Perovskite Materials | For Perovskite Solar Cells

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A generic perovskite crystal structure of the form ABX3 The composition and stoichiometry of perovskite crystals can be altered to fit many different uses. They’re potential applications are only " /><link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/304/assets/apple-touch-icon.png?v=47689890648139992551732532704"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/304/assets/favicon-32x32.png?v=170914528706734454101732532704"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/304/assets/favicon-16x16.png?v=162550173345868048431732532704"> <link rel="manifest" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/304/assets/site.webmanifest?v=100969836723433583841732532704"> <link rel="mask-icon" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/304/assets/safari-pinned-tab.svg?v=95647162979764929801732532704" color="#39499c"> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#418fde"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.ossila.com/collections/perovskite-materials" />  <link rel="stylesheet" href="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/304/assets/main-style.css?v=39679133822212140421732532704">  <script>var shopifyMoneyFormat = '${{amount}}';</script> <script defer src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/304/assets/main.js?v=137866433984839773511732532704"></script>  <meta property="og:type" content="website" /> <meta property="og:title" content="Perovskite Materials | For Perovskite Solar Cells" /> <meta property="og:description" content="Perovskite materials are defined by their unique ABX3 crystal structure, where "A" and "B" are cations and "X" is an anion. A generic perovskite crystal structure of the form ABX3 The composition and stoichiometry of perovskite crystals can be altered to fit many different uses. They’re potential applications are only " /> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.ossila.com/collections/perovskite-materials" /> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Ossila" /> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@ossilascience"> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Perovskite Materials"> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Perovskite materials are defined by their unique ABX3 crystal structure, where "A" and "B" are cations and "X" is an anion. A generic perovskite crystal structure of the form ABX3 The composition and stoichiometry of perovskite crystals can be altered to fit many different uses. They’re potential applications are only beginning to be explored, but some of the most popular uses of perovskites are in solar cell, LEDs, sensors and photodetectors. Perovskites often utilize multiple A, B and X components in one crystal to achieve ideal material properties (e.g. for bandgap tuning, stability improvements). This stoichiometry is very important and impact device performance significantly. For most perovskite solar cell, precursor salts are mixed into a solution, which can be deposited through various thin film coating methods. This is known as a perovskite precursor solution or perovskite ink. 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src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/What_is_a_Perovskite_Solar_Cell_Perovskite_crystal_structure.svg?v=1676968311&crop=center&width=160&height=160"></a><a href="/pages/what-is-perovskite-solar-cell"> What is a Perovskite Solar Cell</a> <p>A perovskite solar cell is a thin film photovoltaic device. In these devices, perovskites absorb sunlight and convert it into electrical energy. Certain perovskites have fundamental properties which make them excellent at this. In some ways, perovskites are even better than the materials used in current solar cells.</p> <a href="/pages/what-is-perovskite-solar-cell">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/ptaa-vs-spiro-ometad-perovskite-solar-cells"><img alt="PTAA for perovskite chemical structure" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/ptaa-structure-icon.png?crop=center&width=160&height=160"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/ptaa-vs-spiro-ometad-perovskite-solar-cells"> PTAA or Spiro-OMeTAD? | Choosing a HTL for your Solar Cells</a> <p>PTAA and Spiro-OMeTAD are both used as hole transport layers in high efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Regular architecture devices using PTAA and Spiro-OMeTAD layers have demonstrated power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of over 22% and 25% respectively.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/ptaa-vs-spiro-ometad-perovskite-solar-cells">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/perovskites-and-perovskite-solar-cells-an-introduction"><img alt="Perovskites and Perovskite Solar Cells - An Introduction" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Perovskites_and_Perovskite_Solar_Cells_An_Introduction-04.svg?v=1679652566"></a><a href="/pages/perovskites-and-perovskite-solar-cells-an-introduction"> Perovskites and Perovskite Solar Cells - An Introduction</a> <p>The rapid improvement of perovskite solar cells has made them the rising star of the photovoltaics world and of huge interest to the academic community.</p> <a href="/pages/perovskites-and-perovskite-solar-cells-an-introduction">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/history-and-evolution-of-perovskites"><img alt="History and Evolution of Perovskites" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Perovskite_Mineral.jpg?v=1686565210&crop=center&width=160&height=160"></a><a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/history-and-evolution-of-perovskites"> History and Evolution of Perovskites</a> <p>The discovery of perovskite crystals in the Ural Mountains in the 19th century was followed by the discovery of metal halide perovskites some 50 years later.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/history-and-evolution-of-perovskites">Read more...</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expandable" id="all-perovskite-resources"> <div class="row button-row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-are-2d-perovskites"><img alt="2D perovskites and quasi-2D perovskites crystal structure" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/2D-perovskite-quasi-2D-3D-square.svg?v=1712302303"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-are-2d-perovskites"> What Are 2D Perovskites?</a> <p>2D perovskites are perovskite materials with a layered crystal structure. They are made up of metal-halide sheets, separated by large organic cations called spacers.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/what-are-2d-perovskites">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/perovskite-tandem-solar-cells"><img alt="Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/perovskite-tandem-solar-cell-applications.svg?v=1718266964"> Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells</a> <p>Perovskite tandem solar cells are a hot topic for soalar researchers due to their potential for achieving high efficiencies at lower costs. These cells have garnered significant attention, especially after LONGi Solar set a record efficiency of 33.9%. This achievement has popularized perovskite tandem solar cells and motivated ongoing research.</p> <a href="/pages/perovskite-tandem-solar-cells">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/wide-bandgap-perovskites"><img alt="Light transmission through a wide band gap perovskite- any photons with energy over 1.7 eV will be absorbed WBG perovskite." loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Wide-Bandgap-Perovskites.svg?v=1714141612"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/wide-bandgap-perovskites"> Wide Bandgap Perovskites</a> <p>Wide bandgap (WBG) perovskites are a subset of perovskite semiconductor materials. These perovskite materials are characterized by a bandgap energy (Eg) >1.7 eV.</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/wide-bandgap-perovskites">Read more...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <button class="anchor expand-link minus" data-expand-target="all-perovskite-resources" data-toggle-text="Hide resources" type="button">View more resources</button> <h3>Introduction to..</h3> <div class="row button-row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col" data-tags="written-guide, spin-coater, materials, solar-cell-i-v-test-system, wet-thin-film-coating, perovskites"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/methylammonium-lead-halide-mapbi3"><img alt="MAPbI3 unit cell structure" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/MAPbI3-Perovskite-Unit-Cell.svg?v=1709652220"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/methylammonium-lead-halide-mapbi3"> Introduction to MAPbI3 : Methylammonium Lead Iodide, CH3NH3PbI3</a> <p>Methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) was one of the first perovskite materials used in perovskite solar cells. These crystal structures combine the organic A cation methylammonium (MA+, CH3NH3+) and divalent lead (Pb+) with three iodide anions (I-).</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/methylammonium-lead-halide-mapbi3">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/formamdinium-lead-iodide"><img alt="FAPbI3 unit cell structure" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/FAPbI3-crystal-structure-unit-cell.svg?v=1710850936"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/formamdinium-lead-iodide"> An Introduction to FAPbI3: Formamadinium Lead Iodide, CH(NH2)2PbI3</a> <p>Formamidinum lead iodide (FAPbI3) is a material used for perovskite solar cells. FAPbI3 was introduced in 2014 as an alternative to MAPbI3 (Eperon 2014).</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/formamdinium-lead-iodide">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <h3>Fabrication and Processing</h3> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells"><img alt="The Ultimate Guide to Making Perovskite Solar Cells" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Perovskite-stack-general-2.png?v=1638201589&crop=center&width=160&height=160"></a><a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells"> The Ultimate Guide to Making Perovskite Solar Cells</a> <p>Over the past 10 years, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have achieved record efficiencies of 25.5% single junction solar cells (as of 20211) and these efficiencies are rising impressively.</p> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells-fabrication-guide-using-i101-perovskite-precursor-ink"><img alt="Perovskite Fabrication" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-perovskite-solar-cells-fabrication-guide-using-i101-perovskite-precursor-ink.jpg?width=160"></a><a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells-fabrication-guide-using-i101-perovskite-precursor-ink"> Perovskite Fabrication</a> <p>This guide describes our recommended fabrication routine for perovskite solar cells using Ossila I101 Perovskite Precursor Ink which is designed to be used with a bottom ITO/PEDOT:PSS anode and a top PC70BM/Ca/Al cathode.</p> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells-fabrication-guide-using-i101-perovskite-precursor-ink">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells-methods-increase-stability"><img alt="Perovskite Solar Cells: Methods of Increasing Stability & Durability" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Perovskite_Solar_Cells_Methods_of_Increasing_Stability_Durability-05.svg?v=1679652096"></a><a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells-methods-increase-stability"> Perovskite Solar Cells: Methods of Increasing Stability & Durability</a> <p>This article aims to introduce some methods that have been adapted to improve perovskite solar cell stability.</p> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells-methods-increase-stability">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cell-degradation-causes"><img alt="Perovskite Solar Cells: Causes of Degradation" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Degradation.svg?v=1680260168"></a><a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cell-degradation-causes"> Perovskite Solar Cells: Causes of Degradation</a> <p>Perovskite solar cells show impressive efficiencies and offer “a different kind of solar cell” that could be cheap to manufacture and could be semi-transparent, lightweight, and flexible.</p> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cell-degradation-causes">Read more...</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expandable" id="fabrication"> <div class="row button-row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells-passivation-techniques"><img alt="Perovskite Solar Cells: Passivation Techniques" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/Perovskite_Solar_Cells_Passivation_Techniques-04.svg?v=1678811098"></a><a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells-passivation-techniques"> Perovskite Solar Cells: Passivation Techniques</a> <p>Perovskite solar cells have demonstrated impressive device metrics, including open-circuit voltages of up to 1.2V. However, in order for PSCs to achieve their theoretical best efficiencies, all non-essential recombination pathways should be eliminated.</p> <a href="/pages/perovskite-solar-cells-passivation-techniques">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/i301-triple-cation-perovskite-solar-cells-processing"><img alt="Perovskite being spin coated within Ossila Laboratory Glove Box" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/spin-coater-inside-glove-box.jpg?v=1687341819&crop=center&width=160&height=160"></a> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/i301-triple-cation-perovskite-solar-cells-processing"> I301 Triple Cation Perovskite Solar Cells Processing</a> <p>A condensed summary of our fabrication routine for standard architecture devices using our I301 Triple Cation Perovskite Precursor Ink. This recipe is based on the one described by Saliba et al (2018).</p> <a href="https://www.ossila.com/pages/i301-triple-cation-perovskite-solar-cells-processing">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col" data-tags="video, spin-coater, glove-box, wet-thin-film-coating, perovskites"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-to-make-perovskites-solar-cells-in-a-glovebox-part-2"><img alt="How to Make Efficient Perovskites Solar Cells in A Glove Box" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/device_DSC_0016.jpg?v=1668783093&width=160&height=160"></a><a href="/pages/how-to-make-perovskites-solar-cells-in-a-glovebox-part-2"> How to Make Efficient Perovskites Solar Cells in A Glove Box</a> <p>This video is a guide on how to make perovskite films when processed inside a nitrogen filled glove box. The resultant devices achieve efficiencies greater than 19% PCE.</p> <a href="/pages/how-to-make-perovskites-solar-cells-in-a-glovebox-part-2">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col" data-tags="video, spin-coater, materials, wet-thin-film-coating, perovskites"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/video-guide-to-make-efficient-air-processed-perovskite-devices"><img alt="Guide to make efficient air processed perovskite devices" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-video-guide-to-make-efficient-air-processed-perovskite-devices.jpg?width=160"></a><a href="/pages/video-guide-to-make-efficient-air-processed-perovskite-devices"> Guide to make efficient air processed perovskite devices</a> <p>This video provides a guide to making efficient air-processed perovskite devices.</p> <a href="/pages/video-guide-to-make-efficient-air-processed-perovskite-devices">Read more...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <button class="anchor expand-link minus" data-expand-target="fabrication" data-toggle-text="Hide resources" type="button">View more resources</button> <h3>More Resources</h3> <div class="row button-row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/perovskite-frequently-asked-questions-faq"><img alt="Perovskite FAQ" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-perovskite-frequently-asked-questions-faq.jpg?width=160"></a><a href="/pages/perovskite-frequently-asked-questions-faq"> Perovskite FAQ</a> <p>Our technical support team receive enquiries about perovskite solar cell or photovoltaic fabrication on a regular basis. For your convenience, we've collated some of the most common questions here which you may find helpful when using I101 or I201 perovskite precursor inks.</p> <a href="/pages/perovskite-frequently-asked-questions-faq">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/how-humidity-affects-air-processed-perovskite-films"><img alt="How humidity affects air processed perovskite films" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/page-video-how-humidity-affects-air-processed-perovskite-films.jpg?width=160"></a><a href="/pages/how-humidity-affects-air-processed-perovskite-films"> How humidity affects air processed perovskite films</a> <p>This video details the effects humidity has on air-processed perovskite films.</p> <a href="/pages/how-humidity-affects-air-processed-perovskite-films">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/blogs/articles/perovskite-quantum-dots-rapidly-expanding-area-of-research"><img alt="Perovskite Quantum Dots: A Rapidly Expanding Area of Research" loading="lazy" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/articles/perovskite-quantum-dots-a-rapidly-expanding-area-of-research.jpg?v=1615806579&width=160"></a><a href="/blogs/articles/perovskite-quantum-dots-rapidly-expanding-area-of-research"> Perovskite Quantum Dots: A Rapidly Expanding Area of Research</a> <p>>Over the last two decades, quantum dots have elicited a considerable amount of excitement and attention from both research scientists and the media. When Sony launched their XBR line of televisions in 2013, quantum dots successfully moved from pure research into the commercial sphere. Despite this, there are still some barriers to overcome before we can expect to see widespread adoption of quantum dot-based products.</p> <a href="/blogs/articles/perovskite-quantum-dots-rapidly-expanding-area-of-research">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/blogs/articles/perovskite-quantum-dot-synthesis"><img alt="Synthesis of Perovskite Quantum Dots" loading="lazy" src="https://ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/perovskite-quantum-dot-synthesis.png?v=1718798559&width=160&height=160&crop=right"></a><a href="/blogs/articles/perovskite-quantum-dot-synthesis"> Synthesis of Perovskite Quantum Dots</a> <p>Synthesising high quality quantum dots (QDs) can be a complex process. Two major routes to the synthesis have now been developed: room temperate synthesis and synthesis by hot injection.</p> <a href="/blogs/articles/perovskite-quantum-dot-synthesis">Read more...</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="expandable" id="more-resources"> <div class="row button-row"> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/sam-perovskite-solar-cells-pscs"><img alt="Self-assembled monolayer" height="160" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/SAMs-as-HTLs.svg?v=1721211406" width="160"></a> <a href="/pages/sam-perovskite-solar-cells-pscs">Self-Assembled Monolayers (SAMs) in Perovskite Solar Cells (PSCs)</a> <p>Incorporating self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) within perovskite solar cells has improved device efficiency. SAMs exist as ultrathin layers that can be engineered to improve various aspects of the solar cell including charge transport and stability. SAMs have benefits including:</p> <a href="/pages/sam-perovskite-solar-cells-pscs">Read more...</a> </div> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 col-sm-6 button-col"> <div class="card-box card-truncate"> <a href="/pages/perovskite-leds"><img alt="Perovskite LEDs" loading="lazy" src="https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/full-spectrum-perovskite-quantum-dots.jpg?v=1718958780&crop=right&width=160&height=160"></a><a href="/pages/perovskite-leds">Perovskite LEDs</a> <p>Perovskite LEDs (light emitting diodes), often abbreviated to PeLEDs, use a perovskite material layer to emit light. PeLEDs have many benefits over the common OLED (organic light emitting diodes) and QLED (quantum dot light emitting diodes) alternatives.</p> <a href="/pages/perovskite-leds">Read more...</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <button class="anchor expand-link minus" data-expand-target="more-resources" data-toggle-text="Hide resources" type="button">View more resources</button> </div> </div> </main> </div>  <aside id="sidebar-left" class="col-sm-3 col-md-2 col-sm-pull-9 col-md-pull-8 no-padding sidebar"> <div class="col-xs-12 no-padding"> <section> <div id="sidebar-trust-ossila"> <a href="/pages/about"> <div class="alert-sidebar alert-sidebar-title"> The Ossila Guarantee </div> <div class="alert-sidebar alert-sidebar-content text-left"> <div id="alert-sidebar-clipboard-box-guarantee" class="alert-sidebar-product-or-guide-box alert-sidebar-clipboard-box"> <ul><li>Worldwide Shipping</li><li>Fast Secure Dispatch</li><li>Quality Assured</li><li>Clear Upfront Pricing</li><li>Large Order Discounts</li><li>Expert Support</li></ul> <p class="text-small hyperlink-style">Read more...</p> </div> <div class="alert-sidebar-clipboard-image"><img width="35" height="35" src="//www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/t/304/assets/sidebar-blue-tick.svg?v=17164661526435590041732532704" alt="The Ossila Guarantee" loading="lazy" /></div> </div> </a> </div> </section> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 no-padding"> <section> <div id="sidebar-testimonials"> <a href="/pages/awards-and-testimonials"> <div class="alert-sidebar alert-sidebar-title"> Trusted Worldwide </div> <div class="alert-sidebar alert-sidebar-content text-left"> <div id="alert-sidebar-clipboard-box-social-proof" class="alert-sidebar-product-or-guide-box alert-sidebar-clipboard-box">  <img loading="lazy" width="189.328" height="75.719" src=" https://www.ossila.com/cdn/shop/files/epsrc-pv-cdt-logo.png?13750222770390781753" alt="Testimonial by Dr. Robert Treharne" /> </div> <div id="alert-sidebar-clipboard-box-social-proof-text"> <p><span class="sidebar-testimonials-quote-marks">"</span><i>Ossila have been an incredibly pro-active industry partner to the EPSRC-funded Centre for Doctoral Training in Photovoltaics (CDT-PV). 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