sun</a></i> (Sowerby)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Laudi" title="Le Laudi">Le Laudi</a></i> (Suter oratorio)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deux_l%C3%A9gendes_(Liszt)" title="Deux légendes (Liszt)"><i>Légende No. 1</i> (Liszt)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laudato_si%27_(oratorio)" title="Laudato si' (oratorio)">Laudato si'</a></i> (Reulein oratorio)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quatre_petites_pri%C3%A8res_de_saint_Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Assise" title="Quatre petites prières de saint François d'Assise">Quatre petites prières de saint François d'Assise</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Stage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Nobilissima_Visione" title="Nobilissima Visione">Nobilissima Visione</a></i> (1938 ballet)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saint_Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Assise" title="Saint François d'Assise">Saint François d'Assise</a></i> (1983 Messiaen opera)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samstag_aus_Licht" title="Samstag aus Licht">Samstag aus Licht</a></i> (1983 Stockhausen opera)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Frate_Sole" title="Frate Sole">Frate Sole</a></i> (1918)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Flowers_of_St._Francis" title="The Flowers of St. Francis">The Flowers of St. Francis</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi_(film)" title="Francis of Assisi (film)">Francis of Assisi</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francesco_di_Assisi" title="Francesco di Assisi">Francesco di Assisi</a></i> (1966)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brother_Sun,_Sister_Moon" title="Brother Sun, Sister Moon">Brother Sun, Sister Moon</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francesco_(1989_film)" title="Francesco (1989 film)">Francesco</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_(film)" title="St. Francis (film)">St. Francis</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clare_and_Francis" title="Clare and Francis">Clare and Francis</a></i> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_named_after_Saint_Francis" title="List of places named after Saint Francis">List of places named after Saint Francis</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madonna_of_Foligno" title="Madonna of Foligno">Madonna of Foligno</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolf_of_Gubbio" title="Wolf of Gubbio">Wolf of Gubbio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced" title="Discalced">Discalced</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_of_Saint_Francis" title="Prayer of Saint Francis">Prayer of Saint Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Francis" title="Society of Saint Francis">Society of Saint Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Sermon_of_St._Francis" title="The Sermon of St. Francis">The Sermon of St. Francis</a>" (poem)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pranchiyettan_%26_the_Saint" title="Pranchiyettan & the Saint">Pranchiyettan & the Saint</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" 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style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Male<br />and<br />female</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexians" title="Alexians">Alexians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a> (AA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Augustinian_Recollects" title="Order of Augustinian Recollects">Augustinian Recollects</a> (OAR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Aleppian_Order" title="Basilian Aleppian Order">Basilian Aleppians</a> (BA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Chouerite_Order_of_Saint_John_the_Baptist" title="Basilian Chouerite Order of Saint John the Baptist">Basilian Chouerites</a> (BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a> (OSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bridgettines" title="Bridgettines">Bridgettines</a> (OSsS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canossians" title="Canossians">Canossians</a> (FDCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a> (OCarm)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a> (OCart)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a> (OCist)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Sion" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Sion">Congregation of Our Lady of Sion</a> (NDS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Congregation of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary</a> (SSCC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced_Carmelites" title="Discalced Carmelites">Discalced Carmelites</a> (OCD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a> (OP)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franciscans</a> (OFM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_the_Incarnate_Word" title="Institute of the Incarnate Word">Institute of the Incarnate Word</a> (IVE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a> (O de M)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_Charity" title="Missionaries of Charity">Missionaries of Charity</a> (MC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_St._Charles_Borromeo" class="mw-redirect" title="Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo">Missionaries of St. Charles Borromeo</a> (CS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_Family_of_Bethlehem,_of_the_Assumption_of_the_Virgin_and_of_Saint_Bruno" title="Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno">Monastic Family of Bethlehem, of the Assumption of the Virgin and of Saint Bruno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a> (OPraem)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_Charity" title="Servants of Charity">Servants of Charity</a> (SC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servite Order</a> (OSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Atonement" title="Society of the Atonement">Society of the Atonement</a> (SA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_Regular_of_Saint_Francis_of_Penance" title="Third Order Regular of Saint Francis of Penance">TOR Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a> (OCSO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarian Order</a> (OSST)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Vatican City"><img alt="Coat of arms of Vatican City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/50px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/75px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg/100px-Emblem_of_the_Papacy_SE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="815" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Vatican City</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Male</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clerics_Regular_Minor" title="Clerics Regular Minor">Adorno Fathers</a> (CRM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albertine_Brothers" title="Albertine Brothers">Albertine Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a> (OSA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barnabites" title="Barnabites">Barnabites</a> (B)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_St._Basil" title="Congregation of St. Basil">Basilians</a> (CSB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_Mercy_of_Our_Lady_of_Perpetual_Help" title="Brothers of Mercy of Our Lady of Perpetual Help">Brothers of Our Lady of Mercy</a> (FDM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a> (MI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Cantius_Church_(Chicago)" title="St. John Cantius Church (Chicago)">Canons Regular of Saint John Cantius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchins</a> (OFM Cap)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Christian_Brothers" title="Congregation of Christian Brothers">Christian Brothers (Irish)</a> (CFC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregatio_Discipulorum_Domini" title="Congregatio Discipulorum Domini">Congregatio Discipulorum Domini</a> (CDD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CICM_Missionaries" title="CICM Missionaries">Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> (CICM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament">Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (SSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claretians" title="Claretians">Claretians</a> (CMF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Saint_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_of_Lisieux" title="Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux">Congregation of Saint Thérèse of Lisieux</a> (CST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Conventual" title="Order of Friars Minor Conventual">Conventual Franciscans</a> (OFM Conv)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a> (OSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_La_Salle_Brothers" title="De La Salle Brothers">De La Salle Brothers</a> (FSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discalced_Augustinians" title="Discalced Augustinians">Discalced Augustinians</a> (OAD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Friars_of_the_Renewal" title="Franciscan Friars of the Renewal">Franciscan Friars of the Renewal</a> (CFR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Missionaries_of_the_Eternal_Word" title="Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word">Franciscan Missionaries of the Eternal Word</a> (MFVA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montfort_Brothers_of_St._Gabriel" title="Montfort Brothers of St. Gabriel">Gabrielites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Holy_Cross" title="Congregation of Holy Cross">Holy Cross</a> (CSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Congregation of the Holy Spirit">Holy Ghost Fathers</a> (CSSp)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephites_(Maryland)" title="Josephites (Maryland)">Josephites</a> (SSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries of Christ</a> (LC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Brothers_of_Jesus" title="Little Brothers of Jesus">Little Brothers of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Marian_Fathers_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of Marian Fathers of the Immaculate Conception">Marians of the Immaculate Conception</a> (MIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Society of Jesus (Jesuits)</a> (SJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marianists)" title="Society of Mary (Marianists)">Society of Mary (Marianists)</a> (SM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Mary_(Marists)" title="Society of Mary (Marists)">Society of Mary (Marists)</a> (SM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Divine_Word" title="Society of the Divine Word">Society of the Divine Word</a> (SVD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Edmund" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Saint Edmund">Society of Saint Edmund</a> (SSE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marist_Brothers" title="Marist Brothers">Marist Brothers</a> (FMS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekhitarists" title="Mekhitarists">Mechitarists</a> (CAM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comboni_Missionaries_of_the_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus">Comboni Missionaries of the Heart of Jesus</a> (MCCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_La_Salette" title="Missionaries of La Salette">Missionaries of La Salette</a> (MS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_St._Francis_de_Sales" title="Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales">Missionaries of St. Francis de Sales</a> (MSFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Poor" title="Missionaries of the Poor">Missionaries of the Poor</a> (MOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Missionaries of the Sacred Heart">Missionaries of the Sacred Heart</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionaries_of_the_Sacred_Hearts_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary">Missionaries of the Sacred Hearts of Jesus and Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Oblates_of_Mary_Immaculate" title="Missionary Oblates of Mary Immaculate">Oblates of Mary Immaculate</a> (OMI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Oblates of the Virgin Mary">Oblates of the Virgin Mary</a> (OMV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_St._Francis_de_Sales" title="Oblates of St. Francis de Sales">Oblates of St. Francis de Sales</a> (OSFS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor" title="Order of Friars Minor">Order of Friars Minor</a> (OFM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passionists" title="Passionists">Passionists</a> (CP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Paul_the_First_Hermit" title="Order of Saint Paul the First Hermit">Pauline Fathers</a> (OSPPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptorists" title="Redemptorists">Redemptorists</a> (CSsR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogationists" title="Rogationists">Rogationists of the Heart of Jesus</a> (RCJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brothers_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Brothers of the Sacred Heart">Sacred Heart Brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salesians_of_Don_Bosco" title="Salesians of Don Bosco">Salesians</a> (SDB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Servants of Jesus and Mary">Servants of Jesus and Mary</a> (SJM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_the_Most_Holy_Redeemer" title="Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer">Sons of the Most Holy Redeemer</a> (FSSR)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xaverian_Brothers" title="Xaverian Brothers">Xaverian Brothers</a> (CFX)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Female</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adorers_of_the_Blood_of_Christ" title="Adorers of the Blood of Christ">Adorers of the Blood of Christ</a> (ASC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Apostolic_Carmel" title="Sisters of the Apostolic Carmel">Apostolic Carmel</a> (AC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Aleppian_Sisters" title="Basilian Aleppian Sisters">Basilian Aleppian Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilian_Chouerite_Sisters" title="Basilian Chouerite Sisters">Basilian Chouerite Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigidine_Sisters" title="Brigidine Sisters">Brigidines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Congregation of the Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (CSIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelite_Sisters_of_Saint_Teresa" title="Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa">Carmelite Sisters of Saint Teresa</a> (CSST)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciscan_Hospitaller_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception">Congregation of the Franciscan Hospitaller Sisters of the Immaculate Conception</a> (FHIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Divine_Love" title="Daughters of Divine Love">Daughters of Divine Love</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Mary_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception">Daughters of Mary of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_the_Holy_Heart_of_Mary" title="Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary">Daughters of the Holy Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faithful_Companions_of_Jesus" title="Faithful Companions of Jesus">Faithful Companions of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felician_Sisters" title="Felician Sisters">Felicians</a> (CSSF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_Teachers_Filippini" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Teachers Filippini">Filippini Sisters</a> (MPF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handmaids_of_the_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus">Handmaids of the Heart of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handmaids_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus">Handmaids of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Jesus_(Spain)" title="Daughters of Jesus (Spain)">Hijas de Jesús</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Spirit_Adoration_Sisters" title="Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters">Holy Spirit Adoration Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Loreto" title="Sisters of Loreto">Institute of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_Disciples_of_the_Lamb" title="Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb">Little Sisters Disciples of the Lamb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_Jesus" title="Little Sisters of Jesus">Little Sisters of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Sisters_of_the_Poor" title="Little Sisters of the Poor">Little Sisters of the Poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Living_the_Gospel_Community" title="Living the Gospel Community">Living the Gospel Community</a> (LGC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovers_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Lovers of the Holy Cross">Lovers of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianites_of_Holy_Cross" title="Marianites of Holy Cross">Marianites of Holy Cross</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryknoll_Sisters_of_St._Dominic" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryknoll Sisters of St. Dominic">Maryknoll Sisters</a> (MM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Mother_of_God" title="Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God">Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of God</a> (SMIC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Missionary Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a> (ICM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart">Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart_of_Jesus" title="Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus">Missionary Sisters of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> (MSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_Providence" title="Oblate Sisters of Providence">Oblate Sisters of Providence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblates_of_Jesus_the_Priest" title="Oblates of Jesus the Priest">Oblates of Jesus the Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate_Sisters_of_the_Virgin_Mary_of_Fatima" title="Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima">Oblate Sisters of the Virgin Mary of Fatima</a> (OMVF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity" title="Order of Our Lady of Charity">Order of Our Lady of Charity</a> (ODNC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Poor Clares</a> (OSC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clare_Missionaries_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament">Poor Clare Missionaries of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (MC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Society of the Sacred Heart">Religious of the Sacred Heart of Jesus</a> (RSCJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_of_the_Virgin_Mary" title="Religious of the Virgin Mary">Religious of the Virgin Mary</a> (RVM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_St._Joseph" title="Servants of St. Joseph">Servants of St. Joseph</a> (SSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament">Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity" title="Sisters of Charity">Sisters of Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Charity_of_Saints_Bartolomea_Capitanio_and_Vincenza_Gerosa_(SCCG)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)">Sisters of Charity of Saints Bartolomea Capitanio and Vincenza Gerosa (SCCG)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Christian_Doctrine_of_Nancy" title="Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy">Sisters of Christian Doctrine of Nancy</a> (DC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Cross_and_Passion" title="Sisters of the Cross and Passion">Sisters of the Cross and Passion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Destitute" title="Sisters of the Destitute">Sisters of the Destitute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Sisters of the Good Shepherd</a> (RGS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Holy_Cross" title="Sisters of Holy Cross">Sisters of Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Sisters of the Holy Cross">Sisters of the Holy Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Family_(Louisiana)" title="Sisters of the Holy Family (Louisiana)">Sisters of the Holy Family-Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Holy_Names_of_Jesus_and_Mary" title="Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary">Sisters of the Holy Names of Jesus and Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" title="Congregation of the Immaculate Conception">Sisters of the Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Conception_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Sisters of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Sisters of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters,_Servants_of_the_Immaculate_Heart_of_Mary" title="Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary">Sisters, Servants of the Immaculate Heart of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Life" title="Sisters of Life">Sisters of Life</a> (SV)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Mercy" title="Sisters of Mercy">Sisters of Mercy</a> (RSM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Providence_of_Saint_Mary-of-the-Woods" title="Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods">Sisters of Providence of Saint Mary-of-the-Woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Sisters of the Sacred Heart">Sisters of the Sacred Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_the_Third_Order_of_St._Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisters of the Third Order of St. Francis">Sisters of Saint Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St._Joseph" title="Sisters of St. Joseph">Sisters of Saint Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sisters_of_St._Joseph_of_Peace" title="The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace">The Sisters of St. Joseph of Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_St_Joseph_of_the_Sacred_Heart" title="Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart">Sisters of St Joseph of the Sacred Heart</a> (RSJ)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Saint_Paul_of_Chartres" title="Sisters of Saint Paul of Chartres">Sisters of St. Paul of Chartres</a> (SPC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Helpers_of_the_Holy_Souls" title="Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls">Society of the Helpers of the Holy Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Social_Service" title="Sisters of Social Service">Sisters of Social Service</a> (sss)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servants_of_the_Blessed_Sacrament" title="Servants of the Blessed Sacrament">Servants of the Blessed Sacrament</a> (SSS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursulines" title="Ursulines">Ursulines</a> (OSU)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missionary_Sisters_of_Our_Lady_of_Africa" title="Missionary Sisters of Our Lady of Africa">White Sisters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Catholic laity</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Catholicism">Catholicism portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catholic_Church" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist wraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Template talk:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic_Church_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catholic Church footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catholic_Church" class="wraplinks" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Catholic_Church_articles" title="Index of Catholic Church articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Outline of the Catholic Church">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Glossary of the Catholic Church">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholics" title="Lists of Catholics">Lists of Catholics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="History of the Catholic Church">History</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Timeline of the Catholic Church">Timeline</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Ecclesiastical history of the Catholic Church">Ecclesiastical</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legal_history_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Legal history of the Catholic Church">Legal</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesus_in_Christianity" title="Jesus in Christianity">Jesus</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_(title)" title="Christ (title)">Christ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Jesus" title="Ministry of Jesus">Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">Crucifixion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_Jesus" title="Resurrection of Jesus">Resurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Commission" title="Great Commission">Great Commission</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Apostles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">Succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primacy_of_Peter" title="Primacy of Peter">Petrine primacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church fathers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Fathers" title="Apostolic Fathers">Apostolic fathers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_papacy" title="History of the papacy">History of the papacy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_papal_primacy" title="History of papal primacy">Primacy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Church" title="Great Church">Great Church</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_ante-Nicene_period" title="Christianity in the ante-Nicene period">Ante-Nicene period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Christianity" title="Constantine the Great and Christianity">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_seven_ecumenical_councils" title="First seven ecumenical councils">First seven ecumenical councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Council_of_Nicaea" title="First Council of Nicaea">Nicaea I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Chalcedon" title="Council of Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_canon" title="Biblical canon">Biblical canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_monasticism" title="Christian monasticism">Monasticism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Islamic conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_I" title="Pope Gregory I">Pope Gregory I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East%E2%80%93West_Schism" title="East–West Schism">Schism (1054)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_Controversy" title="Investiture Controversy">Investiture Controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Schism" title="Western Schism">Schism (1378)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_university" title="Medieval university">Universities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_the_Age_of_Discovery" title="Catholic Church and the Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Modern era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church and Protestant">Protestantism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Protestant Reformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Catholic Reformation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Trent</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Nazi_Germany" title="Catholic Church and Nazi Germany">Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Vatican_Council" title="Second Vatican Council">Vatican II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_sexual_abuse_cases" title="Catholic Church sexual abuse cases">Sexual abuse scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_Islam" title="Catholic Church and Islam">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impact_of_the_COVID-19_pandemic_on_the_Catholic_Church" title="Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Catholic Church">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology" title="Catholic theology">Theology</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Bible</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic tradition">Tradition</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism</a></i></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="General" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/God_in_Christianity" title="God in Christianity">God</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_theology_on_the_body" title="Catholic theology on the body">Body and soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">Divine grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Dogma in the Catholic Church">Dogma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicene_Creed" title="Nicene Creed">Nicene Creed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_saints" title="List of Catholic saints">Saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation_in_Christianity" title="Salvation in Christianity">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Commandments_in_Catholic_theology" title="Ten Commandments in Catholic theology">Ten Commandments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulgate" title="Vulgate">Vulgate</a></li> <li>Official Bible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sixtine_Vulgate" title="Sixtine Vulgate">Sixtine Vulgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixto-Clementine_Vulgate" title="Sixto-Clementine Vulgate">Sixto-Clementine Vulgate</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nova_Vulgata" title="Nova Vulgata">Nova Vulgata</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_worship" title="Christian worship">Worship</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecclesiology" title="Catholic ecclesiology">Ecclesiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Communitas_perfecta" title="Communitas perfecta">Communitas perfecta</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_ecumenism" title="Catholic Church and ecumenism">Ecumenism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Marks_of_the_Church" title="Four Marks of the Church">Four marks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/One_true_church" title="One true church">One true church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholicity" title="Catholicity">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infallibility_of_the_Church" title="Infallibility of the Church">Infallibility</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mystici_Corporis_Christi" title="Mystici Corporis Christi">Mystici Corporis Christi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_God" title="People of God">People of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churches_Militant,_Penitent,_and_Triumphant" title="Churches Militant, Penitent, and Triumphant">Three states</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Subsistit_in" title="Subsistit in">Subsistit in</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">In canon law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Sacraments_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Sacraments of the Catholic Church">Sacraments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baptism" title="Baptism">Baptism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Confirmation in the Catholic Church">Confirmation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucharist_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Eucharist in the Catholic Church">Eucharist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament_of_Penance" title="Sacrament of Penance">Penance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anointing_of_the_Sick_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Anointing of the Sick in the Catholic Church">Anointing of the Sick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Last_rites" title="Last rites">Last rites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marriage in the Catholic Church">Matrimony</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Mariology" title="Catholic Mariology">Mariology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumption_of_Mary" title="Assumption of Mary">Assumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Catholic_Mariology" title="History of Catholic Mariology">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immaculate_Conception" title="Immaculate Conception">Immaculate Conception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_popes" title="Mariology of the popes">Mariology of the popes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariology_of_the_saints" title="Mariology of the saints">Mariology of the saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theotokos" title="Theotokos">Mother of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_virginity_of_Mary" title="Perpetual virginity of Mary">Perpetual virginity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_Mary_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Veneration of Mary in the Catholic Church">Veneration</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephology" title="Josephology">Josephology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christian_philosophy" title="Christian philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_moral_theology" title="Catholic moral theology">Moral theology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personalism_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Personalism (Catholic)">Personalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_philosophers_and_theologians" title="List of Catholic philosophers and theologians">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy,_theology,_and_fundamental_theory_of_Catholic_canon_law" title="Philosophy, theology, and fundamental theory of Catholic canon law">Philosophy of canon law</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Science and the Catholic Church">Science</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evolution_and_the_Catholic_Church" title="Evolution and the Catholic Church">Evolution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Separation_of_church_and_state" title="Separation of church and state">Separation of church and state</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Relations_between_the_Catholic_Church_and_the_state" title="Relations between the Catholic Church and the state">Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_politics" title="Catholic Church and politics">Politics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_(Catholic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint (Catholic)">Saints</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Family" title="Holy Family">Holy Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary,_mother_of_Jesus" title="Mary, mother of Jesus">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Joseph" title="Saint Joseph">Joseph</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophets_of_Christianity" title="Prophets of Christianity">Prophets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archangel" title="Archangel">Archangels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_the_Church" title="Doctor of the Church">Doctors of the Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Evangelists" title="Four Evangelists">Evangelists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessor_of_the_Faith" title="Confessor of the Faith">Confessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">Disciples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_(title)" title="Virgin (title)">Virgins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%">Organisation<br /><small><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Hierarchy of the Catholic Church">Hierarchy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Canon_law_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Canon law of the Catholic Church">Canon law</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_laity" title="Catholic laity">Laity</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_precedence_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Order of precedence in the Catholic Church">Precedence</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">By country</a></small></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Holy See</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_popes" title="List of popes">List of popes</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Pope</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_ecumenical_councils" title="Catholic ecumenical councils">Ecumenical councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/College_of_Cardinals" title="College of Cardinals">College</a> of <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_living_cardinals" class="mw-redirect" title="List of living cardinals">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Cardinal_Advisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Cardinal Advisers">Advisers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dicastery" title="Dicastery">Dicasteries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synod_of_Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Synod of Bishops in the Catholic Church">Synod of Bishops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Properties_of_the_Holy_See" title="Properties of the Holy See">Properties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Vatican_City%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of Vatican City–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Vatican_City" title="Outline of Vatican City">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apostolic_Palace" title="Apostolic Palace">Apostolic Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateran_Treaty" title="Lateran Treaty">Lateran Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rota" title="Roman Rota">Roman Rota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Peter%27s_Basilica" title="St. Peter's Basilica">St. Peter's Basilica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Guard" title="Swiss Guard">Swiss Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Vatican Museums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_polity" title="Ecclesiastical polity">Polity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Holy_orders_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Holy orders in the Catholic Church">Holy orders</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_dioceses_(structured_view)" title="List of Catholic dioceses (structured view)">Diocese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episcopal_conference" title="Episcopal conference">Episcopal conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eparchy#Church_hierarchy" title="Eparchy">Eparchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bishops_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Bishops in the Catholic Church">Bishop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch" title="Patriarch">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_archbishop" title="Major archbishop">Major</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_bishop" title="Metropolitan bishop">Metropolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocesan_bishop" title="Diocesan bishop">Diocesan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coadjutor_bishop" title="Coadjutor bishop">Coadjutor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auxiliary_bishop" title="Auxiliary bishop">Auxiliary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titular_bishop" title="Titular bishop">Titular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_emeritus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope emeritus">Emeritus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parish_(Catholic_Church)" title="Parish (Catholic Church)">Parish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priesthood_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Priesthood in the Catholic Church">Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">Deacon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Consecrated_life" title="Consecrated life">Consecrated life</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religious_(Western_Christianity)" title="Religious (Western Christianity)">Religious</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_(hierarchy)" title="Superior (hierarchy)">Superior</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">Abbot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abbess" title="Abbess">Abbess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_general_(Christianity)" title="Superior general (Christianity)">General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_superior" title="Provincial superior">Provincial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prior_(ecclesiastical)" title="Prior (ecclesiastical)">Prior, Prioress</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_master_(order)" title="Grand master (order)">Grand master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_brother" title="Religious brother">Brother</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friar" title="Friar">Friar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">Monk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_sister" title="Religious sister">Sister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_nun" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic nun">Nun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">Hermit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novitiate" title="Novitiate">Novice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novice_master" title="Novice master">Master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oblate" title="Oblate">Oblate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postulant" title="Postulant">Postulant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_particular_churches_and_liturgical_rites" title="Catholic particular churches and liturgical rites">Particular churches</a><br /><i><a href="/wiki/Sui_iuris" title="Sui iuris">sui iuris</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Albanian Greek Catholic Church">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Church" title="Armenian Catholic Church">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Belarusian Greek Catholic Church">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaldean_Catholic_Church" title="Chaldean Catholic Church">Chaldean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Catholic_Church" title="Coptic Catholic Church">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Church_of_Croatia_and_Serbia" title="Greek Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia">Croatian and Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Catholic_Church" title="Eritrean Catholic Church">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Catholic_Church" title="Ethiopian Catholic Church">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Georgia" title="Catholic Church in Georgia">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Byzantine_Catholic_Church" title="Greek Byzantine Catholic Church">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Hungarian Greek Catholic Church">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Albanian_Catholic_Church" title="Italo-Albanian Catholic Church">Italo-Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Macedonian Greek Catholic Church">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Church" title="Maronite Church">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Church">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Russian Greek Catholic Church">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church">Ruthenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Slovak Greek Catholic Church">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Church" title="Syriac Catholic Church">Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malabar_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Syro-Malabar Catholic Church">Syro-Malabar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syro-Malankara_Catholic_Church" title="Syro-Malankara Catholic Church">Syro-Malankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church">Ukrainian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:12em"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_liturgy" title="Catholic liturgy">Catholic liturgy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_liturgy" title="Eastern Catholic liturgy">Eastern Catholic liturgy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexandrian_liturgical_rites" title="Alexandrian liturgical rites">Alexandrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochene_Rite" title="Antiochene Rite">Antiochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Rite" title="Armenian Rite">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Syriac_Rite" title="East Syriac Rite">East Syriac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Syriac_Rite" title="West Syriac Rite">West Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malankara_Rite" title="Malankara Rite">Malankara</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosian_Rite" title="Ambrosian Rite">Ambrosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rite_of_Braga" title="Rite of Braga">Braga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozarabic_Rite" title="Mozarabic Rite">Mozarabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Rite" title="Roman Rite">Roman</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_of_Paul_VI" title="Mass of Paul VI">Paul VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tridentine_Mass" title="Tridentine Mass">Tridentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglican_Use" title="Anglican Use">Anglican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaire_Use" title="Zaire Use">Zaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_art" title="Catholic art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marian_art_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Marian art in the Catholic Church">Marian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_artists" title="List of Catholic artists">Artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_writers" title="List of Catholic writers">Writers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Catholic_church_buildings" title="Lists of Catholic church buildings">Church buildings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altarpiece" title="Altarpiece">Altarpieces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_Catholicism" title="Folk Catholicism">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Library" title="Vatican Library">Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Museums" title="Vatican Museums">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_music" title="Category:Catholic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Holy_See" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Holy See">Distinctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Role_of_Christianity_in_civilization" title="Role of Christianity in civilization">Role in civilisation</a></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Criticism of the Catholic Church">Criticism of the Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Catholicism" title="Anti-Catholicism">Anti-Catholicism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Catholic_media" title="Category:Catholic media">Media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See_Press_Office" title="Holy See Press Office">Holy See Press Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Media" title="Vatican Media">Vatican Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_News" title="Vatican News">Vatican News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Television_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Vatican Television Center">Vatican Television Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_Radio" title="Vatican Radio">Vatican Radio</a></li></ul></li> <li>Vatican Polyglot Press</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Annuario_Pontificio" title="Annuario Pontificio">Annuario Pontificio</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religious_order_(Catholic)" title="Religious order (Catholic)">Religious orders</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Religious_institute" title="Religious institute">institutes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">societies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assumptionists" title="Assumptionists">Assumptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary" title="Order of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary">Annonciades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustinians" title="Augustinians">Augustinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Basil_the_Great" title="Order of Saint Basil the Great">Basilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedictines" title="Benedictines">Benedictines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethlehemites" title="Bethlehemites">Bethlehemites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Most_Holy_Annunciation" title="Order of the Most Holy Annunciation">Blue nuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camaldolese" title="Camaldolese">Camaldoleses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camillians" title="Camillians">Camillians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Carmelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthusians" title="Carthusians">Carthusians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistercians" title="Cistercians">Cistercians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_Clares" title="Poor Clares">Clarisses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptionists" title="Conceptionists">Conceptionists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canons_Regular_of_the_Order_of_the_Holy_Cross" title="Canons Regular of the Order of the Holy Cross">Crosiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominicans</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franciscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congregation_of_Our_Lady_of_Charity_of_the_Good_Shepherd" title="Congregation of Our Lady of Charity of the Good Shepherd">Good Shepherd Sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieronymites" title="Hieronymites">Hieronymites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legionaries_of_Christ" title="Legionaries of Christ">Legionaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary_of_Mercy" title="Order of the Blessed Virgin Mary of Mercy">Mercedarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Minims" title="Order of Minims">Minims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olivetans" title="Olivetans">Olivetans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Saint_Philip_Neri" title="Oratory of Saint Philip Neri">Oratorians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piarists" title="Piarists">Piarists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premonstratensians" title="Premonstratensians">Premonstratensians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemptoristines" title="Redemptoristines">Redemptoristines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Servite_Order" title="Servite Order">Servites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatines" title="Theatines">Theatines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trappists" title="Trappists">Trappists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinitarians" title="Trinitarians">Trinitarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Visitation_of_Holy_Mary" title="Order of the Visitation of Holy Mary">Visitandines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Association_of_the_Christian_faithful" title="Association of the Christian faithful">Associations<br />of the faithful</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confraternity" title="Confraternity">Confraternities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_lay_organisations" title="Catholic lay organisations">Lay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Marian_movements_and_societies" title="Catholic Marian movements and societies">Marian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_youth_work" title="Catholic youth work">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Movement_of_Christian_Workers" title="World Movement of Christian Workers">Workers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_order" title="Third order">Third orders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Dominic" title="Third Order of Saint Dominic">Saint Dominic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lay_Carmelites" title="Lay Carmelites">Lay Carmelites</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Order_of_Discalced_Carmelites" title="Secular Order of Discalced Carmelites">Discalced</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Order_of_Saint_Francis" title="Third Order of Saint Francis">Saint Francis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Franciscan_Order" title="Secular Franciscan Order">Secular</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_order_(religious_society)#International" title="Military order (religious society)">Military orders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimcap" title="Fimcap">Fimcap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Action" title="Catholic Action">Catholic Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charismatic_Renewal" title="Catholic Charismatic Renewal">Charismatic Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communion_and_Liberation" title="Communion and Liberation">Communion and Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Sant%27Egidio" title="Community of Sant'Egidio">Sant'Egidio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focolare_Movement" title="Focolare Movement">Focolare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Catholic_Knights" title="International Alliance of Catholic Knights">International Alliance of Catholic Knights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Catholic_Conference_of_Scouting" title="International Catholic Conference of Scouting">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Mary" title="Legion of Mary">Legion of Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocatechumenal_Way" title="Neocatechumenal Way">Neocatechumenal Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_Dei" title="Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoenstatt_Apostolic_Movement" title="Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement">Schoenstatt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color:gold;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_charities" title="Catholic charities">Charities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aid_to_the_Church_in_Need" title="Aid to the Church in Need">Aid to the Church in Need</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritas_Internationalis" title="Caritas Internationalis">Caritas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Charities_USA" title="Catholic Charities USA">Catholic Charities USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Home_Missions" title="Catholic Home Missions">Home Missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Relief_Services" title="Catholic Relief Services">Relief Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIDSE" title="CIDSE">CIDSE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Christi" title="Pax Christi">Pax Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Saint_Vincent_de_Paul" title="Society of Saint Vincent de Paul">Society of Saint Vincent de Paul</a><br /></li> <li>See also:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_and_health_care" title="Catholic Church and health care">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_school" title="Catholic school">Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_higher_education" title="Catholic higher education">Universities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:gold"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:046CupolaSPietro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/16px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/24px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/046CupolaSPietro.jpg/32px-046CupolaSPietro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123424250">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/147415964">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Franziskaner"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1008636-5">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Franciscans"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79015671">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11876244r">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11876244r">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Francescani"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/CFIV019268">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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