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id="toc-Research_and_focus_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Research_Business_Units" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research_Business_Units"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Research Business Units </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research_Business_Units-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_facilities_and_collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_facilities_and_collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 National facilities and collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_facilities_and_collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National_facilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_facilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 National facilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_facilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Collections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_the_organisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_the_organisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Evolution of the organisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_the_organisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Inventions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historic_research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historic_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Historic research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historic_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domain_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domain_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Domain name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domain_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance_and_management" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance_and_management"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Governance and management </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance_and_management-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance and management subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance_and_management-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Chairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_executives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_executives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Chief executives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_executives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Total_Wellbeing_Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Total_Wellbeing_Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Total Wellbeing Diet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Total_Wellbeing_Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-802.11_patent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#802.11_patent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 802.11 patent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-802.11_patent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetically_modified_wheat_trials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetically_modified_wheat_trials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Genetically modified wheat trials </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetically_modified_wheat_trials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change_censorship:_Clive_Spash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change_censorship:_Clive_Spash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Climate change censorship: Clive Spash </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change_censorship:_Clive_Spash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CSIRO–Novartis–DataTrace_scandal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CSIRO–Novartis–DataTrace_scandal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 CSIRO–Novartis–DataTrace scandal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CSIRO–Novartis–DataTrace_scandal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alleged_bullying,_harassment_and_victimisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alleged_bullying,_harassment_and_victimisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Alleged bullying, harassment and victimisation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alleged_bullying,_harassment_and_victimisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CSIRO_and_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CSIRO_and_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 CSIRO and climate change </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CSIRO_and_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trademark_dispute_with_Cisco" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trademark_dispute_with_Cisco"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Trademark dispute with Cisco </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trademark_dispute_with_Cisco-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">CSIRO</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" > 17 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%8A%D8%A6%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%AB_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="هيئة البحوث الأسترالية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="هيئة البحوث الأسترالية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizace_v%C4%9Bdeck%C3%A9ho_a_pr%C5%AFmyslov%C3%A9ho_v%C3%BDzkumu_Commonwealthu" title="Organizace vědeckého a průmyslového výzkumu Commonwealthu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Organizace vědeckého a průmyslového výzkumu Commonwealthu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation" title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organizaci%C3%B3n_de_Investigaci%C3%B3n_Cient%C3%ADfica_e_Industrial_del_Commonwealth" title="Organización de Investigación Científica e Industrial del Commonwealth – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Organización de Investigación Científica e Industrial del Commonwealth" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Komunuma_Scienca_kaj_Industria_Esplora_Organiza%C4%B5o" title="Komunuma Scienca kaj Industria Esplora Organizaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Komunuma Scienca kaj Industria Esplora Organizaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%BE%DA%98%D9%88%D9%87%D8%B4%E2%80%8C%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%DB%8C_%D9%88_%D8%B5%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%87%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="سازمان پژوهش‌های علمی و صنعتی همسود – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سازمان پژوهش‌های علمی و صنعتی همسود" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation" title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/CSIRO" title="CSIRO – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="CSIRO" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EB%B0%A9%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99%EC%82%B0%EC%97%85%EC%97%B0%EA%B5%AC%EA%B8%B0%EA%B5%AC" title="연방과학산업연구기구 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연방과학산업연구기구" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation" title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organization" title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E9%80%A3%E9%82%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%A3%E6%A5%AD%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%A9%9F%E6%A7%8B" title="オーストラリア連邦科学産業研究機構 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーストラリア連邦科学産業研究機構" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation" title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation" title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Государственное объединение научных и прикладных исследований – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Государственное объединение научных и прикладных исследований" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation" title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%94%E9%82%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E5%B7%A5%E4%B8%9A%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87" title="联邦科学与工业研究组织 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="联邦科学与工业研究组织" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1117048#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Federal government agency for scientific research in Australia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title" style="font-size: 125%;">Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/92/CSIRO_Logo.svg/100px-CSIRO_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/92/CSIRO_Logo.svg/150px-CSIRO_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/92/CSIRO_Logo.svg/200px-CSIRO_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="94" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/CSIRO.jpg/220px-CSIRO.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/CSIRO.jpg/330px-CSIRO.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/CSIRO.jpg/440px-CSIRO.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a> Former corporate headquarters</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #efefef">Agency overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formed</th><td class="infobox-data">1916</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Preceding agencies</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Advisory Council of Science and Industry (1916–1920)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Institute of Science and Industry (1920–1926)</li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;">Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (1926–1949)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data">Australia</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canberra" title="Canberra">Canberra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Motto</th><td class="infobox-data">We imagine. We collaborate. We innovate. (Current) Australian Science, Australia’s Future (Former)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Employees</th><td class="infobox-data">5,565 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Minister responsible</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Industry,_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Industry, Science and Technology">Minister for Industry, Science and Technology</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Agency executives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Fagg" title="Kathryn Fagg">Kathryn Fagg</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">Chair</a></li><li style="text-indent: -1em; padding-left: 1em;"><a href="/wiki/Doug_Hilton" title="Doug Hilton">Doug Hilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chief_executive" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief executive">CE</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csiro.au/">www.csiro.au</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1117048#P856" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) is an <a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Australian Government</a> agency that is responsible for scientific research and its commercial and industrial applications. CSIRO works with leading organisations around the world. From its headquarters in Canberra, CSIRO maintains more than 50 sites across Australia and in France, Chile and the United States, employing about 5,500 people. Federally funded scientific research in Australia began in 1916 with the creation of the Advisory Council of Science and Industry. However, the council struggled due to insufficient funding. In 1926, research efforts were revitalised with the establishment of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), which strengthened national science leadership and increased research funding. CSIR grew rapidly, achieving significant early successes. In 1949, legislative changes led to the renaming of the organisation as Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO).<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Notable developments by CSIRO have included the invention of <a href="/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy" title="Atomic absorption spectroscopy">atomic absorption spectroscopy</a>, essential components of the early <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> technology, development of the first commercially successful <a href="/wiki/Polymer_banknote" title="Polymer banknote">polymer banknote</a>, the invention of the insect repellent in <a href="/wiki/Aerogard" title="Aerogard">Aerogard</a> and the introduction of a series of biological controls into Australia, such as the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Myxomatosis" title="Myxomatosis">myxomatosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rabbit_calicivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbit calicivirus">rabbit calicivirus</a> for the control of <a href="/wiki/European_rabbit" title="European rabbit">rabbit</a> populations. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> CSIRO is governed by a board appointed by the Australian Government, currently chaired by <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Fagg" title="Kathryn Fagg">Kathryn Fagg</a>. There are eight directors inclusive of the chief executive, presently <a href="/wiki/Doug_Hilton" title="Doug Hilton">Doug Hilton</a>, who are responsible for management of the organisation.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_and_focus_areas">Research and focus areas</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research and focus areas">edit</a>]</div> CSIRO is structured into Research Business Units, National Facilities and Collections, and Services.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Research_Business_Units">Research Business Units</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Research Business Units">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NICTA_Eveleigh_offices.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/NICTA_Eveleigh_offices.jpg/220px-NICTA_Eveleigh_offices.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/NICTA_Eveleigh_offices.jpg/330px-NICTA_Eveleigh_offices.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/NICTA_Eveleigh_offices.jpg/440px-NICTA_Eveleigh_offices.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Data 61 head office, <a href="/wiki/Eveleigh,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveleigh, New South Wales">Eveleigh, New South Wales</a></figcaption></figure> As at 2023, CSIRO's research areas are identified as "Impact science" and organised into the following Business Units: <ul><li>Agriculture and Food</li> <li>Health and Biosecurity<a href="#cite_note-csiro-7">[7]</a></li> <li>Data61<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></li> <li>Energy</li> <li>Manufacturing</li> <li>Mineral Resources and</li> <li>Environment (being the amalgamation of the former Land and Water and Oceans & Atmosphere BUs)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_facilities_and_collections">National facilities and collections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: National facilities and collections">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_facilities">National facilities</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: National facilities">edit</a>]</div> CSIRO manages national research facilities and scientific infrastructure on behalf of the nation to assist with the delivery of research. The national facilities and specialised laboratories are available to both international and Australian users from industry and research. As at 2019, the following National Facilities are listed: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Centre_for_Disease_Preparedness" title="Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness">Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness</a> (ACDP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Telescope_National_Facility" title="Australia Telescope National Facility">Australia Telescope National Facility</a> – radio telescopes included in the Facility include the <a href="/wiki/Australia_Telescope_Compact_Array" title="Australia Telescope Compact Array">Australia Telescope Compact Array</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Parkes_Observatory" title="Parkes Observatory">Parkes Observatory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mopra_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Mopra Observatory">Mopra Observatory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Square_Kilometre_Array_Pathfinder" title="Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder">Australian Square Kilometre Array Pathfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canberra_Deep_Space_Communication_Complex" title="Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex">Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Energy_Centre_and_National_Solar_Energy_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Energy Centre and National Solar Energy Centre (page does not exist)">Energy Centre and National Solar Energy Centre</a></li> <li>Marine National Facility (<a href="/wiki/RV_Investigator" title="RV Investigator">R.V. "Investigator"</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Norcia_Station" title="New Norcia Station">New Norcia ground station</a></li> <li>NovaSAR-1 satellite</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawsey_Supercomputing_Centre" title="Pawsey Supercomputing Centre">Pawsey Supercomputing Centre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Collections">Collections</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Collections">edit</a>]</div> CSIRO manages a number of collections of animal and plant specimens that contribute to national and international biological knowledge. The National Collections contribute to taxonomic, genetic, agricultural and ecological research. As at 2019, CSIRO's Collections are listed as the following: <ul><li>Australian National Algae Culture Collection</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_Living_Australia" title="Atlas of Living Australia">Atlas of Living Australia</a></li> <li>Australian Tree Seed Centre</li> <li>Australian National Fish Collection</li> <li>Australian National Insect Collection</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Herbarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian National Herbarium">Australian National Herbarium</a></li> <li>Australian National Soil Archive (managed through A&F)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_National_Wildlife_Collection" title="Australian National Wildlife Collection">Australian National Wildlife Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Grim_Air_Archive" title="Cape Grim Air Archive">Cape Grim Air Archive</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services">Services</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Services">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_ScienceImage_609_Automatic_Rain_Collector_for_Measuring_Acidity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CSIRO_ScienceImage_609_Automatic_Rain_Collector_for_Measuring_Acidity.jpg/220px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_609_Automatic_Rain_Collector_for_Measuring_Acidity.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CSIRO_ScienceImage_609_Automatic_Rain_Collector_for_Measuring_Acidity.jpg/330px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_609_Automatic_Rain_Collector_for_Measuring_Acidity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/CSIRO_ScienceImage_609_Automatic_Rain_Collector_for_Measuring_Acidity.jpg/440px-CSIRO_ScienceImage_609_Automatic_Rain_Collector_for_Measuring_Acidity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2657" data-file-height="1761" /></a><figcaption>An automatic rainwater collector, designed by CSIRO for measuring <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acidity of rainfall</a> in remote areas (February 2000)</figcaption></figure> In 2019, CSIRO Services are itemised as follows: <ul><li>Materials and infrastructure services</li> <li>Agricultural and environmental analysis</li> <li>Environmental services</li> <li>Biological, food and medical science services</li> <li>Australian Animal Health Laboratory services</li></ul> Other services are noted as including education, <a href="/wiki/CSIRO_Publishing" title="CSIRO Publishing">publishing</a>, infrastructure technologies, Small and Medium Enterprise engagement and CSIRO Futures. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_the_organisation">Evolution of the organisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Evolution of the organisation">edit</a>]</div> A precursor to CSIRO, the Advisory Council of Science and Industry, was established in 1916 on the initiative of prime minister <a href="/wiki/Billy_Hughes" title="Billy Hughes">Billy Hughes</a>. However, the advisory council struggled with insufficient funding during the First World War. In 1920 the council was renamed the Commonwealth Institute of Science and Industry, and was led by <a href="/wiki/George_Handley_Knibbs" title="George Handley Knibbs">George Handley Knibbs</a> (1921–26), but continued to struggle financially.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Implementing the <a href="/wiki/1923_Imperial_Conference" title="1923 Imperial Conference">1923 Imperial Conference</a>'s call for colonies to broaden their economic base, in 1926 the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Australian Parliament</a> modified the principal Act for national scientific research (the Institute of Science and Industry Act 1920)<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> by passing The Science and Industry Research Act 1926.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> The same conference led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_(New_Zealand)" title="Department of Scientific and Industrial Research (New Zealand)">Department of Scientific and Industrial Research</a> in New Zealand. The new Act replaced the institute with the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). With encouragement from prime minister <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Bruce" title="Stanley Bruce">Stanley Bruce</a>, strengthened national science leadership and increased research funding, CSIR grew rapidly and achieved significant early successes. The council was structured to represent the federal structure of government in Australia, and had state-level committees and a central council. In addition to an improved structure, CSIR benefited from strong bureaucratic management under <a href="/wiki/George_Julius" title="George Julius">George Julius</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Rivett" title="David Rivett">David Rivett</a>, and Arnold Richardson. Research focused on primary and secondary industries. Early in its existence, CSIR established divisions studying animal health and animal nutrition. After the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, research was extended into manufacturing and other secondary industries.<a href="#cite_note-ourhistory-13">[13]</a> In 1949 the Act was changed again,<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> and the entity name amended to the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. The amendment enlarged and reconstituted the organisation and its administrative structure. Under <a href="/wiki/Ian_Clunies_Ross" title="Ian Clunies Ross">Ian Clunies Ross</a> as chairman, CSIRO pursued new areas such as radio astronomy and industrial chemistry. CSIRO still operates under the provisions of the 1949 Act in a wide range of scientific inquiry.<a href="#cite_note-ourhistory-13">[13]</a> Participation by women in CSIRO research was severely limited by the Australian government policy, in place until 1966, forcing women public servants out of their jobs when they married.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Even unmarried women were considered a poor investment because they might eventually marry. Single women such as <a href="/wiki/Helen_Alma_Newton_Turner" title="Helen Alma Newton Turner">Helen Newton Turner</a> nevertheless made major contributions. Since 1949, CSIRO has expanded its activities to almost every field of primary, secondary and tertiary industry, including the environment, human nutrition, conservation, urban and rural planning, and water.<a href="#cite_note-ourhistory-13">[13]</a> It works with leading organisations around the world and maintains more than 50 sites across Australia and in France, Chile and the United States of America, employing about 5500 people.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inventions">Inventions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Inventions">edit</a>]</div> Notable inventions and breakthroughs by CSIRO include:<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> <ul><li>A4 DSP chip</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerogard" title="Aerogard">Aerogard</a>, insect repellent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_absorption_spectroscopy" title="Atomic absorption spectroscopy">Atomic absorption spectroscopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biological_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological control">Biological control</a> of <a href="/wiki/Salvinia" title="Salvinia">Salvinia</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a></li> <li>Development of <a href="/wiki/Linola" title="Linola">Linola</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a> variety with low <a href="/wiki/Alpha-linolenic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-linolenic acid">alpha-linolenic acid</a> content) with a longer life used as a stockfeed</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distance_measuring_equipment" title="Distance measuring equipment">Distance measuring equipment</a> (DME) used for aviation navigation</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gene" title="Gene">Gene shears</a></li> <li>Interscan <a href="/wiki/Microwave_landing_system" title="Microwave landing system">Microwave landing system</a>, a microwave approach and landing system for aircraft</li> <li>Use of <a href="/wiki/Myxomatosis" title="Myxomatosis">myxomatosis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calicivirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Calicivirus">calicivirus</a> to control rabbit numbers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkes_Observatory" title="Parkes Observatory">Parkes Radio Telescope</a></li> <li>The permanent <a href="/wiki/Pleat" title="Pleat">pleat</a> for fabrics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kenneth_McTaggart#Patents" title="Frederick Kenneth McTaggart">Plasma sintering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_banknote" title="Polymer banknote">Polymer banknote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Kenneth_McTaggart#Patents" title="Frederick Kenneth McTaggart">Production of metals from their halides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relenza" class="mw-redirect" title="Relenza">Relenza</a> flu drug</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISASMELT#History_of_the_ISASMELT_Process" title="ISASMELT">Sirosmelt lance</a></li> <li>"Softly" woollens detergent</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-contrast_X-ray_imaging" title="Phase-contrast X-ray imaging">Phase-contrast X-ray imaging</a></li> <li>Method to use titanium in <a href="/wiki/3D_printing" title="3D printing">3D printing</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UltraBattery" title="UltraBattery">UltraBattery</a></li> <li>Essential components of <a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a> technology<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.csiro.au/robotics/zebedee/">Zebedee</a> - Mobile Handheld 3D Lidar Mapping technology<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historic_research">Historic research</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historic research">edit</a>]</div> CSIRO had a pioneering role in the scientific discovery of the universe through radio "eyes". A team led by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wild_(Australian_scientist)" title="Paul Wild (Australian scientist)">Paul Wild</a> built and operated (from 1948) the world's first solar radiospectrograph, and from 1967 the 3-kilometre-diameter (1.9 mi) radioheliograph at Culgoora in New South Wales. For three decades, the Division of Radiophysics had a world-leading role in solar research, attracting prominent solar physicists from around the world.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> CSIRO owned the first computer in Australia, <a href="/wiki/CSIRAC" title="CSIRAC">CSIRAC</a>, built as part of a project began in the Sydney Radiophysics Laboratory in 1947. The CSIR Mk 1 ran its first program in 1949, the fifth electronic computer in the world. It was over 1,000 times faster than the mechanical calculators available at the time. It was decommissioned in 1955 and recommissioned in Melbourne as CSIRAC in 1956 as a general purpose computing machine used by over 700 projects until 1964.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> The CSIRAC is the only surviving first-generation computer in the world.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> Between 1965 and 1985, <a href="/wiki/George_Bornemissza" title="George Bornemissza">George Bornemissza</a> of CSIRO's Division of Entomology founded and led the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Dung_Beetle_Project" title="Australian Dung Beetle Project">Australian Dung Beetle Project</a>. Bornemissza, upon settling in Australia from Hungary in 1951, noticed that the pastureland was covered in dry cattle dung pads which did not seem to be recycled into the soil and caused areas of rank pasture which were unpalatable to the cattle. He proposed that the reason for this was that native Australian dung beetles, which had co-evolved alongside the marsupials (which produce dung very different in its composition from cattle), were not adapted to utilise cattle dung for their nutrition and breeding since cattle had only relatively recently been introduced to the continent in the 1880s. The Australian Dung Beetle Project sought, therefore, to introduce species of dung beetle from South Africa and Europe (which had co-evolved alongside bovids) in order to improve the fertility and quality of cattle pastures. Twenty-three species were successfully introduced throughout the duration of the project and also had the effect of reducing the pestilent bush fly population by 90%.<a href="#cite_note-adbp-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domain_name">Domain name</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Domain name">edit</a>]</div> CSIRO was the first Australian organisation to start using the Internet<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> and was able to register the <a href="/wiki/Second-level_domain" title="Second-level domain">second-level domain</a> csiro.au (as opposed to csiro.org.au or csiro.com.au). Guidelines were introduced in 1996 to regulate the use of the <a href="/wiki/.au" title=".au">.au</a> domain. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance_and_management">Governance and management</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Governance and management">edit</a>]</div> When CSIR was formed in 1926, it was led initially by an executive committee of three people, two of whom were designated as the chairman and the chief executive. Since then the roles and responsibilities of the chair and chief executive have changed many times. From 1927 to 1986 the head of CSIR (and from 1949, CSIRO)<a href="#cite_note-ourhistory-13">[13]</a> was the chairman, who was responsible for the management of the organisation, supported by the chief executive. From 1 July 1959 to 4 December 1986 CSIRO had no chief executive; the chairman undertook both functions.<a href="#cite_note-heads-28">[28]</a> In 1986, when the <a href="/wiki/Hawke_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawke Government">Australian Government</a> changed the structure of CSIRO to include a board of non-executive members plus the chief executive to lead CSIRO, the roles changed. The chief executive is now responsible for management of the organisation in accordance with the strategy, plans and policies approved by the CSIRO Board which, led by the chair of the board, is responsible to the Australian Government for the overall strategy, governance and performance of CSIRO.<a href="#cite_note-heads-28">[28]</a> As with its governance structure, the priorities and structure of CSIRO, and the teams and facilities that implement its research, have changed as Australia's scientific challenges have evolved.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> Numerous CSIRO scientists have gone onto distinguished careers in the university sector. Several have been appointed to the role of Vice-Chancellor/President. They include: Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Currie_(academic)" title="George Currie (academic)">George Currie</a> (UNZ 1952–62, Western Australia 1945–52), <a href="/wiki/Paul_Wellings" title="Paul Wellings">Paul Wellings</a> CBE (Wollongong 2012–21, Lancaster 2002–12), <a href="/wiki/Michael_Barber_(academic)" title="Michael Barber (academic)">Michael Barber</a> AO (Flinders 2008–14), <a href="/wiki/Mark_Smith_(physicist)" title="Mark Smith (physicist)">Mark Smith</a> CBE (Southampton 2019–ff, Lancaster 2012–19), <a href="/wiki/Annabelle_Duncan" title="Annabelle Duncan">Annabelle Duncan</a> (UNE 2014–19), <a href="/wiki/Attila_Brungs" title="Attila Brungs">Attila Brungs</a> (UNSW 2021–ff, UTS 2014–21), <a href="/wiki/Alex_Zelinsky" title="Alex Zelinsky">Alex Zelinsky</a> AO (Newcastle (2018–ff), <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Parfitt" title="Andrew Parfitt">Andrew Parfitt</a> (UTS 2021–ff), Chris Moran (UNE 2023–ff). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chairs">Chairs</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Chairs">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>#</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Background</th> <th>Term start</th> <th>Term end</th> <th>Duration</th> <th>Notes<a href="#cite_note-heads-28">[28]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/George_Julius" title="George Julius">George Julius</a></td> <td>Mechanical engineer</td> <td>1 April 1926</td> <td>31 December 1945</td> <td>19 years, 8 months</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Rivett" title="David Rivett">David Rivett</a></td> <td>Chemist</td> <td>1 January 1946</td> <td>18 May 1949</td> <td>3 years, 4 months</td> <td>Acting chair to 31 March 1946 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ian_Clunies_Ross" title="Ian Clunies Ross">Ian Clunies Ross</a></td> <td>Veterinary scientist</td> <td>19 May 1949</td> <td>20 June 1959</td> <td>10 years, 1 month</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fred_White_(physicist)" title="Fred White (physicist)">Fred White</a></td> <td>Physicist</td> <td>1 July 1959</td> <td>22 May 1970</td> <td>10 years, 10 months</td> <td>Executive chair </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jerry_Price&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jerry Price (page does not exist)">Jerry Price</a></td> <td>Chemist</td> <td>26 May 1970</td> <td>24 March 1977</td> <td>6 years, 9 months</td> <td>Executive chair </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Victor_Burgmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Victor Burgmann (page does not exist)">Victor Burgmann</a></td> <td>Physicist</td> <td>25 March 1977</td> <td>13 December 1978</td> <td>1 year, 8 months</td> <td>Executive chair </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wild_(Australian_scientist)" title="Paul Wild (Australian scientist)">Paul Wild</a></td> <td>Astronomer</td> <td>14 December 1978</td> <td>24 September 1985</td> <td>6 years, 9 months</td> <td>Executive chair </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norman_Boardman" title="Norman Boardman">Norman Boardman</a></td> <td>Chemist</td> <td>25 September 1985</td> <td>4 December 1986</td> <td>1 year, 6 months</td> <td>Executive chair </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neville_Wran" title="Neville Wran">Neville Wran</a></td> <td>Politician</td> <td>5 December 1986</td> <td>4 December 1991</td> <td>4 years, 11 months</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Clarke" title="Adrienne Clarke">Adrienne Clarke</a></td> <td>Botanist</td> <td>5 December 1991</td> <td>4 December 1996</td> <td>4 years, 11 months</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_Allen_(geophysicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles Allen (geophysicist) (page does not exist)">Charles Allen</a></td> <td>Corporate executive</td> <td>5 December 1996</td> <td>5 November 2001</td> <td>4 years, 11 months</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Livingstone" title="Catherine Livingstone">Catherine Livingstone</a></td> <td>Corporate executive</td> <td>6 November 2001</td> <td>31 December 2006</td> <td>5 years, 1 month</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Willcox_(businessman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Willcox (businessman) (page does not exist)">Peter Willcox</a></td> <td>Corporate executive</td> <td>1 January 2007</td> <td>29 May 2007</td> <td>4 months</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Stocker_(scientist)" title="John Stocker (scientist)">John Stocker</a></td> <td>Immunologist</td> <td>28 June 2007</td> <td>27 June 2010</td> <td>2 years, 11 months</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Simon_McKeon" title="Simon McKeon">Simon McKeon</a></td> <td>Corporate executive</td> <td>28 June 2010</td> <td>14 October 2015</td> <td>5 years, 3 months</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Thodey" title="David Thodey">David Thodey</a></td> <td>Corporate executive</td> <td>15 October 2015</td> <td>14 October 2021</td> <td>5 years, 11 months</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Fagg" title="Kathryn Fagg">Kathryn Fagg</a></td> <td>Corporate executive</td> <td>15 October 2021</td> <td>incumbent</td> <td>3 years, 1 month</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chief_executives">Chief executives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Chief executives">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>#</th> <th>Name</th> <th>Background</th> <th>Term start</th> <th>Term end</th> <th>Duration</th> <th>Notes<a href="#cite_note-heads-28">[28]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/David_Rivett" title="David Rivett">David Rivett</a></td> <td>Chemist</td> <td>1 January 1927</td> <td>31 December 1945</td> <td>18 years, 11 months</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/A._E._V._Richardson" title="A. E. V. Richardson">A. E. V. Richardson</a></td> <td>Agricultural scientist</td> <td>1 January 1946</td> <td>18 May 1949</td> <td>3 years, 4 months</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fred_White_(physicist)" title="Fred White (physicist)">Fred White</a></td> <td>Physicist</td> <td>19 May 1949</td> <td>13 December 1956</td> <td>7 years, 6 months</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stewart_Bastow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stewart Bastow (page does not exist)">Stewart Bastow</a></td> <td>Chemist</td> <td>1 January 1957</td> <td>30 June 1959</td> <td>2 years, 5 months</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7">Functions of chief executive carried out by chairman from 1959–1986. </th></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Norman_Boardman" title="Norman Boardman">Norman Boardman</a></td> <td>Chemist</td> <td>5 December 1986</td> <td>4 March 1990</td> <td>3 years, 2 months</td> <td>Acting to 4 March 1987 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_Stocker_(scientist)" title="John Stocker (scientist)">John Stocker</a></td> <td>Immunologist</td> <td>5 March 1990</td> <td>4 March 1995</td> <td>4 years, 11 months</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Roy_Green_(physicist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Roy Green (physicist) (page does not exist)">Roy Green</a></td> <td>Physicist</td> <td>5 March 1995</td> <td>3 January 1996</td> <td>9 months</td> <td>Acting to 20 July 1995 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_McIntosh_(public_servant)" title="Malcolm McIntosh (public servant)">Malcolm McIntosh</a></td> <td>Public servant</td> <td>3 January 1996</td> <td>7 February 2000</td> <td>4 years, 1 month</td> <td>Died in office </td></tr> <tr> <td>–</td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Colin_Adam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colin Adam (page does not exist)">Colin Adam</a></td> <td>Metallurgical engineer</td> <td>7 February 2000</td> <td>14 January 2001</td> <td>11 months</td> <td>Acting chief executive </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Geoff_Garrett" title="Geoff Garrett">Geoff Garrett</a></td> <td>Metallurgist</td> <td>15 January 2001</td> <td>31 December 2008</td> <td>7 years, 11 months</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Megan_Clark" title="Megan Clark">Megan Clark</a></td> <td>Geologist</td> <td>1 January 2009</td> <td>19 November 2014</td> <td>5 years, 10 months</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Larry_R._Marshall" title="Larry R. Marshall">Larry R. Marshall</a></td> <td>Physicist</td> <td>1 January 2015</td> <td>30 June 2023</td> <td>8 years, 5 months</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doug_Hilton" title="Doug Hilton">Doug Hilton</a></td> <td>Molecular biologist</td> <td>1 July 2023</td> <td>incumbent</td> <td>1 year, 4 months</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversies">Controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Controversies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Total_Wellbeing_Diet">Total Wellbeing Diet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Total Wellbeing Diet">edit</a>]</div> In 2005 the CSIRO gained worldwide attention, including some criticism, for promoting a high-<a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>, low-<a href="/wiki/Carbohydrate" title="Carbohydrate">carbohydrate</a> diet of their own creation called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Total_Wellbeing_Diet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Total Wellbeing Diet (page does not exist)">Total Wellbeing Diet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> The CSIRO published the diet in a book which sold over half a million copies in Australia and over 100,000 overseas.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The diet was criticised in an editorial by <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> for giving scientific credence to a "fashionable" diet sponsored by meat and dairy industries.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="802.11_patent">802.11 patent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 802.11 patent">edit</a>]</div> In the early 1990s, CSIRO radio astronomy scientists John O'Sullivan, Graham Daniels, Terence Percival, Diethelm Ostry and John Deane undertook research directed to finding a way to make wireless networks work as fast as wired networks within confined spaces such as office buildings. The technique they developed, involving a particular combination of <a href="/wiki/Forward_error_correction" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward error correction">forward error correction</a>, frequency-domain interleaving, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Multi-carrier_modulation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Multi-carrier modulation (page does not exist)">multi-carrier modulation</a>, became the subject of <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5487069">U.S. patent 5,487,069</a>, which was granted on 23 January 1996. In 1997 Macquarie University professor David Skellern and his colleague Neil Weste established the company Radiata, Inc., which took a nonexclusive licence to the CSIRO patent for the purpose of developing commercially viable integrated circuit devices implementing the patented technology.<a href="#cite_note-Radiata-34">[34]</a> During this period, the <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11" title="IEEE 802.11">IEEE 802.11</a> Working Group was developing the 802.11a wireless LAN standard. CSIRO did not participate directly in the standards process, however David Skellern was an active participant as secretary of the Working Group, and representative of Radiata.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In 1998 it became apparent that the CSIRO patent would be pertinent to the standard. In response to a request from Victor Hayes of Lucent Technologies, who was chair of the 802.11 Working Group, CSIRO confirmed its commitment to make non-exclusive licenses available to implementers of the standard on reasonable and non-discriminatory terms.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> In 1999, <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a>, Inc. and <a href="/wiki/Broadcom" title="Broadcom">Broadcom</a> Corporation each invested A$4 million in Radiata, representing an 11% stake for each investor and valuing the company at around A$36 million.<a href="#cite_note-Radiata-34">[34]</a> In September 2000, Radiata demonstrated a chip set complying with the recently finalised IEEE 802.11a Wi-Fi standard, and capable of handling transmission rates of up to 54 Mbit/s, at a major international exhibition.<a href="#cite_note-Radiata-34">[34]</a> In November 2000, Cisco acquired Radiata in exchange for US$295 million in Cisco common stock with the intention of incorporating the Radiata Baseband Processor and Radio chips into its Aironet family of wireless LAN products.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Cisco subsequently took a large write-down on the Radiata acquisition, following the 2001 <a href="/wiki/Telecoms_crash" title="Telecoms crash">telecoms crash</a>,<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> and in 2004 it shut down its internal development of wireless chipsets based on the Radiata technology in order to focus on software development and emerging new technologies.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> Controversy over the CSIRO patent arose in 2006 after the organisation won an injunction against <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo Technology">Buffalo Technology</a> in an infringement suit filed in Federal Court in the Eastern District of Texas.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> The injunction was subsequently suspended on appeal, with the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit finding that the judge in Texas should have allowed a trial to proceed on Buffalo's challenge to the validity of the CSIRO patent.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> In 2007, CSIRO declined to provide an assurance to the IEEE that it would not sue companies which refused to take a license for use in 802.11n-compliant devices, while at the same time continuing to defend legal challenges to the validity of the patent brought by <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hewlett-Packard" title="Hewlett-Packard">Hewlett-Packard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Netgear" title="Netgear">Netgear</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In April 2009, Hewlett-Packard broke ranks with the rest of the industry becoming the first to reach a settlement of its dispute with CSIRO.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> This agreement was followed quickly by settlements with Microsoft, <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asus" title="Asus">Asus</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> and then Dell, Intel, <a href="/wiki/Nintendo" title="Nintendo">Nintendo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>, Netgear, Buffalo, <a href="/wiki/D-Link" title="D-Link">D-Link</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belkin" title="Belkin">Belkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/SMC_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="SMC Networks">SMC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accton" class="mw-redirect" title="Accton">Accton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/3Com" title="3Com">3Com</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The controversy grew after CSIRO sued US carriers <a href="/wiki/AT%26T_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="AT&T Inc.">AT&T</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verizon" title="Verizon">Verizon</a> and <a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_International_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="T-Mobile International AG">T-Mobile</a> in 2010, with the organisation being accused of being "Australia's biggest patent troll", a wrathful "patent bully", and of imposing a "WiFi tax" on American innovation.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Further fuel was added to the controversy after a settlement with the carriers, worth around $229 million, was announced in March 2012.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Encouraged in part by an announcement by the Australian Minister for Tertiary Education, Skills Science and Research, Senator Chris Evans,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> an article in <a href="/wiki/Ars_Technica" title="Ars Technica">Ars Technica</a> portrayed CSIRO as a shadowy organisation responsible for US consumers being compelled to make "a multimillion dollar donation" on the basis of a questionable patent claiming "decades old" technology.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> The resulting debate became so heated that the author was compelled to follow up with a defence of the original article.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> An alternative view was also published on <a href="/wiki/The_Register" title="The Register">The Register</a>, challenging a number of the assertions made in the Ars Technica piece.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Total income to CSIRO from the patent is currently estimated at nearly $430 million.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> On 14 June 2012, the CSIRO inventors received the <a href="/wiki/European_Patent_Office" title="European Patent Office">European Patent Office</a> (EPO) <a href="/wiki/European_Inventor_Award" title="European Inventor Award">European Inventor Award</a> (EIA), in the category of "Non-European Countries".<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetically_modified_wheat_trials">Genetically modified wheat trials</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Genetically modified wheat trials">edit</a>]</div> On 14 July 2011, <a href="/wiki/Greenpeace" title="Greenpeace">Greenpeace</a> activists vandalised a crop of GM wheat, circumventing the scientific trials being undertaken. Greenpeace was forced to pay reparations to CSIRO of $280,000 for the criminal damage, and were accused by the sentencing judge, Justice <a href="/wiki/Hilary_Penfold" title="Hilary Penfold">Hilary Penfold</a>, of cynically using junior members of the organisation with good standing to avoid custodial sentences, while the offenders were given 9-month suspended sentences.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> Following the attack Greenpeace criticised CSIRO for a close relationship with industry that had led to an increase in <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_crops" title="Genetically modified crops">genetically modified crops</a>, even though a core aim of CSIRO is Cooperative Research "working hand in hand with industry [to] build partnerships and engage with industry to generate impact".<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Flynn-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate_change_censorship:_Clive_Spash">Climate change censorship: Clive Spash</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Climate change censorship: Clive Spash">edit</a>]</div> On 25 November 2009, a debate was held in the Australian Senate concerning the alleged involvement of the CSIRO and the Labor government in censorship. The debate was called for by opposition parties after evidence came to light that a paper critical of carbon emissions trading was being suppressed.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> At the time, the Labor government was trying to get such a scheme through the Senate. After the debate, the Science Minister, Kim Carr, was forced to release the paper, but when doing so in the Senate he also delivered a letter from the CEO of the CSIRO, <a href="/wiki/Megan_Clark" title="Megan Clark">Megan Clark</a>, which attacked the report's author and threatened him with unspecified punishment.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> The author of the paper, Clive Spash, was cited in the press as having been bullied and harassed,<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> and later gave a radio interview about this.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In the midst of the affair, CSIRO management had considered releasing the paper with edits that Nature reported would be "tiny".<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Spash claimed the changes actually demanded amounted to censorship and resigned. He later posted on his website a document detailing the text that CSIRO management demanded be deleted;<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> by itself, this document forms a coherent set of statements criticising emissions trading without any additional wording needed. In subsequent Senate Estimates hearings during 2010, Senator Carr and Clark went on record claiming the paper was originally stopped from publication solely due to its low quality not meeting CSIRO standards.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> At the time of its attempted suppression, the paper had been accepted for publication in an academic journal, <a href="/wiki/New_Political_Economy_(journal)" title="New Political Economy (journal)">New Political Economy</a>, which in 2010 had been ranked by the Australian Research Council as an 'A class' publication.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In an ABC radio interview, Spash called for a Senate enquiry into the affair and the role played by senior management and the Science Minister.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> After these events, the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a> reported that "Questions are being raised about the closeness of BHP Billiton and the CSIRO under its chief executive, Megan Clark".<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> After his resignation, an unedited version of the paper was released by Spash as a discussion paper,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and later published as an academic journal article.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CSIRO–Novartis–DataTrace_scandal">CSIRO–Novartis–DataTrace scandal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: CSIRO–Novartis–DataTrace scandal">edit</a>]</div> On 11 April 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Morning_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Morning Herald">Sydney Morning Herald</a> ran a story on how CSIRO had "duped" the Swiss-based pharmaceutical giant <a href="/wiki/Novartis" title="Novartis">Novartis</a> into purchasing an anti-counterfeit technology for its vials of injectable <a href="/wiki/Voltaren" class="mw-redirect" title="Voltaren">Voltaren</a>. The invention was marketed by a small Australian company called DataTrace DNA as a method of identifying fake vials, on the basis that a unique tracer code developed by CSIRO was embedded in the product. However, the code sold to Novartis for more than A$2M was apparently not unique, and was based on a "cheap tracer ... bought in bulk from a Chinese distributor". Novartis was contractually bound not to reverse-engineer the tracer to verify its uniqueness. The Sydney Morning Herald report alleges that this was done with the knowledge of key CSIRO personnel.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> CSIRO has since conducted a full review of the allegations and found no evidence to support them.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alleged_bullying,_harassment_and_victimisation">Alleged bullying, harassment and victimisation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Alleged bullying, harassment and victimisation">edit</a>]</div> Around 2008–2012, CSIRO fell under the spotlight for allegedly exhibiting a culture of workplace bullying and harassment.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Former CSIRO employees started to surface with experiences of workplace bullying and other unreasonable behaviour by current and former CSIRO staff members.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> CSIRO took the allegations seriously and responded to the articles on a number of occasions.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The shadow minister for innovation, industry, science and research, <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Mirabella" title="Sophie Mirabella">Sophie Mirabella</a>, wrote to the government requesting it establish an inquiry. Mirabella said she is aware of as many as 100 cases of alleged workplace harassment. On 20 July 2012 <a href="/wiki/Comcare" title="Comcare">Comcare</a> issued CSIRO with an Improvement Notice with regard to handling and management of workplace misconduct/code of conduct type investigations and allegations.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> On 24 June 2013 Mirabella advised the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">Australian House of Representatives</a> that in relation to the worker's compensation claim for psychological injuries of ex-CSIRO employee, Martin Williams, which was vigorously defended by <a href="/wiki/Comcare" title="Comcare">Comcare</a> on the advice of the CSIRO, that CSIRO officers had provided false testimony on no less than 128 occasions under oath when the matter went before the <a href="/wiki/Administrative_Appeals_Tribunal" title="Administrative Appeals Tribunal">Administrative Appeals Tribunal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Mirabella stated, "even in establishing the framework for this inquiry it is obvious there's an inappropriate 'hands on' approach by CSIRO." In response to the allegations Clark commissioned Dennis Pearce,<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> who is assisted by an investigation team from HWL Ebsworth Lawyers,<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> to conduct an independent investigation into allegations of workplace bullying and other unreasonable behaviour.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Mirabella continued to question the independence of the investigation.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The first stage of the investigation published its findings at the end of July 2013, and the final stage was scheduled to be complete by February 2014.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> Post the Pearce Report, CSIRO overhauled its relevant policies and put in place training and whistleblower procedures to address the situation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CSIRO_and_climate_change">CSIRO and climate change</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: CSIRO and climate change">edit</a>]</div> In August 2015 the CSIRO discontinued its annual July and August survey, conducted over the previous five years, polling to create a long-term view of how Australians viewed global warming and their support for action. In the previous 2013 poll, 86 per cent agreed with the statement that climate change was occurring and only 7.6 per cent disagreed.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> On 11 February 2016, Dr Larry Marshall – a former venture capitalist with Southern Cross Venture Holdings, who had been appointed CEO of the CSIRO on 1 January 2015,<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> caused an international outcry after describing Australia's national climate change discussion as "more like religion than science," a week after announcing hundreds of job cuts to the organisation that will reduce the effectiveness of its climate research team.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> In "an open letter to the Australian Government and CSIRO", 2,800 of the leading climate scientists from 60 countries say the announcement of cuts to the CSIRO's Oceans and Atmosphere research program has alarmed the global climate research community. They say the decision shows a lack of insight and a misunderstanding of the importance of the depth and significance of Australian contributions to global and regional climate research.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> The CSIRO has been the target of successive funding cuts under the <a href="/wiki/Morrison_government" title="Morrison government">Morrison government</a>, starting with cuts targeting climate science research initiated by <a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Tony Abbott</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trademark_dispute_with_Cisco">Trademark dispute with Cisco</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Trademark dispute with Cisco">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:CSIRO_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/92/CSIRO_Logo.svg/105px-CSIRO_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/92/CSIRO_Logo.svg/158px-CSIRO_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/92/CSIRO_Logo.svg/210px-CSIRO_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="94" data-file-height="94" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">CSIRO logo</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:201px;max-width:201px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:105px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cisco_logo_blue_2016.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cisco_logo_blue_2016.svg/199px-Cisco_logo_blue_2016.svg.png" decoding="async" width="199" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cisco_logo_blue_2016.svg/299px-Cisco_logo_blue_2016.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Cisco_logo_blue_2016.svg/398px-Cisco_logo_blue_2016.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="216" data-file-height="114" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cisco Systems logo</div></div></div></div></div> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Cisco_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Cisco Systems">Cisco Systems</a> filed a trademark infringement lawsuit against CSIRO, claiming that the colours and style of CSIRO's logo were too similar to Cisco's. An Australian court ruled in CSIRO's favor and ordered Cisco to pay CSIRO's court costs.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia_Telescope_National_Facility" title="Australia Telescope National Facility">Australia Telescope National Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Animal_Health_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Animal Health Laboratory">Australian Animal Health Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Bird_and_Bat_Banding_Scheme" title="Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme">Australian Bird and Bat Banding Scheme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dung_Beetle_Project" title="Australian Dung Beetle Project">Australian Dung Beetle Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Australian Space Research Institute">Australian Space Research Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backing_Australia%27s_Ability" title="Backing Australia's Ability">Backing Australia's Ability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosecurity_in_Australia" title="Biosecurity in Australia">Biosecurity in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_Research_Centre" title="Cooperative Research Centre">Cooperative Research Centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_%E2%80%93_Ghana" title="Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – Ghana">Council for Scientific and Industrial Research – Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research" title="Council of Scientific and Industrial Research">Council of Scientific and Industrial Research</a>, India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research" title="Council for Scientific and Industrial Research">Council for Scientific and Industrial Research</a>, South Africa</li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSIRO_Oceans_and_Atmosphere" title="CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere">CSIRO Oceans and Atmosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSIRO_Publishing" title="CSIRO Publishing">CSIRO Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_Science_and_Technology_Group" title="Defence Science and Technology Group">Defence Science and Technology Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraunhofer_Society" title="Fraunhofer Society">Fraunhofer Society</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Bornemissza" title="George Bornemissza">George Bornemissza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goyder_Institute_for_Water_Research" title="Goyder Institute for Water Research">Goyder Institute for Water Research</a>, a research collaboration with universities and SA government</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkes_Observatory" title="Parkes Observatory">Parkes Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Rathjen" title="Peter Rathjen">Peter Rathjen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SINTEF" title="SINTEF">SINTEF</a>, Norway</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Wijffels" title="Susan Wijffels">Susan Wijffels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Organisation_for_Applied_Scientific_Research" title="Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research">Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Waste management in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yingjie_Jay_Guo" title="Yingjie Jay Guo">Yingjie Jay Guo</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csiro.au/en/About/Our-impact/Reporting-our-impact/Annual-reports/16-17-annual-report/part3/Our-people">"Our People"</a>. CSIRO. 24 October 2017. 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Retrieved 27 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Asian+Legal+Business&rft.atitle=HWL+Ebsworth+appointed+to+CSIRO+bullying+enquiry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fasia.legalbusinessonline.com%2Fnews%2Fhwl-ebsworth-appointed-to-csiro-bullying-enquiry%2F110241&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACSIRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hwlebsworth.com.au/csiro-investigation.html">Independent Investigator for Allegations of Workplace Bullying and Other Unreasonable Behaviour</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409032401/http://hwlebsworth.com.au/csiro-investigation.html">Archived</a> 9 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, hwlebsworth.com.au "Emeritus Professor Dennis Pearce AO has been appointed as the independent investigator for allegations of workplace bullying and other unreasonable behaviour by current and former CSIRO staff members and CSIRO affiliates." </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sophie_Mirabella" title="Sophie Mirabella">Sophie Mirabella</a> MP, (26 February 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sophiemirabella.com.au/Media/PortfolioMedia/MediaReleases/tabid/78/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/708/CSIRO-BULLYING-TERMS-OF-REFERENCE-LEAVES-QUESTIONS-UNANSWERED.aspx">"CSIRO bullying terms of reference leaves questions unanswered"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170105083222/http://www.sophiemirabella.com.au/Media/PortfolioMedia/MediaReleases/tabid/78/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/708/CSIRO-BULLYING-TERMS-OF-REFERENCE-LEAVES-QUESTIONS-UNANSWERED.aspx">Archived</a> 5 January 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Portfolio News </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> "The investigator will provide his Phase 1 reports by 31 July 2013. It is likely that people will be told the outcome of the investigator's consideration of their submission at about this time. It is intended that Phase 2 will be completed by February 2014." <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hwlebsworth.com.au/csiro-investigation.html">Independent Investigator for Allegations of Workplace Bullying and Other Unreasonable Behaviour</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130409032401/http://hwlebsworth.com.au/csiro-investigation.html">Archived</a> 9 April 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research">non-primary source needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/climate-change-csiro-axes-annual-attitudes-survey-delays-2014-results-20150810-giw6i1.html">"Climate change: CSIRO axes annual attitudes survey, delays 2014 results"</a>. 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Retrieved 4 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Csiro.au&rft.atitle=Executive+Team+%E2%80%93+CSIRO&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csiro.au%2Fen%2FAbout%2FLeadership-governance%2FChief-Executive-and-Executive-Team%2FTeam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACSIRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://reneweconomy.com.au/2016/climate-politics-more-like-religion-says-csiro-boss-90059">"Climate politics 'more like religion', says CSIRO boss"</a>. reneweconomy.com.au. 11 February 2016. 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Retrieved 4 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=reneweconomy.com.au&rft.atitle=%27Jaw-dropping%27+CSIRO+job+cuts+to+%27gut%27+climate+science+unit&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft.aulast=Vorrath&rft.aufirst=Sophie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freneweconomy.com.au%2Fjaw-dropping-csiro-job-cuts-to-gut-climate-science-unit-38881%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACSIRO" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.smh.com.au/environment/climate-change/climate-will-be-all-gone-as-csiro-swings-jobs-axe-scientists-say-20160204-gml7jy.html">"Climate science to be gutted as CSIRO swings jobs axe"</a>. amp.smh.com.au. 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Retrieved 7 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Register&rft.atitle=Cisco+loses+logo+lawsuit+against+WiFi+inventor+boffinhaus&rft.date=2015-04-10&rft.aulast=Sharwood&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheregister.com%2F2015%2F04%2F10%2Fcisco_loses_logo_lawsuit_against_wifi_inventor_boffinhaus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACSIRO" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=CSIRO&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_Scientific_and_Industrial_Research_Organisation" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation">Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csiro.au/">Official website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csiro.us/">CSIRO US website</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://csiropedia.csiro.au/">CSIROpedia</a> Official CSIRO history site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.party-458251">Commonwealth of Australia. Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO). (1949–)</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Australia" title="National Library of Australia">National Library of Australia</a>, Trove, People and Organisation record for CSIRO</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.party-629990">Commonwealth of Australia. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR). (1926–1949)</a> National Library of Australia, Trove, People and Organisation record for CSIR</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aehrc.com/">Australian e-Health Research Centre</a> (AeHRC)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liveability.com.au/about/">Centre for Liveability Real Estate</a></li> <li>Issues <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081012075350/http://www.buffalotech.com/press/releases/united-states-appellate-court-rules-in-buffalos-favor-in-ongoing-us-patent-litigation/">"United States Appellate Court Rules in Buffalo's Favor in Ongoing U.S. Patent Litigation"</a>. Buffalo Tech. 24 September 2008. 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public-sector_space_agencies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public-sector_space_agencies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public-sector space agencies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public-sector_space_agencies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_government_space_agencies" title="List of government space agencies">Public-sector space agencies</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-African and pan-Arab</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_African_Satellite_Communication_Organization" title="Regional African Satellite Communication Organization">RASCOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Satellite_Communications_Organization" title="Arab Satellite Communications Organization">Arabsat</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algerian_Space_Agency" title="Algerian Space Agency">ASAL</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/15px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/30px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Space_Agency" title="Egyptian Space Agency">EgSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Authority_for_Remote_Sensing_and_Space_Sciences" title="National Authority for Remote Sensing and Space Sciences">NARSS</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Space_Science_and_Technology_Institute" title="Ethiopian Space Science and Technology Institute">ESSTI</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Space_Science_and_Technology_Centre" title="Ghana Space Science and Technology Centre">GSSTC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Research_and_Development_Agency" title="National Space Research and Development Agency">NASRDA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_African_National_Space_Agency" title="South African National Space Agency">SANSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Space_Agency" title="Canadian Space Agency">CSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Environmental_Satellite,_Data,_and_Information_Service" title="National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service">NESDIS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Space_Commerce" title="Office of Space Commerce">OSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Commercial_Space_Transportation" title="Office of Commercial Space Transportation">FAA/AST</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">FCC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Force" title="United States Space Force">USSF</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Space_Command" title="United States Space Command">USSPACECOM</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">NRO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latin America and the Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/15px-CELAC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/23px-CELAC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/CELAC.svg/30px-CELAC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="218" /> <a href="/wiki/Latin_American_and_Caribbean_Space_Agency" title="Latin American and Caribbean Space Agency">ALCE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/15px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/30px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Mexicana" title="Agencia Espacial Mexicana">AEM</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/15px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_Argentina.svg/30px-Flag_of_Argentina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Activities_Commission" title="National Space Activities Commission">CONAE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Space_Agency" title="Bolivian Space Agency">ABE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/15px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/30px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">AEB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology" title="Department of Aerospace Science and Technology">DCTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="National Institute for Space Research">INPE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instituto_Tecnol%C3%B3gico_de_Aeron%C3%A1utica" title="Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica">ITA</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Colombia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Colombia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Colombian_Space_Commission" title="Colombian Space Commission">CCE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/15px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/30px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Agency_for_Space_Activities" title="Bolivarian Agency for Space Activities">ABAE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Institute_for_Scientific_Research" title="Venezuelan Institute for Scientific Research">IVIC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-Asian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Space_Cooperation_Organization" title="Asia-Pacific Space Cooperation Organization">APSCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Forces" title="Russian Space Forces">VK</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan_National_Space_Agency" title="Turkmenistan National Space Agency">TNSA</a>1</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">East Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China_National_Space_Administration" title="China National Space Administration">CNSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_Administration_of_Science,_Technology_and_Industry_for_National_Defense" title="State Administration of Science, Technology and Industry for National Defense">SASTIND</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Technology_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation">CASC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Launch_Vehicle_Technology" title="China Academy of Launch Vehicle Technology">CALT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Academy_of_Space_Technology" title="China Academy of Space Technology">CAST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Chang_Feng" title="China Chang Feng">CCF</a></li> <li>CGWIC</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Aerospace_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Aerospace Force">PLAASF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Aerospace_Science_and_Industry_Corporation" title="China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation">CASIC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/JAXA" title="JAXA">JAXA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Space_and_Astronautical_Science" title="Institute of Space and Astronautical Science">ISAS</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan_Space_Systems" title="Japan Space Systems">JSS</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Information_and_Communications_Technology" title="National Institute of Information and Communications Technology">NICT</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Technology_Administration" title="National Aerospace Technology Administration">NATA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Korea_AeroSpace_Administration" title="Korea AeroSpace Administration">KASA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Aerospace_Research_Institute" title="Korea Aerospace Research Institute">KARI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_Astronomy_and_Space_Science_Institute" title="Korea Astronomy and Space Science Institute">KASI</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/KAIST_Satellite_Technology_Research_Center" title="KAIST Satellite Technology Research Center">SaTReC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Space_Agency" title="Taiwan Space Agency">TASA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Remote_Sensing_Organization" title="Space Research and Remote Sensing Organization">SPARRSO</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a> 2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antrix_Corporation" title="Antrix Corporation">Antrix Corp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_of_Space" title="Department of Space">DoS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Remote_Sensing_Centre" title="National Remote Sensing Centre">NRSC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/15px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/30px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Defence_Space_Agency" title="Defence Space Agency">DSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/SUPARCO" title="SUPARCO">SUPARCO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Research_and_Innovation_Agency" title="National Research and Innovation Agency">BRIN</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Research_Organization_for_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="Research Organization for Aeronautics and Space">ORPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Space_Agency" title="Indonesian Space Agency">INASA</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Space_Agency" title="Malaysian Space Agency">MYSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Space_Agency" title="Philippine Space Agency">PhilSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/15px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/30px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Space_and_Technology_Ltd" title="Singapore Space and Technology Ltd">SSTL</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/15px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/30px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Geo-Informatics_and_Space_Technology_Development_Agency" title="Geo-Informatics and Space Technology Development Agency">GISTDA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/15px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/30px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_Academy_of_Science_and_Technology" title="Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology">VNSC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">West Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Science_Agency" title="National Space Science Agency">NSSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">IRIAF</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force">NEHSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/15px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/30px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Research_Center" title="Iranian Space Research Center">ISRC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/15px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/23px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/30px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel_Space_Agency" title="Israel Space Agency">ISA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_Space_Research" title="National Committee for Space Research">NCSR</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Space_Agency" title="Saudi Space Agency">SSA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Abdulaziz_City_for_Science_and_Technology" title="King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology">KACST-SRI</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Space_Agency" title="Syrian Space Agency">SSA</a>2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Organization_of_Remote_Sensing" title="General Organization of Remote Sensing">GORS</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates_Space_Agency" title="United Arab Emirates Space Agency">UAESA</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mohammed_bin_Rashid_Space_Centre" title="Mohammed bin Rashid Space Centre">MBRSC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pan-European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Standardization" title="European Committee for Standardization">CEN</a>/<a href="/wiki/European_Committee_for_Electrotechnical_Standardization" title="European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization">CENELEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Conference_of_Postal_and_Telecommunications_Administrations" title="European Conference of Postal and Telecommunications Administrations">CEPT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Standards_Institute" title="European Telecommunications Standards Institute">ETSI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Civil_Aviation_Conference" title="European Civil Aviation Conference">ECAC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/23px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/35px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/European_Space_Agency_logo.svg/46px-European_Space_Agency_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="475" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Space_Agency" title="European Space Agency">ESA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Cooperation_for_Space_Standardization" title="European Cooperation for Space Standardization">ECSS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Research_and_Technology_Centre" title="European Space Research and Technology Centre">ESTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Astronaut_Centre" title="European Astronaut Centre">EAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESA_Centre_for_Earth_Observation" title="ESA Centre for Earth Observation">ESRIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Centre_for_Space_Applications_and_Telecommunications" title="European Centre for Space Applications and Telecommunications">ECSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Astronomy_Centre" title="European Space Astronomy Centre">ESAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Space_Operations_Centre" title="European Space Operations Centre">ESOC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ESTRACK" title="ESTRACK">ESTRACK</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiana_Space_Centre" title="Guiana Space Centre">Guiana Space Centre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Organisation_for_the_Exploitation_of_Meteorological_Satellites" class="mw-redirect" title="European Organisation for the Exploitation of Meteorological Satellites">EUMETSAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="European Telecommunications Satellite Organization">EUTELSAT IGO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Southern_Observatory" title="European Southern Observatory">ESO</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Area" title="European Economic Area">EEA</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Directorate-General_for_Defence_Industry_and_Space" title="Directorate-General for Defence Industry and Space">DG DEFIS</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Agency_for_the_Space_Programme" title="European Union Agency for the Space Programme">EUSPA</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Satellite_Centre" title="European Union Satellite Centre">EU SatCen</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/European_Union_Aviation_Safety_Agency" title="European Union Aviation Safety Agency">EASA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/15px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/23px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/30px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Body_of_European_Regulators_for_Electronic_Communications" title="Body of European Regulators for Electronic Communications">BEREC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Austria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Austria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Space_Agency" title="Austrian Space Agency">ALR</a> 2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Federal_Public_Planning_Service_Science_Policy" title="Federal Public Planning Service Science Policy">BELSPO</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Institute_for_Space_Aeronomy" title="Belgian Institute for Space Aeronomy">BIRA-IASB</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/15px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/30px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Space_Research_and_Technology_Institute" title="Space Research and Technology Institute">SRTI</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Space_Office" title="Czech Space Office">CSO</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/15px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/23px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/30px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/DTU_Space" class="mw-redirect" title="DTU Space">DTU Space</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonian_Space_Office" title="Estonian Space Office">ESO</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/CNES" title="CNES">CNES</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/15px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/30px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Air_and_Space_Force" title="French Air and Space Force">AAE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Space_Command" title="French Space Command">CdE</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/15px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/30px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/German_Aerospace_Center" title="German Aerospace Center">DLR</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/15px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Greece.svg/30px-Flag_of_Greece.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Hellenic_Space_Agency" title="Hellenic Space Agency">HSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/15px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Space_Office" title="Hungarian Space Office">HSO</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/15px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Space_Agency" title="Italian Space Agency">ASI</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/15px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/23px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg/30px-Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Space_Agency" title="Luxembourg Space Agency">LSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lithuanian_Space_Office&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lithuanian Space Office (page does not exist)">LSO</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="Netherlands Institute for Space Research">SRON</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_Space_Office" title="Netherlands Space Office">NSO</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/15px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/23px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/30px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Space_Agency" title="Norwegian Space Agency">NOSA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/15px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Space_Agency" title="Polish Space Agency">POLSA</a>2 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space_Research_Centre_of_Polish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Space Research Centre of Polish Academy of Sciences">CBK PAN</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Urz%C4%85d_Komunikacji_Elektronicznej&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Urząd Komunikacji Elektronicznej (page does not exist)">UKE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Broadcasting_Council" title="National Broadcasting Council">KRRiT</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Polish_IMINT_Centre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polish IMINT Centre (page does not exist)">ORO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Aviation_Authority_(Poland)" title="Civil Aviation Authority (Poland)">ULC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/15px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/23px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Flag_of_Portugal.svg/30px-Flag_of_Portugal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Portugal_Space" title="Portugal Space">PTSPACE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/15px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/30px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Space_Agency" title="Romanian Space Agency">ROSA</a>2</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Aerospace_Technology" title="National Institute for Aerospace Technology">INTA</a> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Catalonia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Catalonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Catalan_Space_Agency" title="Catalan Space Agency">AEC</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Air_and_Space_Force" title="Spanish Air and Space Force">EAE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/15px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/30px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Agencia_Espacial_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Agencia Espacial Española">AEE</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/15px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/30px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_National_Space_Agency" title="Swedish National Space Agency">SNSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/ArmCosmos" title="ArmCosmos">ArmCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_National_Aerospace_Agency" title="Azerbaijan National Aerospace Agency">MAKA</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/15px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus_Space_Agency" title="Belarus Space Agency">BSA</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/KazCosmos" title="KazCosmos">KazCosmos</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Roscosmos" title="Roscosmos">Roscosmos</a>1 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Space_Research_Institute" title="Russian Space Research Institute">SRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Aerospace_Defence_Forces" title="Russian Aerospace Defence Forces">VVKO</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Space_Office" title="Swiss Space Office">SSO</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/15px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/30px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Space_Agency" title="Turkish Space Agency">TUA</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%9CB%C4%B0TAK_Space_Technologies_Research_Institute" title="TÜBİTAK Space Technologies Research Institute">TÜBİTAK UZAY</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/15px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/State_Space_Agency_of_Ukraine" title="State Space Agency of Ukraine">SSAU</a>1</li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/UK_Space_Agency" title="UK Space Agency">UKSA</a> 2</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/15px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/30px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Space_Agency" title="Australian Space Agency">ASA</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">CSIRO</a></li></ul></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/15px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/30px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Space_Agency" title="New Zealand Space Agency">NZSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">World</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Committee_for_Space_Data_Systems" title="Consultative Committee for Space Data Systems">CCSDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Earth_Observation_Satellites" title="Committee on Earth Observation Satellites">CEOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Space_Research" title="Committee on Space Research">COSPAR</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Planetary_Data_Alliance" title="International Planetary Data Alliance">IPDA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Cospas-Sarsat_Programme" title="International Cospas-Sarsat Programme">Cospas-Sarsat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_on_Earth_Observations" title="Group on Earth Observations">GEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Standards_Collaboration" title="Global Standards Collaboration">GSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-Agency_Space_Debris_Coordination_Committee" title="Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee">IADC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Charter_%27Space_and_Major_Disasters%27" title="International Charter 'Space and Major Disasters'">ICSMD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Mobile_Satellite_Organization" title="International Mobile Satellite Organization">IMSO</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=International_Space_Exploration_Coordination_Group&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="International Space Exploration Coordination Group (page does not exist)">ISECG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station_Multilateral_Coordination_Board" title="International Space Station Multilateral Coordination Board">ISS MCB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunications_Satellite_Organization" title="International Telecommunications Satellite Organization">ITSO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intersputnik" title="Intersputnik">Intersputnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_Debris_Co-ordination_Working_Group" title="Orbital Debris Co-ordination Working Group">ODCWG</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">UNCOPUOS</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Nations.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_for_Outer_Space_Affairs" title="United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs">UNOOSA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_National_Space_Centre" title="British National Space Centre">BNSC</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/15px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Flag_of_North_Korea.svg/30px-Flag_of_North_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Korean_Committee_of_Space_Technology" title="Korean Committee of Space Technology">KCST</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/15px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/30px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Aeronautics_and_Space" title="National Institute of Aeronautics and Space">LAPAN</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Aerospace_Laboratory_of_Japan" title="National Aerospace Laboratory of Japan">NAL</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/15px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/30px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/National_Space_Development_Agency_of_Japan" title="National Space Development Agency of Japan">NASDA</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">SSP</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/15px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/30px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">Timeline of first orbital launches by country</a></li> <li>1 Preceded by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_space_program" title="Soviet space program">Soviet space program</a></li> <li>2 Preceded by <a href="/wiki/Interkosmos" title="Interkosmos">Interkosmos</a> participation</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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