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id="toc-Color_theory_in_visual_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_theory_in_visual_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Color theory in visual design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_theory_in_visual_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_of_color_in_visual_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_of_color_in_visual_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Use of color in visual design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_of_color_in_visual_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Line" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Line"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Line</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="#Types_of_shapes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Types of shapes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_shapes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Texture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Texture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Texture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Texture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition_of_texture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition_of_texture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Definition of texture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition_of_texture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texture_in_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texture_in_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Texture in design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texture_in_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses_of_texture_in_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses_of_texture_in_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Uses of texture in design</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uses_of_texture_in_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pattern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pattern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Pattern</span> </div> 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</li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <p><b>Design elements</b> are the basic units of any visual design which form its structure and convey visual messages.<sup id="cite_ref-John_L_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-John_L-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Painter and design theorist Maitland E. Graves (1902–1978), who attempted to gestate the fundamental principles of aesthetic order in visual design,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in his book, <i>The Art of Color and Design</i> (1941), defined the elements of design as line, direction, <a href="/wiki/Shape" title="Shape">shape</a>, <a href="/wiki/Size" title="Size">size</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texture_(visual_arts)" title="Texture (visual arts)">texture</a>, value, and <a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">color</a>, concluding that "these elements are the materials from which all designs are built."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elements_of_art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Elements_of_art.jpg/220px-Elements_of_art.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="392" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Elements_of_art.jpg/330px-Elements_of_art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Elements_of_art.jpg/440px-Elements_of_art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="527" data-file-height="940" /></a><figcaption>Elements of art and design</figcaption></figure><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Color_star-en_(tertiary_names).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Color_star-en_%28tertiary_names%29.svg/180px-Color_star-en_%28tertiary_names%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Color_star-en_%28tertiary_names%29.svg/270px-Color_star-en_%28tertiary_names%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Color_star-en_%28tertiary_names%29.svg/360px-Color_star-en_%28tertiary_names%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Color star containing primary, secondary, and tertiary colors.</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Color">Color</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_elements&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Color"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Color" title="Color">Color</a> is the result of light reflecting back from an object to our eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The color that our eyes perceive is determined by the <a href="/wiki/Pigment" title="Pigment">pigment</a> of the object itself.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">color wheel</a> are often referred to when studying color combinations in visual design.<sup id="cite_ref-Color_matters_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Color_matters-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Color is often deemed to be an important element of design as it is a universal language which presents the countless possibilities of visual communication.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Color serves various purposes to contribute to the overall effectiveness of the design. It is used as an element to convey meaning and emotion, create visual hierarchy, enhance brand identity, improve readability and accessibility, create visual interest and appeal, differentiate information and elements, and make cultural and contextual significance. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">saturation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">brightness</a> are the three characteristics that describe color.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hue" title="Hue">Hue</a> can simply be referred to as "color" as in red, yellow, or green.<sup id="cite_ref-C_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturation_(color_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation (color theory)">Saturation</a> gives a color <a href="/wiki/Brightness" title="Brightness">brightness</a> or dullness, which impacts the vibrance of the color.<sup id="cite_ref-C_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightness_(color)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lightness (color)">Values</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tints_and_shades" class="mw-redirect" title="Tints and shades">tints and shades</a> of colors are created by adding black to a color for a shade and white for a tint. Creating a tint or shade of color reduces the <a href="/wiki/Saturation_(color_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saturation (color theory)">saturation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-C_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_theory_in_visual_design">Color theory in visual design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_elements&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Color theory in visual design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a> studies color mixing and color combinations. It is one of the first things that marked a progressive design approach.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In visual design, designers refer to color theory as a body of practical guidance to achieving certain visual impacts with specific color combinations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Theoretical color knowledge is implemented in designs in order to achieve a successful color design.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmony_(color)" title="Harmony (color)"><b>Color harmony</b></a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Harmony_(color)" title="Harmony (color)">Color harmony</a>, often referred to as a "measure of aesthetics",<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> studies which color combinations are harmonious and pleasing to the eye, and which color combinations are not.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Color harmony is a main concern for designers given that colors always exist in the presence of other colors in form or space.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When a designer <b>harmonizes</b> colors, the relationships among a set of colors are enhanced to increase the way they complement one another. Colors are harmonized to achieve a balanced, unified, and aesthetically pleasing effect for the viewer.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Color harmony is achieved in a variety of ways, some of which consist of combining a set of colors that share the same hue, or a set of colors that share the same values for two of the three color characteristics (hue, saturation, brightness).<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Color harmony can also be achieved by simply combining colors that are considered compatible to one another<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as represented in the <a href="/wiki/Color_wheel" title="Color wheel">color wheel</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)"><b>Color contrasts</b></a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Contrast_(vision)" title="Contrast (vision)">Color contrasts</a> are studied with a pair of colors, as opposed to color harmony, which studies a set of colors. In color contrasting, two colors with perceivable differences in aspects such as luminance, or saturation, are placed side by side to create contrast.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Itten" title="Johannes Itten">Johannes Itten</a> presented seven kinds of color contrasts: contrast of light and dark, contrast of hue, contrast of temperature, contrast of <a href="/wiki/Colorfulness" title="Colorfulness">saturation</a>, simultaneous contrast, contrast of sizes, and contrast of complementary.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These seven kinds of color contrasts have inspired past works involving color schemes in design.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme"><b>Color schemes</b></a></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Color_scheme" title="Color scheme">Color schemes</a> are defined as the set of colors chosen for a design. They are often made up of two or more colors that look appealing beside one another, and that create an <a href="/wiki/Aesthetics" title="Aesthetics">aesthetic</a> feeling when used together. Color schemes depend on <a href="/wiki/Harmony_(color)" title="Harmony (color)">color harmony</a> as they point to which colors look pleasing beside one another.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A satisfactory design product is often accompanied by a successful color scheme. Over time, color design tools with the function of generating color schemes were developed to facilitate color harmonizing for designers.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Use_of_color_in_visual_design">Use of color in visual design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_elements&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use of color in visual design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Color is used to create harmony, balance, and visual comfort in a design<sup id="cite_ref-:3_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Color is used to evoke the desired mood and emotion in the viewer<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Color is used to create a <a href="/wiki/Theme_(arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme (arts)">theme</a> in the design<sup id="cite_ref-:1_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Color holds meaning and can be symbolic. In certain cultures, different colors can have different meanings.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Color is used to put emphasis on desired elements and create <a href="/wiki/Visual_hierarchy" title="Visual hierarchy">visual hierarchy</a> in a piece of art<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Color can create identity for a certain brand or design product<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Color allows viewers to have different interpretations of visual designs. The same color can evoke different emotions, or have various meanings to different individuals and cultures<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Color strategies are used for organization and <a href="/wiki/Consistency" title="Consistency">consistency</a> in a design product<sup id="cite_ref-C_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Architectural_designer" title="Architectural designer">architectural design</a> of a retail environment, colors affect decision-making, making which motivates consumers to buy particular products<sup id="cite_ref-:4_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Color strengthens narrative and storytelling in visual design.</li> <li>Color can represent characters, themes, and symbolism.</li> <li>Color is a tool that designers use to strategically add layers of meaning and subtext to their designs.</li> <li>Colors can create recurring visual motifs in a design, strengthening ideas and fostering coherence.</li> <li>Color is an effective tool for communication because it allows for complex interpretation and expression.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stars_in_orion_constellation_(connected).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Stars_in_orion_constellation_%28connected%29.jpg/220px-Stars_in_orion_constellation_%28connected%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Stars_in_orion_constellation_%28connected%29.jpg/330px-Stars_in_orion_constellation_%28connected%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Stars_in_orion_constellation_%28connected%29.jpg/440px-Stars_in_orion_constellation_%28connected%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Similarly, stars in a constellation connected via imaginary lines are a natural example of using lines in a composition</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Line">Line</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_elements&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Line"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The line is an element of art defined by a point moving in space. . More specifically, Line is defined as a series of points, or the connection between two points, or the path of a moving point.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The importance of line comes from its versatility as its characteristics is significantly expressive.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lines can be vertical, horizontal, diagonal, or curved, they may also appear as linear shapes that take on a line-link quality, or as suggested line perceived from eyes as they follow a sequence related shapes. Line may be used either in two-dimensional forms with enclosing a space as an outline and creating shape, or in three-dimensional forms. They can be any width or texture, and can be continuous, implied, or broken. On top of that, there are different types of lines aside from the ones previously mentioned. For example, you could have a line that is horizontal and zigzagged or a line that is vertical and zigzagged. Different lines create different moods, it all depends on what mood you are using line to create and convey. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Point">Point</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_elements&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Point"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A point is basically the beginning of “something” in “nothing”. It forces the mind to think upon its position and gives something to build upon in both imagination and space. Some abstract points in a group can provoke human imagination to link it with familiar shapes or forms. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shape">Shape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_elements&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Shape"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shape_and_form_(visual_arts)" title="Shape and form (visual arts)">Shape and form (visual arts)</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Shape" title="Shape">shape</a> is defined as a two dimensional area that stands out from the space next to or around it due to a defined or implied boundary, or because of differences of value, color, or texture.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shapes are recognizable objects and forms<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are usually composed of other elements of design.<sup id="cite_ref-Design_Notes_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Design_Notes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For example, a <a href="/wiki/Square" title="Square">square</a> that is drawn on a piece of paper is considered a shape. It is created with a series of lines which serve as a boundary that shapes the square and separates it from the space around it that is not part of the square.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_shapes">Types of shapes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_elements&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types of shapes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Geometric_shape" class="mw-redirect" title="Geometric shape"><b>Geometric shapes</b></a> or mechanical shapes are shapes that can be drawn using a ruler or compass, such as <a href="/wiki/Square" title="Square">squares</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circle" title="Circle">circles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triangle" title="Triangle">triangles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellipse" title="Ellipse">ellipses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parallelogram" title="Parallelogram">parallelograms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Star_polygon" title="Star polygon">stars</a>, and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mechanical shapes, whether simple or complex, produce a feeling of control and order.<sup id="cite_ref-Design_Notes_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Design_Notes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Organic_form" title="Organic form"><b>Organic shapes</b></a> are irregular shapes<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that are often complex and resemble shapes that are found in <a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">nature</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Design_Notes_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Design_Notes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Organic shapes can be drawn by hand, which is why they are sometimes subjective and only exist in the imagination of the artist.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Curvilinear shapes</b> are composed of curved lines and smooth edges. They give off a more natural feeling to the shape. In contrast, <b>rectilinear shapes</b> are composed of sharp edges and <a href="/wiki/Right_angle" title="Right angle">right angles</a>, and give off a sense of order in the <a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">composition</a>. They look more human-made, structured, and <a href="/wiki/Artificiality" title="Artificiality">artificial</a>. Artists can choose to create a composition that revolves mainly around one of these styles of shape, or they can choose to combine both.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Texture">Texture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_elements&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Texture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Texture_(visual_arts)" title="Texture (visual arts)">Texture (visual arts)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Texture_arbre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Texture_arbre.jpg/220px-Texture_arbre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Texture_arbre.jpg/330px-Texture_arbre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Texture_arbre.jpg/440px-Texture_arbre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>This is only a two dimensional image of a tree, but appears to have the texture of three dimensional bark.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Texture_(visual_arts)" title="Texture (visual arts)">Texture</a> refers to the physical and visual qualities of a surface.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition_of_texture">Definition of texture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_elements&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Definition of texture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Texture is the variation of data at a scale smaller than the scale of the main object.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking a person wearing a Hawaiian shirt as an example, as long as we consider the person as the main object looking at, the patterns of their shirt are considered as texture. However, if we try to identify the pattern of the shirt, each flower or bird of the pattern is a non-textured object, as no smaller detail inside of it can be recognized. Texture in our environment helps us to better understand the nature of things, as a smooth paved road signals safe passage and thick fog creates a veil on our view.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texture_in_design">Texture in design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_elements&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Texture in design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Texture in design includes the literal physical surface employed in a printed piece as well as the optical appearance of the surface. Physical texture affects how the piece feels in hand and also how it conveys the design, as a glossy surface for example reflects the light differently than a soft or pebbly one. Many of the textures manipulated by graphic designers, however, cannot be physically experienced as it is utilized in the visual representation aspect of the design. Texture adds detail to an image in a way that conveys the overall quality of a surface.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Graphic designers use texture to establish a mood, reinforce a point of view, or convey a sense of physical presence whether setting a type or drawing a tree.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uses_of_texture_in_design">Uses of texture in design</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_elements&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Uses of texture in design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Texture can be used to attract or repel interest to an element, depending on how pleasant the texture is perceived to be.<sup id="cite_ref-Design_Notes_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Design_Notes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Texture can also be used to add complex detail into the <a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">composition</a> of a design.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In theatrical design, the surface qualities of a costume sculpt the look and feel of a character, which influences the way the audience reacts to the character.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dt>Types of texture</dt></dl> <p><b>Tactile texture</b>, also known as "actual texture", refers to the physical three-dimensional texture of an object. Tactile texture can be perceived by the sense of touch. A person can feel the tactile texture of a sculpture by running their hand over its surface and feelings its ridges and dents.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Painters use <a href="/wiki/Impasto" title="Impasto">impasto</a> to build peaks and create texture in their painting.<sup id="cite_ref-Design_Notes_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Design_Notes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Texture can be created through <a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">collage</a>. This is when artists assemble three dimensional objects and apply them onto a two-dimensional surface, like a piece of paper or canvas, to create one final composition.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papier_coll%C3%A9" title="Papier collé">Papier collé</a> is another collaging technique in which artists glue paper to a surface to create different textures on its surface.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assemblage_(art)" title="Assemblage (art)">Assemblage</a> is a technique that consists of assembling various three-dimensional objects into a sculpture, which can also reveal textures to the viewer.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p><b>Visual texture</b>, also referred to as "implied texture", is not detectable by our sense of touch, but by our sense of sight.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Visual texture is the illusion of a real texture on a two-dimensional surface.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any texture perceived in an image or photograph is a visual texture. A photograph of rough tree bark is considered a visual texture. It creates the impression of a real texture on a two-dimensional surface which would remain smooth to the touch no matter how rough the represented texture is.<sup id="cite_ref-Design_Notes_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Design_Notes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In painting, different <a href="/wiki/Paint" title="Paint">paints</a> are used to achieve different types of textures. Paints such as <a href="/wiki/Oil_paint" title="Oil paint">oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_paint" title="Acrylic paint">acrylic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Encaustic_painting" title="Encaustic painting">encaustic</a> are thicker and more <a href="/wiki/Opacity_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Opacity (optics)">opaque</a> and are used to create three-dimensional impressions on the surface. Other paints, such as <a href="/wiki/Watercolor_painting" title="Watercolor painting">watercolor</a>, tend to be used for visual textures, because they are thinner and have transparency, and do not leave much tactile texture on the surface.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pattern">Pattern</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_elements&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pattern"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many textures appear to repeat the same <a href="/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)" title="Motif (visual arts)">motif</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When a motif is repeated over and over again in a surface, it results in a <b><a href="/wiki/Pattern" title="Pattern">pattern</a></b>.<sup id="cite_ref-Design_Notes_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Design_Notes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Patterns are frequently used in <a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">fashion design</a> or <a href="/wiki/Textile_design" title="Textile design">textile design</a>, where motifs are repeated to create decorative patterns on fabric or other <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> materials.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Patterns are also used in <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architectural design</a>, where decorative structural elements such as <a href="/wiki/Window" title="Window">windows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Column" title="Column">columns</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Pediment" title="Pediment">pediments</a>, are incorporated into building design.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Space">Space</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_elements&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Space"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In design, space is concerned with the area deep within the moment of designated design, the design will take place on. For a two-dimensional design, space concerns creating the illusion of a third dimension on a flat surface:<sup id="cite_ref-Design_Notes_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Design_Notes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Overlap is the effect where objects appear to be on top of each other. This illusion makes the top element look closer to the observer. There is no way to determine the depth of the space, only the order of closeness.</li> <li>Shading adds gradation marks to make an object of a two-dimensional surface seem three-dimensional.</li> <li>Highlight, Transitional Light, Core of the Shadow, Reflected Light, and Cast Shadow give an object a three-dimensional look.<sup id="cite_ref-Design_Notes_16-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Design_Notes-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Linear Perspective is the concept relating to how an object seems smaller the farther away it gets.</li> <li>Atmospheric Perspective is based on how air acts as a filter to change the appearance of distant objects.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Form">Form</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_elements&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In visual design, form is described as the way an artist arranges elements in the entirety of a composition.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also be described as any <a href="/wiki/Three-dimensional" class="mw-redirect" title="Three-dimensional">three-dimensional</a> object. Form can be measured, from top to bottom (height), side to side (width), and from back to front (depth). Form is also defined by light and dark. It can be defined by the presence of shadows on surfaces or faces of an object. There are two types of form, geometric (artificial) and natural (organic form). Form may be created by the combining of two or more shapes. It may be enhanced by tone, texture or color. It can be illustrated or constructed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_elements&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composition_(visual_arts)" title="Composition (visual arts)">Composition (visual arts)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">Interior design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_design" title="Landscape design">Landscape design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pattern_language" title="Pattern language">Pattern language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_art" title="Elements of art">Elements of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_theory" title="Color theory">Color theory</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_elements&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-John_L-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-John_L_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLovett" class="citation web cs1">Lovett, John. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnlovett.com/test.htm">"Design and Colour"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Design+and+Colour&rft.aulast=Lovett&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.johnlovett.com%2Ftest.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign+elements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charlotte Jirousek. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://char.txa.cornell.edu/"><i>Art, Design, and Visual Thinking.</i></a> An online, interactive textbook. Cornell.edu, 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, Jon Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/4851/"><i>An evaluation of Maitland Graves' principle of aesthetic order.</i></a> Masters thesis, Concordia University, 1972.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graves, Maitland, E. <i>The art of color and design.</i> 2d ed. New York, N.Y.: McGraw-Hill, 1951.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFE.2014" class="citation book cs1">E., Malloy, Kaoime (2014-09-26). <i>The art of theatrical design : elements of visual composition, methods, and practice</i>. New York. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138021501" title="Special:BookSources/9781138021501"><bdi>9781138021501</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/882620042">882620042</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+art+of+theatrical+design+%3A+elements+of+visual+composition%2C+methods%2C+and+practice&rft.place=New+York&rft.date=2014-09-26&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F882620042&rft.isbn=9781138021501&rft.aulast=E.&rft.aufirst=Malloy%2C+Kaoime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign+elements" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Color_matters-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Color_matters_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colormatters.com/color-and-design/basic-color-theory">"basic color theory"</a>. <i>color matters</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=color+matters&rft.atitle=basic+color+theory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.colormatters.com%2Fcolor-and-design%2Fbasic-color-theory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign+elements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJasper2014" class="citation journal cs1">Jasper, Adam (2014-05-04). "Colour Theory". <i>Architectural Theory Review</i>. <b>19</b> (2): 119–123. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13264826.2014.991017">10.1080/13264826.2014.991017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1326-4826">1326-4826</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218640469">218640469</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Architectural+Theory+Review&rft.atitle=Colour+Theory&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=119-123&rft.date=2014-05-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218640469%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1326-4826&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13264826.2014.991017&rft.aulast=Jasper&rft.aufirst=Adam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign+elements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lirmm.fr/~mountaz/Publi/Upload/iv-12.pdf"><i>Visual Color Design, 16th International Conference Information on Visualisation (IV 2012) : Montpellier, France, 11-13 July 2012</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IEEE Computer Society. Los Alamitos, Calif.: IEEE Computer Society. 2012. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781467322607" title="Special:BookSources/9781467322607"><bdi>9781467322607</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/823906734">823906734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visual+Color+Design%2C+16th+International+Conference+Information+on+Visualisation+%28IV+2012%29+%3A+Montpellier%2C+France%2C+11-13+July+2012.&rft.place=Los+Alamitos%2C+Calif.&rft.pub=IEEE+Computer+Society&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F823906734&rft.isbn=9781467322607&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lirmm.fr%2F~mountaz%2FPubli%2FUpload%2Fiv-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign+elements" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-C_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-C_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2011" class="citation book cs1">White, Alex (2011). <i>The Elements of Graphic Design</i>. New York, NY: Allworth Press. pp. 81–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-762-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58115-762-8"><bdi>978-1-58115-762-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Elements+of+Graphic+Design&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=81-105&rft.pub=Allworth+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58115-762-8&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Alex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign+elements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229918657">"The Architectural Colour Design Process: An Evaluation of Sequential Media via Semantic Ratings"</a>. <i>ResearchGate</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-11-12</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ResearchGate&rft.atitle=The+Architectural+Colour+Design+Process%3A+An+Evaluation+of+Sequential+Media+via+Semantic+Ratings&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F229918657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign+elements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuo2006" class="citation journal cs1">Luo, Ming Ronnier (2006-06-01). "Applying colour science in colour design". <i>Optics & Laser Technology</i>. <b>38</b> (4–6): 392–398. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006OptLT..38..392L">2006OptLT..38..392L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.optlastec.2005.06.025">10.1016/j.optlastec.2005.06.025</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0030-3992">0030-3992</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Optics+%26+Laser+Technology&rft.atitle=Applying+colour+science+in+colour+design&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=4%E2%80%936&rft.pages=392-398&rft.date=2006-06-01&rft.issn=0030-3992&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.optlastec.2005.06.025&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006OptLT..38..392L&rft.aulast=Luo&rft.aufirst=Ming+Ronnier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign+elements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTantanatewinInkarojrit2016" class="citation journal cs1">Tantanatewin, Warakul; Inkarojrit, Vorapat (2016-06-01). "Effects of color and lighting on retail impression and identity". <i>Journal of Environmental Psychology</i>. <b>46</b>: 197–205. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jenvp.2016.04.015">10.1016/j.jenvp.2016.04.015</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0272-4944">0272-4944</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Environmental+Psychology&rft.atitle=Effects+of+color+and+lighting+on+retail+impression+and+identity&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=197-205&rft.date=2016-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jenvp.2016.04.015&rft.issn=0272-4944&rft.aulast=Tantanatewin&rft.aufirst=Warakul&rft.au=Inkarojrit%2C+Vorapat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign+elements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuptonPhillips2008" class="citation book cs1">Lupton, Ellen; Phillips, Jennifer Cole (2008-03-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zae0jhF_-fMC&q=Lupton%2C+Ellen%2C+and+Jennifer+Cole+Phillips.+Graphic+design%3A+The+new+basics.+Princeton+Architectural+Press%2C+2008.&pg=PA8"><i>Graphic Design: The New Basics</i></a>. Princeton Architectural Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-702-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56898-702-6"><bdi>978-1-56898-702-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Graphic+Design%3A+The+New+Basics&rft.pub=Princeton+Architectural+Press&rft.date=2008-03-20&rft.isbn=978-1-56898-702-6&rft.aulast=Lupton&rft.aufirst=Ellen&rft.au=Phillips%2C+Jennifer+Cole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZae0jhF_-fMC%26q%3DLupton%252C%2BEllen%252C%2Band%2BJennifer%2BCole%2BPhillips.%2BGraphic%2Bdesign%253A%2BThe%2Bnew%2Bbasics.%2BPrinceton%2BArchitectural%2BPress%252C%2B2008.%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign+elements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWolfBlock2014" class="citation book cs1">Wolf, R. Craig; Block, Dick (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thuvienso.hoasen.edu.vn/handle/123456789/13070"><i>Scene design and stage lighting</i></a>. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-34443-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-34443-6"><bdi>978-1-111-34443-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scene+design+and+stage+lighting&rft.pub=Wadsworth%2C+Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-111-34443-6&rft.aulast=Wolf&rft.aufirst=R.+Craig&rft.au=Block%2C+Dick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthuvienso.hoasen.edu.vn%2Fhandle%2F123456789%2F13070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign+elements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCindy_Kovalik,_Ph.D._and_Peggy_King,_M.Ed." class="citation web cs1">Cindy Kovalik, Ph.D. and Peggy King, M.Ed. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ehhs.kent.edu/community/VLO/design/elements/shape/index.html">"Visual Literacy"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Visual+Literacy&rft.au=Cindy+Kovalik%2C+Ph.D.+and+Peggy+King%2C+M.Ed.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ehhs.kent.edu%2Fcommunity%2FVLO%2Fdesign%2Felements%2Fshape%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign+elements" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Design_Notes-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Design_Notes_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Design_Notes_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Design_Notes_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Design_Notes_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Design_Notes_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Design_Notes_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Design_Notes_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Design_Notes_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Design_Notes_16-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaw" class="citation web cs1">Saw, James. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://daphne.palomar.edu/design/Default.htm">"Design Notes"</a>. Palomar College<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 April</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Design+Notes&rft.pub=Palomar+College&rft.aulast=Saw&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdaphne.palomar.edu%2Fdesign%2FDefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign+elements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrouKamata2021" class="citation book cs1">Petrou, Maria M. P.; Kamata, Sei-ichiro (2021-01-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=auQUEAAAQBAJ&q=Petrou%2C+Maria+MP%2C+and+Sei-ichiro+Kamata.+Image+processing%3A+dealing+with+texture.+John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+2021.&pg=PP7"><i>Image Processing: Dealing with Texture</i></a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-119-61859-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-119-61859-1"><bdi>978-1-119-61859-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Image+Processing%3A+Dealing+with+Texture&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2021-01-15&rft.isbn=978-1-119-61859-1&rft.aulast=Petrou&rft.aufirst=Maria+M.+P.&rft.au=Kamata%2C+Sei-ichiro&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DauQUEAAAQBAJ%26q%3DPetrou%252C%2BMaria%2BMP%252C%2Band%2BSei-ichiro%2BKamata.%2BImage%2Bprocessing%253A%2Bdealing%2Bwith%2Btexture.%2BJohn%2BWiley%2B%2526%2BSons%252C%2B2021.%26pg%3DPP7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADesign+elements" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_elements&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Kilmer, R., & Kilmer, W. O. (1992). Designing Interiors. Orland, FL: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-03-032233-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-03-032233-4">978-0-03-032233-4</a>.</li> <li>Nielson, K. J., & Taylor, D. A. (2002). Interiors: An Introduction. New York: <a href="/wiki/McGraw-Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="McGraw-Hill">McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-296520-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-296520-9">978-0-07-296520-9</a></li> <li>Pile, J.F. (1995; fourth edition, 2007). Interior Design. New York: <a href="/wiki/Harry_N._Abrams,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Harry N. Abrams, Inc.">Harry N. Abrams, Inc.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-232103-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-232103-7">978-0-13-232103-7</a></li> <li>Sully, Anthony (2012). <i>Interior Design: Theory and Process</i>. London: Bloomsbury. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-5202-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4081-5202-7">978-1-4081-5202-7</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Design_elements&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <b>Design elements</b> at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Design_elements" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Design elements">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Design_elements" class="extiw" title="c:Special:Search/Design elements">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/Design_elements" class="extiw" title="n:Special:Search/Design elements">News</a> from Wikinews</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Design_elements" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Design elements">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Design_elements" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Design elements">Texts</a> from Wikisource</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/27px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Design_elements" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Design elements">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</span></li><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Design_elements" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Design elements">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://char.txa.cornell.edu/first.htm">Art, Design, and Visual Thinking</a>. An online, interactive textbook by Charlotte Jirousek at Cornell University.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visual.ly/6-principles-design">The 6 Principles of Design</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Design_elements" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Design_elements" title="Template:Design elements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Design_elements" title="Template talk:Design elements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Design_elements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Design elements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Design_elements" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Design elements</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements of 2D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_(graphics)" title="Line (graphics)">Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shape_and_form_(visual_arts)" title="Shape and form (visual arts)">Shape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_(visual_arts)" title="Texture (visual arts)">Texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lightness" title="Lightness">Value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_(visual_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Color (visual arts)">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_(visual_arts)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space (visual arts) (page does not exist)">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Movement_(visual_arts)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Movement (visual arts) (page does not exist)">Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elements of 3D</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Line_(graphics)" title="Line (graphics)">Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shape_and_form_(visual_arts)" title="Shape and form (visual arts)">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texture_(visual_arts)" title="Texture (visual arts)">Texture</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Light_and_value_(visual_arts)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Light and value (visual arts) (page does not exist)">Light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_(visual_arts)" class="mw-redirect" title="Color (visual arts)">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Space_(visual_arts)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Space (visual arts) (page does not exist)">Space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Art_world" title="Template:Art world"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Art_world" title="Template talk:Art world"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Art_world" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Art world"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visual_arts_and_the_art_world" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts" title="Visual arts">Visual arts</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Art_world" title="Art world">art world</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artwork</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appropriation_(art)" title="Appropriation (art)">Appropriation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collage" title="Collage">Collage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conceptual_art" title="Conceptual art">Conceptual art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_artifact" title="Cultural artifact">Cultural artifact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">Drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">Fine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine-art_photography" title="Fine-art photography">Fine-art photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Found_object" title="Found object">Found object</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installation_art" title="Installation art">Installation art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetic_art" title="Kinetic art">Kinetic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_media" title="Mixed media">Mixed media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bricolage" title="Bricolage">bricolage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mural" title="Mural">Mural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_media_art" title="New media art">New media art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_art_history" title="Media art history">history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_art" title="Virtual art">virtual</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_art" title="Performance art">Performance art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_arts" title="Plastic arts">Plastic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait" title="Portrait">Portrait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printmaking" title="Printmaking">Printmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_art" title="Public art">Public art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Street_art" title="Street art">street art</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carving" title="Carving">carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief" title="Relief">relief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue" title="Statue">statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_statues" title="List of tallest statues">tallest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site-specific_art" title="Site-specific art">Site-specific art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_sculpture" title="Social sculpture">Social sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_sculpture" title="Soft sculpture">Soft sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stained_glass" title="Stained glass">Stained glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artwork_title" title="Artwork title">Artwork title</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artist" title="Artist">Artist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Private_collection" title="Private collection">Collector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservator-restorer" title="Conservator-restorer">Conservator-restorer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paintings_conservator" title="Paintings conservator">paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_frescos" title="Conservation and restoration of frescos">frescos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_critic" title="Art critic">Critic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curator" title="Curator">Curator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_dealer" title="Art dealer">Dealer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_(art)" title="Model (art)">Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">Patron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_education" title="Visual arts education">Visual arts education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_universities_and_colleges_in_Europe" title="List of art universities and colleges in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places<br />and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_auction" title="Art auction">Art auction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_colony" title="Art colony">Art colony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_commune" class="mw-redirect" title="Art commune">Art commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_exhibition" title="Art exhibition">Art exhibition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_exhibition_space" title="Alternative exhibition space">alternative exhibition space</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">Art gallery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_art_gallery" title="Contemporary art gallery">Contemporary art gallery</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_museum" title="Art museum">Art museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Single-artist_museum" title="Single-artist museum">Single-artist museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_school" title="Art school">Art school</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_schools_in_Europe" title="List of art schools in Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_centre" title="Arts centre">Arts centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_festival" title="Arts festival">Arts festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_collective" title="Artist collective">Artist collective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist_cooperative" title="Artist cooperative">Artist cooperative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-in-residence" title="Artist-in-residence">Artist-in-residence program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Artist-run initiative">Artist-run initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artist-run_space" title="Artist-run space">Artist-run space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biennale" title="Biennale">Biennale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commission_(art)" title="Commission (art)">Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_trail" title="Sculpture trail">Sculpture trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_museum" title="Virtual museum">Virtual museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_art" title="History of art">History of art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_art" title="Timeline of art">Timeline of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_history" title="Art history">Art history (academic study)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_manifesto" title="Art manifesto">Art manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_movement" title="Art movement">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_criticism" title="Art criticism">Criticism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">feminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting" title="History of painting">History of painting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting_history" title="Outline of painting history">outline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periods_in_Western_art_history" title="Periods in Western art history">Periods in Western art history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_20th_century_printmaking_in_America" title="Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America">Timeline of 20th century printmaking in America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_market" title="Art market">Art market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">The arts</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_raisonn%C3%A9" title="Catalogue raisonné">Catalogue raisonné</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classificatory_disputes_about_art" title="Classificatory disputes about art">Classificatory disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collection_Management_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Collection Management Policy">Museum collection management</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deaccessioning_(museum)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaccessioning (museum)">deaccessioning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_cultural_heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage">Conservation-restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_paintings" title="Conservation and restoration of paintings">paintings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">Cultural policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destination_painting" title="Destination painting">Destination painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclecticism_in_art" title="Eclecticism in art">Eclecticism in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economics_of_the_arts_and_literature" title="Economics of the arts and literature">Economics of art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_finance" title="Art finance">art finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_valuation" title="Art valuation">art valuation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elements_of_art" title="Elements of art">Elements of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_painting-related_articles" title="Index of painting-related articles">Index of painting-related articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_the_visual_arts" title="Outline of the visual arts">Outline of the visual arts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_painting" title="Outline of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_sculpture" title="Outline of sculpture">sculpture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_art" title="Sociology of art">Sociology of art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">Style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_magazines" title="List of art magazines">Art magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_media" title="List of art media">Art media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_techniques" title="List of art techniques">Art techniques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_movements" title="List of art movements">Art movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_museums" title="List of art museums">Art museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_art_museums" title="List of largest art museums">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-visited_art_museums" title="List of most-visited art museums">most visited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculpture_parks" title="List of sculpture parks">sculpture parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_single-artist_museums" title="List of single-artist museums">single artist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_art_reference_books" title="List of art reference books">Art reference books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colossal_sculptures_in_situ" title="List of colossal sculptures in situ">Colossal sculptures in situ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_artists" title="List of contemporary artists">Contemporary artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_art_galleries" title="List of contemporary art galleries">Contemporary art galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_artists" title="List of modern artists">Modern artists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_galleries" title="List of national galleries">National galleries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_painters" title="Lists of painters">Painters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_painters_by_name" title="List of painters by name">by name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_painters_by_nationality" title="Lists of painters by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers" title="List of photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sculptors" title="List of sculptors">Sculptors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_sculptors" title="List of female sculptors">female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stolen_paintings" title="List of stolen paintings">Stolen paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_paintings" title="List of most expensive paintings">Most expensive paintings</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_sculptures" title="List of most expensive sculptures">sculptures</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_most_expensive_artworks_by_living_artists" title="List of most expensive artworks by living artists">works by living artists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Painting" title="Portal:Painting">Painting portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Visual_arts" title="Portal:Visual arts">Visual arts portal</a></li> <li><a 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