CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin) - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"b3750565-5f71-483e-9634-719bb38435d1","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)","wgTitle":"Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)", "wgCurRevisionId":1250677910,"wgRevisionId":1250677910,"wgArticleId":1445268,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)","wgRelevantArticleId":1445268,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true, "watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"","wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":true,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ar","autonym":"العربية","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast", "autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bg","autonym":"български","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym": "ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym":"বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bs","autonym":"bosanski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ca","autonym":"català","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr" },{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cs","autonym":"čeština","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"da","autonym":"dansk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"de","autonym":"Deutsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"el","autonym":"Ελληνικά","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eo","autonym":"Esperanto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"es","autonym":"español","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"et","autonym":"eesti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eu","autonym":"euskara","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fa","autonym":"فارسی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fi","autonym":"suomi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frr","autonym":"Nordfriisk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gl","autonym":"galego","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"he","autonym":"עברית","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hu","autonym":"magyar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw","autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"is","autonym":"íslenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"it","autonym":"italiano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki", "autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk","autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ko","autonym":"한국어","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij" ,"autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lt","autonym":"lietuvių","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ml","autonym":"മലയാളം","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" ,"dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym":"मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ms","autonym":"Bahasa Melayu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nl","autonym":"Nederlands","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nn","autonym":"norsk nynorsk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym":"Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pl","autonym":"polski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pt","autonym":"português","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ro","autonym":"română","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym": "davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sh","autonym":"srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr","autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sr","autonym":"српски / srpski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"su","autonym":"Sunda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sv","autonym":"svenska","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym":"తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"tr","autonym":"Türkçe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym":"اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vi","autonym":"Tiếng Việt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{ "lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zh","autonym":"中文","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq" ,"dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg","mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq", "sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q3297864","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true, "talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar", "ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin) - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Master_of_Arts_Oxford_Cambridge_and_Dublin rootpage-Master_of_Arts_Oxford_Cambridge_and_Dublin stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Master+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Master+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&utm_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.subject">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab "> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Master+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> In the universities of <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">Cambridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Dublin" title="University of Dublin">Dublin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelors of Arts</a> (BAs) are promoted to the rank of Master of Arts (MA), typically upon application after three or four years after graduation. No further examination or study is required for this promotion, which is a mark of seniority rather than an additional postgraduate qualification.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-ma-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-camb-ma-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-dublin-ma-3">[3]</a> While these universities award postgraduate master's degrees that require further study and examination, they do not award the title 'MA' for any postgraduate degree.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> This practice differs from that of most universities worldwide, where the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts" title="Master of Arts">MA</a> reflects further postgraduate study. As a result, these degrees are often referred to as the Oxford and Cambridge MA and the Dublin or Trinity MA to distinguish them.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Similarly, in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_universities_of_Scotland" title="Ancient universities of Scotland">ancient Scottish universities</a>, the degree of <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Scotland)" title="Master of Arts (Scotland)">Master of Arts</a> is awarded as an <a href="/wiki/Undergraduate_degree" title="Undergraduate degree">undergraduate degree</a> in certain subjects. Upon promotion to MA, graduates no longer wear the academic dress or use the post-nominal letters associated with the Bachelor of Arts. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#History_and_rationale">1 History and rationale</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-2"><a href="#Historical_examples_at_other_universities">1.1 Historical examples at other universities</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Requirements">2 Requirements</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Post-nominal_style">3 Post-nominal style</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Rights_and_privileges">4 Rights and privileges</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Precedence">5 Precedence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#MA_status">6 MA status</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Criticism">7 Criticism</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="History_and_rationale">History and rationale</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History and rationale" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" title="Special:EditPage/Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> This system dates back to the Middle Ages when the study of the liberal arts typically took seven years. At that time, students often entered university at a much younger age than is common today, sometimes as young as 14 or 15. The basic university education comprised the <a href="/wiki/Trivium_(education)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trivium (education)">Trivium</a> (grammar, rhetoric, and dialectic) and the <a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">Quadrivium</a> (geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, and music), which together took about seven years of full-time study. During this period, a student would first earn a baccalaureate, or <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">Bachelor's degree</a>, after completing part of their studies. The division between the trivium and quadrivium did not always correspond to the division between the BA and MA degrees, though it was adopted at Cambridge during the Tudor period and remained in place long after other European universities had moved away from it. At the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>, the baccalaureate was awarded soon after <a href="/wiki/Responsions" title="Responsions">responsions</a> (the matriculation exam), while at Oxford and Cambridge the BA was granted much later and became more significant over time. Upon being admitted to the degree of Master of Arts, a student would become a full member of the university and gain the right to vote in the Convocation. The new MA could then teach at the university for a set number of years, during which time they were referred to as a 'regent' or 'regent master.' Upon completing this period of teaching, they would become a 'non-regent master' and either leave the university or remain to pursue further studies in one of the higher faculties—Divinity, Canon or Civil Law, or Medicine. Over time, it became possible to study in these higher faculties as a BA, although a graduate could not be promoted to a higher degree until they had the seniority required to become an MA. As the requirements for the BA increased, the requirements for the MA gradually diminished. By the 18th century, the practice had largely become a formality, and students could meet residency requirements (once fulfilled by attending lectures) simply by keeping their names on the college books. In 1800, Oxford introduced modern-style examinations for the BA and MA degrees, but the MA examination was abolished in 1807. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Agar_Cambridge_non-regent_MA_1815.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Agar_Cambridge_non-regent_MA_1815.jpg/220px-Agar_Cambridge_non-regent_MA_1815.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="751"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 305px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Agar_Cambridge_non-regent_MA_1815.jpg/220px-Agar_Cambridge_non-regent_MA_1815.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="305" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Agar_Cambridge_non-regent_MA_1815.jpg/330px-Agar_Cambridge_non-regent_MA_1815.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Agar_Cambridge_non-regent_MA_1815.jpg/440px-Agar_Cambridge_non-regent_MA_1815.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Costume of a non-<a href="/wiki/Regent_master" title="Regent master">regent</a> MA in Cambridge, 1815.</figcaption></figure> From at least the 16th century, noblemen formed the most select group of undergraduates, paying four times the normal fees and sometimes receiving an MA degree after just two years of residence, without completing the BA degree. However, many did not stay long enough to graduate. Noblemen were distinguished by gold tassels on their <a href="/wiki/Mortarboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Mortarboard">mortarboard</a> caps, compared to the black ones worn by students of lower social ranks.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Students of the next rank—<a href="/wiki/Fellow-commoner" class="mw-redirect" title="Fellow-commoner">fellow-commoners</a> at Cambridge and Dublin or <a href="/wiki/Gentleman_commoner" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentleman commoner">gentlemen commoners</a> at Oxford—paid twice the standard fees, dined with the fellows, and were exempt from attending lectures and performing exercises required for the BA. They could graduate a year earlier than students in lower ranks. However, at Cambridge, both higher categories were still required to take the Senate House Examination to receive an honours degree.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Below these were commoners at Oxford or pensioners at Cambridge and Dublin, who paid the standard fees and were more likely to remain and graduate. At the bottom were <a href="/wiki/Servitor" title="Servitor">servitors</a> at Oxford and <a href="/wiki/Sizar" title="Sizar">sizars</a> at Cambridge and Dublin, who had their fees subsidized by the college in exchange for menial duties. <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Goldsmith" title="Oliver Goldsmith">Oliver Goldsmith</a> was a sizar; <a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Isaac Newton</a> was a subsizar. These distinctions were gradually phased out during the 19th century. Reforms in the late 16th century allowed some ordinary undergraduates to bypass the BA stage altogether. Previously, it was necessary to wait three years after earning a BA to become a bachelor of laws or medicine, but after paying a fine, students could leave college after three years of residence to study at the Inns of Court or a teaching hospital, and return for a professional bachelor's degree, as was the case with <a href="/wiki/William_Blackstone" title="William Blackstone">William Blackstone</a>. Until 1865, all students at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College,_Cambridge" title="King's College, Cambridge">King's College, Cambridge</a> were from <a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a> and could graduate BA and later MA without taking university exams. Similarly, students at <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College, Oxford</a>, who all came from <a href="/wiki/Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester College</a>, had the same exemptions until 1834. Although the length of undergraduate degree programs has been reduced to three or four years in all subjects, the MA degree at Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin is still awarded roughly seven years after matriculation. This reflects the fact that much of the liberal arts education has been transferred to <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar schools</a>, with students now entering university at an older age, typically between 17 and 19. (In France, the school-leaving certificate is still called the <a href="/wiki/Baccalaur%C3%A9at" title="Baccalauréat">Baccalauréat</a>.) <a href="/wiki/Durham_University" title="Durham University">Durham University</a> (which awarded its first MA in 1838) and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_London" title="University of London">University of London</a> (first MA awarded in 1840) broke away from the ancient English model by treating the MA as a distinct higher degree, awarded after further examination.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> However, by instituting further study beyond the initial baccalaureate, these universities can be seen to have reverted to the ancient model. Most modern universities followed their lead, with the Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin system becoming the exception. Some universities adopted the ancient model temporarily, allowing progression within the same faculty, such as from BSc to MSc, but later switched to the newer system. Among the "<a href="/wiki/Steamboat_ladies" title="Steamboat ladies">steamboat ladies</a>" (female students at Oxford and Cambridge who were awarded ad eundem degrees by the University of Dublin between 1904 and 1907, at a time when their own universities refused to confer degrees upon women), some, like <a href="/wiki/Julia_Bell" title="Julia Bell">Julia Bell</a>, earned MAs.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_examples_at_other_universities">Historical examples at other universities</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical examples at other universities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> While today only Cambridge, Oxford, and Trinity College, Dublin promote students to the degree of Master of Arts three years after graduation, this was a practice at other colleges before the 20th century. In the United States, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> engaged in this practice from the mid-1600s until 1872.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> At Yale University, an MA without examination was award from its foundation until 1871.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> Likewise, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> awarded the Master of Arts in this manner from its origins as King's College, during which, in 1761, three of the five members of the original graduating class of 1758 were promoted to Master of Arts.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> The practice was abolished by the Board of Trustees in June 1880, when a formal exam for the Master of Arts was introduced.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Other American colleges in the mid to late 1800s, awarded a Master of Arts "in course" to graduates of three years standing, including at <a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a> and <a href="/wiki/Union_College" title="Union College">Union College</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Requirements">Requirements</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Requirements" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> At Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin, a Bachelor of Arts graduate may "incept" as a Master of Arts after a certain period, without further examination or residence but sometimes upon payment of a fee. <ul><li>At Oxford, the MA can be conferred after the twenty-first term following <a href="/wiki/Matriculation" title="Matriculation">matriculation</a> (typically seven years after entering the university) upon holders of an Oxford BA or <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Fine_Arts" title="Bachelor of Fine Arts">Bachelor of Fine Arts</a> (BFA).<a href="#cite_note-oxford-18">[18]</a> Holders of other undergraduate Oxford degrees, such as <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Theology" title="Bachelor of Theology">Bachelor of Theology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Mathematics" title="Master of Mathematics">Master of Mathematics</a>, are not entitled to the MA.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li></ul> <ul><li>At Cambridge, the MA may be conferred six years after the first term in residence upon holders of a Cambridge BA. The previous rule that the BA must be held for two years before applying for the MA was suspended for many due to delays caused by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-cambridge-20">[20]</a> The MA can also be awarded to senior university or college staff after three years of employment.</li></ul> <ul><li>At Dublin, the MA may be conferred on holders of a Dublin BA after three years, provided they have completed at least nine terms of residence. A fee is payable, though it is waived for graduates of over fifty years' standing.<a href="#cite_note-tcd-21">[21]</a></li></ul> There are other situations in which the MA may be awarded, such as to members of staff, but these are the most common. Specific regulations can be found in the statutes of the respective universities.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-cambridge-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-tcd-21">[21]</a> In accordance with the formula of <a href="/wiki/Ad_eundem_gradum" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad eundem gradum">ad eundem gradum</a>, a form of mutual recognition among the three universities, a graduate entitled to an MA degree from one institution may have the equivalent title conferred by one of the other two without further examination.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Post-nominal_style">Post-nominal style</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-nominal style" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Masters of Arts of the three universities may use the <a href="/wiki/Post-nominal_letters" title="Post-nominal letters">post-nominal letters</a> "MA". Although <a href="/wiki/Honours_degree" title="Honours degree">honours</a> are sometimes awarded for the examinations leading to the BA degree, the style "MA (Hons)" is not used. The abbreviated name of the university (Oxon, Cantab or Dubl) is often appended in parentheses to the initials "MA" (e.g. "John Smith, MA (Cantab)), so that it is clear that these are nominal and unexamined titles.<a href="#cite_note-oxford-ma-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-camb-ma-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-dublin-ma-3">[3]</a> Additionally, the BA degree is not shown alongside the MA award; only the MA should be used.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> If someone incorporates from one of the above universities to another, the Latin et can be inserted between the university names, e.g. "MA (Oxon et Cantab)", etc. as opposed to "MA (Oxon), MA (Cantab)" which would indicate that the holder graduated BA at both universities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Oxford University Gazette and University Calendar have, since 2007, used Oxf rather than Oxon (also Camb rather than Cantab and Dub rather than Dubl) to match the style used for other universities. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Rights_and_privileges">Rights and privileges</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rights and privileges" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" title="Special:EditPage/Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table>The degree of Master of Arts traditionally carried various rights and privileges, the chief of which was membership of the legislative bodies of the universities – <a href="/wiki/Convocation" title="Convocation">Convocation</a> at Oxford and the <a href="/wiki/Faculty_senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Faculty senate">Senate</a> at Cambridge and Dublin. These were originally important decision-making bodies, approving changes to the statutes of the universities and electing various officials, including the two <a href="/wiki/University_constituency#Scotland,_England,_Ireland,_Great_Britain,_United_Kingdom" title="University constituency">members of Parliament</a> for each university. Inception to the MA degree was the principal way of becoming a member of these bodies, though it is not the only way, e.g. at Oxford Doctors of Divinity, Medicine and Civil Law were always also automatically members of Convocation. Today, the main role of Convocation and Senate is the election of the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_(education)" title="Chancellor (education)">Chancellor</a> of each university as well as the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Professor_of_Poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford Professor of Poetry">Professor of Poetry</a> at Oxford and the <a href="/wiki/High_Steward_(academia)" title="High Steward (academia)">High Steward</a> at Cambridge. The privileges accorded to MAs and other members of Convocation/Senate were formerly very important. At Oxford, until 1998 the <a href="/wiki/Proctor" title="Proctor">Proctors</a> only had the power to discipline "junior members" (those who had not been admitted to membership of Convocation), which meant that any graduate student who had incepted as an MA was immune from their authority. At Cambridge, MAs and those with MA status continue to be exempt from the rules governing the ownership of motor vehicles by students. Other privileges intended for academic staff and alumni, e.g. the right to dine at High Table, to attend <a href="/wiki/Gaudy" title="Gaudy">Gaudies</a>, to walk upon college lawns, etc., are in most colleges restricted to MAs, which excludes the majority of graduate students. For Cambridge, membership of the Senate is no longer limited to the MA<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> and in 2000, Oxford opened membership of Convocation to all graduates.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> For Dublin, the right to elect senators to the upper house of the Irish parliament, <a href="/wiki/Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="Seanad Éireann">Seanad Éireann</a>, is now restricted to those who are Irish citizens and since 1918 the franchise was extended to include all graduates, not only those with an MA.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Precedence">Precedence</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Precedence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> The MA degree gives its holder a particular status in the universities' orders of precedence/seniority.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> a Master of Arts enjoys precedence, standing, and rank before all doctors, masters, and bachelors of the university who are not Masters of Arts, apart from <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Divinity" title="Doctor of Divinity">Doctors of Divinity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Civil_Law" title="Doctor of Civil Law">Doctors of Civil Law</a>. Precedence, standing, and rank were formerly important for determining eligibility for appointments such as fellowships, but now generally have only a ceremonial significance. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="MA_status">MA status</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: MA status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" title="Special:EditPage/Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table>In Oxford, until 2000 the university statutes required that all members of <a href="/wiki/Congregation_(university)" title="Congregation (university)">Congregation</a> (the academic and senior staff of the university) have at least the degree of DD, DM, DCL or MA or have MA status. This linked back to the MA as the licence to teach in the university. MA status was thus routinely granted to academics from other universities who came to take up positions within the university; while it is no longer granted in this way, many members of Congregation appointed before 2000 retain MA status. In Cambridge, the status of MA is automatically accorded to graduates of other universities studying in Cambridge who are aged 24 or older (graduate students under 24 years are given BA status). This entitles them to wear the appropriate Cambridge gown, but without strings.<a href="#cite_note-cusugg-30">[30]</a> For the above cases, the status is not a degree so is automatically relinquished upon leaving the University (in the case of Oxford) or completion of their degree (for Cambridge). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Criticism" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> In 2000, research by the <a href="/wiki/Quality_Assurance_Agency_for_Higher_Education" title="Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education">Quality Assurance Agency for Higher Education</a> showed that 62% of employers were unaware that the Cambridge MA did not represent any kind of postgraduate achievement involving study.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The same survey found widespread ignorance amongst employers regarding university-level qualifications in general: 51% believed the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Edinburgh" title="University of Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Scotland)" title="Master of Arts (Scotland)">MA</a> to be a postgraduate qualification, 22% were unaware that a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Business_Administration" title="Doctor of Business Administration">Doctorate in Business Administration</a> was a higher qualification than an undergraduate <a href="/wiki/Diploma_of_Higher_Education" title="Diploma of Higher Education">Diploma of Higher Education</a>, and 40% thought that a BA or BSc was a postgraduate degree.<a href="#cite_note-thes-qaa-32">[32]</a> In February 2011, the then Labour MP for Nottingham East, <a href="/wiki/Chris_Leslie_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chris Leslie (politician)">Chris Leslie</a>, sponsored a private member's bill, the Master's Degrees (Minimum Standards) Bill 2010–12, to "prohibit universities awarding Master's degrees unless certain standards of study and assessment are met".<a href="#cite_note-mdmsb-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-hansard-34">[34]</a> The bill's second reading debate occurred on 21 October 2011, but ran out of time.<a href="#cite_note-hansard-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-mdmsb-33">[33]</a> In Ireland, the Master of Arts at Trinity College, Dublin, is not registered with or approved by <a href="/wiki/Quality_and_Qualifications_Ireland" title="Quality and Qualifications Ireland">Quality and Qualifications Ireland</a>, the national agency responsible for academic <a href="/wiki/National_Framework_of_Qualifications" title="National Framework of Qualifications">qualifications</a> in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad_eundem_degree" title="Ad eundem degree">Ad eundem degree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wooden_spoon_(award)" title="Wooden spoon (award)">Wooden spoon (award)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrangler_(University_of_Cambridge)" title="Wrangler (University of Cambridge)">Wrangler (University of Cambridge)</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-oxford-ma-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxford-ma_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford-ma_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://examregs.admin.ox.ac.uk/Regulation?code=mastofarts">"Regulations for the Degree of Master of Arts"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>. Retrieved 17 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regulations+for+the+Degree+of+Master+of+Arts&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexamregs.admin.ox.ac.uk%2FRegulation%3Fcode%3Dmastofarts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-camb-ma-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-camb-ma_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-camb-ma_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridgestudents.cam.ac.uk/your-course/graduation-and-what-next/cambridge-ma">"The Cambridge MA"</a>. University of Cambridge. 6 November 2014. Retrieved 13 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+MA&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft.date=2014-11-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgestudents.cam.ac.uk%2Fyour-course%2Fgraduation-and-what-next%2Fcambridge-ma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-dublin-ma-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dublin-ma_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dublin-ma_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924121512/http://www.tcd.ie/calendar/1415-2/part-3/4-regulations-for-professional-higher-and-other-degrees/7-regulations-for-the-degree-of-master-in-arts-m-a/">"Regulations for the degree of Master in Arts (M.A.)"</a>. Trinity College Dublin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcd.ie/calendar/1415-2/part-3/4-regulations-for-professional-higher-and-other-degrees/7-regulations-for-the-degree-of-master-in-arts-m-a/">the original</a> on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 13 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regulations+for+the+degree+of+Master+in+Arts+%28M.A.%29&rft.pub=Trinity+College+Dublin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcd.ie%2Fcalendar%2F1415-2%2Fpart-3%2F4-regulations-for-professional-higher-and-other-degrees%2F7-regulations-for-the-degree-of-master-in-arts-m-a%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/students/graduation/verification">"Verifying qualifications"</a>. Oxford University. April 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+University&rft.atitle=Verifying+qualifications&rft.date=2020-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fstudents%2Fgraduation%2Fverification&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> See a reader's letter to <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education" title="Times Higher Education">Times Higher Education</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/why-ithink-oxbridge-ma-degrees-should-be-scrapped/152170.article">"Why I...think Oxbridge MA degrees should be scrapped"</a>. Times Higher Education. 16 June 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220817202701/https://www.timeshighereducation.com/news/why-ithink-oxbridge-ma-degrees-should-be-scrapped/152170.article?storycode=152170">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Why+I...think+Oxbridge+MA+degrees+should+be+scrapped&rft.date=2000-06-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.com%2Fnews%2Fwhy-ithink-oxbridge-ma-degrees-should-be-scrapped%2F152170.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> an <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">Independent</a> article <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110826052616/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-5087035.html">"Parliament: The House In Brief: Oxbridge MA 'unfair'"</a>. The Independent. 8 June 2000. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-5087035.html">the original</a> on 26 August 2011 – via HighBeam Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Parliament%3A+The+House+In+Brief%3A+Oxbridge+MA+%27unfair%27&rft.pub=The+Independent&rft.date=2000-06-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-5087035.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> and an article in <a href="/wiki/The_Oxford_Student" title="The Oxford Student">The Oxford Student</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081203174401/http://www.oxfordstudent.com/mt1999wk1/news/privilege_axed">"Privilege Axed"</a>. The Oxford Student. 14 October 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordstudent.com/mt1999wk1/news/privilege_axed">the original</a> on 3 December 2008. Retrieved 25 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Oxford+Student&rft.atitle=Privilege+Axed&rft.date=1999-10-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordstudent.com%2Fmt1999wk1%2Fnews%2Fprivilege_axed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldwidewords.org/weirdwords/ww-tuf2.htm">"World Wide Words: Tufthunter"</a>. World Wide Words.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Wide+Words&rft.atitle=World+Wide+Words%3A+Tufthunter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldwidewords.org%2Fweirdwords%2Fww-tuf2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Peter Searby, A History of the University of Cambridge, vol. III, 1750–1870, Cambridge University Press, 1997, pp. 68–69 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._E._Whiting1937" class="citation news cs1">C. E. Whiting (29 June 1937). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000687/19370629/295/0008">"Durham University Centenary"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire Post">Yorkshire Post</a>. Retrieved 12 December 2015 – via <a href="/wiki/British_Newspaper_Archive" title="British Newspaper Archive">British Newspaper Archive</a>. <q>The M.A. degree at Oxford and Cambridge had degenerated, and was granted to Bachelors of three years' standing on the payment of certain fees. At Durham, the B.A. had to keep residence for three extra terms and pass what seems to have been an honours examination to proceed to the Master's degree, and for a number of years classes were awarded in the M.A. examination.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yorkshire+Post&rft.atitle=Durham+University+Centenary&rft.date=1937-06-29&rft.au=C.+E.+Whiting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000687%2F19370629%2F295%2F0008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AYNCAQAAMAAJ&pg=PR1">"Examination for the degree of Master of Arts"</a>. Regulations of the University of London on the Subject of Degrees in Arts. 1839. pp. 21–23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Examination+for+the+degree+of+Master+of+Arts&rft.btitle=Regulations+of+the+University+of+London+on+the+Subject+of+Degrees+in+Arts&rft.pages=21-23&rft.date=1839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAYNCAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPR1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Regulations". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fd8NAAAAQAAJ">The Durham University Calendar</a>. 1842. pp. xxv–xxvi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Regulations&rft.btitle=The+Durham+University+Calendar&rft.pages=xxv-xxvi&rft.date=1842&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfd8NAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2015" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Jones, Greta (17 September 2015). "Bell, Julia (1879–1979)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F38514">10.1093/ref:odnb/38514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bell%2C+Julia+%281879%E2%80%931979%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015-09-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F38514&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Greta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkes" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Parkes, Susan M. "Steamboat ladies (act. 1904–1907)". <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F61643">10.1093/ref:odnb/61643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Steamboat+ladies+%28act.+1904%E2%80%931907%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F61643&rft.aulast=Parkes&rft.aufirst=Susan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commencement.harvard.edu/morning-exercises">"Morning Exercises"</a>. commencement.harvard.edu. Retrieved 1 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commencement.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Morning+Exercises&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommencement.harvard.edu%2Fmorning-exercises&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yale.edu/board-trustees/governance-historic-documents/miscellaneous-regulations">"Miscellaneous Regulations"</a>. Yale University. 25 September 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+University&rft.atitle=Miscellaneous+Regulations&rft.date=2015-09-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Fboard-trustees%2Fgovernance-historic-documents%2Fmiscellaneous-regulations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColumbia_College_(New_York1826" class="citation book cs1">Columbia College (New York, N. Y. ) (1826). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/62640310R.nlm.nih.gov">Catalogue of Columbia College in the City of New-York : embracing the names of its trustees, officers, and graduates, together with a list of all academical honours conferred by the institution from A.D. 1758 to A.D. 1826, inclusive</a>. U.S. National Library of Medicine. New York : Printed by T. and J. Swords.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Catalogue+of+Columbia+College+in+the+City+of+New-York+%3A+embracing+the+names+of+its+trustees%2C+officers%2C+and+graduates%2C+together+with+a+list+of+all+academical+honours+conferred+by+the+institution+from+A.D.+1758+to+A.D.+1826%2C+inclusive&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Printed+by+T.+and+J.+Swords&rft.date=1826&rft.aulast=Columbia+College+%28New+York&rft.aufirst=N.+Y.+%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F62640310R.nlm.nih.gov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColumbia_university._[from_old_catalog]1878" class="citation book cs1">Columbia university. [from old catalog] (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/statutesofcolumb00colu">Statutes of Columbia college and its associated schools</a>. The Library of Congress. New York, Printed for the College.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statutes+of+Columbia+college+and+its+associated+schools&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Printed+for+the+College&rft.date=1878&rft.au=Columbia+university.+%5Bfrom+old+catalog%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstatutesofcolumb00colu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-springfield-daily-republican-julius/150224628/">"Julius Abbott Morrill and Thing about Amherst college, part 1"</a>. The Springfield Daily Republican. 10 July 1874. p. 8. Retrieved 7 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Springfield+Daily+Republican&rft.atitle=Julius+Abbott+Morrill+and+Thing+about+Amherst+college%2C+part+1.&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1874-07-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-springfield-daily-republican-julius%2F150224628%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1862/07/30/78694445.html?pageNumber=6">"TimesMachine: Wednesday July 30, 1862 - NYTimes.com"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 7 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=TimesMachine%3A+Wednesday+July+30%2C+1862+-+NYTimes.com&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1862%2F07%2F30%2F78694445.html%3FpageNumber%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-oxford-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oxford_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter 4: Regulations for the Degree of Master of Arts". University of Oxford Examination Decrees and Regulations for the Academic Year 2005–2006. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. 2005. p. 563.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+Regulations+for+the+Degree+of+Master+of+Arts&rft.btitle=University+of+Oxford+Examination+Decrees+and+Regulations+for+the+Academic+Year+2005%E2%80%932006&rft.pages=563&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Oxford2024" class="citation web cs1">University of Oxford (16 May 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/information_about_the_master_of/response/2657348/attach/2/202405%20424%20Oxford%20MA.pdf">"Information about the Master of Arts at the University of Oxford"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/WhatDoTheyKnow" title="WhatDoTheyKnow">WhatDoTheyKnow</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WhatDoTheyKnow&rft.atitle=Information+about+the+Master+of+Arts+at+the+University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2024-05-16&rft.au=University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whatdotheyknow.com%2Frequest%2Finformation_about_the_master_of%2Fresponse%2F2657348%2Fattach%2F2%2F202405%2520424%2520Oxford%2520MA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridge-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cambridge_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/so/pdfs/2022/ordinance05.pdf">"CHAPTER V : B.A. DEGREE AND M.A. DEGREE - MASTER OF ARTS"</a> (PDF). University of Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Cambridge&rft.atitle=CHAPTER+V+%3A+B.A.+DEGREE+AND+M.A.+DEGREE+-+MASTER+OF+ARTS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.cam.ac.uk%2Funiv%2Fso%2Fpdfs%2F2022%2Fordinance05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tcd-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tcd_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tcd_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Degrees and Diplomas – II. REGULATIONS GOVERNING THE AWARD OF DEGREES – 4. Masters". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcd.ie/calendar/assets/pdf/degrees_diplomas.pdf">College Calendar, Trinity College Dublin</a> (PDF). 2007. p. E5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Degrees+and+Diplomas+%E2%80%93+II.+REGULATIONS+GOVERNING+THE+AWARD+OF+DEGREES+%E2%80%93+4.+Masters&rft.btitle=College+Calendar%2C+Trinity+College+Dublin&rft.pages=E5&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcd.ie%2Fcalendar%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2Fdegrees_diplomas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/215-031.shtml">"Statute X: Degrees, Diplomas, and Certificates"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/">Statutes and Regulations, University of Oxford</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Statute+X%3A+Degrees%2C+Diplomas%2C+and+Certificates&rft.btitle=Statutes+and+Regulations%2C+University+of+Oxford&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.ox.ac.uk%2Fstatutes%2F215-031.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Chapter XXII: Chapter relating to the Degrees conferred by the University". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090305164644/http://www.tcd.ie/Secretary/Board/Other_Papers/Statutes-Current.pdf">The 1966 Consolidated Statutes of Trinity College, Dublin, and the University of Dublin</a> (PDF). 2006. p. 83. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcd.ie/Secretary/Board/Other_Papers/Statutes-Current.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 March 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+XXII%3A+Chapter+relating+to+the+Degrees+conferred+by+the+University&rft.btitle=The+1966+Consolidated+Statutes+of+Trinity+College%2C+Dublin%2C+and+the+University+of+Dublin&rft.pages=83&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcd.ie%2FSecretary%2FBoard%2FOther_Papers%2FStatutes-Current.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ox.ac.uk/media/global/wwwoxacuk/localsites/gazette/documents/universitycalendar/Calendar_Style_Guide_2015.pdf">"Calendar Style Guide 2015"</a> (PDF). University of Oxford. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Calendar+Style+Guide+2015&rft.pub=University+of+Oxford&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ox.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Fglobal%2Fwwwoxacuk%2Flocalsites%2Fgazette%2Fdocuments%2Funiversitycalendar%2FCalendar_Style_Guide_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/so/2009/statute_a-section1.html">"Statutes and Ordinances of the University of Cambridge: Statute A Chapter 1"</a>. Admin.cam.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statutes+and+Ordinances+of+the+University+of+Cambridge%3A+Statute+A+Chapter+1&rft.pub=Admin.cam.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.cam.ac.uk%2Funiv%2Fso%2F2009%2Fstatute_a-section1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/780-121.shtml">"Statutes and Regulations: Statute III – Convocation"</a>. Admin.ox.ac.uk. Retrieved 21 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Statutes+and+Regulations%3A+Statute+III+%E2%80%93+Convocation&rft.pub=Admin.ox.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.ox.ac.uk%2Fstatutes%2F780-121.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110607042527/http://www.tcd.ie/calendar/assets/pdf/seanad_eireann.pdf">"Representation of the University in Seanad Éireann"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tcd.ie/calendar/assets/pdf/seanad_eireann.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 7 June 2011. Retrieved 21 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Representation+of+the+University+in+Seanad+%C3%89ireann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tcd.ie%2Fcalendar%2Fassets%2Fpdf%2Fseanad_eireann.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/so/so_ch02.pdf">"Ordinances Chapter II: Matriculation, Residence, Admission to Degrees, Discipline"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/so/">Statutes and Ordinances of the University of Cambridge and Passages from Acts of Parliament relating to the University</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. 2005. p. 186.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ordinances+Chapter+II%3A+Matriculation%2C+Residence%2C+Admission+to+Degrees%2C+Discipline&rft.btitle=Statutes+and+Ordinances+of+the+University+of+Cambridge+and+Passages+from+Acts+of+Parliament+relating+to+the+University&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.cam.ac.uk%2Funiv%2Fso%2Fso_ch02.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/regulations/307-072.shtml#_Toc28140155">"Regulations for Degrees, Diplomas and Certificates, Part 2: Academic Precedence and Standing"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/">Statutes and Regulations, University of Oxford</a>. 2002.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Regulations+for+Degrees%2C+Diplomas+and+Certificates%2C+Part+2%3A+Academic+Precedence+and+Standing&rft.btitle=Statutes+and+Regulations%2C+University+of+Oxford&rft.date=2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.admin.ox.ac.uk%2Fstatutes%2Fregulations%2F307-072.shtml%23_Toc28140155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cusugg-30"><a href="#cite_ref-cusugg_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridgesu.co.uk/aboutus/services/gowns/gownguide/">"Cambridge SU Gown Guide"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cambridge+SU+Gown+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridgesu.co.uk%2Faboutus%2Fservices%2Fgowns%2Fgownguide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8318460/Oxbridge-students-MA-degrees-under-threat.html">"Oxbridge students' MA 'degrees' under threat"</a>. Daily Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/education/universityeducation/8318460/Oxbridge-students-MA-degrees-under-threat.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2022. Retrieved 2 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Oxbridge+students%27+MA+%27degrees%27+under+threat&rft.pub=Daily+Telegraph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Feducation%2Funiversityeducation%2F8318460%2FOxbridge-students-MA-degrees-under-threat.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thes-qaa-32"><a href="#cite_ref-thes-qaa_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/news/qaa-to-tighten-reins-on-mas/152424.article">"QAA to tighten reins on MAs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Times_Higher_Education_Supplement" class="mw-redirect" title="Times Higher Education Supplement">Times Higher Education Supplement</a>. 7 July 2000. Retrieved 6 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QAA+to+tighten+reins+on+MAs&rft.pub=Times+Higher+Education+Supplement&rft.date=2000-07-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeshighereducation.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fqaa-to-tighten-reins-on-mas%2F152424.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mdmsb-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mdmsb_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mdmsb_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/831">"Master's Degrees (Minimum Standards) Bill 2010–2012"</a>. UK Parliament. Retrieved 29 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Master%27s+Degrees+%28Minimum+Standards%29+Bill+2010%E2%80%932012&rft.pub=UK+Parliament&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbills.parliament.uk%2Fbills%2F831&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hansard-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hansard_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hansard_34-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm201011/cmhansrd/cm111021/debtext/111021-0002.htm#11102146000004">"Master's Degrees (Minimum Standards) Bill 2010–2012: Second Reading"</a>. House of Commons Hansard Debates. 21 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=House+of+Commons+Hansard+Debates&rft.atitle=Master%27s+Degrees+%28Minimum+Standards%29+Bill+2010%E2%80%932012%3A+Second+Reading&rft.date=2011-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm201011%2Fcmhansrd%2Fcm111021%2Fdebtext%2F111021-0002.htm%2311102146000004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://irq.ie/">"Irish Register of Qualification"</a>. irq.ie. Retrieved 21 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=irq.ie&rft.atitle=Irish+Register+of+Qualification&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firq.ie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMaster+of+Arts+%28Oxford%2C+Cambridge%2C+and+Dublin%29" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.admin.cam.ac.uk/univ/so/2016/chapter05-section2.html">Ordinances of the University of Cambridge regarding Master of Arts degree</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://examregs.admin.ox.ac.uk/Regulation?code=mastofarts">University of Oxford, Regulations for the Degree of Master of Arts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.new.ox.ac.uk/oxford-ma-0">The Oxford MA</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_College,_Oxford" title="New College, Oxford">New College, Oxford</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tcd.ie/calendar/general-information/degrees-and-diplomas.pdf">University of Dublin, Degrees and Diplomas</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/478163.stm">Oxbridge MA degrees under threat (BBC website)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)&oldid=1250677910">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)&oldid=1250677910</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 11 October 2024, at 20:58 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxbridge)" title="Master of Arts (Oxbridge) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Master of Arts (Oxbridge)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%AD%A6%E4%BF%AE%E5%A3%AB_(%E3%82%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%B3%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%83%80%E3%83%96%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3)" title="文学修士 (オックスフォード・ケンブリッジ・ダブリン) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="文学修士 (オックスフォード・ケンブリッジ・ダブリン)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)" title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 11 October 2024, at 20:58 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-nhjc4","wgBackendResponseTime":177,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.576","walltime":"0.688","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2754,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":110530,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":2182,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":12,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":5,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":142307,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 617.197 1 -total"," 48.40% 298.738 1 Template:Reflist"," 26.70% 164.763 21 Template:Cite_web"," 16.83% 103.849 4 Template:Navbox"," 15.88% 98.002 1 Template:Academic_degrees"," 13.81% 85.250 1 Template:Short_description"," 10.53% 65.018 3 Template:More_citations_needed_section"," 9.79% 60.395 3 Template:More_citations_needed"," 8.96% 55.286 3 Template:Ambox"," 7.07% 43.611 10 Template:Cite_book"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.364","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6216517,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-wkmgf","timestamp":"20241122144249","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge, and Dublin)","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Master_of_Arts_(Oxford,_Cambridge,_and_Dublin)","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3297864","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q3297864","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-01-29T18:17:56Z","dateModified":"2024-10-11T20:58:29Z","headline":"title or rank after six or seven years' seniority as a member of the Universities of Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>