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Catégorie diagnostique, mythe, ou réalité ? Ce billet explore l’appropriation d’un concept scientifique par le public et ce que cela peut représenter. 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Catégorie diagnostique, mythe, ou réalité ? 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class="hu-pad group"> <article class="post-11526 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-reflexions tag-appropriation tag-pervers-narcissique tag-psychologie tag-trouble-de-la-personnalite"> <div class="post-inner group"> <h1 class="post-title entry-title">Le “pervers narcissique” et l’appropriation d’un concept scientifique</h1> <p class="post-byline"> par <span class="vcard author"> <span class="fn"><a href="https://mastersts.hypotheses.org/author/maurenbrenner" title="Articles par Mauren Brenner" rel="author">Mauren Brenner</a></span> </span> · Publié <time class="published" datetime="2024-07-25T21:30:30+02:00">25/07/2024</time> · Mis à jour <time class="updated" datetime="2024-07-25T21:32:54+02:00">25/07/2024</time> </p> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="entry themeform"> <div class="entry-inner"> <h3><b>Introduction</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Des livres, des podcasts, des billets de blog, des vidéos, des tables rondes, des interviews avec des psy, des témoignages : on entend souvent parler du “pervers narcissique”, ou plutôt des gens qui ont eu la mésaventure de rencontrer ce redoutable personnage, qui sont parfois traumatisés, et en tout cas qui n’ont jamais de bons souvenirs de l’expérience. Mais c’est quoi un pervers narcissique ? D’où vient ce terme ? Et pourquoi semble-t-il exister des pervers narcissiques un peu partout actuellement ? Qu’est-ce qui se cache derrière cette notion, appropriée par le public à partir d’un concept prétendument scientifique mais qui n’est pas dépourvu de controverses ?</span></p> <h3><b>Qu’est-ce qu’un pervers narcissique ?</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Le concept de “pervers narcissique” a été introduit par le psychanalyste Paul-Claude Racamier dans son ouvrage </span><a href="https://www.payot-rivages.fr/payot/livre/le-g%C3%A9nie-des-origines-9782228885126"><em><span style="font-weight: 400">Le génie des origines</span></em></a><span style="font-weight: 400">, et développé dans un ouvrage séparé intitulé </span><a href="https://www.payot-rivages.fr/payot/livre/les-perversions-narcissiques-9782228934404"><em><span style="font-weight: 400">Les perversions narcissiques</span></em></a><span style="font-weight: 400">. Selon la théorie psychanalytique, l’enfant commence sa vie dans un état de narcissisme dit primaire, c’est-à-dire il est le centre de l’univers. Si cet état est perturbé, l’enfant subit une “blessure narcissique”, et si cette blessure persiste, il risque de devenir un adulte qui va chercher à combler cette “blessure” psychique en se valorisant aux dépens d’autrui. Comme un enfant qui désire être le centre des attentions – mais c’est un adulte, et au lieu des simagrées de l’enfant, on retrouve des stratégies plus sophistiquées comme la manipulation, le mensonge, la séduction. Le synonyme “manipulateur pervers narcissique” est d’ailleurs fréquent. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Si on décortique le terme “pervers narcissique”, on a un “pervers”, i.e. quelqu’un qui détourne le sens d’une relation interpersonnelle afin de satisfaire ses propres besoins, et “narcissique”, où ces besoins sont de l’ordre du narcissique, plus spécifiquement pour combler sa blessure narcissique. C’est donc quelque chose qui s’observe au sein de la relation, que ce soit une relation de couple, d’amitié, hiérarchique, ou n’importe quelle relation interpersonnelle. Le pervers narcissique se sert de l’autre ou de la relation pour se valoriser, pour confirmer sa prétendue supériorité.</span></p> <h3><b>Le trouble de la personnalité narcissique</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Le terme “pervers narcissique” est propre au monde francophone, mais dans le monde anglophone on a le </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400">“narcissist”</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400"> ou tout simplement le </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400">“narc”</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400">. En anglais, cela fait plutôt référence à la notion de trouble de la personnalité narcissique, ou </span><em><span style="font-weight: 400">“narcissistic personality disorder”</span></em><span style="font-weight: 400"> ou NPD. Il s’agit d’un <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5#Troubles_de_la_personnalit%C3%A9">trouble de la personnalité</a> faisant partie du groupe B du manuel de diagnostic américain <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSM-5">DSM-5</a>, lequel inclut les troubles de la personnalité <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouble_de_la_personnalit%C3%A9_antisociale#DSM-IV-TR_et_DSM-5">antisociale</a>, <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouble_de_la_personnalit%C3%A9_borderline#DSM-IV">borderline</a>, histrionique et <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trouble_de_la_personnalit%C3%A9_narcissique#D'apr%C3%A8s_le_DSM-5">narcissique</a>. Dans ce groupe nous retrouvons les troubles de la personnalité qui se caractérisent notamment par le caprice, par la théâtralité et par la manipulation. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Si le terme “pervers narcissique” appartient à la terminologie de la psychanalyse et peut rester un peu flou, le trouble de la personnalité narcissique est une catégorie diagnostique qui a une définition assez précise dans le DSM-5. De manière générale, l’individu se caractérise par une grandiosité, par un besoin d’admiration et par un manque d’empathie. Il doit présenter au moins 5 parmi les traits suivants : (1) un sentiment de grandiosité ou de supériorité ; (2) une préoccupation avec le succès, la réussite, le pouvoir, la beauté, etc.; (3) le sentiment d’être spécial ou unique et le désir de s’associer exclusivement avec des personnes à sa hauteur ; (3) un besoin excessif d’admiration ; (4) le sentiment de mériter un traitement d’exception, ou d’avoir plus de droits ; (5) une tendance à l’exploitation ; (6) un manque d’empathie ; (7) il est envieux par rapport aux autres personnes, ou il croit que ce sont les autres qui sont envieux de lui ; (8) des attitudes ou des comportements arrogants. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Le trouble de la personnalité narcissique est relativement rare. Pourtant, dans les sources mentionnées, celui qui emploie le terme “pervers narcissique” est le plus souvent quelqu’un qui a fait une mauvaise rencontre avec un individu qui l’a exploité ou malmené, faisant donc preuve de la tendance à l’exploitation et du manque d’empathie, parfois associés à l’arrogance et à un sens de supériorité. Or, la société où nous vivons, qui met l’accent sur la réussite personnelle et sur la compétition, semble encourager naturellement ce genre de comportement ; c’est peut-être pour ça que nous avons l’impression qu’il y a des pervers narcissiques partout.</span></p> <h3><b>Un concept entouré de controverses</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Nous avons vu que le diagnostic de trouble de la personnalité narcissique n’est pas si fréquent que ça, et que certains comportements associés à ce trouble mais insuffisants pour poser un diagnostic sont tout simplement des attitudes que les gens ont tendance à adopter afin de survivre dans notre société hyper compétitive. Il est donc pertinent de demander : est-ce que la notion populaire de “pervers narcissique” correspond à quelque chose de réel ? Est-ce qu’il y aurait peut-être d’autres explications ? Or, c’est exactement ce que propose Sébastien Villalba, auteur de <a href="https://www.esf-scienceshumaines.fr/sante-psy/288-la-perversion-narcissique-mythes-et-realite.html"><em>La perversion narcissique, mythes et réalité</em></a>.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Sébastien Villalba observe avec justesse que le terme est le plus souvent utilisé par les “victimes”, i.e. par ceux ou celles qui ont subi l’exploitation et la manipulation des individus qui seront alors caractérisés comme des pervers narcissiques. Ensuite il propose des explications fondées sur d’autres paradigmes, comme par exemple l’analyse transactionnelle et l’approche systémique familiale. Ces deux approches ont comme point commun l’analyse de la relation entre les individus plutôt que l’analyse de la personnalité de chacun. Dans l’analyse transactionnelle on considère que les gens entrent dans des “jeux” relationnels où le comportement de chacun provoque une réponse complémentaire de la part de l’autre. L’approche systémique familiale révèle que l’individu considéré comme problématique ou malade dans une famille n’est pas toujours celui qui a un vrai problème, mais plutôt celui sur lequel les autres vont projeter leurs problèmes de manière souvent inconsciente. Cependant, ces deux courants psychothérapeutiques qui ont connu un franc succès dans les années 1960 et 1970 se retrouvent un peu à l’abandon ; à partir des années 1980 les approches psychothérapeutiques se concentrent sur l’individu seul, avec l’analyse transactionnelle étant employée le plus souvent dans les entreprises et les organisations.</span></p> <h3><b>Pourquoi parle-t-on des pervers narcissiques ?</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Même si la notion populaire de “pervers narcissique” peut être compliquée, avec des livres populaires qui donnent des “listes de caractéristiques” parfois contradictoires, les concepts sont bien scientifiques : du concept psychanalytique de pervers narcissique (tant que l’on considère la psychanalyse comme une science) au trouble de la personnalité narcissique qui est inscrit dans le DSM-5, passant par la typologie des pervers narcissiques qui est l’objet de papiers scientifiques publiés dans des revues avec comités de lecture. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Tout étant considéré, il existe bel et bien un phénomène d’appropriation d’un terme scientifique par le public afin de désigner quelque chose. On peut donc déplacer le focus et tourner notre regard vers quoi que ce soit que les gens cherchent à désigner à l’aide de ce terme. Il n’est pas alors nécessaire qu’il y ait une correspondance exacte ou même approximative entre le terme et la chose désignée ; il suffit de constater qu’il y a quelque chose qu’on cherche à désigner. Le terme peut être adapté ou pas ; peu importe. L’important, c’est qu’il y a quelque chose – et c’est ça le phénomène qu’il reste à explorer. </span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400">Au-delà de toutes les informations disponibles aujourd’hui sur le pervers narcissique, il serait intéressant de s’interroger sur l’emploi de cette notion par le public. Or, il n’existe pas, à ma connaissance, d’étude sur ce sujet pour l’instant. S’agit-il, finalement, d’une espèce de “<a href="https://www.editionsladecouverte.fr/entre_science_et_realite-9782707156402">construction sociale</a>” selon la définition du philosophe Ian Hacking, similaire à celle de “<a href="https://journals.openedition.org/teoros/9986">fou voyageur</a>” ?</span></p> <hr/><div class="citation"><p><span class="citation-title">OpenEdition vous propose de citer ce billet de la manière suivante :</span><br/>Mauren Brenner (25 juillet 2024). Le “pervers narcissique” et l’appropriation d’un concept scientifique. <em>Contrepoints</em>. 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