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joint kingdom of Matamba and Ndongo: Njinga and her successors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_joint_kingdom_of_Matamba_and_Ndongo:_Njinga_and_her_successors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Civil war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Katole" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Katole"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Battle of Katole</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Katole-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Queen_Verónica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Queen_Verónica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Queen Verónica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Queen_Verónica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Portuguese_invasion_of_1744" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Portuguese_invasion_of_1744"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>The Portuguese invasion of 1744</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Portuguese_invasion_of_1744-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_divided_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_divided_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>The divided kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_divided_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" 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Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reinu_de_Matamba" title="Reinu de Matamba – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Reinu de Matamba" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Матамба – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Матамба" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamba" title="Matamba – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Matamba" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamba" title="Matamba – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Matamba" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_de_Matamba" title="Reino de Matamba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reino de Matamba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matambako_Erresuma" title="Matambako Erresuma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Matambako Erresuma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royaume_de_Matamba" title="Royaume de Matamba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Royaume de Matamba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Matamba" title="Kerajaan Matamba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Matamba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konungsr%C3%ADki%C3%B0_Matamba" title="Konungsríkið Matamba – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Konungsríkið Matamba" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regno_di_Matamba" title="Regno di Matamba – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Regno di Matamba" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamba" title="Matamba – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Matamba" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reino_da_Matamba" title="Reino da Matamba – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Reino da Matamba" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matamba" title="Matamba – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Matamba" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kungariket_Matamba" title="Kungariket Matamba – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kungariket Matamba" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Матамба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Матамба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%A1%94%E5%A7%86%E5%B7%B4%E7%8E%8B%E5%9B%BD" title="马塔姆巴王国 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马塔姆巴王国" data-language-autonym="中文" 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Historical states of present-day Angola</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Angola.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="(Emblem of Angola)"><img alt="(Emblem of Angola)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Emblem_of_Angola.svg/100px-Emblem_of_Angola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Emblem_of_Angola.svg/150px-Emblem_of_Angola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Emblem_of_Angola.svg/200px-Emblem_of_Angola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="390" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kingdom of Matamba</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Matamba" title="List of rulers of Matamba">Rulers of Matamba</a>)<br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ndongo" title="Kingdom of Ndongo">Kingdom of Ndongo</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Ngolas_of_Ndongo" title="List of Ngolas of Ndongo">List of Ngolas</a>)<br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Kongo" title="List of rulers of Kongo">List of Manikongo</a>)<br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Imbangala" title="Imbangala">Imbangala</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kasanje_Kingdom" title="Kasanje Kingdom">Kasanje Kingdom</a><br /></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Lunda">Kingdom of Lunda</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Lunda_Empire" title="List of rulers of the Lunda Empire">List of rulers of the Lunda Empire</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Baixa_de_Kassanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Baixa de Kassanje">Baixa de Kassanje</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/Kambamba_Kulaxingo" title="Kambamba Kulaxingo">Kambamba Kulaxingo</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mbwila" title="Mbwila">Mbwila</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ngoyo" title="Ngoyo">Ngoyo</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Mbunda_Kingdom" title="Mbunda Kingdom">Mbunda Kingdom</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li>(<a href="/wiki/List_of_The_Rulers_of_the_Mbunda_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of The Rulers of the Mbunda Kingdom">List of The Rulers of the Mbunda Kingdom</a>)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_West_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese West Africa">Portuguese West Africa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Republic of Angola</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding-bottom:0.25em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Angola" title="President of Angola">President of Angola</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Angola_state" title="Template:Angola state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Angola_state" title="Template talk:Angola state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Angola_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Angola state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Kingdom of Matamba</b> (pre-1550–1744) was an African state located in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Baixa_de_Cassange" class="mw-redirect" title="Baixa de Cassange">Baixa de Cassange</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Malanje_Province" title="Malanje Province">Malanje Province</a> of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>. Joined to the Kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Ndongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndongo">Ndongo</a> by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Nzinga" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Nzinga">Queen Nzinga</a> in 1631, the state had many male and female rulers. It was a powerful kingdom that long resisted <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portuguese</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonisation</a> attempts, but was integrated into <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Portuguese Angola</a> in the late nineteenth century. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_and_early_history">Origins and early history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Matamba&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins and early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first documentary mention of the Kingdom of Matamba is a reference to it giving tribute to the King of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a>, then <a href="/wiki/Afonso_I_of_Kongo" title="Afonso I of Kongo">Afonso I of Kongo</a>, in 1530. In 1535 Afonso subsequently mentioned Matamba as one of the regions over which he ruled as king in his titles. There is no further information on the kingdom's early history and modern oral traditions do not seem to illuminate this at the present state of research. However, it does not seem likely that Kongo had any more than a light and symbolic presence in Matamba, and its rulers were probably quite independent. Matamba undoubtedly had closer relations with its south southeastern neighbor <a href="/wiki/Ndongo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndongo">Ndongo</a>, then a powerful kingdom as well as with Kongo. </p><p>During the mid-sixteenth century Matamba was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">queen</a> Njinga, who received missionaries from Kongo, then a Christian kingdom, dispatched by King <a href="/wiki/Diogo_I_Nkumbi_a_Mpudi" title="Diogo I Nkumbi a Mpudi">Diogo I</a> (1545–1561). Though this queen received the missionaries and perhaps allowed them to preach, there is no indication that the kingdom converted to Christianity. </p><p>The arrival of the Portuguese colonists under <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Dias_de_Novais" title="Paulo Dias de Novais">Paulo Dias de Novais</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luanda" title="Luanda">Luanda</a> in 1575 altered the political situation as the Portuguese immediately became involved in Ndongo's affairs, and war broke out between Ndongo and Portugal in 1579. Although Matamba played a small role in the early wars, the threat of a Portuguese victory stirred the ruler of Matamba (probably a king named Kambolo Matamba) to intervene. He sent an army to aid Ndongo against the Portuguese, and with these forces, the combined armies were able to defeat and rout Portuguese forces at the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_the_Lukala&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of the Lukala (page does not exist)">Battle of the Lukala</a> in 1590. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portuguese_attacks_and_Ndongo's_conquest"><span id="Portuguese_attacks_and_Ndongo.27s_conquest"></span>Portuguese attacks and Ndongo's conquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Matamba&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Portuguese attacks and Ndongo's conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1618 the Portuguese governor of Angola, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Mendes_de_Vasconcelos" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Mendes de Vasconcelos">Luis Mendes de Vasconcelos</a>, launched a large-scale attack on Ndongo, using newly acquired <a href="/wiki/Imbangala" title="Imbangala">Imbangala</a> allies. The allied Imbangala, mercenary soldiers from south of the <a href="/wiki/Kwanza_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwanza River">Kwanza River</a>, turned the day and allowed Mendes de Vasconcelos' forces to sack Ndongo's capital and pillage the country. During the following two years, Mendes de Vasconcelos' son João led a detachment of Portuguese and Imbangala forces into Matamba where they did great damage. During this time the Imbangala band of <a href="/wiki/Kasanje_Kingdom" title="Kasanje Kingdom">Kasanje</a> deserted the Portuguese and continued a campaign of destruction in Matamba. Thousands of Matamba subjects were killed and thousands more taken to America as slaves. It is during this period, for example, that the ethnonym "Matamba" appears in slave inventories in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_America" title="Spanish America">Spanish America</a> in considerable numbers. </p><p>Ndongo continued to suffer attacks from Portuguese forces, and in 1624 <a href="/wiki/Nzinga_of_Ndongo_and_Matamba" title="Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba">Queen Njinga Mbandi</a> (also known as Nzinga) took over as ruler of that country. She continued the war unsuccessfully against Portugal and was forced to flee the country in 1626 and then again in 1629. During her second flight Njinga entered Matamba and her forces routed the army of Matamba's ruler, Queen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mwongo_Matamba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mwongo Matamba (page does not exist)">Mwongo Matamba</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mwongo_Matamba" class="extiw" title="sv:Mwongo Matamba">sv</a>]</span>, capturing her and taking her prisoner. From at least 1631 onward, Njinga made Matamba her capital, joining it to the Kingdom of Ndongo. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_joint_kingdom_of_Matamba_and_Ndongo:_Njinga_and_her_successors">The joint kingdom of Matamba and Ndongo: Njinga and her successors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Matamba&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The joint kingdom of Matamba and Ndongo: Njinga and her successors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Queen Njinga ruled in Matamba from 1624 until her death in 1663. During this time she integrated the country into her domains and thousands of her former subjects who had fled Portuguese attacks with her settled there. She made several wars against Kasanje especially in 1634–5. In 1639 she received a Portuguese peace mission which did not achieve a treaty, but did reestablish relations between her and the Portuguese. When the Dutch took over Luanda in 1641, Njinga immediately sent ambassadors to make an alliance with them. During these years, she moved her capital from Matamba to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kavanga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kavanga (page does not exist)">Kavanga</a>, where she conducted operations against the Portuguese. Though Ndongo forces won a significant victory over the Portuguese in at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kombi" title="Battle of Kombi">Battle of Kombi</a> in 1647, nearly forcing them to abandon the country and laying siege to their inland capital of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Masangano&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masangano (page does not exist)">Masangano</a>, a Portuguese relief force led by <a href="/wiki/Salvador_de_S%C3%A1" title="Salvador de Sá">Salvador de Sá</a> in 1648 drove out the Dutch and forced Njinga to return to Matamba. Although she maintained a symbolic capital at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kindonga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kindonga (page does not exist)">Kindonga</a>, an island in the Kwanza River where she and her predecessor had ruled, the real capital was at the town of Matamba (Santa Maria de Matamba). Njinga had been <a href="/wiki/Baptizing" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptizing">baptized</a> as Ana de Sousa while in Luanda in 1622, and in 1654 she began peace overtures to Portugal. </p><p>Njinga hoped that a peaceful relationship with Portugal would allow her to settle her kingdom and determine a successor, as she had no children. She formed a close alliance with a related family, whose leader João Guterres Ngola Kanini, became one of her most important councillors. She was also anxious to remove Imbangala forces, led by Njinga Mona, from her army and place them under her direct control. For this reason she also sought to reconcile with the Catholic Church. This strategy was successful, she signed a peace treaty in 1657 and Italian <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Friars_Minor_Capuchin" title="Order of Friars Minor Capuchin">Capuchin</a> missionaries began working in her lands. They regarded Njinga in her later days as a model Christian and thousands of Matamba subjects were baptized. </p><p>However, reintegration in the Christian community did not solve her problems, and there were still troubling succession issues. The church refused to recognize a dynastic marriage between João Guterres and her sister Barbara, because Guterres had a wife at the Portuguese fort of Mbaka where he had once been prisoner. Similarly, although the non-and even anti-Christian Imbanagala allowed Njinga to alter some of their customs, Njinga Mona's power was unchecked in the army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_war">Civil war</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Matamba&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Civil war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Njinga's death, a period of tension, punctuated by civil war, broke out. Barbara succeeded Njinga, but was killed by forces loyal to Njinga Mona in 1666. João Guterres managed to temporarily oust Njinga Mona in 1669, but was defeated and killed in 1670. Njinga Mona would rule the kingdom until João Guterres' son, Francisco, ousted and killed Njinga Mona becoming ruler in 1680. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle_of_Katole">Battle of Katole</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Matamba&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Battle of Katole"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Katole" title="Battle of Katole">Battle of Katole</a></div> <p>In 1681 Francisco became involved in a war with neighboring Kasanje, in which he sought to promote interests of one of the candidates to the throne. The Portuguese intervened in this war and invaded Matamba with a force of over 40,000 troops, the largest military force Portugal had even mobilized in Angola. The army penetrated to Katole, where Francisco launched a successful dawn attack on 4 September 1681, inflicting heavy casualties on the Portuguese army. However, Imbangala forces in the Portuguese army managed to stiffen resistance, and in the ensuing battle, Francisco and several of his relatives were killed. The Portuguese army, having suffered heavy losses withdrew to Ambaca and then to Masangano. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Queen_Verónica"><span id="Queen_Ver.C3.B3nica"></span>Queen Verónica</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Matamba&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Queen Verónica"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Francisco Guterres was succeeded by his sister <a href="/wiki/Ver%C3%B3nica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Verónica I">Verónica I</a> Guterres Kandala Kingwanga, whose long rule from 1681 to 1721 consolidated the control of the Guterres dynasty and created a lasting precedent for female rulers. Verónica was apparently a pious Christian, but also a fervent believer in Matamba's independence. In order to forestall another Portuguese invasion, Verónica sent an embassy to Luanda that negotiated a peace treaty, signed 7 September 1683. In it she accepted nominal <a href="/wiki/Vassalage" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassalage">vassalage</a>, agreed to return Portuguese prisoners taken at the battle of Katole, allowed missionaries into the country and permitted agents of Portuguese free passage through her lands. She also agreed to acknowledge the independence of Kasanje and to renounce all claims on the country and to pay 200 slaves over 4 years as compensation. </p><p>Verónica, however, was not really cowed, and within a few years was advancing claims as Queen of Ndongo and Matamba that rivaled those of her predecessor Njinga. In the process of asserting her claims she was drawn into wars with Portugal in 1689 and again in 1692–3. She also sought some sort of alliance with Kongo in 1706. These wars and the raiding in between major operations led to serious depopulation on the western edges of her domains. </p><p>Verónica appears to have been anxious to re-establish a Christian mission in the country, abandoned following the death of Njinga and the civil war that followed. However, in spite of her various entreaties, the mission was not reestablished. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Portuguese_invasion_of_1744">The Portuguese invasion of 1744</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Matamba&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Portuguese invasion of 1744"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When Verónica died in 1721 she was succeeded by her son <a href="/w/index.php?title=Afonso_I_%C3%81lvares_de_Pontes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Afonso I Álvares de Pontes (page does not exist)">Afonso I Álvares de Pontes</a>. During his reign, the northern district of Holo seceded from Matamba to form its own kingdom and entered into relations with Portugal. As a result of Matamba's attempts to prevent the secession and Portuguese trade with the rebel province, relations between Matamba and the Portuguese colony deteriorated. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ana_II_of_Matamba" title="Ana II of Matamba">Ana II</a> (Ana I was Queen Njinga as Matamba accepted the Christian names of former rulers and their dynasty), who came to power in 1741, faced a Portuguese invasion in 1744. The invasion of Matamba by Portuguese forces in 1744 was one of their largest military operations in the eighteenth century. In the course of their attack, Matamba's army inflicted a serious defeat on the Portuguese, but in spite of this, a remnant of the army managed to reach the capital of Matamba. In order to avoid a long war and to get them to withdraw, Ana II signed a treaty of vassalage with Portugal which renewed points conceded by Verónica in 1683. While the treaty allowed Portugal to claim Matamba as a vassal, and opened up Matamba to Portuguese trade, it had little effect on the real sovereignty of Matmaba, or indeed in the conduct of trade. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ana_II_of_Matamba" title="Ana II of Matamba">Ana II</a>, like Verónica before her, was interested in developing Matamba as a Christian country, routinely sending letters to the Capuchin prefect of Congo and Angola or the Portuguese authorities requesting missionaries come and establish permanent bases in her country. While the country was visited by missionaries from Cahenda and also from the <a href="/wiki/Carmelites" title="Carmelites">Barefoot Carmelites</a>, a permanent mission was not established. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_divided_kingdom">The divided kingdom</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Matamba&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The divided kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ana II died in 1756 and a civil war broke out at that time among rival contenders for the throne, during which <a href="/wiki/Ver%C3%B3nica_II_of_Matamba" title="Verónica II of Matamba">Verónica II</a> ruled briefly for a time but she was overthrown sometime after 1758, leaving <a href="/wiki/Ana_III_of_Matamba" title="Ana III of Matamba">Ana III</a> on the throne. </p><p>Ana III was in turn overthrown by Kalwete ka Mbandi, a military leader. Kalwete won the war, and was baptized as Francisco II upon taking the throne. However, two of Ana's daughters, <a href="/wiki/Kamana,_Queen_of_Jinga" title="Kamana, Queen of Jinga">Kamana</a> and Murili escaped the civil war, took refuge in the ancient capital of Ndongo on the Kindonga islands and successfully resisted Francisco II's attempts to oust them. From this base, Queen Kamana created a rival kingdom, and in 1767 tried unsuccessfully to obtain Portuguese help against her rival. While the Portuguese governor of the time, Francisco Innocencio de Sousa Coutinho granted her asylum and instructed his officials to respect her and her position, he did not favor direct intervention in affairs in the eastern part of the Portuguese zone. </p><p>Kamana's son and successor did manage to end the division of the country by successfully recovering the capital and being crowned as king of Matamba in around 1810. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Matamba&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Rulers_of_Matamba" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Rulers of Matamba">List of Rulers of Matamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ngolas_of_Ndongo" title="List of Ngolas of Ndongo">List of Ngolas of Ndongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzinga_of_Ndongo_and_Matamba" title="Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba">Nzinga of Ndongo and Matamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Angola" title="History of Angola">History of Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ndongo" title="Kingdom of Ndongo">Kingdom of Ndongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kingdom of Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_military_systems_to_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="African military systems to 1800">African military systems to 1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_military_systems_after_1800" class="mw-redirect" title="African military systems after 1800">African military systems after 1800</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kingdom_of_Matamba&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>David Birmingham, <i>Trade and Conquest in Angola: the Mbundu and their Neighbours under the Influence of the Portuguese</i> (Oxford, 1966)</li> <li>Graziano Saccardo, <i>Congo e Angola con la storia dell'antica missione dei Cappuccini</i> (3 volumes, Venice, 1982–3)</li> <li>Fernando Campos, "A data da morte de D. Verónica I, Rainha de Ndongo e Matamba," <i>Africa</i> (São Paulo) 1982</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q973988#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q973988#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q973988#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/245397000">VIAF</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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