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class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_1940s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1940s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Late 1940s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_1940s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Afro-Cuban_rhythmic_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afro-Cuban_rhythmic_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Afro-Cuban rhythmic influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afro-Cuban_rhythmic_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_to_mid-1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_to_mid-1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Early to mid-1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_to_mid-1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_1950s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_1950s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Late 1950s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_1950s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1960s–1970s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1960s–1970s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>1960s–1970s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1960s–1970s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Since_the_1980s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_the_1980s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Since the 1980s</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_the_1980s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_influence_in_the_business_end_of_rhythm_and_blues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_influence_in_the_business_end_of_rhythm_and_blues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Jewish influence in the business end of rhythm and blues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_influence_in_the_business_end_of_rhythm_and_blues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_rhythm_and_blues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_rhythm_and_blues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>British rhythm and blues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_rhythm_and_blues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Rhythm and blues</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%89_%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B0%D9%85_%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2" title="موسيقى ريذم أند بلوز – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="موسيقى ريذم أند بلوز" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B" title="R&B – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="R&B" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2" title="ریتم اند بلوز – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ریتم اند بلوز" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%9C" title="রিদম অ্যান্ড ব্লুজ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রিদম অ্যান্ড ব্লুজ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%8B%D1%82%D0%BC-%D0%BD-%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Рытм-н-блюз – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Рытм-н-блюз" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D0%BC_%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Ритъм енд блус – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ритъм енд блус" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B" title="R&B – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="R&B" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B" title="R&B – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="R&B" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_a_bl%C5%B5s" title="Rhythm a blŵs – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhythm a blŵs" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_Blues" title="Rhythm and Blues – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Rhythm and Blues" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%BCtm_ja_bluus" title="Rütm ja bluus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rütm ja bluus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmenbluso" title="Ritmenbluso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ritmenbluso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2" title="ریتم اند بلوز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ریتم اند بلوز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceol_rithim_agus_gormacha" title="Ceol rithim agus gormacha – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ceol rithim agus gormacha" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%AC_%EC%95%A4_%EB%B8%94%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="리듬 앤 블루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리듬 앤 블루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8C%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%B4_%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%A4_%D5%A2%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A6" title="Ռիթմ ընդ բլյուզ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ռիթմ ընդ բլյուզ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC" title="रिद्म एंड ब्लूज़ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रिद्म एंड ब्लूज़" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritam_i_blues" title="Ritam i blues – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ritam i blues" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B" title="R&B – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="R&B" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ry%C3%BEmabl%C3%BAs" title="Ryþmablús – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ryþmablús" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA%27%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%96" title="רית'ם אנד בלוז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רית'ם אנד בלוז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9B-%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93-%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%96%E1%83%98" title="რიტმ-ენდ-ბლუზი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რიტმ-ენდ-ბლუზი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_ha_blous" title="Rhythm ha blous – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Rhythm ha blous" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_na_blues" title="Rhythm na blues – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Rhythm na blues" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmbl%C5%ABzs" title="Ritmblūzs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ritmblūzs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_Blues" title="Rhythm and Blues – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Rhythm and Blues" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritmenbliuzas" title="Ritmenbliuzas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ritmenbliuzas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B7" title="Ритам и блуз – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ритам и блуз" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B0%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B2" title="ريذم اند بلوز – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ريذم اند بلوز" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9E%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%98%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="ရစ်သမ် အန် ဘလူးစ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ရစ်သမ် အန် ဘလူးစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_%26_Blues" title="Rhythm & Blues – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Rhythm & Blues" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakatagi_kei_Blues" title="Vakatagi kei Blues – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vakatagi kei Blues" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm-and-blues" title="Rhythm-and-blues – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Rhythm-and-blues" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D" title="रीदम एन्ड ब्लुज् – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रीदम एन्ड ब्लुज्" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%BA%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%96%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="リズム・アンド・ブルース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リズム・アンド・ブルース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC-%D0%BD-%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Ритм-н-блюз – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ритм-н-блюз" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B" title="R&B – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="R&B" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritem_in_blues" title="Ritem in blues – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ritem in blues" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%95%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%85_%D9%88_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B2" title="ڕیتم و بلووز – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڕیتم و بلووز" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritam_i_bluz" title="Ritam i bluz – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ritam i bluz" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="ரிதம் அண்ட் புளூஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ரிதம் அண்ட் புளூஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="ริทึมแอนด์บลูส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ริทึมแอนด์บลูส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BC-%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4-%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%B7" title="Ритм-енд-блюз – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ритм-енд-блюз" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="Rhythm and blues – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ritenblouze" title="Ritenblouze – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Ritenblouze" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%82%E5%A5%8F%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF" title="节奏布鲁斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="节奏布鲁斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orin_Rhythm_and_blues" title="Orin Rhythm and blues – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Orin Rhythm and blues" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%26B" title="R&B – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="R&B" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%97tmabliozos" title="Rėtmabliozos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rėtmabliozos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8A%82%E5%A5%8F%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF" title="节奏布鲁斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="节奏布鲁斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q45981#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%26B&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B">R&B</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Music genre originating in the 1940s in the United States</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the original form of R&B. For the modern form, mixed with other genres, see <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a>.</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Rhythm_and_blues_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Rhythm and blues (disambiguation)">Rhythm and blues (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"RnB" redirects here. For the Japanese television station that uses the abbreviation RNB, see <a href="/wiki/Nankai_Broadcasting" title="Nankai Broadcasting">Nankai Broadcasting</a>. For the EP by Ruger and Bnxn, see <a href="/wiki/RnB_(EP)" title="RnB (EP)">RnB (EP)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Rhythm and blues</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Big_Joe_Turner_Rock_and_Roll_Revue_Apollo_Theater_1955.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Big_Joe_Turner_Rock_and_Roll_Revue_Apollo_Theater_1955.jpg/220px-Big_Joe_Turner_Rock_and_Roll_Revue_Apollo_Theater_1955.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Big_Joe_Turner_Rock_and_Roll_Revue_Apollo_Theater_1955.jpg/330px-Big_Joe_Turner_Rock_and_Roll_Revue_Apollo_Theater_1955.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Big_Joe_Turner_Rock_and_Roll_Revue_Apollo_Theater_1955.jpg/440px-Big_Joe_Turner_Rock_and_Roll_Revue_Apollo_Theater_1955.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="576" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Big_Joe_Turner" title="Big Joe Turner">Big Joe Turner</a> in 1955</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-folklife_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-folklife-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">spirituals</a><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a><sup id="cite_ref-Encyclopedia_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Encyclopedia-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-folklife_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-folklife-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">boogie-woogie</a><sup id="cite_ref-folklife_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-folklife-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">jump blues</a><sup id="cite_ref-folklife_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-folklife-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">swing</a><sup id="cite_ref-folklife_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-folklife-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">1940s–1950s, United States, from the Deep South.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Typical instruments</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">Double bass</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Drum_kit" title="Drum kit">drum kit</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Electric_organ" title="Electric organ">electric organ</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Horn_section" title="Horn section">horns</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">saxophone</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">Beat music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brill_Building_(genre)" title="Brill Building (genre)">Brill Building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_bop" title="Hard bop">hard bop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_revival" title="Mod revival">mod revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">reggae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_jazz" title="Smooth jazz">smooth jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zydeco" title="Zydeco">zydeco</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Subgenres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_R%26B" title="Alternative R&B">Alternative R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_R%26B" title="Christian R&B">Christian R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">contemporary R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">doo-wop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_storm" title="Quiet storm">quiet storm</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Fusion genres</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_fusion" title="Jazz fusion">Jazz fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_R%26B" title="Latin R&B">Latin R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">new jack swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF%27n%27B" title="Raï'n'B">raï'n'B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime_music#rhythm_&_grime" title="Grime music">rhythm & grime</a></li> <li>various <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop">hip hop</a> fusions</li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Local scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motown#Motown_sound" title="Motown">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_rhythm_and_blues" title="New Orleans rhythm and blues">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rhythm_and_blues" title="British rhythm and blues">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_gospel_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Black gospel music">Black gospel music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue-eyed_soul" title="Blue-eyed soul">blue-eyed soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-eyed_soul" title="Brown-eyed soul">brown-eyed soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_groove" title="Rare groove">rare groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_jam" title="Slow jam">slow jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary_music" title="Urban contemporary music">urban contemporary music</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Rhythm and blues</b>, frequently abbreviated as <b>R&B</b> or <b>R'n'B</b>, is a genre of <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> that originated within the <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> community in the 1940s. The term was originally used by record companies to describe recordings marketed predominantly to African Americans, at a time when "rocking, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> based music ... [with a] heavy, insistent beat" was becoming more popular. In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, the bands usually consisted of a piano, one or two guitars, bass, drums, one or more saxophones, and sometimes background vocalists. R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American history and experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy, as well as triumphs and failures in terms of societal racism, oppression, relationships, economics, and aspirations. </p><p>The term "rhythm and blues" has undergone a number of shifts in meaning. In the early 1950s, it was frequently applied to <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> records. Starting in the mid-1950s, after this style of music had contributed to the development of <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>, the term "R&B" became used in a wider context. It referred to music styles that developed from and incorporated <a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">electric blues</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul music</a>. By the 1970s, the term "rhythm and blues" had changed once again and was used as a blanket term for soul and <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>. </p><p>In the late 1980s, a newer style of R&B developed, becoming known as "<a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">contemporary R&B</a>". This contemporary form combines rhythm and blues with various elements of <a href="/wiki/Pop_music" title="Pop music">pop</a>, soul, funk, <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">hip hop</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology,_definitions_and_description"><span id="Etymology.2C_definitions_and_description"></span>Etymology, definitions and description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm_and_blues&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology, definitions and description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Wexler" title="Jerry Wexler">Jerry Wexler</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i> magazine is credited with coining the term "rhythm and blues" as a musical term in the United States in 1948,<sup id="cite_ref-sacks_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sacks-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the term had been used in <i>Billboard</i> as early as 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the company's first list of songs popular among African Americans was named <a href="/wiki/List_of_Harlem_Hit_Parade_number_ones_of_1942" title="List of Harlem Hit Parade number ones of 1942">Harlem Hit Parade</a>; created in 1942, it listed the "most popular records in <a href="/wiki/Harlem" title="Harlem">Harlem</a>," and is the predecessor to the <i>Billboard</i> <a href="/wiki/R%26B_chart" class="mw-redirect" title="R&B chart">RnB chart.</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> “Rhythm and Blues” replaced the common term "<a href="/wiki/Race_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Race music">race music</a>", a term coined by <a href="/wiki/Okeh_Records" title="Okeh Records">Okeh</a> producer <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Peer" title="Ralph Peer">Ralph Peer</a> based on the common self description by the African American press as “people of race.”<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wexler_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wexler-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "rhythm and blues" was then used by <i>Billboard</i> in <a href="/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs" title="Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs">its chart listings</a> from June 1949 until August 1969, when its "Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles" chart was renamed as "Best Selling Soul Singles".<sup id="cite_ref-whitburnr&b_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitburnr&b-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the "Rhythm and Blues" name was instated, various record companies had already begun replacing the term "race music" with the term "sepia series".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Rhythm and blues" is often abbreviated as "R&B" or "R'n'B".<sup id="cite_ref-Randel1999_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Randel1999-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 1950s, the term "rhythm & blues" was frequently applied to <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> records.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Writer and producer <a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(author/producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Palmer (author/producer)">Robert Palmer</a> defined rhythm & blues as "a catchall term referring to any music that was made by and for black Americans".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer19958_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer19958-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has also used the term "R&B" as a synonym for <a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">jump blues</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-deep_blues_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deep_blues-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a> separates it from jump blues because of R&B's stronger gospel influences.<sup id="cite_ref-allmusic_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-allmusic-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Cohn" title="Lawrence Cohn">Lawrence Cohn</a>, author of <i>Nothing but the Blues</i>, writes that "rhythm and blues" was an umbrella term invented for industry convenience. According to him, the term embraced all black music except <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">religious music</a>, unless a gospel song sold enough to break into the charts.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Well into the 21st century, the term R&B continues in use (in some contexts) to categorize music made by black musicians, as distinct from styles of music made by other musicians. </p><p>In the commercial rhythm and blues music typical of the 1950s through the 1970s, the bands usually consisted of piano, one or two guitars, bass, drums, and saxophone. Arrangements were rehearsed to the point of effortlessness and were sometimes accompanied by background vocalists. Simple repetitive parts mesh, creating momentum and rhythmic interplay producing mellow, lilting, and often hypnotic textures while calling attention to no individual sound. While singers are emotionally engaged with the lyrics, often intensely so, they remain cool, relaxed, and in control. The bands dressed in suits, and even uniforms, a practice associated with the modern popular music that rhythm and blues performers aspired to dominate. Lyrics often seemed fatalistic, and the music typically followed predictable patterns of chords and structure.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> R&B lyrical themes often encapsulate the African-American experience of pain and the quest for freedom and joy,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (May 2014)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> as well as triumphs and failures in terms of relationships, economics, and aspirations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p> One publication of the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> provided this summary of the origins of the genre in 2016.</p><blockquote><p>"A distinctly African American music drawing from the deep tributaries of African American expressive culture, it is an amalgam of jump blues, big band swing, gospel, boogie, and blues that was initially developed during a thirty-year period that bridges the era of legally sanctioned racial segregation, international conflicts, and the struggle for civil rights".<sup id="cite_ref-folklife_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-folklife-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The Rock & Roll Hall of Fame defines some of the originators of R&B, including <a href="/wiki/Big_Joe_Turner" title="Big Joe Turner">Joe Turner</a>'s big band, Louis Jordan's Tympany Five, James Brown and LaVern Baker. In fact, this source states that "Louis Jordan joined Turner in laying the foundation for R&B in the 1940s, cutting one swinging rhythm & blues masterpiece after another". Other artists who were "cornerstones of R&B and its transformation into rock & roll" include Etta James, <a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a>, Roy Brown, Little Richard and Ruth Brown. The "doo wop" groups were also noteworthy, including <a href="/wiki/The_Orioles" title="The Orioles">the Orioles</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Ravens" title="The Ravens">the Ravens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Ward_and_his_Dominoes" title="Billy Ward and his Dominoes">the Dominoes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "rock and roll" had a strong sexual connotation in jump blues and R&B, but when DJ <a href="/wiki/Alan_Freed" title="Alan Freed">Alan Freed</a> referred to rock and roll on mainstream radio in the mid-1950s, "the sexual component had been dialed down enough that it simply became an acceptable term for dancing".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm_and_blues&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm_and_blues&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Jordan,_New_York,_N.Y.,_ca._July_1946_(William_P._Gottlieb_04721).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Louis_Jordan%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._July_1946_%28William_P._Gottlieb_04721%29.jpg/170px-Louis_Jordan%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._July_1946_%28William_P._Gottlieb_04721%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Louis_Jordan%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._July_1946_%28William_P._Gottlieb_04721%29.jpg/255px-Louis_Jordan%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._July_1946_%28William_P._Gottlieb_04721%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Louis_Jordan%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._July_1946_%28William_P._Gottlieb_04721%29.jpg/340px-Louis_Jordan%2C_New_York%2C_N.Y.%2C_ca._July_1946_%28William_P._Gottlieb_04721%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Louis_Jordan" title="Louis Jordan">Louis Jordan</a> in New York City, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> July 1946</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Great_migration_(African_American)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great migration (African American)">great migration</a> of Black Americans to the urban industrial centers of Chicago, Detroit, New York City, Los Angeles, Washington, D.C. and elsewhere in the 1920s and 1930s created a new market for jazz, blues, and related genres of music. These genres of music were often performed by full-time musicians, either working alone or in small groups. The precursors of rhythm and blues came from jazz and blues, which overlapped in the late-1920s and 30s through the work of musicians such as the <a href="/wiki/Harlem_Hamfats" title="Harlem Hamfats">Harlem Hamfats</a>, with their 1936 hit "Oh Red", as well as <a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Johnson_(musician)" title="Lonnie Johnson (musician)">Lonnie Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leroy_Carr" title="Leroy Carr">Leroy Carr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cab_Calloway" title="Cab Calloway">Cab Calloway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_Basie" title="Count Basie">Count Basie</a>, and <a href="/wiki/T-Bone_Walker" title="T-Bone Walker">T-Bone Walker</a>. There was also increasing emphasis on the <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> as a lead instrument, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saxophone" title="Saxophone">saxophone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-richards_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richards-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_1940s">Late 1940s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm_and_blues&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Late 1940s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>R&B originated in <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-American</a> communities in the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1948, <a href="/wiki/RCA_Victor" class="mw-redirect" title="RCA Victor">RCA Victor</a> was marketing black music under the name "Blues and Rhythm". In that year, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jordan" title="Louis Jordan">Louis Jordan</a> dominated the top five listings of the <a href="/wiki/Hot_R%26B/Hip-Hop_Songs" title="Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs">R&B charts</a> with three songs, and two of the top five songs were based on the <a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Boogie-woogie (music)">boogie-woogie</a> rhythms that had come to prominence during the 1940s.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jordan's band, the <a href="/wiki/Tympany_Five" title="Tympany Five">Tympany Five</a> (formed in 1938), consisted of him on saxophone and vocals, along with musicians on trumpet, tenor saxophone, piano, bass and drums.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lawrence Cohn described the music as "grittier than his boogie-era jazz-tinged blues".<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 173">: 173 </span></sup> Robert Palmer described it as "urbane, rocking, jazz-based music ... [with a] heavy, insistent beat".<sup id="cite_ref-palmer146_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-palmer146-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jordan's music, along with that of <a href="/wiki/Big_Joe_Turner" title="Big Joe Turner">Big Joe Turner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roy_Brown_(blues_musician)" title="Roy Brown (blues musician)">Roy Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wright_(musician)" title="Billy Wright (musician)">Billy Wright</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wynonie_Harris" title="Wynonie Harris">Wynonie Harris</a>, before 1949, was referred to as <a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">jump blues</a>. Then, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Gayten" title="Paul Gayten">Paul Gayten</a>, Roy Brown, and others had had hits in the style now referred to as rhythm and blues. In 1948, Wynonie Harris's remake of Brown's 1947 recording "<a href="/wiki/Good_Rockin%27_Tonight" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Rockin' Tonight">Good Rockin' Tonight</a>" reached number two on the charts, following <a href="/wiki/Band_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Band leader">band leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Sonny_Thompson" title="Sonny Thompson">Sonny Thompson</a>'s "Long Gone" at number one.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1949, the term "Rhythm and Blues" (R&B) replaced the Billboard category <i>Harlem Hit Parade</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in that year, "<a href="/wiki/The_Huckle-Buck" class="mw-redirect" title="The Huckle-Buck">The Huckle-Buck</a>", recorded by band leader and saxophonist <a href="/wiki/Paul_Williams_(saxophonist)" title="Paul Williams (saxophonist)">Paul Williams</a>, was the number one R&B tune, remaining on top of the charts for nearly the entire year. Written by musician and arranger <a href="/wiki/Andy_Gibson" title="Andy Gibson">Andy Gibson</a>, the song was described as a "dirty boogie" because it was risque and raunchy.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul Williams and His Hucklebuckers' concerts were sweaty riotous affairs that got shut down on more than one occasion. Their lyrics, by <a href="/wiki/Roy_Alfred" title="Roy Alfred">Roy Alfred</a> (who later co-wrote the 1955 hit "<a href="/wiki/(The)_Rock_and_Roll_Waltz" title="(The) Rock and Roll Waltz">(The) Rock and Roll Waltz</a>"), were mildly sexually suggestive, and one teenager from Philadelphia said "That Hucklebuck was a very nasty dance".<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 1949, a new version of a 1920s blues song, "<a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Nobody%27s_Business" title="Ain't Nobody's Business">Ain't Nobody's Business</a>" was a number four hit for <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Witherspoon" title="Jimmy Witherspoon">Jimmy Witherspoon</a>, and Louis Jordan and the Tympany Five once again made the top five with "<a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Fish_Fry" title="Saturday Night Fish Fry">Saturday Night Fish Fry</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these hit records were issued on new independent record labels, such as <a href="/wiki/Savoy_Records" title="Savoy Records">Savoy</a> (founded 1942), <a href="/wiki/King_Records_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="King Records (USA)">King</a> (founded 1943), <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Records" title="Imperial Records">Imperial</a> (founded 1945), <a href="/wiki/Specialty_Records" title="Specialty Records">Specialty</a> (founded 1946), <a href="/wiki/Chess_Records" title="Chess Records">Chess</a> (founded 1947), and <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic</a> (founded 1948).<sup id="cite_ref-richards_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-richards-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afro-Cuban_rhythmic_influence">Afro-Cuban rhythmic influence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm_and_blues&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Afro-Cuban rhythmic influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/African_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="African American music">African American music</a> began incorporating Afro-Cuban rhythmic motifs in the 1800s with the popularity of the Cuban <a href="/wiki/Contradanza" title="Contradanza">contradanza</a> (known outside of Cuba as the <a href="/wiki/Habanera_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Habanera (music)">habanera</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>habanera rhythm</i> can be thought of as a combination of <a href="/wiki/Tresillo_(rhythm)" title="Tresillo (rhythm)">tresillo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Backbeat" class="mw-redirect" title="Backbeat">backbeat</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Habanera_cut-time.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Habanera_cut-time.jpg/250px-Habanera_cut-time.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Habanera_cut-time.jpg/375px-Habanera_cut-time.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Habanera_cut-time.jpg/500px-Habanera_cut-time.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2291" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>The habanera rhythm shown as tresillo (lower notes) with the backbeat (upper note).</figcaption></figure> <p>For the more than a quarter-century in which the <a href="/wiki/Cakewalk" title="Cakewalk">cakewalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragtime_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragtime music">ragtime</a> and proto-jazz were forming and developing, the Cuban genre <i>habanera</i> exerted a constant presence in African American popular music.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jazz pioneer <a href="/wiki/Jelly_Roll_Morton" title="Jelly Roll Morton">Jelly Roll Morton</a> considered the tresillo/habanera rhythm (which he called the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_tinge" title="Spanish tinge">Spanish tinge</a>) to be an essential ingredient of jazz.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are examples of tresillo-like rhythms in some African American folk music such as the hand-clapping and foot-stomping patterns in <a href="/wiki/Ring_shout" title="Ring shout">ring shout</a>, post-Civil War drum and fife music, and <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_line_(parades)" title="Second line (parades)">second line</a> music.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wynton_Marsalis" title="Wynton Marsalis">Wynton Marsalis</a> considers tresillo to be the New Orleans "clave" (although technically, the pattern is only half a <a href="/wiki/Clave_(rhythm)" title="Clave (rhythm)">clave</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tresillo is the most basic duple-pulse rhythmic <a href="/wiki/Cell_(music)" title="Cell (music)">cell</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_African_music_traditions" title="Sub-Saharan African music traditions">Sub-Saharan African music traditions</a>, and its use in African American music is one of the clearest examples of African rhythmic retention in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of tresillo was continuously reinforced by the consecutive waves of Cuban music, which were adopted into North American popular culture. In 1940 Bob Zurke released "Rhumboogie", a boogie-woogie with a tresillo bass line, and lyrics proudly declaring the adoption of Cuban rhythm: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Harlem's got a new rhythm, man it's burning up the dance floors because it's so hot! They took a little rhumba rhythm and added boogie-woogie and now look what they got! Rhumboogie, it's Harlem's new creation with the Cuban syncopation, it's the killer! Just plant your both feet on each side. Let both your hips and shoulder glide. Then throw your body back and ride. There's nothing like rhumbaoogie, rhumboogie, boogie-woogie. In Harlem or Havana, you can kiss the old Savannah. It's a killer!<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Although originating in the metropolis at the mouth of the Mississippi River, New Orleans blues, with its Afro-Caribbean rhythmic traits, is distinct from the sound of the Mississippi Delta blues.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1940s, New Orleans musicians were especially receptive to Cuban influences precisely at the time when R&B was first forming.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first use of tresillo in R&B occurred in New Orleans. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(American_writer)" title="Robert Palmer (American writer)">Robert Palmer</a> recalls: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fats_Domino_1956.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fats_Domino_1956.png/220px-Fats_Domino_1956.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fats_Domino_1956.png/330px-Fats_Domino_1956.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Fats_Domino_1956.png/440px-Fats_Domino_1956.png 2x" data-file-width="1196" data-file-height="895" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a> in 1956</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>New Orleans producer-bandleader <a href="/wiki/Dave_Bartholomew" title="Dave Bartholomew">Dave Bartholomew</a> first employed this figure (as a saxophone-section riff) on his own 1949 disc "Country Boy" and subsequently helped make it the most over-used rhythmic pattern in 1950s rock 'n' roll. On numerous recordings by <a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a> and others, Bartholomew assigned this repeating three-note pattern not just to the string bass, but also to electric guitars and even baritone sax, making for a very heavy bottom. He recalls first hearing the figure – as a bass pattern on a Cuban disc.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer199560_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer199560-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In a 1988 interview with Palmer, Bartholomew (who had the first R&B studio band),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESublette200782_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESublette200782-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> revealed how he initially superimposed tresillo over swing rhythm: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I heard the bass playing that part on a 'rumba' record. On 'Country Boy' I had my bass and drums playing a straight swing rhythm and wrote out that 'rumba' bass part for the saxes to play on top of the swing rhythm. Later, especially after rock 'n' roll came along, I made the 'rumba' bass part heavier and heavier. I'd have the string bass, an electric guitar and a baritone all in unison.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Bartholomew referred to the Cuban <a href="/wiki/Son_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Son music">son</a> by the misnomer <i>rumba</i>, a common practice of that time. Fats Domino's "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Monday_(1954_song)" title="Blue Monday (1954 song)">Blue Monday</a>", produced by Bartholomew, is another example of this now classic use of tresillo in R&B. Bartholomew's 1949 tresillo-based "Oh Cubanas" is an attempt to blend African American and Afro-Cuban music. The word <i>mambo</i>, larger than any of the other text, is placed prominently on the record label. In his composition "Misery", New Orleans pianist <a href="/wiki/Professor_Longhair" title="Professor Longhair">Professor Longhair</a> plays a habanera-like figure in his left hand.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The deft use of triplets is a characteristic of Longhair's style. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r996643573">.mw-parser-output .block-indent{padding-left:3em;padding-right:0;overflow:hidden}</style><div class="block-indent"><div class="mw-ext-score noresize" data-midi="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Misery_piano_part_professor_longhair.mid"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/m/z/mzdnmhsoqpzdvv5a9hy6j6x6mbefxhz/mzdnmhso.png" width="718" height="116" alt="
 {
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 \tuplet 3/2 { r8 f f } \tuplet 3/2 { f f f } \tuplet 3/2 { f f f } \tuplet 3/2 { f f f }
 r4 r8 <e g> <d f>4 \acciaccatura { c16 d } <c e>8 <bes d>
 \tuplet 3/2 { r8 f' f } \tuplet 3/2 { f f f } \tuplet 3/2 { f d bes } \tuplet 3/2 { f g gis }
 a
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 >>
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" /><div style="margin-top: 3px;"><audio controls=""><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/override-midi/l/x/lxqlf8nzxbgyxef7vdrbuc4k15crwna.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" /><div>Audio playback is not supported in your browser. You can <a href="//upload.wikimedia.org/score/override-midi/l/x/lxqlf8nzxbgyxef7vdrbuc4k15crwna.mp3">download the audio file</a>.</div></audio></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Kubik" title="Gerhard Kubik">Gerhard Kubik</a> notes that with the exception of New Orleans, early blues lacked complex polyrhythms, and there was a "very specific absence of asymmetric time-line patterns (<a href="/wiki/Bell_pattern" title="Bell pattern">key patterns</a>) in virtually all early-twentieth-century African American music<span class="nowrap"> </span>... only in some New Orleans genres does a hint of simple time line patterns occasionally appear in the form of transient so-called 'stomp' patterns or stop-time chorus. These do not function in the same way as African timelines."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1940s, this changed somewhat when the two-celled timeline structure was brought into the blues. New Orleans musicians such as Bartholomew and Longhair incorporated Cuban instruments, as well as the clave pattern and related two-celled figures in songs such as "Carnival Day", (Bartholomew 1949) and "Mardi Gras In New Orleans" (Longhair 1949). While some of these early experiments were awkward fusions, the Afro-Cuban elements were eventually integrated fully into the New Orleans sound. </p><p>Robert Palmer reports that, in the 1940s, Professor Longhair listened to and played with musicians from the islands and "fell under the spell of Perez Prado's <a href="/wiki/Mambo_(music)" title="Mambo (music)">mambo</a> records."<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was especially enamored with Afro-Cuban music. Michael Campbell states: "Professor Longhair's influence was<span class="nowrap"> </span>... far-reaching. In several of his early recordings, Professor Longhair blended Afro-Cuban rhythms with rhythm and blues. The most explicit is 'Longhair's Blues Rhumba,' where he overlays a straightforward blues with a clave rhythm."<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Longhair's particular style was known locally as <i>rumba-boogie</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his "Mardi Gras in New Orleans", the pianist employs the 2–3 clave onbeat/offbeat motif in a rumba boogie "<a href="/wiki/Guajeo" title="Guajeo">guajeo</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mardi_gras_in_new_orleans.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mardi_gras_in_new_orleans.tif/lossy-page1-420px-Mardi_gras_in_new_orleans.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="420" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mardi_gras_in_new_orleans.tif/lossy-page1-630px-Mardi_gras_in_new_orleans.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Mardi_gras_in_new_orleans.tif/lossy-page1-840px-Mardi_gras_in_new_orleans.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4442" data-file-height="941" /></a><figcaption>Piano excerpt from the rumba boogie "Mardi Gras in New Orleans" (1949) by Professor Longhair. 2–3 claves are written above for rhythmic reference.</figcaption></figure> <p>The syncopated, but straight subdivision feel of Cuban music (as opposed to swung subdivisions) took root in New Orleans R&B during this time. Alexander Stewart states that the popular feel was passed along from "New Orleans—through James Brown's music, to the popular music of the 1970s," adding: "The singular style of rhythm & blues that emerged from New Orleans in the years after World War II played an important role in the development of funk. In a related development, the underlying rhythms of American popular music underwent a basic, yet generally unacknowledged transition from a triplet or shuffle feel to even or straight eighth notes.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Concerning the various funk motifs, Stewart states that this model "...<span class="nowrap"> </span>is different from a <a href="/wiki/Bell_pattern" title="Bell pattern">time line</a> (such as clave and tresillo) in that it is not an exact pattern, but more of a loose organizing principle."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Otis" title="Johnny Otis">Johnny Otis</a> released the R&B mambo "Mambo Boogie" in January 1951, featuring congas, maracas, claves, and mambo saxophone <a href="/wiki/Guajeo" title="Guajeo">guajeos</a> in a blues progression.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ike_Turner" title="Ike Turner">Ike Turner</a> recorded "Cubano Jump" (1954) an electric guitar instrumental, which is built around several 2–3 clave figures, adopted from the mambo. <a href="/wiki/The_Hawketts" title="The Hawketts">The Hawketts</a>, in "<a href="/wiki/Mardi_Gras_Mambo" title="Mardi Gras Mambo">Mardi Gras Mambo</a>" (1955) (featuring the vocals of a young Art Neville), make a clear reference to Perez Prado in their use of his trademark "Unhh!" in the break after the introduction.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ned_Sublette" title="Ned Sublette">Ned Sublette</a> states: "The electric blues cats were very well aware of Latin music, and there was definitely such a thing as <i>rhumba blues</i>; you can hear Muddy Waters and Howlin' Wolf playing it."<sup id="cite_ref-Sublette,_Ned_2007_p._83_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sublette,_Ned_2007_p._83-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also cites <a href="/wiki/Otis_Rush" title="Otis Rush">Otis Rush</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ike_Turner" title="Ike Turner">Ike Turner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a>, as R&B artists who employed this feel.<sup id="cite_ref-Sublette,_Ned_2007_p._83_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sublette,_Ned_2007_p._83-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The use of clave in R&B coincided with the growing dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Back_beat_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Back beat (music)">backbeat</a>, and the rising popularity of Cuban music in the U.S. In a sense, clave can be distilled down to tresillo (three-side) answered by the backbeat (two-side).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clave_in_cut-time.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Clave_in_cut-time.tiff/lossy-page1-400px-Clave_in_cut-time.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Clave_in_cut-time.tiff/lossy-page1-600px-Clave_in_cut-time.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Clave_in_cut-time.tiff/lossy-page1-800px-Clave_in_cut-time.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1018" data-file-height="136" /></a><figcaption>3–2 clave written in two measures in cut-time</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tresillo_and_backbeat.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tresillo_and_backbeat.tiff/lossy-page1-400px-Tresillo_and_backbeat.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tresillo_and_backbeat.tiff/lossy-page1-600px-Tresillo_and_backbeat.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Tresillo_and_backbeat.tiff/lossy-page1-800px-Tresillo_and_backbeat.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="132" /></a><figcaption>Tresillo answered by the backbeat, the essence of clave in African American music</figcaption></figure> <p>The "<a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley_beat" title="Bo Diddley beat">Bo Diddley beat</a>" (1955) is perhaps the first true fusion of <a href="/wiki/Clave_(rhythm)" title="Clave (rhythm)">3–2 clave</a> and R&B/rock 'n' roll. <a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a> has given different accounts of the riff's origins. Sublette asserts: "In the context of the time, and especially those maracas [heard on the record], 'Bo Diddley' has to be understood as a Latin-tinged record. A rejected cut recorded at the same session was titled only 'Rhumba' on the track sheets."<sup id="cite_ref-Sublette,_Ned_2007_p._83_54-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sublette,_Ned_2007_p._83-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Otis" title="Johnny Otis">Johnny Otis</a>'s "Willie and the Hand Jive" (1958) is another example of this successful blend of 3–2 claves and R&B. Otis used the Cuban instruments claves and maracas on the song. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bo-Diddley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bo-Diddley.jpg/220px-Bo-Diddley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bo-Diddley.jpg/330px-Bo-Diddley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Bo-Diddley.jpg/440px-Bo-Diddley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="953" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley_beat" title="Bo Diddley beat">Bo Diddley beat</a>" is a clave-based motif.</figcaption></figure> <p>Afro-Cuban music was the conduit by which African American music was "re-Africanized", through the adoption of two-celled figures like clave and Afro-Cuban instruments like the <a href="/wiki/Conga_drum" class="mw-redirect" title="Conga drum">conga drum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bongos" class="mw-redirect" title="Bongos">bongos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maracas" class="mw-redirect" title="Maracas">maracas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Claves" title="Claves">claves</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/John_Storm_Roberts" title="John Storm Roberts">John Storm Roberts</a>, R&B became the vehicle for the return of Cuban elements into mass popular music.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Ertegun" title="Ahmet Ertegun">Ahmet Ertegun</a>, producer for <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Records" title="Atlantic Records">Atlantic Records</a>, is reported to have said that "Afro-Cuban rhythms added color and excitement to the basic drive of R&B."<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As <a href="/wiki/Ned_Sublette" title="Ned Sublette">Ned Sublette</a> points out though: "By the 1960s, with Cuba the object of a United States embargo that still remains in effect today, the island nation had been forgotten as a source of music. By the time people began to talk about rock and roll as having a history, Cuban music had vanished from North American consciousness."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESublette200769_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESublette200769-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_to_mid-1950s">Early to mid-1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm_and_blues&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early to mid-1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_Richard_(1967).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Little_Richard_%281967%29.png/170px-Little_Richard_%281967%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Little_Richard_%281967%29.png/255px-Little_Richard_%281967%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Little_Richard_%281967%29.png/340px-Little_Richard_%281967%29.png 2x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a> in 1967</figcaption></figure> <p>At first, only African Americans were buying R&B discs. According to <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Wexler" title="Jerry Wexler">Jerry Wexler</a> of Atlantic Records, sales were localized in African-American markets; there were no white sales or white radio play. During the early 1950s, more white teenagers started to become aware of R&B and began purchasing the music. For example, 40% of 1952 sales at <a href="/wiki/John_Dolphin_(music_producer)" title="John Dolphin (music producer)">Dolphin's of Hollywood</a> record shop, located in an African-American area of Los Angeles, were to whites. Eventually, white teens across the country turned their musical taste toward rhythm and blues.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Johnny_Otis" title="Johnny Otis">Johnny Otis</a>, who had signed with the Newark, New Jersey–based Savoy Records, produced many R&B hits in 1951, including "<a href="/wiki/Double_Crossing_Blues" title="Double Crossing Blues">Double Crossing Blues</a>", "Mistrustin' Blues" and "<a href="/wiki/Cupid%27s_Boogie" title="Cupid's Boogie">Cupid's Boogie</a>", all of which hit number one that year. Otis scored ten top ten hits that year. Other hits include "<a href="/wiki/Gee_Baby" title="Gee Baby">Gee Baby</a>", "Mambo Boogie" and "All Nite Long".<sup id="cite_ref-billboard.com_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-billboard.com-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/The_Clovers" title="The Clovers">The Clovers</a>, a quintet consisting of a vocal quartet with accompanying guitarist, sang a distinctive-sounding combination of blues and gospel.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_3,_track_2_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_3,_track_2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They had the number five hit of the year with "<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_You_Know_I_Love_You" title="Don't You Know I Love You">Don't You Know I Love You</a>" on Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-billboard.com_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-billboard.com-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in July 1951, Cleveland, Ohio DJ <a href="/wiki/Alan_Freed" title="Alan Freed">Alan Freed</a> started a late-night radio show called "The Moondog Rock Roll House Party" on <a href="/wiki/WKNR" title="WKNR">WJW</a> (850 AM).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freed's show was sponsored by Fred Mintz, whose R&B record store had a primarily African-American clientele. Freed began referring to the rhythm and blues music he played as "rock and roll". </p><p>In 1951 <a href="/wiki/Little_Richard" title="Little Richard">Little Richard</a> Penniman began recording for <a href="/wiki/RCA_Records" title="RCA Records">RCA Records</a> in the jump blues style of late 1940s stars <a href="/wiki/Roy_Brown_(blues_musician)" title="Roy Brown (blues musician)">Roy Brown</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billy_Wright_(musician)" title="Billy Wright (musician)">Billy Wright</a>. However, it was not until he recorded a demo in 1954 that caught the attention of Specialty Records that the world would start to hear his new uptempo funky rhythm and blues that would catapult him to fame in 1955 and help define the sound of rock 'n' roll. A rapid succession of rhythm and blues hits followed, beginning with "<a href="/wiki/Tutti_Frutti_(song)" title="Tutti Frutti (song)">Tutti Frutti</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_6,_track_2_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_6,_track_2-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "<a href="/wiki/Long_Tall_Sally" title="Long Tall Sally">Long Tall Sally</a>", which would influence performers such as <a href="/wiki/James_Brown" title="James Brown">James Brown</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2003231_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003231-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Elvis_Presley" title="Elvis Presley">Elvis Presley</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2003227_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003227-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Otis_Redding" title="Otis Redding">Otis Redding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWhite2003231_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWhite2003231-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 1951, the song <a href="/wiki/Rocket_88" title="Rocket 88">Rocket 88</a> was recorded by <a href="/wiki/Ike_Turner" title="Ike Turner">Ike Turner</a> and his Kings of Rhythm at a studio owned by <a href="/wiki/Sam_Phillips" title="Sam Phillips">Sam Phillips</a> with the vocal by <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Brenston" title="Jackie Brenston">Jackie Brenston</a>. This song is often cited as a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a> or as one of the first records in that genre.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a later interview, however, Ike Turner offered this comment: "I don't think that 'Rocket 88' is rock 'n' roll. I think that 'Rocket 88' is R&B, but I think 'Rocket 88' is the <i>cause</i> of rock and roll existing".<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruth_Brown_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ruth_Brown_cropped.jpg/190px-Ruth_Brown_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ruth_Brown_cropped.jpg/285px-Ruth_Brown_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Ruth_Brown_cropped.jpg/380px-Ruth_Brown_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="558" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Brown" title="Ruth Brown">Ruth Brown</a> was known as the "Queen of R&B".<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Brown" title="Ruth Brown">Ruth Brown</a>, performing on the Atlantic label, placed hits in the top five every year from 1951 through 1954: "<a href="/wiki/Teardrops_from_My_Eyes" title="Teardrops from My Eyes">Teardrops from My Eyes</a>", "Five, Ten, Fifteen Hours", "<a href="/wiki/(Mama)_He_Treats_Your_Daughter_Mean" title="(Mama) He Treats Your Daughter Mean">(Mama) He Treats Your Daughter Mean</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/What_a_Dream" class="mw-redirect" title="What a Dream">What a Dream</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_3,_track_2_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_3,_track_2-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Faye_Adams" title="Faye Adams">Faye Adams</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Shake_a_Hand" title="Shake a Hand">Shake a Hand</a>" made it to number two in 1952. In 1953, the R&B record-buying public made <a href="/wiki/Willie_Mae_Thornton" class="mw-redirect" title="Willie Mae Thornton">Willie Mae Thornton</a>'s original recording of <a href="/wiki/Leiber_and_Stoller" class="mw-redirect" title="Leiber and Stoller">Leiber and Stoller</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Hound_Dog_(song)" title="Hound Dog (song)">Hound Dog</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_7,_track_4_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_7,_track_4-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the year's number three hit. Ruth Brown was very prominent among female R&B stars; her popularity most likely came from "her deeply rooted vocal delivery in African American tradition".<sup id="cite_ref-Floyd177_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Floyd177-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That same year <a href="/wiki/The_Orioles" title="The Orioles">The Orioles</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">doo-wop</a> group, had the number four hit of the year with "<a href="/wiki/Crying_in_the_Chapel" title="Crying in the Chapel">Crying in the Chapel</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fats_Domino" title="Fats Domino">Fats Domino</a> made the top 30 of the pop charts in 1952 and 1953, then the top 10 with "<a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_That_a_Shame" title="Ain't That a Shame">Ain't That a Shame</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_6,_track_3_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_6,_track_3-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ray_Charles" title="Ray Charles">Ray Charles</a> came to national prominence in 1955 with "<a href="/wiki/I_Got_a_Woman" title="I Got a Woman">I Got a Woman</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_15_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_15-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Big_Bill_Broonzy" title="Big Bill Broonzy">Big Bill Broonzy</a> said of Charles's music: "He's mixing the blues with the spirituals<span class="nowrap"> </span>... I know that's wrong."<sup id="cite_ref-Cohn_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cohn-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 173">: 173 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1954 <a href="/wiki/The_Chords_(US_band)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Chords (US band)">the Chords</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Sh-Boom" title="Sh-Boom">Sh-Boom</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_4,_track_5_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_4,_track_5-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became the first hit to cross over from the R&B chart to hit the top 10 early in the year. Late in the year, and into 1955, "<a href="/wiki/Hearts_of_Stone" title="Hearts of Stone">Hearts of Stone</a>" by the Charms made the top 20.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Chess_Records" title="Chess Records">Chess Records</a> in the spring of 1955, <a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley" title="Bo Diddley">Bo Diddley</a>'s debut record "<a href="/wiki/Bo_Diddley_(Bo_Diddley_song)" title="Bo Diddley (Bo Diddley song)">Bo Diddley</a>"/"<a href="/wiki/I%27m_a_Man_(Bo_Diddley_song)" title="I'm a Man (Bo Diddley song)">I'm a Man</a>" climbed to number two on the R&B charts and popularized Bo Diddley's own original rhythm and blues clave-based vamp that would become a mainstay in rock and roll.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_3,_track_5_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_3,_track_5-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the urging of <a href="/wiki/Leonard_Chess" title="Leonard Chess">Leonard Chess</a> at Chess Records, <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Berry" title="Chuck Berry">Chuck Berry</a> reworked a <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a> fiddle tune with a long history, entitled "<a href="/wiki/Ida_Red" title="Ida Red">Ida Red</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_5,_track_5_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_5,_track_5-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resulting "<a href="/wiki/Maybellene" title="Maybellene">Maybellene</a>" was not only a number three hit on the R&B charts in 1955, but also reached into the top 30 on the pop charts. <a href="/wiki/Alan_Freed" title="Alan Freed">Alan Freed</a>, who had moved to the much larger market of New York City in 1954, helped the record become popular with white teenagers. Freed had been given part of the writing credit by Chess in return for his promotional activities, a common practice at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>R&B was also a strong influence on <a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">rock and roll</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1985 article in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a></i>, titled, "Rock! It's Still Rhythm and Blues"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (December 2022)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> reported that the "two terms were used interchangeably" until about 1957. The other sources quoted in the article said that rock and roll combined R&B with pop and country music.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fats Domino was not convinced that there was any new genre. In 1957, he said, "What they call rock 'n' roll now is rhythm and blues. I've been playing it for 15 years in New Orleans".<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Rolling_Stone_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rolling Stone (magazine)">Rolling Stone</a></i>, "this is a valid statement ... all Fifties rockers, black and white, country born and city bred, were fundamentally influenced by R&B, the black popular music of the late Forties and early Fifties".<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_1950s">Late 1950s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm_and_blues&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Late 1950s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Della_Reese_Jubilee_Records.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Della_Reese_Jubilee_Records.jpg/100px-Della_Reese_Jubilee_Records.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Della_Reese_Jubilee_Records.jpg/150px-Della_Reese_Jubilee_Records.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Della_Reese_Jubilee_Records.jpg/200px-Della_Reese_Jubilee_Records.jpg 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Della_Reese" title="Della Reese">Della Reese</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1956, an R&B "Top Stars of '56" tour took place, with headliners <a href="/wiki/Al_Hibbler" title="Al Hibbler">Al Hibbler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frankie_Lymon" title="Frankie Lymon">Frankie Lymon</a> and the Teenagers, and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Perkins" title="Carl Perkins">Carl Perkins</a>, whose "<a href="/wiki/Blue_Suede_Shoes" title="Blue Suede Shoes">Blue Suede Shoes</a>" was very popular with R&B music buyers.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the performers completing the bill were Chuck Berry, <a href="/wiki/Cathy_Carr_(singer)" title="Cathy Carr (singer)">Cathy Carr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirley_%26_Lee" title="Shirley & Lee">Shirley & Lee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Della_Reese" title="Della Reese">Della Reese</a>, Sam "T-Bird" Jensen, <a href="/wiki/The_Cleftones" title="The Cleftones">the Cleftones</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Spaniels" title="The Spaniels">the Spaniels</a> with <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Jacquet" title="Illinois Jacquet">Illinois Jacquet</a>'s Big Rockin' Rhythm Band.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cities visited by the tour included Columbia, South Carolina; Annapolis, Maryland; Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania; Syracuse, Rochester and Buffalo, New York; and other cities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Columbia, the concert ended with a near riot as Perkins began his first song as the closing act. Perkins is quoted as saying, "It was dangerous. Lot of kids got hurt". In Annapolis, 50,000 to 70,000 people tried to attend a sold-out performance with 8,000 seats. Roads were clogged for seven hours.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Filmmakers took advantage of the popularity of "rhythm and blues" musicians as "rock n roll" musicians beginning in 1956. Little Richard, Chuck Berry, Fats Domino, Big Joe Turner, <a href="/wiki/The_Treniers" title="The Treniers">the Treniers</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Platters" title="The Platters">the Platters</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Flamingos" title="The Flamingos">the Flamingos</a> all made it onto the big screen.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two Elvis Presley records made the R&B top five in 1957: "<a href="/wiki/Jailhouse_Rock_(song)" title="Jailhouse Rock (song)">Jailhouse Rock</a>"/"<a href="/wiki/Treat_Me_Nice" title="Treat Me Nice">Treat Me Nice</a>" at number one, and "<a href="/wiki/All_Shook_Up" title="All Shook Up">All Shook Up</a>" at number five, an unprecedented acceptance of a non-African American artist into a music category known for being created by blacks.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nat_King_Cole" title="Nat King Cole">Nat King Cole</a>, also a <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> pianist who had two hits on the pop charts in the early 1950s ("<a href="/wiki/Mona_Lisa_(Nat_King_Cole_song)" title="Mona Lisa (Nat King Cole song)">Mona Lisa</a>" at number two in 1950 and "<a href="/wiki/Too_Young_(1951_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Too Young (1951 song)">Too Young</a>" at number one in 1951), had a record in the top five in the R&B charts in 1958, "<a href="/wiki/Looking_Back_(Nat_King_Cole_song)" title="Looking Back (Nat King Cole song)">Looking Back</a>"/"Do I Like It".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_22,_tracks_3–4_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_22,_tracks_3–4-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1959, two black-owned record labels, one of which would become hugely successful, made their debut: <a href="/wiki/Sam_Cooke" title="Sam Cooke">Sam Cooke</a>'s Sar and <a href="/wiki/Berry_Gordy" title="Berry Gordy">Berry Gordy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Motown_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown Records">Motown Records</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer199582_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer199582-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Brook_Benton" title="Brook Benton">Brook Benton</a> was at the top of the R&B charts in 1959 and 1960 with one number one and two number two hits.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Benton had a certain warmth in his voice that attracted a wide variety of listeners, and his ballads led to comparisons with performers such as <a href="/wiki/Nat_King_Cole" title="Nat King Cole">Nat King Cole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tony_Bennett" title="Tony Bennett">Tony Bennett</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Price" title="Lloyd Price">Lloyd Price</a>, who in 1952 had a number one hit with "<a href="/wiki/Lawdy_Miss_Clawdy" title="Lawdy Miss Clawdy">Lawdy Miss Clawdy</a>", regained predominance with a version of "<a href="/wiki/Stagger_Lee_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stagger Lee (song)">Stagger Lee</a>" at number one and "<a href="/wiki/Personality_(Lloyd_Price_song)" title="Personality (Lloyd Price song)">Personality</a>" at number five in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hot_songs_1959_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hot_songs_1959-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The white bandleader of the Bill Black Combo, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Black" title="Bill Black">Bill Black</a>, who had helped start Elvis Presley's career and was Elvis's bassist in the 1950s, was popular with black listeners.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Ninety percent of his record sales were from black people, and his "<a href="/wiki/Smokie,_Part_2" title="Smokie, Part 2">Smokie, Part 2</a>" (1959) rose to the number one position on black music charts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> He was once told that "a lot of those stations still think you're a black group because the sound feels funky and black."<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Hi_Records" title="Hi Records">Hi Records</a> did not feature pictures of the Combo on early records.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1960s–1970s"><span id="1960s.E2.80.931970s"></span>1960s–1970s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm_and_blues&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1960s–1970s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sam_Cooke_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sam_Cooke_2.jpg/100px-Sam_Cooke_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sam_Cooke_2.jpg/150px-Sam_Cooke_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Sam_Cooke_2.jpg/200px-Sam_Cooke_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="891" data-file-height="1660" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sam_Cooke" title="Sam Cooke">Sam Cooke</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sam_Cooke" title="Sam Cooke">Sam Cooke</a>'s number five hit "<a href="/wiki/Chain_Gang_(song)" title="Chain Gang (song)">Chain Gang</a>" is indicative of R&B in 1960, as is pop rocker <a href="/wiki/Chubby_Checker" title="Chubby Checker">Chubby Checker</a>'s number five hit "<a href="/wiki/The_Twist_(song)" title="The Twist (song)">The Twist</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Hot_songs_1959_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hot_songs_1959-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the early 1960s, the music industry category previously known as rhythm and blues was being called <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul music</a>, and similar music by white artists was labeled <a href="/wiki/Blue-eyed_soul" title="Blue-eyed soul">blue-eyed soul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_52_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_52-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer199582_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer199582-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motown Records had its first million-selling single in 1960 with <a href="/wiki/The_Miracles" title="The Miracles">the Miracles</a>' "<a href="/wiki/Shop_Around" title="Shop Around">Shop Around</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_25_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_25-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in 1961, <a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax Records</a> had its first hit with <a href="/wiki/Carla_Thomas" title="Carla Thomas">Carla Thomas</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Gee_Whiz_(Look_at_His_Eyes)" title="Gee Whiz (Look at His Eyes)">Gee Whiz (Look at His Eyes)</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer199583–84_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer199583–84-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stax's next major hit, <a href="/wiki/The_Mar-Keys" title="The Mar-Keys">The Mar-Keys</a>' instrumental "<a href="/wiki/Last_Night_(Mar-Keys_composition)" title="Last Night (Mar-Keys composition)">Last Night</a>" (also released in 1961), introduced the rawer <a href="/wiki/Memphis_soul" title="Memphis soul">Memphis soul</a> sound for which Stax became known.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Jamaica, R&B influenced the development of <a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">ska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, black culture and rhythm and blues reached another great achievement when <a href="/wiki/The_Grammys" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grammys">the Grammys</a> added the Rhythm and Blues category, giving academic recognition to the category.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>By the 1970s, the term "rhythm and blues" was being used as a blanket term for <a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">soul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">funk</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_the_1980s">Since the 1980s</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm_and_blues&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Since the 1980s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></div> <p>In the late 1980s and early 1990s, <a href="/wiki/Hip-hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip-hop">hip-hop</a> started to capture the imagination of America's youth. R&B started to become homogenized, with a group of high-profile producers responsible for most R&B hits. It was hard for R&B artists of the era to sell their music or even have their music heard because of the rise of hip-hop, but some adopted a "hip-hop" image, were marketed as such, and often featured rappers on their songs. In 1990, <i>Billboard</i> reintroduced R&B to categorize all of Black popular music other than hip-hop.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newer artists such as <a href="/wiki/Usher_(singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Usher (singer)">Usher</a>, <a href="/wiki/R._Kelly" title="R. Kelly">R. Kelly</a>, <a href="/wiki/Janet_Jackson" title="Janet Jackson">Janet Jackson</a>, <a href="/wiki/TLC_(group)" title="TLC (group)">TLC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aaliyah" title="Aaliyah">Aaliyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandy_Norwood" title="Brandy Norwood">Brandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Destiny%27s_Child" title="Destiny's Child">Destiny's Child</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tevin_Campbell" title="Tevin Campbell">Tevin Campbell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_J._Blige" title="Mary J. Blige">Mary J. Blige</a> enjoyed success. <a href="/wiki/L.A._Reid" title="L.A. Reid">L.A. Reid</a>, the CEO of <a href="/wiki/LaFace_Records" title="LaFace Records">LaFace Records</a>, was responsible for some of R&B's greatest successes in the 1990s in the form of <a href="/wiki/Usher_(musician)" title="Usher (musician)">Usher</a>, TLC and <a href="/wiki/Toni_Braxton" title="Toni Braxton">Toni Braxton</a>. Later, Reid successfully marketed <a href="/wiki/Boyz_II_Men" title="Boyz II Men">Boyz II Men</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-THE_CHANGING_FACE_OF_R&B_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-THE_CHANGING_FACE_OF_R&B-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, 80% of the songs that topped the R&B charts were also at the top of the Hot 100. That period was the all-time peak for R&B and hip hop on the <a href="/wiki/Billboard_Hot_100" title="Billboard Hot 100"><i>Billboard</i> Hot 100</a> and on Top 40 Radio.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From about 2005 to 2013, R&B sales declined.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, since 2010, hip-hop has started to take cues from the R&B sound, choosing to adopt a softer, smoother sound that incorporates traditional R&B with rappers such as <a href="/wiki/Drake_(musician)" title="Drake (musician)">Drake</a>, who has opened an entire new door for the genre. This sound has gained in popularity and created great controversy for both hip-hop and R&B as to how to identify it.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2010, the <a href="/wiki/National_Rhythm_%26_Blues_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame">National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame</a> was founded by <a href="/wiki/LaMont_%22ShowBoat%22_Robinson" title="LaMont "ShowBoat" Robinson">LaMont "ShowBoat" Robinson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Jewish_influence_in_the_business_end_of_rhythm_and_blues">Jewish influence in the business end of rhythm and blues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm_and_blues&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Jewish influence in the business end of rhythm and blues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish_influence_in_rhythm_and_blues" title="Jewish influence in rhythm and blues">Jewish influence in rhythm and blues</a></div> <p>According to the Jewish writer, music publishing executive, and songwriter <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Shaw_(writer)" title="Arnold Shaw (writer)">Arnold Shaw</a>, during the 1940s in the US, there was generally little opportunity for Jews in the <a href="/wiki/WASP" class="mw-redirect" title="WASP">WASP</a>-controlled realm of <a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">mass communications</a>, but the music business was "wide open for Jews as it was for blacks".<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw1978_115-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw1978-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jews played a key role in developing and popularizing African American music, including rhythm and blues, and the independent record business was dominated by young Jewish men who promoted the sounds of black music.<sup id="cite_ref-Muchin1994_116-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Muchin1994-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_rhythm_and_blues">British rhythm and blues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm_and_blues&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: British rhythm and blues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/British_rhythm_and_blues" title="British rhythm and blues">British rhythm and blues</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eric_Burdon_%26_the_Animals.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Eric_Burdon_%26_the_Animals.jpg/170px-Eric_Burdon_%26_the_Animals.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Eric_Burdon_%26_the_Animals.jpg/255px-Eric_Burdon_%26_the_Animals.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Eric_Burdon_%26_the_Animals.jpg/340px-Eric_Burdon_%26_the_Animals.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="2275" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Eric_Burdon" title="Eric Burdon">Eric Burdon</a> & <a href="/wiki/The_Animals" title="The Animals">the Animals</a> (1964)</figcaption></figure> <p>British rhythm and blues and blues rock developed in the early 1960s, largely as a response to the recordings of American artists, often brought over by African American servicemen stationed in Britain or seamen visiting ports such as London, Liverpool, Newcastle and Belfast.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_27_118-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_27-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many bands, particularly in the developing London club scene, tried to emulate black rhythm and blues performers, resulting in a "rawer" or "grittier" sound than the more popular "<a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">beat groups</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B_119-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1960s, <a href="/wiki/Geno_Washington" title="Geno Washington">Geno Washington</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Foundations" title="The Foundations">the Foundations</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Equals" title="The Equals">the Equals</a> gained pop hits.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many British black musicians helped form the British R&B scene. These included <a href="/wiki/Geno_Washington" title="Geno Washington">Geno Washington</a>, an American singer stationed in England with the Air Force. He was invited to join what became <a href="/wiki/Geno_Washington_%26_the_Ram_Jam_Band" title="Geno Washington & the Ram Jam Band">Geno Washington & the Ram Jam Band</a> by guitarist <a href="/wiki/Pete_Gage_(guitarist)" title="Pete Gage (guitarist)">Pete Gage</a> in 1965 and enjoyed top 40 hit singles and two top 10 albums before the band split up in 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another American <a href="/wiki/G.I._(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="G.I. (military)">GI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_James_(singer)" title="Jimmy James (singer)">Jimmy James</a>, born in Jamaica, moved to London after two local number one hits in 1960 with The Vagabonds, who built a strong reputation as a live act. They released a live album and their studio debut, <i>The New Religion,</i> in 1966 and achieved moderate success with a few singles before the original Vagabonds broke up in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White <a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">blues rock</a> musician <a href="/wiki/Alexis_Korner" title="Alexis Korner">Alexis Korner</a> formed new jazz rock band CCS in 1970.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interest in the blues would influence major British rock musicians, including <a href="/wiki/Eric_Clapton" title="Eric Clapton">Eric Clapton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mick_Taylor" title="Mick Taylor">Mick Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Green_(musician)" title="Peter Green (musician)">Peter Green</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Mayall" title="John Mayall">John Mayall</a>, the groups Free and <a href="/wiki/Cream_(band)" title="Cream (band)">Cream</a> adopted an interest in a wider range of rhythm and blues styles.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B_119-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Rolling Stones became the second most popular UK band (after <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_30_124-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_30-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and led the "<a href="/wiki/British_Invasion" title="British Invasion">British Invasion</a>" of the US pop charts.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B_119-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rolling Stones covered <a href="/wiki/Bobby_Womack" title="Bobby Womack">Bobby Womack</a> & the Valentinos'<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> song "<a href="/wiki/It%27s_All_Over_Now" title="It's All Over Now">It's All Over Now</a>", giving them their first UK number one in 1964.<sup id="cite_ref-rollingwithp137_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rollingwithp137-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under the influence of blues and R&B, bands such as the Rolling Stones, the <a href="/wiki/The_Yardbirds" title="The Yardbirds">Yardbirds</a>, and the Animals, and more jazz-influenced bands like the Graham Bond Organisation and <a href="/wiki/Zoot_Money" title="Zoot Money">Zoot Money</a>, had blue-eyed soul albums.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B_119-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> White R&B musicians popular in the UK included <a href="/wiki/Steve_Winwood" title="Steve Winwood">Steve Winwood</a>, Frankie Miller, Scott Walker & <a href="/wiki/The_Walker_Brothers" title="The Walker Brothers">the Walker Brothers</a>, the Animals from Newcastle, <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_29,_track_3_127-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_29,_track_3-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Davis_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Spencer Davis Group">Spencer Davis Group</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Van_Morrison" title="Van Morrison">Van Morrison</a> & <a href="/wiki/Them_(band)" title="Them (band)">Them</a> from Belfast.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B_119-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> None of these bands exclusively played rhythm and blues, but it remained at the core of their early albums.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B_119-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Champion_Jack_Dupree" title="Champion Jack Dupree">Champion Jack Dupree</a> was a <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_blues" title="New Orleans blues">New Orleans blues</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boogie_woogie" class="mw-redirect" title="Boogie woogie">boogie woogie</a> pianist who toured Europe and settled there from 1960, living in Switzerland and Denmark, then in Halifax, England in the 1970s and 1980s, before finally settling in Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1970s to 1980s, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Douglas" title="Carl Douglas">Carl Douglas</a>, Hot Chocolate, Delegation, Junior, Central Line, Princess, Jacki Graham, David Grant, the Loose Ends, the Pasadenas and Soul II Soul gained hits on the pop or R&B charts.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The music of the British <a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">mod subculture</a> grew out of rhythm and blues and later soul performed by artists who were not available to the small London clubs where the scene originated.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Mod_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Mod-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1960s, the Who performed American R&B songs such as the Motown hit "Heat Wave", a song which reflected the young mod lifestyle.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Mod_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Mod-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these bands enjoyed national success in the UK, but found it difficult to break into the American music market.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Mod_130-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002Mod-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British white R&B bands produced music which was very different in tone from that of African-American artists.<sup id="cite_ref-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B_119-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm_and_blues&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Rhythm_and_blues" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/28px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/42px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/56px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rhythm_and_blues" title="Portal:Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_R%26B_musicians" title="List of R&B musicians">List of R&B musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_artists_who_reached_number_one_on_the_Billboard_R%26B_chart" title="List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart">List of artists who reached number one on the Billboard R&B chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_number-one_rhythm_and_blues_hits_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of number-one rhythm and blues hits (United States)">List of number-one rhythm and blues hits (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music of the United States</a></li></ul> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm_and_blues&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopedia-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopedia_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jessie Carney Smith,ed. "Encyclopedia of African American popular culture" Greenwood, 2011, p.1163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-folklife-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-folklife_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-folklife_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-folklife_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-folklife_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-folklife_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-folklife_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPuryear2016" class="citation web cs1">Puryear, Mark (September 20, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folklife.si.edu/magazine/freedom-sounds-tell-it-like-it-is-a-history-of-rhythm-and-blues">"Tell It Like It Is: A History of Rhythm and Blues"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309121903/https://folklife.si.edu/magazine/freedom-sounds-tell-it-like-it-is-a-history-of-rhythm-and-blues">Archived</a> from the original on March 9, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tell+It+Like+It+Is%3A+A+History+of+Rhythm+and+Blues&rft.date=2016-09-20&rft.aulast=Puryear&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffolklife.si.edu%2Fmagazine%2Ffreedom-sounds-tell-it-like-it-is-a-history-of-rhythm-and-blues&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sacks-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sacks_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSacks1993" class="citation news cs1">Sacks, Leo (August 29, 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7D7163BF93AA1575BC0A965958260">"The Soul of Jerry Wexler"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012182140/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F0CE7D7163BF93AA1575BC0A965958260">Archived</a> from the original on October 12, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 11,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=The+Soul+of+Jerry+Wexler&rft.date=1993-08-29&rft.aulast=Sacks&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9F0CE7D7163BF93AA1575BC0A965958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Night Club Reviews Billboard February 27, 1943, p. 12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vaudeville reviews Billboard March 4, 1944, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/pro/weekly-chart-notes-baauer-continues-the-harlem-hit-parade/">"Weekly Chart Notes: Baauer Continues The 'Harlem' Hit Parade'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. February 22, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 4,</span> 2023</span>. <q>based on sales reports from Rainbow Music Shop, Harvard Radio Shop, Lehman Music Company, Harlem De Luxe Music Store, Ray's Music Shop and Frank's Melody Music Shop, New York." Andy Kirk and His Clouds of Joy topped the inaugural tally with "Take It and Git."<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Weekly+Chart+Notes%3A+Baauer+Continues+The+%27Harlem%27+Hit+Parade%27&rft.date=2013-02-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fpro%2Fweekly-chart-notes-baauer-continues-the-harlem-hit-parade%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cohn-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cohn_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohn_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohn_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohn_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cohn_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohnAldin,_Mary_KatherineBastin,_Bruce1993" class="citation book cs1">Cohn, Lawrence; Aldin, Mary Katherine; Bastin, Bruce (September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nothingbutbluesm00cohn/page/314"><i>Nothing but the Blues: The Music and the Musicians</i></a>. Abbeville Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/nothingbutbluesm00cohn/page/314">314</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55859-271-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55859-271-1"><bdi>978-1-55859-271-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nothing+but+the+Blues%3A+The+Music+and+the+Musicians&rft.pages=314&rft.pub=Abbeville+Press&rft.date=1993-09&rft.isbn=978-1-55859-271-1&rft.aulast=Cohn&rft.aufirst=Lawrence&rft.au=Aldin%2C+Mary+Katherine&rft.au=Bastin%2C+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnothingbutbluesm00cohn%2Fpage%2F314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wexler-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wexler_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Jerry Wexler, famed record producer, dies at 91</i>, <a href="/wiki/Nekesa_Mumbi_Moody" title="Nekesa Mumbi Moody">Nekesa Mumbi Moody</a>, AP Music Writer, Dallas Morning News, August 15, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitburnr&b-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-whitburnr&b_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitburn1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Whitburn" title="Joel Whitburn">Whitburn, Joel</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/joelwhitburnstopr00whit"><i>Top R&B/Hip-Hop Singles: 1942–1995</i></a>. Record Research. p. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89820-115-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-89820-115-2"><bdi>0-89820-115-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Top+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Singles%3A+1942%E2%80%931995&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Record+Research&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-89820-115-2&rft.aulast=Whitburn&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjoelwhitburnstopr00whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRye" class="citation web cs1">Rye, Howard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/J676400?q=rhythm+and+blues&search=quick&pos=1&_start=1">"Rhythm and Blues"</a>. <i>Oxford Music Online</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200511204557/https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-2000676400?_start=1&pos=1&q=rhythm%20and%20blues&search=quick#firsthit">Archived</a> from the original on May 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 20,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Rhythm+and+Blues&rft.aulast=Rye&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2Fgrove%2Fmusic%2FJ676400%3Fq%3Drhythm%2Band%2Bblues%26search%3Dquick%26pos%3D1%26_start%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Randel1999-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Randel1999_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDon_Michael_Randel1999" class="citation book cs1">Don Michael Randel (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7iuZ6HaEMmoC&pg=PA560"><i>The Harvard Concise Dictionary of Music and Musicians</i></a>. Harvard University Press. p. 560. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00084-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-00084-1"><bdi>978-0-674-00084-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Harvard+Concise+Dictionary+of+Music+and+Musicians&rft.pages=560&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-674-00084-1&rft.au=Don+Michael+Randel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7iuZ6HaEMmoC%26pg%3DPA560&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The new blue music: changes in rhythm & blues, 1950–1999, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer19958-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer19958_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1995">Palmer 1995</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deep_blues-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-deep_blues_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(American_writer)" title="Robert Palmer (American writer)">Palmer, Robert</a> (May 21, 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deepblues00palme"><i>Deep Blues: A Musical and Cultural History of the Mississippi Delta</i></a>. Viking Adult. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-49511-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-49511-5"><bdi>978-0-670-49511-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deep+Blues%3A+A+Musical+and+Cultural+History+of+the+Mississippi+Delta&rft.pub=Viking+Adult&rft.date=1981-05-21&rft.isbn=978-0-670-49511-5&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeepblues00palme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-allmusic-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-allmusic_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/genre/ma0000002809">Rhythm and blues</a> at <a href="/wiki/AllMusic_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="AllMusic (identifier)">AllMusic</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morrison, Craig (1952). "Go Cat Go!" University of Illinois Press. page 30. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06538-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06538-7">0-252-06538-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gilroy, Paul. <i>The Black Atlantic: Modernity and Double Consciousness.</i> Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1993.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rockhall.com/funk-and-rb#:~:text=Other%20cornerstones%20of%20R%26B%20and,the%20Ravens%20and%20the%20Dominoes">"Funk and R&B"</a>. <i>Rock & Roll Hall of Fame</i>. June 15, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 25,</span> 2020</span>. <q>Not the least of R&B's legacy was its perpetuation of the group-harmony tradition as heard in the vocal blend of "doo-wop" groups</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rock+%26+Roll+Hall+of+Fame&rft.atitle=Funk+and+R%26B&rft.date=2020-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rockhall.com%2Ffunk-and-rb%23%3A~%3Atext%3DOther%2520cornerstones%2520of%2520R%2526B%2520and%2Cthe%2520Ravens%2520and%2520the%2520Dominoes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/dc64e24d-c4e7-4e34-b2f7-e34a00ea16ad">"The unexpected origins of music's most well-used terms"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. October 12, 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190126010742/https://www.bbc.co.uk/music/articles/dc64e24d-c4e7-4e34-b2f7-e34a00ea16ad">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 22,</span> 2021</span>. <q>its meaning covering both sex and dancing</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+unexpected+origins+of+music%27s+most+well-used+terms&rft.date=2018-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fmusic%2Farticles%2Fdc64e24d-c4e7-4e34-b2f7-e34a00ea16ad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-richards-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-richards_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-richards_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091207042839/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419101026/?tag=content;col1">"Tad Richards, "Rhythm and Blues", St. James Encyclopedia of Pop Culture"</a>. <i>Findarticles.com</i>. January 29, 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_g1epc/is_tov/ai_2419101026/?tag=content;col1">the original</a> on December 7, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Findarticles.com&rft.atitle=Tad+Richards%2C+%22Rhythm+and+Blues%22%2C+St.+James+Encyclopedia+of+Pop+Culture&rft.date=2002-01-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_g1epc%2Fis_tov%2Fai_2419101026%2F%3Ftag%3Dcontent%3Bcol1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The new blue music: changes in rhythm & blues, 1950–1999, p. 172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211063603/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R&B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1947">"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 1947"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1947">the original</a> on December 11, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs+1947&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fbbcom%2Fcharts%2Fyearend_chart_display.jsp%3Ff%3DHot%2BR%2526B%252FHip-Hop%2BSongs%26g%3DYear-end%2BSingles%26year%3D1947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090528084520/http://www.oldstatehouse.org/educational_programs/classroom/arkansas_news/detail.asp?id=939&issue_id=12&page=8">"Brinkley's Louis Jordan Is a Big Time Bandleader"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oldstatehouse.org/educational_programs/classroom/arkansas_news/detail.asp?id%3D939%26issue_id%3D12%26page%3D8">the original</a> on May 28, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 5,</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brinkley%27s+Louis+Jordan+Is+a+Big+Time+Bandleader&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldstatehouse.org%2Feducational_programs%2Fclassroom%2Farkansas_news%2Fdetail.asp%3Fid%253D939%2526issue_id%253D12%2526page%253D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090513002915/http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=8211">"Louis Jordan at All About Jazz"</a>. <i>Allaboutjazz.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allaboutjazz.com/php/musician.php?id=8211">the original</a> on May 13, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Allaboutjazz.com&rft.atitle=Louis+Jordan+at+All+About+Jazz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.allaboutjazz.com%2Fphp%2Fmusician.php%3Fid%3D8211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-palmer146-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-palmer146_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(American_writer)" title="Robert Palmer (American writer)">Palmer, Robert</a> (July 29, 1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deepblues00palm/page/146"><i>Deep Blues: A Musical and Cultural History of the Mississippi Delta</i></a> (paperback ed.). Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/deepblues00palm/page/146">146</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-006223-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-006223-6"><bdi>978-0-14-006223-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deep+Blues%3A+A+Musical+and+Cultural+History+of+the+Mississippi+Delta&rft.pages=146&rft.edition=paperback&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1982-07-29&rft.isbn=978-0-14-006223-6&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdeepblues00palm%2Fpage%2F146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120309211200/http://www.vocalgroupharmony.com/Swinging.htm">"The Vocal Group Harmony Web Site"</a>. <i>Vocalgroupharmony.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vocalgroupharmony.com/Swinging.htm">the original</a> on March 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vocalgroupharmony.com&rft.atitle=The+Vocal+Group+Harmony+Web+Site&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vocalgroupharmony.com%2FSwinging.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211063608/http://billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R&B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1948">"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 1948"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1948">the original</a> on December 11, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs+1948&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fbbcom%2Fcharts%2Fyearend_chart_display.jsp%3Ff%3DHot%2BR%2526B%252FHip-Hop%2BSongs%26g%3DYear-end%2BSingles%26year%3D1948&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm1444711/bio">Biography for Andy Gibson</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wfmu.org/LCD/26/huck1.html">"Hucklebuck!"</a>. <i>WFMU</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120507041459/http://wfmu.org/LCD/26/huck1.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WFMU&rft.atitle=Hucklebuck%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wfmu.org%2FLCD%2F26%2Fhuck1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wfmu.org/LCD/26/huck2.html">"Hucklebuck!"</a>. <i>WFMU</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120404093050/http://wfmu.org/LCD/26/huck2.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 4, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WFMU&rft.atitle=Hucklebuck%21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wfmu.org%2FLCD%2F26%2Fhuck2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605093520/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R&B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1949">"– Year End Charts – Year-end Singles – Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1949">the original</a> on June 5, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=%E2%80%93+Year+End+Charts+%E2%80%93+Year-end+Singles+%E2%80%93+Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fbbcom%2Fcharts%2Fyearend_chart_display.jsp%3Ff%3DHot%2BR%2526B%252FHip-Hop%2BSongs%26g%3DYear-end%2BSingles%26year%3D1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"[Afro]-Latin rhythms have been absorbed into black American styles far more consistently than into white popular music, despite Latin music's popularity among whites" (Roberts <i>The Latin Tinge</i> 1979: 41).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, John Storm (1999: 16) <i>Latin Jazz</i>. New York: Schirmer Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Morton, "Jelly Roll" (1938: Library of Congress Recording): "Now in one of my earliest tunes, 'New Orleans Blues', you can notice the Spanish tinge. In fact, if you can't manage to put tinges of Spanish in your tunes, you will never be able to get the right seasoning, I call it, for jazz." <i>The Complete Recordings By Alan Lomax</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kubik, Gerhard (1999: 52). <i>Africa and the Blues</i>. Jackson, MS: University Press of Mississippi.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Wynton Marsalis part 2." <i>60 Minutes</i>. CBS News (June 26, 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Schuller, Gunther (1968: 19) "It is probably safe to say that by and large the simpler African rhythmic patterns survived in jazz<span class="nowrap"> </span>... because they could be adapted more readily to European rhythmic conceptions. Some survived, others were discarded as the Europeanization progressed. It may also account for the fact that patterns such as [tresillo have]<span class="nowrap"> </span>... remained one of the most useful and common syncopated patterns in jazz." <i>Early Jazz; Its Roots and Musical Development</i>. New York: Oxford Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lyricsplayground.com/alpha/songs/r/rhumboogie.html">"RHUMBOOGIE – Lyrics – International Lyrics Playground"</a>. <i>Lyricsplayground.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180212142052/http://lyricsplayground.com/alpha/songs/r/rhumboogie.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 12, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 12,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lyricsplayground.com&rft.atitle=RHUMBOOGIE+%E2%80%93+Lyrics+%E2%80%93+International+Lyrics+Playground&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flyricsplayground.com%2Falpha%2Fsongs%2Fr%2Frhumboogie.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, Robert (1981: 247). <i>Deep Blues</i>. New York: Penguin Books.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Rhythm and blues-influenced by Afro-Cuban music first surfaced in New Orleans." Campbell, Michael, and James Brody (2007: 83). <i>Rock and Roll: An Introduction</i>. Schirmer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0534642950" title="Special:BookSources/0534642950">0534642950</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer199560-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer199560_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1995">Palmer 1995</a>, p. 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESublette200782-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESublette200782_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSublette2007">Sublette 2007</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dave Bartholomew quoted by Palmer, Robert (1988: 27) "The Cuban Connection" <i>Spin Magazine</i> Nov.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiggle2022" class="citation web cs1">Riggle, Emma (July 15, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://icanradio.org/blog/dances-with-style-habanera/">"Dances with Style! - Habanera"</a>. <i>ICAN | International Children's Arts Network</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ICAN+%7C+International+Children%27s+Arts+Network&rft.atitle=Dances+with+Style%21+-+Habanera&rft.date=2022-07-15&rft.aulast=Riggle&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ficanradio.org%2Fblog%2Fdances-with-style-habanera%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kubik (1999 p. 51).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, Robert (1979: 14). <i>A Tale of Two Cities: Memphis Rock and New Orleans Roll</i>. Brooklyn.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, Michael, and James Brody (2007: 83). <i>Rock and Roll: An Introduction</i>. Schirmer. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0534642950" title="Special:BookSources/0534642950">0534642950</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, Alexander (2000: 298). "Funky Drummer: New Orleans, James Brown and the Rhythmic Transformation of American Popular Music." <i>Popular Music</i>, v. 19, n. 3. October 2000, p. 293-318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kevin Moore: "There are two common ways that the three-side [of clave] is expressed in Cuban popular music. The first to come into regular use, which David Peñalosa calls 'clave motif,' is based on the decorated version of the three-side of the clave rhythm. By the 1940s [there was] a trend toward the use of what Peñalosa calls the 'offbeat/onbeat motif.' Today, the offbeat/onbeat motif method is much more common." Moore (2011). <i>Understanding Clave and Clave Changes</i> p. 32. Santa Cruz, CA: Moore Music/Timba.com. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1466462302" title="Special:BookSources/1466462302">1466462302</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart (2000 p. 293).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart (2000 p. 306).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boggs, Vernon (1993 pp. 30–31). "Johnny Otis R&B/Mambo Pioneer" <i>Latin Beat Magazine.</i> v. 3 n. 9. Nov.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stewart, Alexander (2000 p. 307). "Funky Drummer: New Orleans, James Brown and the Rhythmic Transformation of American Popular Music." <i>Popular Music</i>, v. 19, n. 3. October 2000, pp. 293–318.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sublette,_Ned_2007_p._83-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sublette,_Ned_2007_p._83_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sublette,_Ned_2007_p._83_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sublette,_Ned_2007_p._83_54-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSublette2007">Sublette 2007</a>, p. 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peñalosa, David (2010 p. 174). <i>The Clave Matrix; Afro-Cuban Rhythm: Its Principles and African Origins</i>. Redway, California: Bembe Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-886502-80-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-886502-80-3">1-886502-80-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts, John Storm (1999 p. 136).<i>The Latin Tinge</i>. Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roberts (1999: 137).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESublette200769-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESublette200769_58-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSublette2007">Sublette 2007</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzatmary2014" class="citation book cs1">Szatmary, David P. (2014). <i><a href="/wiki/Rockin%27_in_Time" title="Rockin' in Time">Rockin' in Time</a></i>. New Jersey: Pearson. p. 16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rockin%27+in+Time&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Szatmary&rft.aufirst=David+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-billboard.com-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-billboard.com_60-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-billboard.com_60-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/artist/johnny-otis">"– Biography: Johnny Otis"</a>. <i>Billboard</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=%E2%80%93+Biography%3A+Johnny+Otis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fartist%2Fjohnny-otis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_3,_track_2-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_3,_track_2_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_3,_track_2_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 3, track 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history-of-rock.com/vocal_groups.htm">"The Vocal Groups"</a>. <i>History-of-rock.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120612042733/http://www.history-of-rock.com/vocal_groups.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 20,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History-of-rock.com&rft.atitle=The+Vocal+Groups&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history-of-rock.com%2Fvocal_groups.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cduniverse.com/search/xx/music/pid/6730003/a/Don't+You+Know+I+Love+You+&+Other+Favorites.htm">"Clovers Don't You Know I Love You & Other Favorites CD"</a>. <i>Cduniverse.com</i>. May 11, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110831000642/http://www.cduniverse.com/search/xx/music/pid/6730003/a/Don%27t+You+Know+I+Love+You+%26+Other+Favorites.htm">Archived</a> from the original on August 31, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 15,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rollingstone.com&rft.atitle=The+50s%3A+A+Decade+of+Music+That+Changed+the+World&rft.date=1990-04-19&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Ffeature%2Fthe-50s-a-decade-of-music-that-changed-the-world-229924%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Whitburn" title="Joel Whitburn">Whitburn, Joel</a>, <i>The Billboard Book of TOP 40 R&B and Hip Hop Hits</i>, Billboard Books, New York 2006 p. 451</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radiovintage.net/p/rhythm-n-blues.html">"BLUES"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201023025127/https://www.radiovintage.net/p/rhythm-n-blues.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BLUES&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radiovintage.net%2Fp%2Frhythm-n-blues.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Go, Cat, Go! by Carl Perkins and David McGee 1996 pp. 188, 210, 212–214 Hyperion Press <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7868-6073-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7868-6073-1">0-7868-6073-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_Knock_the_Rock" title="Don't Knock the Rock">Don't Knock the Rock</a></i> (1956), <i><a href="/wiki/Rock_Around_the_Clock_(film)" title="Rock Around the Clock (film)">Rock Around the Clock</a></i> (1956), <i><a href="/wiki/Rock,_Rock,_Rock_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock, Rock, Rock (film)">Rock, Rock, Rock</a></i> (1956), <i><a href="/wiki/Rumble_on_the_Docks" title="Rumble on the Docks">Rumble on the Docks</a></i> (1956), <i><a href="/wiki/Shake,_Rattle_%26_Rock!_(1956_film)" title="Shake, Rattle & Rock! (1956 film)">Shake, Rattle & Rock</a></i> (1956), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Girl_Can%27t_Help_It" title="The Girl Can't Help It">The Girl Can't Help It</a></i> (1956), <i>Rock Baby, Rock It</i> (1957), <i><a href="/wiki/Untamed_Youth" title="Untamed Youth">Untamed Youth</a></i> (1957), <i><a href="/wiki/Go,_Johnny,_Go!" title="Go, Johnny, Go!">Go, Johnny, Go!</a></i> (1959)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211063653/http://billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R&B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1957">"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 1957"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1957">the original</a> on December 11, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs+1957&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fbbcom%2Fcharts%2Fyearend_chart_display.jsp%3Ff%3DHot%2BR%2526B%252FHip-Hop%2BSongs%26g%3DYear-end%2BSingles%26year%3D1957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_22,_tracks_3–4-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_22,_tracks_3–4_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 22, tracks 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer199582-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer199582_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer199582_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1995">Palmer 1995</a>, p. 82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.billboard.com/artist/brook-benton/chart-history/hsi/">"Brook Benton"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191225144708/https://www.billboard.com/music/brook-benton/chart-history/HSI">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 8,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Brook+Benton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fartist%2Fbrook-benton%2Fchart-history%2Fhsi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimon" class="citation web cs1">Simon, Tom. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120205201544/http://www.shewins.com/bio.htm">"Brook Benton Biography"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shewins.com/bio.htm">the original</a> on February 5, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brook+Benton+Biography&rft.aulast=Simon&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.shewins.com%2Fbio.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618164949/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R&B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1952">"Billboard – Year End Charts – Year-end Singles – Hot R&B;/Hip-Hop Songs"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. June 18, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R&B/Hip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1952">the original</a> on June 18, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Billboard+%E2%80%93+Year+End+Charts+%E2%80%93+Year-end+Singles+%E2%80%93+Hot+R%26B%3B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&rft.date=2009-06-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fbbcom%2Fcharts%2Fyearend_chart_display.jsp%3Ff%3DHot%2BR%26B%2FHip-Hop%2BSongs%26g%3DYear-end%2BSingles%26year%3D1952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hot_songs_1959-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hot_songs_1959_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hot_songs_1959_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090618164303/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R&B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1959">"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 1959"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1959">the original</a> on June 18, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs+1959&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fbbcom%2Fcharts%2Fyearend_chart_display.jsp%3Ff%3DHot%2BR%2526B%252FHip-Hop%2BSongs%26g%3DYear-end%2BSingles%26year%3D1959&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Blue Moon Boys—The Story of Elvis Presley's Band. Ken Burke and Dan Griffin</i>. 2006. Chicago Review Press. pp. 138, 139. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55652-614-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55652-614-8">1-55652-614-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071211040735/http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R&B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1960">"Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs 1960"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Billboard_(magazine)" title="Billboard (magazine)">Billboard</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/bbcom/charts/yearend_chart_display.jsp?f=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs&g=Year-end+Singles&year=1960">the original</a> on December 11, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 23,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=Hot+R%26B%2FHip-Hop+Songs+1960&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Fbbcom%2Fcharts%2Fyearend_chart_display.jsp%3Ff%3DHot%2BR%2526B%252FHip-Hop%2BSongs%26g%3DYear-end%2BSingles%26year%3D1960&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_52-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_52_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_25-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_25_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 25.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPalmer199583–84-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPalmer199583–84_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPalmer1995">Palmer 1995</a>, p. 83–84.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://music.barnesandnoble.com/search/mediaplayer.asp?ean=610583191929&disc=2&track=14">"Sample of "Gee Whiz"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Music.barnesandnoble.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111230001335/http://music.barnesandnoble.com/search/mediaplayer.asp?ean=610583191929&disc=2&track=14">Archived</a> from the original on December 30, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Music.barnesandnoble.com&rft.atitle=Sample+of+%22Gee+Whiz%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmusic.barnesandnoble.com%2Fsearch%2Fmediaplayer.asp%3Fean%3D610583191929%26disc%3D2%26track%3D14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170708035300/https://mp3fiesta.com/mar_keys_last_night_song1014658/">"Mar-Keys – Last Night – Billboard Top 100 – 1961 – Top Billboard – mp3 song hits download full albums in mp3"</a>. <i>Mp3fiesta.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mp3fiesta.com/mar_keys_last_night_song1014658/">the original</a> on July 8, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 1,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mp3fiesta.com&rft.atitle=Mar-Keys+%E2%80%93+Last+Night+%E2%80%93+Billboard+Top+100+%E2%80%93+1961+%E2%80%93+Top+Billboard+%E2%80%93+mp3+song+hits+download+full+albums+in+mp3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mp3fiesta.com%2Fmar_keys_last_night_song1014658%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.potentbrew.com/skaregdu.html">"The Origins of Ska, Reggae and Dub Music"</a>. <i>Potentbrew.com</i>. August 3, 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100116083151/http://www.potentbrew.com/skaregdu.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 16, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 7,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Potentbrew.com&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+Ska%2C+Reggae+and+Dub+Music&rft.date=1999-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.potentbrew.com%2Fskaregdu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512005004/http://web.fccj.edu/~ivanhoof/ska/TheBeginning.html">"The Beginning"</a>. <i>Web.fccj.edu</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.fccj.edu/~ivanhoof/ska/TheBeginning.html">the original</a> on May 12, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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July 24, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rbhalloffamemarksms.com&rft.atitle=About+Us+%26%23124%3B+R%26B+HOF&rft.date=2022-07-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frbhalloffamemarksms.com%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw1978-115"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shaw1978_115-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold_Shaw1978" class="citation book cs1">Arnold Shaw (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PYSfAAAAMAAJ&q=%22wide%20open%20for%20Jews%22"><i>Honkers and Shouters: The Golden Years of Rhythm and Blues</i></a>. Collier Books. p. 343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-061760-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-061760-0"><bdi>978-0-02-061760-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210329042743/https://books.google.com/books?id=PYSfAAAAMAAJ&q=%22wide+open+for+Jews%22">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honkers+and+Shouters%3A+The+Golden+Years+of+Rhythm+and+Blues&rft.pages=343&rft.pub=Collier+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-02-061760-0&rft.au=Arnold+Shaw&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPYSfAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522wide%2520open%2520for%2520Jews%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Muchin1994-116"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Muchin1994_116-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuchin1994" class="citation magazine cs1">Muchin, Andrew (August 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.momentmag.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/Jewish-Producers-African-American-Music.pdf">"How a Bunch of Upstart Jewish Independent Record Producers Helped Turn African American Music into a National Treasure"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Moment Magazine</i>. pp. 53–54. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210329042758/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache%3AttyGC3Hh5aoJ%3Awww.momentmag.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F02%2FJewish-Producers-African-American-Music.pdf+&cd=6&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=us">Archived</a> from the original on March 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 20,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moment+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+a+Bunch+of+Upstart+Jewish+Independent+Record+Producers+Helped+Turn+African+American+Music+into+a+National+Treasure&rft.pages=53-54&rft.date=1994-08&rft.aulast=Muchin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.momentmag.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F02%2FJewish-Producers-African-American-Music.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. F. Schwartz, <i>How Britain Got the Blues: the Transmission and Reception of American Blues Style in the United Kingdom</i> (Aldershot: Ashgate, 2007), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7546-5580-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7546-5580-6">0-7546-5580-6</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_27-118"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_27_118-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B-119"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B_119-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B_119-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B_119-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B_119-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B_119-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B_119-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002BritishR&B_119-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">V. 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Retrieved July 29, 2020.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/alexis-korner-mn0000001020">"Alexis Korner – Biography, Albums, Streaming Links"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207124329/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/alexis-korner-mn0000001020">Archived</a> from the original on February 7, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=Alexis+Korner+%E2%80%93+Biography%2C+Albums%2C+Streaming+Links&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Falexis-korner-mn0000001020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_30-124"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_30_124-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-valentinos-mn0000572313">"The Valentinos – Biography, Albums, Streaming Links"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/AllMusic" title="AllMusic">AllMusic</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200226044032/https://www.allmusic.com/artist/the-valentinos-mn0000572313">Archived</a> from the original on February 26, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 29,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AllMusic&rft.atitle=The+Valentinos+%E2%80%93+Biography%2C+Albums%2C+Streaming+Links&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.allmusic.com%2Fartist%2Fthe-valentinos-mn0000572313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rollingwithp137-126"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-rollingwithp137_126-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bill Wyman, <i>Rolling With the Stones</i> (DK Publishing, 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7894-9998-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7894-9998-3">0-7894-9998-3</a>, p. 137</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_29,_track_3-127"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGilliland1969show_29,_track_3_127-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGilliland1969">Gilliland 1969</a>, show 29, track 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T. Russell, <i>The Blues: From Robert Johnson to Robert Cray</i> (London: Carlton, 1997), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85868-255-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85868-255-X">1-85868-255-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/25085/soul-ii-soul/">"UK Charts » Soul II Soul"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Official_Charts_Company" title="Official Charts Company">Official Charts Company</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 11,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Charts+%C2%BB+Soul+II+Soul&rft.pub=Official+Charts+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.officialcharts.com%2Fartist%2F25085%2Fsoul-ii-soul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bogdanov2002Mod-130"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Mod_130-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Mod_130-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bogdanov2002Mod_130-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">V. Bogdanov, C. Woodstra and S. T. Erlewine, <i>All Music Guide to Rock: the Definitive Guide to Rock, Pop, and Soul</i> (Milwaukee, WI: Backbeat Books, 3rd edn., 2002), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87930-653-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-87930-653-X">0-87930-653-X</a>, pp. 1321–1322.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm_and_blues&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilliland1969" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Gilliland" title="John Gilliland">Gilliland, John</a> (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/search/?fq=str_title_serial%3A%22The+Pop+Chronicles+%28John+Gilliland+Collection%29%22&sort=date_a&start=0">"Show 1"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(audio)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Pop_Chronicles" title="Pop Chronicles">Pop Chronicles</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Texas_Libraries" title="University of North Texas Libraries">University of North Texas Libraries</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pop+Chronicles&rft.atitle=Show+1&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Gilliland&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.unt.edu%2Fsearch%2F%3Ffq%3Dstr_title_serial%253A%2522The%2BPop%2BChronicles%2B%2528John%2BGilliland%2BCollection%2529%2522%26sort%3Ddate_a%26start%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalmer1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Palmer_(author/producer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Palmer (author/producer)">Palmer, Robert</a> (September 19, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rockrollunrulyh00palm"><i>Rock & Roll: An Unruly History</i></a>. Harmony. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-70050-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-70050-1"><bdi>978-0-517-70050-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rock+%26+Roll%3A+An+Unruly+History&rft.pub=Harmony&rft.date=1995-09-19&rft.isbn=978-0-517-70050-1&rft.aulast=Palmer&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frockrollunrulyh00palm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSublette2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ned_Sublette" title="Ned Sublette">Sublette, Ned</a> (2007). "The Kingsmen and the Cha-cha-chá". In <a href="/wiki/Eric_Weisbard" title="Eric Weisbard">Eric Weisbard</a> (ed.). <i>Listen Again: A Momentary History of Pop Music</i>. Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822340416" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822340416"><bdi>978-0822340416</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kingsmen+and+the+Cha-cha-ch%C3%A1&rft.btitle=Listen+Again%3A+A+Momentary+History+of+Pop+Music&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0822340416&rft.aulast=Sublette&rft.aufirst=Ned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhite2003" class="citation book cs1">White, Charles (2003). <i>The Life and Times of Little Richard: The Authorised Biography</i>. Omnibus Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Times+of+Little+Richard%3A+The+Authorised+Biography&rft.pub=Omnibus+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARhythm+and+blues" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rhythm_and_blues&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Guralnick" title="Peter Guralnick">Guralnick, Peter</a>. <i>Sweet Soul Music: Rhythm and Blues and the Southern Dream of Freedom</i>. First ed. New York: Harper & Row, 1986. x, 438 p., ill., chiefly with b&w photos. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-096049-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-096049-3">0-06-096049-3</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rhythm_and_blues" title="Template:Rhythm and blues"><abbr title="View this template" style="color: white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rhythm_and_blues" title="Template talk:Rhythm and blues"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color: white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rhythm_and_blues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rhythm and blues"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color: white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rhythm_and_blues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Rhythm and blues</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: blue; color: white;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Genres</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: blue; color: white;;width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_music" title="Beach music">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(genre)" title="Boogie (genre)">Boogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_rhythm_and_blues" title="British rhythm and blues">British rhythm and blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_R%26B" title="Christian R&B">Christian R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">Doo-wop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_rhythm_and_blues" title="New Orleans rhythm and blues">New Orleans R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_pop" title="Swamp pop">Swamp pop</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: blue; color: white;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B"><span class="tmpl-colored-link" style="color: white; text-decoration: inherit;">Contemporary R&B</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_R%26B" title="Alternative R&B">Alternative R&B</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alt%C3%A9" title="Alté">Alté</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="Crunk&B">Crunk&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_soul" title="Hip hop soul">Hip hop soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_R%26B" title="Latin R&B">Latin R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pluggnb" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluggnb">Pluggnb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quiet_storm" title="Quiet storm">Quiet storm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF%27n%27B" title="Raï'n'B">Raï'n'B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime_(music_genre)#Rhythm_&_grime" class="mw-redirect" title="Grime (music genre)">Rhythm & grime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RnBass" title="RnBass">RnBass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap%26B" class="mw-redirect" title="Snap&B">Snap&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary_music" title="Urban contemporary music">Urban contemporary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_adult_contemporary" title="Urban adult contemporary">Urban adult contemporary</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: blue; color: white;;width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adult_contemporary_music" title="Adult contemporary music">Adult contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afroswing" title="Afroswing">Afroswing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_music" title="Beat music">Beat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nederbeat" title="Nederbeat">Nederbeat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">Jump blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo" title="Boogaloo">Boogaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slow_jam" title="Slow jam">Slow jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_jazz" title="Smooth jazz">Smooth jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-eyed_soul" title="Blue-eyed soul">Blue-eyed soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_soul" title="British soul">British soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">Neo soul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">Urban</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_Rhythm_and_blues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_Rhythm_and_blues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to Rhythm and blues</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Blues" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Blues" title="Template:Blues"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Blues" title="Template talk:Blues"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Blues" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Blues"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Blues" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Musical form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_note" title="Blue note">Blue note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_ballad" title="Blues ballad">Blues ballad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_scale" title="Blues scale">Blues scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_and_response_(music)" title="Call and response (music)">Call and response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-bar_blues" title="Eight-bar blues">Eight-bar blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_improvisation" title="Musical improvisation">Musical improvisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuffle_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Shuffle note">Shuffles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_blues_verses" title="Traditional blues verses">Traditional blues verses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve-bar_blues" title="Twelve-bar blues">Twelve-bar blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walking_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking bass">Walking bass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_blues" title="Origins of the blues">Origins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_holler" title="Field holler">Field hollers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_song#African-American_work_songs" title="Work song">Work songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional<br /> styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_blues" title="African blues">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Desert_blues" title="Desert blues">Desert blues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_blues" title="Canadian blues">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_blues" title="Chicago blues">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_blues" title="Delta blues">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_country_blues" title="Hill country blues">Hill country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_blues" title="Louisiana blues">Louisiana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_blues" title="New Orleans blues">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_blues" title="Swamp blues">Swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_blues" title="Memphis blues">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_in_New_Zealand" title="Blues in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_blues" title="Piedmont blues">Piedmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_blues" title="Texas blues">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_blues" title="Anatolian blues">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_blues" title="British blues">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_blues" title="West Coast blues">West Coast</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subgenres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">Boogie-woogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_female_blues" title="Classic female blues">Classic female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_blues" title="Country blues">Country</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_blues" title="Delta blues">Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hill_country_blues" title="Hill country blues">Hill country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dirty_blues" title="Dirty blues">Dirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_blues" title="Electric blues">Electric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fife_and_drum_blues" title="Fife and drum blues">Fife and drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hokum" title="Hokum">Hokum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holler_blues" title="Holler blues">Holler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_band" title="Jug band">Jug band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skiffle" title="Skiffle">Skiffle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fusion genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhythm and blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues_rock" title="Blues rock">Blues rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biker_metal" title="Biker metal">Biker metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie_rock" title="Boogie rock">Boogie rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punk_blues" title="Punk blues">Punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel_blues" title="Gospel blues">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jump_blues" title="Jump blues">Jump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_blues" title="Soul blues">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_rock" title="Southern rock">Southern rock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_musicians" title="List of blues musicians">Blues musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_blues_musicians_by_genre" title="Lists of blues musicians by genre">Blues musicians by genre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_standards" title="List of blues standards">Blues standards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_blues_festivals" title="List of blues festivals">Blues festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Guit_Blues.JPG/28px-Guit_Blues.JPG" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Guit_Blues.JPG/41px-Guit_Blues.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Guit_Blues.JPG/55px-Guit_Blues.JPG 2x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="161" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Blues" title="Portal:Blues">Blues portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Blues" title="Category:Blues">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Blues_songs" title="Category:Blues songs">Blues songs</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Black_American_music_(timeline)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BlackMusicHistory" title="Template:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BlackMusicHistory" title="Template talk:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BlackMusicHistory" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BlackMusicHistory"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Black_American_music_(timeline)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">Black American music</a> (timeline)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk music</a></i> series</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Early 20th century</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_and_response" title="Call and response">Call and response</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_holler" title="Field holler">Field holler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirituals" title="Spirituals">Spirituals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogie-woogie" title="Boogie-woogie">Boogie-woogie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapping" title="Rapping">Rapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swing_music" title="Swing music">Swing</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1940s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Bebop" title="Bebop">Bebop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doo-wop" title="Doo-wop">Doo-wop</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rhythm and blues</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1950s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_and_roll" title="Rock and roll">Rock and roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1960s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Motown_(music_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown (music style)">Motown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">Psychedelic soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1970s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go-go" title="Go-go">Go-go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_music" title="Hip hop music">Hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">Garage house</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1980s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>1990s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/New_jack_swing" title="New jack swing">New jack swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopped_and_screwed" title="Chopped and screwed">Chopped and screwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">Neo soul</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>2000s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Crunk" title="Crunk">Crunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snap_music" title="Snap music">Snap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyphy" title="Hyphy">Hyphy</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>2010s</b><br /> <li><a href="/wiki/Trap_music" title="Trap music">Trap music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drill_music" title="Drill music">Drill music</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: white;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_R%26B" title="Contemporary R&B">Contemporary R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_contemporary" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban contemporary">Urban (industry term)</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Elsewhere</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chillwave" title="Chillwave">Chillwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">Dance-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synth-pop" title="Synth-pop">Synth-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Vaporwave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_garage" title="UK garage">UK garage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:94%; font-weight:bold;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:African-American_music" title="Category:African-American music"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/28px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/42px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg/56px-Musical_note_nicu_bucule_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Rhythm_and_blues" title="Portal:Rhythm and blues">Rhythm and blues portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ska" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ska" title="Template:Ska"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ska" title="Template talk:Ska"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ska" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ska"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ska" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ska" title="Ska">Ska</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_ska" title="Christian ska">Christian ska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_jazz" title="Ska jazz">Ska jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_punk" title="Ska punk">Ska punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spouge" title="Spouge">Spouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska#Third_wave_ska" title="Ska">Third wave ska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two-tone_(music_genre)" title="Two-tone (music genre)">Two-tone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_ska" title="Australian ska">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_ska" title="Japanese ska">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County_ska" title="Orange County ska">Orange County</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calypso_music" title="Calypso music">Calypso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">Mento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggae" title="Reggae">Reggae</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">R&B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocksteady" title="Rocksteady">Rocksteady</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Record labels</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jamaican_record_producers" title="List of Jamaican record producers">Jamaican record producers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_One_(record_label)" title="Studio One (record label)">Studio One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Records" title="Trojan Records">Trojan Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Beat_Records" title="Blue Beat Records">Blue Beat Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2_Tone_Records" title="2 Tone Records">2 Tone Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_Ska_Records" title="Moon Ska Records">Moon Ska Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Man_Records" title="Asian Man Records">Asian Man Records</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subcultures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">Mod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rude_boy" title="Rude boy">Rude boy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scooterboy" title="Scooterboy">Scooterboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinhead" title="Skinhead">Skinhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_skinhead" title="Trojan skinhead">Trojan skinhead</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suedehead_(subculture)" title="Suedehead (subculture)">Suedehead</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_music_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Caribbean music in the United Kingdom">Caribbean music in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jamaica" title="Culture of Jamaica">Culture of Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_Hall_(Jamaican)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance Hall (Jamaican)">Dance hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_music_genres" title="List of Caribbean music genres">List of Caribbean music genres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ska_musicians" title="List of ska musicians">List of ska musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_in_Business_Suit_Levitating_emoji" title="Man in Business Suit Levitating emoji">Man in Business Suit Levitating emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Jamaica" title="Music of Jamaica">Music of Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skank_(dance)" title="Skank (dance)">Skank (dance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska_stroke" title="Ska stroke">Ska stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_system_(Jamaican)" title="Sound system (Jamaican)">Sound system (Jamaican)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasting_(Jamaican_music)" title="Toasting (Jamaican music)">Toasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Soul_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soul_music" title="Template:Soul music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soul_music" title="Template talk:Soul music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soul_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soul music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Soul_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Soul_music" title="Soul music">Soul music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue-eyed_soul" title="Blue-eyed soul">Blue-eyed soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boogaloo" title="Boogaloo">Boogaloo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown-eyed_soul" title="Brown-eyed soul">Brown-eyed soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinematic_soul" title="Cinematic soul">Cinematic soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_soul" title="Future soul">Future soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_soul" title="Hip hop soul">Hip hop soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_soul" title="Latin soul">Latin soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo_soul" title="Neo soul">Neo soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_soul" title="Northern soul">Northern soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_soul" title="Progressive soul">Progressive soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_soul" title="Psychedelic soul">Psychedelic soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retro-soul" title="Retro-soul">Retro-soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smooth_soul" title="Smooth soul">Smooth soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_soul" title="Southern soul">Southern soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_blues" title="Soul blues">Soul blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul_jazz" title="Soul jazz">Soul jazz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional scenes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-soul" title="Afro-soul">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_soul" title="Chicago soul">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_soul" title="Memphis soul">Memphis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Orleans_Soul" title="New Orleans Soul">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_soul" title="Philadelphia soul">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_soul" title="British soul">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African American music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funk" title="Funk">Funk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_(subculture)" title="Mod (subculture)">Mod (subculture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mod_revival" title="Mod revival">Mod revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motown" title="Motown">Motown Records</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Motown_(music_style)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motown (music style)">sound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_soul" title="Plastic soul">Plastic soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_groove" title="Rare groove">Rare groove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_rock" title="Samba rock">Samba rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophisti-pop" title="Sophisti-pop">Sophisti-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulboy" title="Soulboy">Soulboy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stax_Records" title="Stax Records">Stax Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_rock" title="Swamp rock">Swamp rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_soul_musicians" title="List of soul musicians">Soul musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_yacht_rock_artists" title="List of yacht rock artists">Yacht soul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Post-disco" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Post-disco" title="Template:Post-disco"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Post-disco" title="Template talk:Post-disco"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Post-disco" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Post-disco"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Post-disco" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Post-disco" title="Post-disco">Post-disco</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Boogie_(genre)" title="Boogie (genre)">Boogie</a> connection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_pop" title="City pop">City pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_(music)" title="Electro (music)">Electro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Freestyle_music" title="Freestyle music">Freestyle</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-pop" title="Dance-pop">Dance-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_house" title="Chicago house">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">Garage</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">Post-punk</a> connection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_dance" title="Alternative dance">Alternative dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-punk" title="Dance-punk">Dance-punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance-rock" title="Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_body_music" title="Electronic body music">EBM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_wave_music" title="New wave music">New wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eurodisco" title="Eurodisco">Eurodisco</a> connection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disco_polo" title="Disco polo">Disco polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hi-NRG" title="Hi-NRG">Hi-NRG</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_disco" title="Italo disco">Italo disco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro/cosmic_music" title="Afro/cosmic music">Afro-cosmic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurobeat" title="Eurobeat">Eurobeat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_post-disco_artists_and_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of post-disco artists and songs">Post-disco artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance-rock_artists" title="List of dance-rock artists">dance-rock artists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dance-pop_artists" title="List of dance-pop artists">dance-pop artists</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Levan" title="Larry Levan">Larry Levan</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/P-Funk" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Funk">P-Funk</a></li><li><i><a href="/wiki/Disco_Not_Disco" title="Disco Not Disco">Disco Not Disco</a></i></li><li><a href="/wiki/Disco_Demolition_Night" title="Disco Demolition Night">Disco Demolition Night</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_jazz" title="Acid jazz">Acid jazz</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_house" title="French house">French house</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Nu-disco" title="Nu-disco">Nu-disco</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Old-school_hip_hop" title="Old-school hip hop">Old-school hip hop</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vaporwave" title="Vaporwave">Future funk</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b>Categories:</b> <a href="/wiki/Category:Dance-rock" title="Category:Dance-rock">Dance-rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Boogie_(genre)" title="Category:Boogie (genre)">Boogie</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="House_music" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:House_music" title="Template:House music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:House_music" title="Template talk:House music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:House_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:House music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="House_music" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_music" title="House music">House music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Styles_of_house_music" title="Styles of house music">Subgenres</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_house" title="Acid house">Acid house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambient_house" title="Ambient house">Ambient house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_house_(genre)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass house (genre)">Bass house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassline_(music_genre)" title="Bassline (music genre)">Bassline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ball_culture#Music" title="Ball culture">Ballroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_house" title="Deep house">Deep house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Disco house">Disco house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diva_house" title="Diva house">Diva house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardbag" title="Hardbag">Hardbag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_house" title="Electro house">Electro house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_room_house" title="Big room house">Big room house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complextro" class="mw-redirect" title="Complextro">Complextro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidget_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Fidget house">Fidget house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funky_house" title="Funky house">Funky house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_house" title="Future house">Future house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garage_house" title="Garage house">Garage house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghetto_house" title="Ghetto house">Ghetto house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghettotech" title="Ghettotech">Ghettotech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juke_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Juke house">Juke house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hip_house" title="Hip house">Hip house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Jazz house">Jazz house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodic house">Melodic house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microhouse" title="Microhouse">Microhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outsider_house" title="Outsider house">Outsider house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lo-fi_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Lo-fi house">Lo-fi house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_house" title="Progressive house">Progressive house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slap_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Slap house">Slap house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soulful_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Soulful house">Soulful house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_house" title="Tech house">Tech house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tribal_house" title="Tribal house">Tribal house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_house" title="Tropical house">Tropical house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UK_hard_house" title="UK hard house">UK hard house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_NRG" title="Hard NRG">Hard NRG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pumping_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Pumping house">Pumping house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardbass" title="Hardbass">Hardbass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouse_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Scouse house">Scouse house</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro_house" title="Afro house">Afro house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amapiano" title="Amapiano">Amapiano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_beat" title="Balearic beat">Balearic beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_club" title="Baltimore club">Baltimore club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian bass">Brazilian bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changa_tuki" class="mw-redirect" title="Changa tuki">Changa tuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_hard_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago hard house">Chicago hard house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_house" title="Chicago house">Chicago house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Dutch house">Dutch house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurohouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurohouse">Eurohouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_house" title="French house">French house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gqom" title="Gqom">Gqom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo_house" title="Italo house">Italo house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_club" title="Jersey club">Jersey club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwaito" title="Kwaito">Kwaito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_house" title="Latin house">Latin house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne_bounce" class="mw-redirect" title="Melbourne bounce">Melbourne bounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_beat" title="New beat">New beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_sound" title="New Jersey sound">New Jersey sound</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Big_beat" title="Big beat">Big beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chill-out_music" title="Chill-out music">Chill-out</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">Disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_trance" title="Dream trance">Dream trance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electro_swing" title="Electro swing">Electro swing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(genre)" title="Footwork (genre)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jungle_terror" class="mw-redirect" title="Jungle terror">Jungle terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard dance">Hard dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madchester" title="Madchester">Madchester</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baggy" title="Baggy">Baggy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moombahton" title="Moombahton">Moombahton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moombahcore" class="mw-redirect" title="Moombahcore">Moombahcore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moombahsoul" class="mw-redirect" title="Moombahsoul">Moombahsoul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu-disco" title="Nu-disco">Nu-disco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nu_jazz" title="Nu jazz">Nu jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Techno" title="Techno">Techno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_house_(genre)" title="Witch house (genre)">Witch house</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dance moves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electro_dance" title="Electro dance">Electro dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Footwork_(dance)" title="Footwork (dance)">Footwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacking" title="Jacking">Jacking</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disc_jockey" title="Disc jockey">DJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightclub" title="Nightclub">Nightclub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rave" title="Rave">Rave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45981#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45981#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control 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