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Mais qu’entend-t-on par décoloniser les sciences ? Ou comme je vais préférer le dire : faire des sciences anticoloniales. 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Mais qu’entend-t-on par décoloniser les sciences ? Ou comme je vais préférer le dire : faire des sciences anticoloniales. Que vous soyez étudiant·e, chercheur·euse ou simple lecteur·ice intéressé·e j’aimerais que l’on questionne ensemble comment de nouvelles pratiques en sciences pourraient servir une anti-colonialité." xml:lang="fr" /> <meta property="dc:subject" content="Sciences et discriminations" /> <meta property="dc:subject" content="colonialité" /> <meta property="dc:subject" content="décolonisation" /> <meta property="dc:subject" content="recherches participatives" /> <meta property="dc:subject" content="sciences anticoloniales" /> <meta property="dc:subject" content="sciences participatives" /> <meta property="dc:type" content="Billet" /> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.58079/ragq" /> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2681-1413" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/opml+xml" title="Outline" href="https://www.openedition.org/opml.php?pubtype=carnet" /></head> <body data-cmplz=1 class="post-template-default single single-post postid-7812 single-format-standard wp-embed-responsive 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discriminations</a></li> <li class="comments"><a href="https://mastersts.hypotheses.org/7812#comments"><i class="far fa-comments"></i>2</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="hu-pad group"> <article class="post-7812 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-sciences-et-discriminations tag-colonialite tag-decolonisation tag-recherches-participatives tag-sciences-anticoloniales tag-sciences-participatives"> <div class="post-inner group"> <h1 class="post-title entry-title">Participation citoyenne pour une anticolonialité en sciences</h1> <p class="post-byline"> par <span class="vcard author"> <span class="fn"><a href="https://mastersts.hypotheses.org/author/emmatapin" title="Articles par Emma Tapin" rel="author">Emma Tapin</a></span> </span> · Publié <time class="published" datetime="2023-09-07T21:16:27+02:00">07/09/2023</time> · Mis à jour <time class="updated" datetime="2023-10-09T10:16:44+02:00">09/10/2023</time> </p> <div class="clear"></div> <div class="entry themeform"> <div class="entry-inner"> <p><em>L’héritage colonial des sciences est de plus en plus décrit par les chercheurs et chercheuses. Mais qu’entend-t-on par décoloniser les sciences ? Ou comme je vais préférer le dire : faire des sciences anticoloniales. Que vous soyez étudiant·e, chercheur·euse ou simple lecteur·ice intéressé·e j’aimerais que l’on questionne ensemble comment de nouvelles pratiques en sciences pourraient servir une anti-colonialité.</em></p> <p>Alors, selon vous, qu’entend-t-on par « décoloniser les sciences » ? Le terme « décoloniser » vous rend un peu perplexe ? Et bien figurez-vous que moi aussi. Si l’on prend la définition qu’en font <a href="https://clas.osu.edu/sites/clas.osu.edu/files/Tuck%20and%20Yang%202012%20Decolonization%20is%20not%20a%20metaphor.pdf">Eve Tuck et Wayne Yang</a>, la décolonisation, en tant que destruction du colonialisme, consiste en « le rapatriement de la terre et de la vie indigènes » (Tuck et Yang, 2012). Ce qui n’est pas tout à fait ce que l’on cherche à faire lorsque l’on parle de décoloniser les sciences, ce qui importe dans ce cas c’est plutôt « d’identifier et [de] contrer les valeurs, les concepts et les structures coloniales au sein de la science et de l’université à travers la façon dont nous faisons de la science au quotidien ». C’est ce que décrit particulièrement bien le laboratoire féministe et anti-colonial <a href="https://civiclaboratory.nl/2017/12/29/feminist-anti-colonial-science/">CLEARlab</a>, qui parle d’ailleurs bien d’anticolonialité plutôt que de décolonisalisme. A mon tour je décide donc de préférer employer les termes de colonialité et d’anti-colonialité pour traiter des rapports entre sciences et colonialisme dans la suite de mon billet.</p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p>« La colonialité consiste en l’articulation planétaire d’un système de pouvoir occidental. Ce dernier se fonde sur une infériorisation prétendument naturelle des lieux, des groupes humains, des savoirs et des subjectivités non-occidentales. Cette domination a survécu historiquement au colonialisme. »</p> <cite>Escobar et Restrepo,<em> </em>2009</cite></blockquote> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>La colonialité en sciences</strong></h2> <p>« La constitution de la science moderne s’est effectuée dans le contexte de l’avènement des puissances européennes et de l’expansion coloniale » (Paty, 1997). Partant de ce postulat, nombreux·ses chercheur·euses ont montré que les sciences ont participé – et participent encore aujourd’hui – à établir des valeurs, des concepts et des structures coloniales. Qu’est-ce que cela signifie ? Que <a href="https://scienceetbiencommun.pressbooks.pub/projetthese/chapter/la-responsabilite-sociale-des-chercheurs-et-des-universites/">la science a fait partie du projet colonial</a>. En effet, nous ne sommes pas sans savoir que de nombreux savants – naturalistes, géographes, botanistes etc. – ont été impliqués dans les excursions visant à assoir le projet colonial d’expansion occidentale (Chatelin, 1991). Une relation d’influence scientifique et culturelle s’est alors établie entre pays dominants et pays dominés. Les liens entre sciences et projet colonial ont notamment été décritspar George Basalla, un historien des sciences qui a développé un <a href="http://hps.master.univ-paris-diderot.fr/sites/hps.master.univ-paris-diderot.fr/files/u97/Basalla1967-compressed.pdf">modèle en trois phases</a> expliquant les processus selon lesquels le contexte de colonisation a permis la diffusion des sciences selon les normes professionnelles occidentales (Basalla, 1967). Cet ordre établit continue d’être perpétué aujourd’hui grâce à des processus de maintien « de la prééminence occidentale sur la périphérie dans les dispositifs de recherche » (Gourgues). Par exemple, la production scientifique réalisée en dehors des centres académiques n’est rendue légitime que lorsque les recherches ont recours à des références académiques occidentales. Certains discours et pratiques institutionnels vont également dans le sens des normes occidentales, la primauté des langues comme le français ou l’anglais sur celles des périphéries constitue par exemple un outil institutionnel bien en place pour permettre le maintien de l’hégémonie des sciences occidentales (Viveros Vigoya, 2018). Cela a entrainé notamment l’omission des productions intellectuelles non-occidentales et donc l’enfermement de la recherche scientifique dans une sorte de positivisme institutionnel. </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Pistes de réflexions pour des sciences anticoloniales</strong></h2> <p>De nombreux choix dans les pratiques de recherche ainsi que dans notre rapport aux sciences peuvent permettre de servir l’anti-colonialité. Le laboratoire CLEARlab que j’ai déjà cité met notamment en évidence sur son site différentes façons de faire de la science anticoloniale. Par exemple, ils ont mis en place une <a href="https://civiclaboratory.nl/2016/09/28/guidelines-for-research-with-indigenous-peoples/">fiche de route pour travailler avec les groupes autochtones</a>, ils ont également élaboré différentes méthodes permettant de mettre en avant et de soutenir les savoirs autochtones. Déconstruire les méthodologies et les concepts positivistes qui ont pendant longtemps régit la recherche scientifique semble également être un point de départ important pour contrer la science coloniale. Pour ce faire, Huber expose notamment <a href="https://www.convivialthinking.org/index.php/2019/03/29/how-do-we-know-the-world-series-part-xiii-the-problem-of-postcolonial-historical-research-within-colonial-epistemologies-and-methodologies/#more-775">différentes pistes de réflexion</a>. Dès la formation professionnelle les jeunes chercheur·euses sont entrainé·es à reproduire des visions dominantes, il semble donc indispensable de contrer les mécanismes institutionnels qui participent à l’hégémonie de certaines pratiques et populations et à la subalternisation d’autres. « La formation professionnelle fait incorporer sans réflexivité ce qui est pensable et ce qui est faisable » (Escobar et Restrepo, 2009). Dans un tout autre domaine que celui des pratiques de recherches, la question du <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Av_3tGceTvs">lien entre colonisation et musées</a> est au cœur de ces réflexions anticoloniales : la restitution des œuvres, l’inclusion dans les postes décisionnaires etc.</p> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <figure class="wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio"> <div class="wp-block-embed__wrapper">https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Av_3tGceTvs</div> <figcaption><em>The Problem with Museums </em>– cette vidéo récapitule les problématiques éthiques concernant certaines collections de musées au passé colonial</figcaption> </figure> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <p>Un autre outil anticolonial serait de contrer <a href="https://mastersts.hypotheses.org/786">les injustices épistémiques qui permettent le maintien d’un ordre de domination.</a> Il s’agit en fait de donner la parole aux minorités, à celles et ceux à qui on ne laisse généralement pas la place. </p> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading"><strong>Focus sur les recherches participatives comme outil</strong></h2> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <p>Cette partie est à prendre comme une piste de réflexion non exhaustive sur <a href="https://scienceetbiencommun.pressbooks.pub/projetthese/chapter/methodes-de-recherche-participative-recherche-action-et-sciences-citoyennes/">les recherches participatives comme un outil anticolonial</a> en sciences notamment pour ce qui est de <a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342102188_Injustices_epistemiques_et_recherche_participative_un_agenda_de_recherche_a_la_croisee_de_l%27universite_et_des_communautes">contrer les injustices épistémiques</a> et autour des enjeux climatiques. La recherche, notamment les innovations, sont essentielles aux transformations humaines en particulier par exemple en lien avec la crise climatique. Il y a des attentes croissantes de toustes les acteur·ices de la société civile concernant ces questions. Pour répondre à ces attentes, une approche innovante des missions de l’enseignement supérieur semble nécessaire, allant de pair avec un renforcement de la contribution sociale de la recherche. En ce sens, il serait temps de proposer de nouvelles manières de lier les universités avec les communautés locales et les différent·es acteur·ices les composants afin de cocréer des connaissances adaptées aux contextes et aux attentes citoyennes. C’est là tout l’enjeux de la <a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Synth%C3%A8se_Rapport_FdF_FSC.pdf">« recherche-action participative »</a>, elle « se caractérise par un engagement politique et idéologique de transformation sociale de la part du chercheur [ou de la chercheuse]<em> </em>à l’égard des secteurs subalternes de la société. » (Sciences citoyennes) Ces recherches « ont en commun la participation effective, bien que variable, des personnes concernées par les recherches à toutes ou certaines des étapes de la recherche » (Godrie et Heck). Un des objectifs de ces recherches est de réduire le fossé existant entre sciences et société, dans le même temps cela permettrait de dépasser les notions traditionnelles de recherche descendante : d’un groupe d’expert·es à un groupe de profanes et donc de contrer les schémas institutionnels contribuant à la perpétuation des sciences coloniales. </p> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <blockquote class="wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow"> <p>« Le savoir n’est pas produit à l’Université, dans un lieu hors du monde, puis transmis du haut vers le bas vers des personnes qui vont le mettre éventuellement en action; le savoir résulte plutôt d’échanges entre des personnes détentrices de savoirs et de positionnements situés différents (connaissances théoriques, expériences professionnelles et de vie, militantisme, etc.) » </p> <cite>Godrie et Heck</cite></blockquote> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity" /> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Bibliographie</h2> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <p>Basalla G., 1967, « The Spread of Western Science », <em>Science</em>, 156, pp. 611–622. </p> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <p>Chatelin Y., 1991, « Qu’est-ce que la science coloniale ? Mise en perspective, rappels historiques, études de cas », <em>L’innovation en milieu agraire : recueil de textes pour la table-ronde du laboratoire d’études agraires : 17-18 octobre 1991</em>.</p> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <p>Escobar A., Restrepo E., 2009, « Anthropologies hégémoniques et colonialité », <em>Cahiers des Amériques latines</em>, 62, pp.83-95.</p> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <p>Godrie B., Heck I., « L’approche participative, la recherche-action et leurs principales stratégies d’enquête et d’inclusion des groupes subalternisés », <em>Science et bien commun, </em><a href="https://scienceetbiencommun.pressbooks.pub/projetthese/chapter/methodes-de-recherche-participative-recherche-action-et-sciences-citoyennes/">https://scienceetbiencommun.pressbooks.pub/projetthese/chapter/methodes-de-recherche-participative-recherche-action-et-sciences-citoyennes/</a>, consulté le 14/05/2023.</p> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <p>Gourgues J. M., « Science, colonialisme et extraversion (histoire décoloniale de la science) », <em>Science et bien commun, </em><a href="https://scienceetbiencommun.pressbooks.pub/projetthese/chapter/la-responsabilite-sociale-des-chercheurs-et-des-universites/">https://scienceetbiencommun.pressbooks.pub/projetthese/chapter/la-responsabilite-sociale-des-chercheurs-et-des-universites/</a>, consulté le 14/05/2023.</p> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <p>Liboiron M., 2017, « Anti-colonial science », <em>CLEARlab</em>, <a href="https://civiclaboratory.nl/2017/12/29/feminist-anti-colonial-science">https://civiclaboratory.nl/2017/12/29/feminist-anti-colonial-science</a>, consulté le 14/05/2023.</p> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <p>Millot G., Neubauer C., Storup B. (Dir.), 2013, « La recherche citoyenne comme mode de production des savoirs », <em>Fondation Sciences citoyennes</em>,<em> </em><a href="https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Synth%C3%A8se_Rapport_FdF_FSC.pdf">https://sciencescitoyennes.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/10/Synth%C3%A8se_Rapport_FdF_FSC.pdf</a>, consulté le 14/05/2023.</p> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <p>Paty M., 1997, « Science et colonialisme », in M. Ambrière (Dir.), <em>Dictionnaire du XIX è siècle européen</em>, Presses Universitaires de France, Paris, pp. 1087-1088.</p> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <p>Tuck E., Yang K. W., 2012, « <a href="https://clas.osu.edu/sites/clas.osu.edu/files/Tuck%20and%20Yang%202012%20Decolonization%20is%20not%20a%20metaphor.pdf">Decolonization is not a metaphor</a> », <em>Decolonization: Indigeneity, education & society</em>, <em>1, pp.1-40.</em></p> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <p>Viveros Vigoya M., 2018, « Conclusion générale : Masculinités, hommes et dynamiques sociales notre-américaines », <em>Les couleurs de la masculinité</em>, Paris, La Découverte, pp. 191–202. </p> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <hr class="wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity" /> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <h2 class="wp-block-heading">Pour aller plus loin</h2> <p class="has-text-align-left"> </p> <ul class="wp-block-list"> <li><a href="https://convivialthinking.org" data-type="URL" data-id="https://convivialthinking.org">Site collaboratif</a> regroupant des universitaires qui réfléchissent, travaillent et écrivent sur toutes les questions liées aux approches post et décoloniales dans le contexte du développement, des études sur le développement et au-delà.</li> <li>Le site de CLEAR lab : un laboratoire féministe et anticolonial</li> <li><a href="https://civiclaboratory.files.wordpress.com/2020/12/a-wee-primer-on-colonialism.pdf">Document de CLEARlab</a> pour expliquer ce qu’est et n’est pas le colonialisme et donc préciser l’utilisation des termes anticolinial, décolonisation etc.</li> <li><a href="https://journals.openedition.org/cal/1550">Article sur la colonialité</a></li> </ul> <p class="has-text-align-left"></p><hr/><div class="citation"><p><span class="citation-title">OpenEdition vous propose de citer ce billet de la manière suivante :</span><br/>Emma Tapin (7 septembre 2023). Participation citoyenne pour une anticolonialité en sciences. <em>Contrepoints</em>. Consulté le 27 novembre 2024 à l’adresse https://doi.org/10.58079/ragq</p></div> <hr/> <ul class="soc"> <li><a class="x share-hypotheses" href="https://twitter.com/share?text=Participation+citoyenne+pour+une+anticolonialit%C3%A9+en+sciences&url=https%3A%2F%2Fmastersts.hypotheses.org%2F7812&via=hypothesesorg"><svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-x-twitter" aria-hidden="true" focusable="false" data-prefix="fab" data-icon="x-twitter" role="img" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 512 512" data-fa-i2svg=""><path fill="currentColor" d="M389.2 48h70.6L305.6 224.2 487 464H345L233.7 318.6 106.5 464H35.8L200.7 275.5 26.8 48H172.4L272.9 180.9 389.2 48zM364.4 421.8h39.1L151.1 88h-42L364.4 421.8z"></path></svg></a></li> <li><a class="facebook share-hypotheses" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?title=Participation+citoyenne+pour+une+anticolonialit%C3%A9+en+sciences&u=https%3A%2F%2Fmastersts.hypotheses.org%2F7812"><svg class="svg-inline--fa fa-facebook-f" aria-hidden="true" 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href="https://mastersts.hypotheses.org/450" rel="bookmark">La science comme arme idéologique</a> </h4> <div class="post-meta group"> <p class="post-date"> <time class="published updated" datetime="2020-02-21 12:47:30">21/02/2020</time> </p> <p class="post-date">  par <a href="https://mastersts.hypotheses.org/author/tgrausi" title="Articles par tgrausi" rel="author">tgrausi</a> </p> <p class="post-byline" style="display:none"> par <span class="vcard author"> <span class="fn"><a href="https://mastersts.hypotheses.org/author/tgrausi" title="Articles par tgrausi" rel="author">tgrausi</a></span> </span> · Published <span class="published">21/02/2020</span> </p> </div> </div> </article> </li> </ul> <section id="comments" class="themeform"> <h3 class="heading">2 réponses</h3> <ul class="comment-tabs group"> <li class="active"><a href="#commentlist-container"><i class="far fa-comments"></i>Commentaires<span>2</span></a></li> <li><a href="#pinglist-container"><i class="fas fa-share"></i>Pings<span>0</span></a></li> </ul> <div id="commentlist-container" class="comment-tab"> <ol class="commentlist"> <li class="comment even thread-even depth-1" id="comment-751"> <div id="div-comment-751" class="comment-body"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d298caa52a65c2287e045cf185dfc994?s=48&d=blank&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d298caa52a65c2287e045cf185dfc994?s=96&d=blank&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> <cite class="fn">Morgane</cite> <span class="says">dit :</span> </div> <div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"> <a href="https://mastersts.hypotheses.org/7812#comment-751">10/11/2023 à 15:37</a> </div> <p>Merci Emma pour cet article complet et important. Ce regard antidécolonial posé sur les sciences semble nécessaire. Or, comment faire ? Nous connaissons (ou pas) nos retards, surtout en France. Comme tu l’as dit, les sciences modernes, et j’irai plus loin, ce qu’on appelle modernité et le développement du libéralisme s’appuie sur le colonialisme. Certain.e.s parlent ainsi d’État racial. Sachant cette idée, comment repenser les sciences, la production de savoirs (à travers de nouvelles pratiques comme celles des sciences ouvertes, des recherches participatives…) sans remettre en question nos institutions aussi éloignées soient-elles de la science ? J’imagine qu’il n’y a pas de réponse claire, c’est une réflexion qui demande du temps, du collectif mais une action qui semble, malgré tout, urgente.</p> <div class="reply"><a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='https://mastersts.hypotheses.org/7812?replytocom=751#respond' data-commentid="751" data-postid="7812" data-belowelement="div-comment-751" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Répondre à Morgane" aria-label='Répondre à Morgane'>Répondre</a></div> </div> </li> <li class="comment odd alt thread-odd thread-alt depth-1" id="comment-739"> <div id="div-comment-739" class="comment-body"> <div class="comment-author vcard"> <img alt='' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d67acd4a24f242c08e7ff0e6a0c7d140?s=48&d=blank&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/d67acd4a24f242c08e7ff0e6a0c7d140?s=96&d=blank&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-48 photo' height='48' width='48' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> <cite class="fn">Camille</cite> <span class="says">dit :</span> </div> <div class="comment-meta commentmetadata"> <a href="https://mastersts.hypotheses.org/7812#comment-739">10/11/2023 à 15:24</a> </div> <p>Merci pour ce billet fort intéressant !<br /> je trouve le principe de la recherche-action participative très pertinent, j’ai pas encore pu regarder vraiment la bibliographie (peut-être est-ce dedans), mais j’ai l’impression que cela peut apporter un ancrage dans l’espace intéressant. Je n’avais pas vraiment réfléchir à l’articulation entre la science ouverte et l’ancrage dans le territoire, si jamais vous avez des ressources sur ce sujet je suis preneuse !<br /> belle journée</p> <div class="reply"><a rel='nofollow' class='comment-reply-link' href='https://mastersts.hypotheses.org/7812?replytocom=739#respond' data-commentid="739" data-postid="7812" data-belowelement="div-comment-739" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="Répondre à Camille" aria-label='Répondre à Camille'>Répondre</a></div> </div> </li> </ol> </div> <div id="respond" class="comment-respond"> <h3 id="reply-title" class="comment-reply-title">Laisser un commentaire <small><a rel="nofollow" id="cancel-comment-reply-link" href="/7812#respond" style="display:none;">Annuler la réponse</a></small></h3><form action="https://mastersts.hypotheses.org/wp-comments-post.php" method="post" id="commentform" class="comment-form"><p class="comment-notes"><span id="email-notes">Votre adresse e-mail ne sera pas 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