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(PDF) Geophysics and Archaeology at La Mesa site, Chiclana de la Frontera, Cádiz (Spain) | José Ramos Muñoz, Salvador Domínguez-Bella, Luis Barba Pingarrón, and Manuela Perez - Academia.edu
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Institución Fernando El Católico. Excma. Diputación de Zaragoza (15-19). Zaragoza","grobid_abstract":"The logo on the front cover represents a piece of lustre pottery from Muel (16th century), Museum of Zaragoza. 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/>Manuela Perez</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="32704880" href="https://unam1.academia.edu/LuisBarbaPingarr%C3%B3n"><img alt="Profile image of Luis Barba Pingarrón" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/s65_no_pic.png" />Luis Barba Pingarrón</a><a class="ds-work-card--author js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3903963" href="https://uca-es.academia.edu/SalvadorDom%C3%ADnguezBella"><img alt="Profile image of Salvador Domínguez-Bella" class="ds-work-card--author-avatar" src="https://0.academia-photos.com/3903963/2197254/18505006/s65_salvador.dom_nguez-bella.jpg" />Salvador Domínguez-Bella</a></div><div class="ds-work-card--detail"></div><div class="ds-work-card--button-container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" 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data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="35937628" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/35937628/Harrison_et_al_2017_Archaeometry">Harrison et al 2017 Archaeometry</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="14385825" href="https://vmfa.academia.edu/AinslieHarrison">Ainslie Harrison</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="76666400" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ellenhowe2">ellen howe</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Microscopic examination and analysis (metallography, X-radiography, SEM–EDS, pXRF and μ-XRF) of a group of stylistically linked gold alloy pendants from western and northwestern Colombia confirms the use of a highly unusual manufacturing technique for the region. While the Darién pendants were made using lost-wax casting by a diverse group of cultures from southern Colombia through Costa Rica, only one subset of pendants produced in the Gran-Zenú region (the Caribbean lowlands of northern Colombia) and the Chocó region (the Pacific area of western Colombia) in the Early Period (AD 0–900) was found to be manufactured by hammering of gold sheet and fine wires followed by hard soldering of components to produce true filigree. Similarities in features between the stylistically related cast and hammered pendants suggest that the hammered pendants may have served as a prototype for the cast versions. Other possible instances of hard soldering in the region are also presented.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Harrison et al 2017 Archaeometry","attachmentId":55819510,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/35937628/Harrison_et_al_2017_Archaeometry","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/35937628/Harrison_et_al_2017_Archaeometry"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="31435388" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/31435388/_The_allure_of_rock_crystal_in_Copper_Age_southern_Iberia_Technical_skill_and_distinguished_objects_from_Valencina_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_Seville_Spain_">"The allure of rock crystal in Copper Age southern Iberia: Technical skill and distinguished objects from Valencina de la Concepción (Seville, Spain)."</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="3274587" href="https://us.academia.edu/MiriamLucia%C3%B1ezTrivi%C3%B1o">Miriam Luciañez-Triviño</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="24466527" href="https://csic.academia.edu/Jos%C3%A9AntonioLozanoRodr%C3%ADguez">José Antonio Lozano Rodríguez</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="780182" href="https://us.academia.edu/AlvaroFern%C3%A1ndezFlores">Alvaro Fernández Flores</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="539044" href="https://us.academia.edu/LeonardoGarc%C3%ADaSanju%C3%A1n">Leonardo García Sanjuán</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Quaternary International 424, 232-249., 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Rock crystal appears relatively frequently in Late Prehistoric Iberian sites, especially in the form of micro-blades and knapping debris. With some exceptions, however, these finds have seldom been looked into in any detail, and therefore little is known about the technology involved in the use of this material, its social and economic relevance or its symbolic significance. In this paper we examine a collection of rock crystal artefacts recently found at Valencina de la Concepción (Seville, Spain), one of the largest 3rd millennium BC sites in Western Europe. Among the objects included in this study are a long dagger blade, twenty-five arrowheads and a core, all of which form the most technically sophisticated and esthetically impressive collection of rock crystal material culture ever found in Prehistoric Iberia. Through the analysis of the procedures and techniques applied in the production of these objects , the chemical characterisation of the raw materials through Raman spectroscopy and RTI image processing and the careful assessment of the archaeological contexts in which they were found, this paper makes a robust contribution towards the study of the role of rock crystal in Copper Age technology and society. Recent research suggest that Valencina was a major node in the circulation of exotic materials such as ivory, amber, cinnabar or flint in Copper Age Iberia, which provides a very good background to assess the relevance of rock crystal as a traded commodity. In addition we discuss the role of rock crystal as a marker of status in large megalithic monuments, as well as its possible symbolic connotations.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"The allure of rock crystal in Copper Age southern Iberia: Technical skill and distinguished objects from Valencina de la Concepción (Seville, Spain).\"","attachmentId":51797645,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/31435388/_The_allure_of_rock_crystal_in_Copper_Age_southern_Iberia_Technical_skill_and_distinguished_objects_from_Valencina_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_Seville_Spain_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/31435388/_The_allure_of_rock_crystal_in_Copper_Age_southern_Iberia_Technical_skill_and_distinguished_objects_from_Valencina_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_Seville_Spain_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="12579653" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/12579653/_Dating_of_Las_Mesas_Copper_Age_walled_enclosure_La_Fuente_Spain_">"Dating of Las Mesas Copper Age walled enclosure (La Fuente, Spain)".</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="925128" href="https://us.academia.edu/CarlosOdriozola">Carlos Odriozola</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5013175" href="https://tecnico.academia.edu/ChristopherBurbidge">Christopher Burbidge</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">TRABAJOS DE PREHISTORIA 71, N.º 2, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The site of Las Mesas is located in the west bank of the Guadajira river (La Fuente, Badajoz, Spain). It covers a half hectare and is enclosed by a stone wall. Previous assessments based on site surveys suggested a general chronological span from Late Neolithic period (ca. 3600- 2900 BC) through the Copper Age (3rd millennium BC). Excavations revealed a well-constructed wall with bastions and a domestic space at the centre of the site with three occupational phases. Several functional areas and a votive pit are ascribed to the second phase. A deer antler located in a re-cut ritual pit associated to the second phase was dated by AMS-14C. Samples from a living floor assigned to the second phase (SU- 9/10) and the basement of a kiln associated with the first phase (SU-18) was dated by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) using the single aliquot regenerative dose (SAR) protocol on 90-160 μm quartz grains. Luminescence profiling analysis of 7 samples taken throughout the archaeological stratigraphy was used to assess variations in luminescence behaviour and relative age through the sequence, using infrared-, optically –and thermally– stimulated luminescence (IRSL, OSL, TSL) on poly-mineral and etched samples. Luminescence dating and profiling indicates that the upper archaeological layer (SU-1B) probably dates to the Late Bronze Age (ca. 1000 BC), but that the sediments in the remainder of this section accumulated during the late Neolithic-Copper Age: the site was most probably inhabited between 3300 and 2900 BC. There were gaps in occupation between the Late Neolithic-Cooper Age phases (I & II), and between the Late Neolithic-Cooper Age phases and Late Bronze Age phase (II & III), indicating that the site was abandoned and reoccupied twice. The AMS-14C date on deer antler of 4254 ± 45 BP (3010- 2675 cal BC) is consisten with the OSL results for phase II, indicating that the pit was excavated at the beginning of the second occupational phase. Combined OSL and AMS-14C dating shows that Las Mesas site was first occupied during Late Neolithic farming colonization, abandoned during the Copper Age and occupied again during the Late Bronze Age. The occupational gap recorded during the Copper Age relates to evidence for burning of the site and the partial destruction of the wall, followed by its reconstruction and consolidation.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"Dating of Las Mesas Copper Age walled enclosure (La Fuente, Spain)\".","attachmentId":37730409,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/12579653/_Dating_of_Las_Mesas_Copper_Age_walled_enclosure_La_Fuente_Spain_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" 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on Archaeometry</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1295504" href="https://hnm.academia.edu/BIROKATALIN">BIRO KATALIN</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"31st International Symposium on Archaeometry","attachmentId":30811586,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/2789833/31st_International_Symposium_on_Archaeometry","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/2789833/31st_International_Symposium_on_Archaeometry"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="1867521" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1867521/Archaeometry_and_Cultural_Heritage_the_Contribution_of_Mineralogy">Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage: the Contribution of Mineralogy</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="86053" href="https://ehu.academia.edu/LuisOrtega">Luis Ortega</a></div><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage: the Contribution of Mineralogy","attachmentId":26270499,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1867521/Archaeometry_and_Cultural_Heritage_the_Contribution_of_Mineralogy","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1867521/Archaeometry_and_Cultural_Heritage_the_Contribution_of_Mineralogy"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="26301318" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/26301318/_2016_Next_the_museum_An_analysis_of_West_Mexican_ceramics_from_Los_Guachimontones_and_Navajas_using_a_hand_held_portable_X_ray_flourescence_PXRF_spectrometer">(2016) Next, the museum?: An analysis of West Mexican ceramics from Los Guachimontones and Navajas using a hand-held portable X-ray flourescence (PXRF) spectrometer</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="514019" href="https://ku-dk.academia.edu/MadsSkytteJ%C3%B8rgensen">Mads Skytte Jørgensen</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="5951070" href="https://ucl.academia.edu/BenTurkel">Ben Turkel</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2247261" href="https://american.academia.edu/KongCheong">Kong F Cheong</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Next, the museum?: An analysis of West Mexican ceramics from Los Guachimontones and Navajas using a hand-held portable X-ray flourescence (PXRF) spectrometer, 2016</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This chapter is part of an antology published to accompany the Gilcrease Museum exhibit "West Mexico: Ritual and Identity" June 26-November 6, 2016, Tulsa Oklahoma. https://gilcrease.org/exhibitions/westmexico/ "West Mexico: Ritual and Identity”, organized by Gilcrease Museum, will feature a spectacular selection of ceramic figures and vessels from the Gilcrease collection, augmented by items from public and private collections. In the 1940s and ’50s, Thomas Gilcrease amassed a collection of more than 500 ceramic figures and vessels from West Mexico, including two significant human figures, each more than 30 inches in height, and among the finest figures from the region. This exhibit will examine and interpret the art and artifacts of the shaft tomb culture that flourished in West Mexico 300 BC-500 AD, bringing together the most current research from the field, scientific laboratories and objects to re-create life, death and ritual. With large scale murals of these settlements complementing the objects on display, the exhibition will examine the various forms of sculpted vessels, paying particular attention to the human forms, which tell a rich story of a culture predating the more widely known Aztecs, but equally as fascinating and arguably more influential.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"(2016) Next, the museum?: An analysis of West Mexican ceramics from Los Guachimontones and Navajas using a hand-held portable X-ray flourescence (PXRF) spectrometer","attachmentId":46614875,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/26301318/_2016_Next_the_museum_An_analysis_of_West_Mexican_ceramics_from_Los_Guachimontones_and_Navajas_using_a_hand_held_portable_X_ray_flourescence_PXRF_spectrometer","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/26301318/_2016_Next_the_museum_An_analysis_of_West_Mexican_ceramics_from_Los_Guachimontones_and_Navajas_using_a_hand_held_portable_X_ray_flourescence_PXRF_spectrometer"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="1466973" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/1466973/_A_preliminary_approach_from_material_science_to_Copper_Age_funerary_pottery_in_southern_Iberia_the_Palacio_III_tholos_tomb_Sevilla_Spain_">"A preliminary approach from material science to Copper Age funerary pottery in southern Iberia: the Palacio III tholos tomb (Sevilla, Spain)."</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="539044" href="https://us.academia.edu/LeonardoGarc%C3%ADaSanju%C3%A1n">Leonardo García Sanjuán</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Biró, K. T.; Szilágyi, V. & Kreiter, A. (Eds.): Vessels Inside and Outside. EMAC'07. 9th European Meeting on Ancient Ceramics (Budapest, 2007), 111-118., 2009</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This paper proposes a material science-based study to the ceramic assemblage from the Palacio III (Sevilla, Spain) Copper Age tholos tomb, which is part of a larger prehistoric funerary complex that also includes a passage grave and a cremation cairn. This study examines the existence of relationships between the chemical composition of the vessels, their morphology and stratigraphic context, looking at the use of ceramics as votive offerings and their change over time.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"\"A preliminary approach from material science to Copper Age funerary pottery in southern Iberia: the Palacio III tholos tomb (Sevilla, Spain).\"","attachmentId":11515359,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/1466973/_A_preliminary_approach_from_material_science_to_Copper_Age_funerary_pottery_in_southern_Iberia_the_Palacio_III_tholos_tomb_Sevilla_Spain_","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/1466973/_A_preliminary_approach_from_material_science_to_Copper_Age_funerary_pottery_in_southern_Iberia_the_Palacio_III_tholos_tomb_Sevilla_Spain_"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="53918049" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/53918049/An_Archaeometric_Characterization_of_Ecuadorian_Pottery">An Archaeometric Characterization of Ecuadorian Pottery</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="16860875" href="https://independent.academia.edu/ORLANDOCAMPA%C3%91A">ORLANDO CAMPAÑA</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Scientific Reports</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"An Archaeometric Characterization of Ecuadorian Pottery","attachmentId":70532743,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/53918049/An_Archaeometric_Characterization_of_Ecuadorian_Pottery","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/53918049/An_Archaeometric_Characterization_of_Ecuadorian_Pottery"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":38164633,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":38164633,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_38164633" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. 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