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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early history</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Late modern period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_I_and_interwar_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_I_and_interwar_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>World War I and interwar period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_I_and_interwar_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>World War II</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Byelorussian_SSR_and_Republic_of_Belarus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Byelorussian_SSR_and_Republic_of_Belarus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Byelorussian SSR and Republic of Belarus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Byelorussian_SSR_and_Republic_of_Belarus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Jewish community</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion,_education_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion,_education_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Religion, education and culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion,_education_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medieval" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Medieval</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medieval-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baroque" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baroque"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Baroque</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baroque-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Transport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visa-free_entrance_to_Grodno" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visa-free_entrance_to_Grodno"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Visa-free entrance to Grodno</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visa-free_entrance_to_Grodno-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>International relations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle International relations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_-_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_-_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Twin towns - sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_-_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significant_depictions_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significant_depictions_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Significant depictions in popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significant_depictions_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grodno</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 86 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-86" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">86 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%88" title="غرودنو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غرودنو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qrodno" title="Qrodno – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qrodno" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гродна – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Гродна" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Горадня – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Горадня" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna_(kapital_sa_voblast_sa_Belarus)" title="Hrodna (kapital sa voblast sa Belarus) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Hrodna (kapital sa voblast sa Belarus)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodna" title="Grodna – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Grodna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Γκρόντνο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκρόντνο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BE%D1%88" title="Гродно ош – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Гродно ош" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodno" title="Hrodno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hrodno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%88" title="گرودنو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گرودنو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%90%EB%A1%9C%EB%93%9C%EB%82%98" title="흐로드나 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흐로드나" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B6%D5%B8" title="Գրոդնո – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրոդնո" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%95" title="גרודנו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרודנו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D" title="გროდნო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გროდნო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodna" title="Grodna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Grodna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grod%C5%86a" title="Grodņa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Grodņa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gardinas" title="Gardinas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gardinas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%88" title="جرودنو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جرودنو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%88" title="گرودنو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گرودنو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%83%AD%E3%83%89%E3%83%8A" title="フロドナ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フロドナ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna_(Steed)" title="Hrodna (Steed) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hrodna (Steed)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D8%A7" title="گرودنا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گرودنا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%88" title="ګرودنو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګرودنو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Reo tahiti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%94%D0%BD%D1%8A" title="Городєнъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Городєнъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%86%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2" title="ฆโรดนา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฆโรดนา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Гродно – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гродно" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%86%D9%88" title="گرودنو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گرودنو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hrodna" title="Hrodna – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Hrodna" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grodno" title="Grodno – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Grodno" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" title="格罗德诺 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="格罗德诺" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%A2" title="גראדנע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="גראדנע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E8%AB%BE" title="格羅德諾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="格羅德諾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gard%C4%97ns" title="Gardėns – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Gardėns" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%BA" title="格罗德诺 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="格罗德诺" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grodno&params=53_40_N_23_50_E_region:BY_type:city(361115)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°40′N</span> <span class="longitude">23°50′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.667°N 23.833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.667; 23.833</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Grodno Region, Belarus</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Grodno_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Grodno (disambiguation)">Grodno (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">City in Grodno Region, Belarus</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Grodno</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">Гродна</span></span> • <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Гродно</span></span></div><div class="nickname ib-settlement-other-name">Hrodna</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_largest_towns_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities and largest towns in Belarus">City</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="border:1;;height:193px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horadnia_(Hrodna),_Vilienskaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F,_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_(2021)_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grodno Old Town skyline with Grodno Cathedral in the centre in 2021"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Horadnia_%28Hrodna%29%2C_Vilienskaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%282021%29_05.jpg/258px-Horadnia_%28Hrodna%29%2C_Vilienskaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%282021%29_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Horadnia_%28Hrodna%29%2C_Vilienskaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%282021%29_05.jpg/387px-Horadnia_%28Hrodna%29%2C_Vilienskaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%282021%29_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Horadnia_%28Hrodna%29%2C_Vilienskaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%282021%29_05.jpg/516px-Horadnia_%28Hrodna%29%2C_Vilienskaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%282021%29_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div>Grodno Old Town</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:131px;max-width:131px"><div style="border:1;;height:85px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Grodno_Saint_Francis_Xavier_Cathedral_IMG_1339_2175.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Francis Xavier Cathedral"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Grodno_Saint_Francis_Xavier_Cathedral_IMG_1339_2175.jpg/129px-Grodno_Saint_Francis_Xavier_Cathedral_IMG_1339_2175.jpg" decoding="async" width="129" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Grodno_Saint_Francis_Xavier_Cathedral_IMG_1339_2175.jpg/194px-Grodno_Saint_Francis_Xavier_Cathedral_IMG_1339_2175.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Grodno_Saint_Francis_Xavier_Cathedral_IMG_1339_2175.jpg/258px-Grodno_Saint_Francis_Xavier_Cathedral_IMG_1339_2175.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2175" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_Cathedral,_Grodno" title="St. Francis Xavier Cathedral, Grodno">St. Francis Xavier Cathedral</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div style="border:1;;height:85px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB.jpg/125px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB.jpg/188px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB.jpg/250px-%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%91%D0%BB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4584" data-file-height="3136" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Annunciation_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary,_Grodno" title="Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Grodno">Church of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div style="border:1;;height:89px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horadnia_(Hrodna),_Stary_zamak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA_(2021)_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Grodno Castle"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Horadnia_%28Hrodna%29%2C_Stary_zamak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA_%282021%29_03.jpg/119px-Horadnia_%28Hrodna%29%2C_Stary_zamak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA_%282021%29_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Horadnia_%28Hrodna%29%2C_Stary_zamak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA_%282021%29_03.jpg/179px-Horadnia_%28Hrodna%29%2C_Stary_zamak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA_%282021%29_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Horadnia_%28Hrodna%29%2C_Stary_zamak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA_%282021%29_03.jpg/238px-Horadnia_%28Hrodna%29%2C_Stary_zamak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA_%282021%29_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div><a href="/wiki/Old_Grodno_Castle" title="Old Grodno Castle">Old Grodno Castle</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div style="border:1;;height:89px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_2015._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Savieckaja Street in the Old Town"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_2015._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/135px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_2015._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_2015._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/203px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_2015._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_2015._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg/270px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_2015._%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F._%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BC_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div><div>Savieckaja Street</div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Hrodna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Grodno"><img alt="Flag of Grodno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Hrodna.svg/150px-Flag_of_Hrodna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Hrodna.svg/225px-Flag_of_Hrodna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_Hrodna.svg/300px-Flag_of_Hrodna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hrodna.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Grodno"><img alt="Coat of arms of Grodno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_Hrodna.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hrodna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_Hrodna.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hrodna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Coat_of_arms_of_Hrodna.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hrodna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="232" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relief_Map_of_Belarus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Grodno is located in Belarus"><img alt="Grodno is located in Belarus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Relief_Map_of_Belarus.png/250px-Relief_Map_of_Belarus.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Relief_Map_of_Belarus.png/375px-Relief_Map_of_Belarus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Relief_Map_of_Belarus.png/500px-Relief_Map_of_Belarus.png 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="1068" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:51.566%;left:9.238%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Grodno"><img alt="Grodno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Grodno</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Grodno in Belarus</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Belarus</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Grodno is located in Europe"><img alt="Grodno is located in Europe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/250px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/375px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg/500px-Europe_relief_laea_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1351" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:48.543%;left:55.079%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Grodno"><img alt="Grodno" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Grodno</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Grodno (Europe)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Europe</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Grodno&params=53_40_N_23_50_E_region:BY_type:city(361115)"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">53°40′N</span> <span class="longitude">23°50′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">53.667°N 23.833°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">53.667; 23.833</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belarus" title="Regions of Belarus">Region</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Grodno_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Grodno Region">Grodno Region</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1127</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Chairman</th><td class="infobox-data">Andrej Chmiel</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">142.11 km<sup>2</sup> (54.87 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">137 m (449 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2024)<sup id="cite_ref-pop_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">361,115</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,500/km<sup>2</sup> (6,600/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Time" title="Moscow Time">MSK</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Postal code</th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">230000</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+375-15</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">License plate</th><td class="infobox-data">4</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grodno.gov.by/">Official website</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Grodno</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Гродно</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[ˈɡrodnə]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a>: גראָדנע; <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: <i lang="pl">Grodno</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="pl-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">[ˈɡrɔdnɔ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9a\/Pl-Grodno.ogg\/Pl-Grodno.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pl-Grodno.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9a/Pl-Grodno.ogg/Pl-Grodno.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Pl-Grodno.ogg" title="File:Pl-Grodno.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a>: <i lang="lt">Gardinas</i>) or <b>Hrodna</b> (<a href="/wiki/Belarusian_language" title="Belarusian language">Belarusian</a>: <span lang="be">Гродна</span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="be-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Belarusian" title="Help:IPA/Belarusian">[ˈɣrɔdna]</a></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a city in western <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>. It is one of the oldest cities of Belarus.<sup id="cite_ref-zetgr_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zetgr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city is located on the <a href="/wiki/Neman" title="Neman">Neman River</a>, 300 kilometres (190 mi) from <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, about 15 kilometres (9.3 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Poland_border" title="Belarus–Poland border">border with Poland</a>, and 30 kilometres (19 mi) from the <a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93Lithuania_border" title="Belarus–Lithuania border">border with Lithuania</a>. Grodno serves as the administrative center of <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Grodno Region">Grodno Region</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grodno_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Grodno District">Grodno District</a>, though it is administratively separated from the district.<sup id="cite_ref-pop_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2024,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> the city has a population of 361,115 inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-pop_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pop-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern city of Grodno, founded in 1127, originated as a small fortress and trading outpost on the border of the Baltic tribal union of the <a href="/wiki/Yotvingians" title="Yotvingians">Yotvingians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zetgr_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zetgr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also a home to the <a href="/wiki/Dregoviches" title="Dregoviches">Dregoviches</a> Slavic tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-zetgr_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zetgr-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a significant city in Black Ruthenia and later part of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a>, which joined the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Union">Polish-Lithuanian Union</a> in 1385. Grodno faced numerous invasions, most notably by the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>. The city was a key trade, commerce, and cultural center in the <a href="/wiki/Polish-Lithuanian_Commonwealth" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>, and one of its royal residences, and <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> capital in the 1580s. The grand dukes allowed the creation of a Jewish commune in 1389, and the city received its charter in 1441. Grodno was the site of two battles during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>. </p><p>Grodno has a rich history with various rulers and influences. In 1793, Grodno became the capital of the Grodno Voivodeship, but was annexed by Russia in 1795 after <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">Third Partition of Poland</a>. The city had a significant Jewish population before the Holocaust. After WWI, it was briefly part of the Belarusian People's Republic and the Republic of Lithuania before being taken over by Poland. During WWII, it was occupied by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and later by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Since 1945, Grodno has been part of Belarus. Today, it has a diverse population, including Belarusians, Poles, and a small Jewish community. The city is known for its historical architecture, including the <a href="/wiki/Old_Grodno_Castle" title="Old Grodno Castle">Old Grodno Castle</a>, and is a center for Roman Catholicism and Polish culture in Belarus. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_names">Other names</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Other names"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Belarusian Classical Orthography (<a href="/wiki/Tara%C5%A1kievica" title="Taraškievica">Taraškievica</a>), the city is named as <span title="Belarusian-language text"><span lang="be">Горадня</span></span> (Horadnia). In <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, it was known as <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Grodna</i></span> (<span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">-ae</i></span>), in Polish as <span title="Polish-language text"><i lang="pl">Grodno</i></span>, in Lithuanian as <span title="Lithuanian-language text"><i lang="lt">Gardinas</i></span>, in <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a> as <span title="Latvian-language text"><i lang="lv">Grodņa</i></span>, in German as <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Garten</i></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> as <span title="Yiddish-language text"><span lang="yi" dir="rtl">גראָדנע</span></span> (Grodne). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_history">Early history</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before arrival of the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavs</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Grodno Region">Grodno Region</a> in the 10th–11th centuries, the area was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Balts" title="Balts">Baltic</a> tribe <a href="/wiki/Yotvingians" title="Yotvingians">Yotvingians</a>, who were heavily <a href="/wiki/Lithuanization" title="Lithuanization">Lithuanized</a> in the 5th-7th centuries already and especially during the formation of the State of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a> in the 13th century, and subsequently for a long time Grodno and its area was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Ethnographic_Lithuania" title="Ethnographic Lithuania">Ethnographic Lithuania</a> (e.g. even in the 19th century the Lithuanian-inhabited areas were still nearby the present-day suburbs of Grodno city).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The modern city of Grodno originated as a small fortress and a fortified trading outpost maintained by the <a href="/wiki/Rurikid" class="mw-redirect" title="Rurikid">Rurikid</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince" title="Prince">princes</a> on the border with the lands of the Baltic tribal union of the Yotvingians. The first reference to Grodno dates to 1005.<sup id="cite_ref-USSR/1965_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USSR/1965-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official foundation year is 1128. In this year Grodno was mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Chronicle" title="Kievan Chronicle">Kievan Chronicle</a></i> as <b>Goroden</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrich197711_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrich197711-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and located at a crossing of numerous trading routes.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The same chronicle also reports in the year 1183: 'That same year all of Goroden burned, including all the stone churches, from a flash of lightning and a clap of thunder in a thunderstorm.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrich1977401_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrich1977401-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Grodno became part of the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a> in the 13th century, and the local stronghold was rebuilt by Lithuanians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19234_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19234-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prince <a href="/wiki/Daniel_of_Galicia" title="Daniel of Galicia">Daniel of Galicia</a> briefly captured the city in 1253 and once again attacked it in 1259.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19234_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19234-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1276, Duke <a href="/wiki/Traidenis" title="Traidenis">Traidenis</a> gave shelter in Grodno to Yotvingians fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Knights" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutonic Knights">Teutonic Knights</a>' massacre.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19234_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19234-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was unsuccessfully attacked by the Rus' princes and Tatars in 1277, then repeatedly attacked, with varying success, by the Teutonic Knights in 1283, 1296, 1306, 1311, 1312, 1328, 1361, 1363, 1373, 1375, 1377.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19235–6_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19235–6-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1358 a convention took place in Grodno on border disputes between Lithuania and the Polish <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Masovia" title="Duchy of Masovia">Duchy of Masovia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19236_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19236-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since 1385 Grodno formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_union" title="Polish–Lithuanian union">Polish–Lithuanian union</a>. The famous Lithuanian Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Vytautas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vytautas">Vytautas</a> was the prince of Grodno from 1376 to 1392, and he stayed there during his preparations for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a> (1410). During the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Civil_War_(1389%E2%80%931392)" title="Lithuanian Civil War (1389–1392)">Lithuanian Civil War of 1389–1392</a>, the city was captured by <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_II_Jagie%C5%82%C5%82o" title="Władysław II Jagiełło">Władysław II Jagiełło</a> in 1390, and then by Vytautas in 1391, with Vytautas-allied <a href="/wiki/Konrad_von_Wallenrode" title="Konrad von Wallenrode">Konrad von Wallenrode</a> committing a massacre of 15 Polish prisoners-of-war.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19237_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19237-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Agreement" title="Ostrów Agreement">Ostrów Agreement</a> of 1392, Vytautas expelled the Teutonic Knights, who in revenge captured the city, burned the castle and took 3,000 prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19237_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19237-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was attacked one more time by the Teutonic Knights in 1402.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19238_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19238-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since 1413, Grodno had been the administrative center of a <a href="/wiki/Powiat" title="Powiat">powiat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Trakai_Voivodeship" title="Trakai Voivodeship">Trakai Voivodeship</a>. Polish King Władysław II Jagiełło often stopped in Grodno, including in 1414, 1416, 1418 and 1425.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19239_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19239-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1425, Polish-Teutonic talks concerning the borders took place there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19239_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19239-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polish–Lithuanian_Commonwealth"><span id="Polish.E2.80.93Lithuanian_Commonwealth"></span>Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Horadnia._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_(1567).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cityscape of Grodno city in 1567"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Horadnia._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%281567%29.jpg/800px-Horadnia._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%281567%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Horadnia._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%281567%29.jpg/1200px-Horadnia._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%281567%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Horadnia._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%281567%29.jpg/1600px-Horadnia._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_%281567%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13329" data-file-height="5073" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Horadnia._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F_(1567).jpg" title="File:Horadnia. Горадня (1567).jpg"> </a></div>Cityscape of Grodno city in 1567</div></div></div> <p>To aid the reconstruction of trade and commerce, the grand dukes allowed the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> commune in 1389. It was one of the first Jewish communities in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In 1441 the city received its charter, based on the <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Magdeburg Law">Magdeburg Law</a>. In 1445, <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV Jagiellon</a> received a delegation from <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> in Grodno announcing his election as king of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19239_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19239-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horadnia,_Novy_zamak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F,_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA_(XVIII).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Horadnia%2C_Novy_zamak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA_%28XVIII%29.jpg/220px-Horadnia%2C_Novy_zamak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA_%28XVIII%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Horadnia%2C_Novy_zamak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA_%28XVIII%29.jpg/330px-Horadnia%2C_Novy_zamak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA_%28XVIII%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Horadnia%2C_Novy_zamak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA_%28XVIII%29.jpg/440px-Horadnia%2C_Novy_zamak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA_%28XVIII%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="652" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/New_Grodno_Castle" title="New Grodno Castle">New Castle in Grodno</a> used to be a summer residence of <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> monarchs</figcaption></figure> <p>As an important centre of trade, commerce, and culture, Grodno was a notable <a href="/wiki/Royal_city" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal city">royal city</a> and was also one of the royal residences and political centers of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a>. In the 1580s, Grodno was the <i><a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a></i> capital of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, when King <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Báthory of Poland">Stephen Báthory of Poland</a> moved his main residence and military headquarters there.<sup id="cite_ref-sm_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sm-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stephen Báthory rebuilt the <a href="/wiki/Old_Grodno_Castle" title="Old Grodno Castle">Old Grodno Castle</a> into an important royal residence and built the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance</a> Batorówka Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-sm_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sm-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Old and <a href="/wiki/New_Castle_in_Grodno" class="mw-redirect" title="New Castle in Grodno">New Castles</a> were often visited by the Commonwealth monarchs. Kings <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV Jagiellon</a> and Stephen Báthory died there, and the latter was initially buried at the local <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary,_Grodno" title="Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Grodno">Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192310_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192310-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sm_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sm-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grodno was one of the places where the <a href="/wiki/Sejm_of_the_Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Sejm of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Sejms of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> were held, incl. the <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Sejm" title="Grodno Sejm">last Sejm in the history of the Commonwealth</a> in 1793. </p><p>The city was the site of two battles, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grodno_(1706)" title="Battle of Grodno (1706)">Battle of Grodno (1706)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grodno_(1708)" title="Battle of Grodno (1708)">Battle of Grodno (1708)</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War" title="Great Northern War">Great Northern War</a>. </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Partition_of_Poland" title="Second Partition of Poland">Second Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> and a subsequent administrative reform of the remainder of the Commonwealth, Grodno became the capital of the short-lived <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Sejm" title="Grodno Sejm">Grodno Voivodeship</a> in 1793. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_modern_period">Late modern period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late modern period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1795, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> annexed the city in the <a href="/wiki/Third_Partition_of_Poland" title="Third Partition of Poland">Third Partition of Poland</a>. It was in the New Castle on 25 November that year that the last Polish king and Lithuanian grand duke <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_August_Poniatowski" title="Stanisław August Poniatowski">Stanisław August Poniatowski</a> <a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">abdicated</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>, the city continued to serve its role as a seat of <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Governorate" title="Grodno Governorate">Grodno Governorate</a> since 1801. The industrial activities started in the late 18th century by <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Tyzenhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoni Tyzenhaus">Antoni Tyzenhaus</a>, continued to develop. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> and fights for Polish liberation, in 1812, Polish <a href="/wiki/Uhlans" class="mw-redirect" title="Uhlans">uhlans</a> of Prince <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a> entered Grodno, followed by the French led by <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Jérôme Bonaparte">Jérôme Bonaparte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192345–46_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192345–46-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The entry of the allied Polish and French troops was met with enthusiasm by the population, the <i>Accession to the Confederation of the inhabitants of the Grodno district</i> was announced, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Name_day" title="Name day">name day</a> was officially celebrated and an obelisk was erected in honour of the French.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192346_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192346-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horadnia,_Vilenskaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F,_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_(N._Orda,_1.07.1867)_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Horadnia%2C_Vilenskaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28N._Orda%2C_1.07.1867%29_%282%29.jpg/220px-Horadnia%2C_Vilenskaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28N._Orda%2C_1.07.1867%29_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Horadnia%2C_Vilenskaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28N._Orda%2C_1.07.1867%29_%282%29.jpg/330px-Horadnia%2C_Vilenskaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28N._Orda%2C_1.07.1867%29_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Horadnia%2C_Vilenskaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28N._Orda%2C_1.07.1867%29_%282%29.jpg/440px-Horadnia%2C_Vilenskaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%28N._Orda%2C_1.07.1867%29_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1674" data-file-height="1245" /></a><figcaption>Grodno in the 1860s on a drawing by <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Orda" title="Napoleon Orda">Napoleon Orda</a>, seat of authorities of the underground Polish Grodno Voivodeship from the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> on the left</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1833, following the unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/November_Uprising" title="November Uprising">November Uprising</a>, notable local Polish independence activist and insurgent Michał Wołłowicz was <a href="/wiki/Hanged" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanged">hanged</a> by the Russians, and the local Dominican gymnasium was seized by the Tsarist authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192347_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192347-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Local Poles took part in Polish national mourning after the Russian massacre of Polish protesters in <a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a> in 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192348_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192348-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dean_(Christianity)" title="Dean (Christianity)">dean</a> of Grodno, Józef Majewski, was deported to <a href="/wiki/Tobolsk" title="Tobolsk">Tobolsk</a> in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> for attempting to organise a procession to <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCanystok" title="Różanystok">Różanystok</a>, a regional Catholic pilgrimage destination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192348_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192348-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Count Aleksander Bisping was arrested and imprisoned here during the <a href="/wiki/January_Uprising" title="January Uprising">January Uprising</a> (1863-1864) before his exile to <a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Anderson_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anderson-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 210–211">: 210–211 </span></sup> After the fall of the uprising, a ban on the use of Polish in public places was introduced in 1865, and <a href="/wiki/Martial_law" title="Martial law">martial law</a> was in force in Grodno until 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192350_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192350-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of Russian discriminatory policies (see <i><a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a></i>) the city experienced an influx of Jewish immigrants in the 19th century, and thus had a significant Jewish population before <a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">the Holocaust</a>: according to <a href="/wiki/Russian_census_of_1897" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian census of 1897">Russian census of 1897</a>, out of the total population of 46,900, Jews constituted 22,700 (around 48%, or almost half of the total population).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_interwar_period">World War I and interwar period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War I and interwar period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grodno_Military_Command,_decorated_with_three_flags_of_Lithuania,_Belarus,_and_with_Vytis_(Pogonia),_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Grodno_Military_Command%2C_decorated_with_three_flags_of_Lithuania%2C_Belarus%2C_and_with_Vytis_%28Pogonia%29%2C_1919.jpg/220px-Grodno_Military_Command%2C_decorated_with_three_flags_of_Lithuania%2C_Belarus%2C_and_with_Vytis_%28Pogonia%29%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Grodno_Military_Command%2C_decorated_with_three_flags_of_Lithuania%2C_Belarus%2C_and_with_Vytis_%28Pogonia%29%2C_1919.jpg/330px-Grodno_Military_Command%2C_decorated_with_three_flags_of_Lithuania%2C_Belarus%2C_and_with_Vytis_%28Pogonia%29%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Grodno_Military_Command%2C_decorated_with_three_flags_of_Lithuania%2C_Belarus%2C_and_with_Vytis_%28Pogonia%29%2C_1919.jpg/440px-Grodno_Military_Command%2C_decorated_with_three_flags_of_Lithuania%2C_Belarus%2C_and_with_Vytis_%28Pogonia%29%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1241" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Grodno Military Command, which is decorated with three flags of Lithuania, Belarus, and with the Coat of arms of Lithuania in January 1919<sup id="cite_ref-Lukosevicius_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lukosevicius-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>After the outbreak of World War I, Grodno was <a href="/wiki/Belligerent_occupation" class="mw-redirect" title="Belligerent occupation">occupied</a> by <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> (3 September 1915)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192351_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192351-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ceded by <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Bolshevist Russia</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Brest-Litovsk_(Russia%E2%80%93Central_Powers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (Russia–Central Powers)">Treaty of Brest-Litovsk</a> in 1918. After the war the German government permitted a short-lived state to be set up there, the first one with a <i>Belarusian</i> name—the <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_People%27s_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Belarusian People's Republic">Belarusian People's Republic</a>. This declared its independence from Russia in March 1918 in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> (known at that time as Mensk), but then the <a href="/wiki/Rada_of_the_Belarusian_Democratic_Republic" title="Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic">Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic</a> had to leave Minsk and fled to Grodno and later to the <a href="/wiki/Temporary_capital_of_Lithuania" title="Temporary capital of Lithuania">temporary</a> Lithuanian capital <a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-SantykiaiVle_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SantykiaiVle-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All this time the military authority in the city remained in German hands until April 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardinoapskritis_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardinoapskritis-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, military units of the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Armed_Forces" title="Lithuanian Armed Forces">Lithuanian Armed Forces</a> were formed in the German-controlled part of the <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Grodno Region">Grodno Region</a> in 1918–1919.<sup id="cite_ref-Gardinoapskritis_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardinoapskritis-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Surgailis1374_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surgailis1374-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, a Belarusian unit named <a href="/wiki/1st_Belarusian_Regiment" title="1st Belarusian Regiment">1st Belarusian Regiment</a>, commanded by Alaksandar Ružancoŭ, was formed mainly from Grodno's inhabitants in 1919 as a part of the Lithuanian Armed Forces and participated in Lithuania's side during the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Wars_of_Independence" title="Lithuanian Wars of Independence">Lithuanian Wars of Independence</a>, thus large amount of its members were awarded with the highest state award of Lithuania – <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_Vytis" title="Order of the Cross of Vytis">Order of the Cross of Vytis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Surgailis1374_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Surgailis1374-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lukosevicius_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lukosevicius-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with an agreement between Lithuania and Belarus (Rada BNR), the Grodno Region was joined to Lithuania.<sup id="cite_ref-SantykiaiVle_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SantykiaiVle-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Lithuanian president <a href="/wiki/Antanas_Smetona" title="Antanas Smetona">Antanas Smetona</a>, the Lithuanians considered granting an autonomy to the Belarusian territories within Lithuania (as requested by Belarusian side; there were Belarusian members in the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Lithuania" title="Council of Lithuania">Council of Lithuania</a> and representation in the Government of Lithuania by <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Ministry_for_Belarusian_Affairs" title="Lithuanian Ministry for Belarusian Affairs">Lithuanian Ministry for Belarusian Affairs</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Blaszczak11_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blaszczak11-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horadnia,_Lipavaja-Nioman,_Stary_most._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F,_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%9D%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_(1938).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Horadnia%2C_Lipavaja-Nioman%2C_Stary_most._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%9D%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%281938%29.jpg/220px-Horadnia%2C_Lipavaja-Nioman%2C_Stary_most._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%9D%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%281938%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Horadnia%2C_Lipavaja-Nioman%2C_Stary_most._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%9D%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%281938%29.jpg/330px-Horadnia%2C_Lipavaja-Nioman%2C_Stary_most._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%9D%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%281938%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Horadnia%2C_Lipavaja-Nioman%2C_Stary_most._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%9D%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%281938%29.jpg/440px-Horadnia%2C_Lipavaja-Nioman%2C_Stary_most._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%9D%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%2C_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%281938%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="943" /></a><figcaption>Grodno skyline in 1934</figcaption></figure> <p>After the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Bolshevik_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish–Bolshevik War">Polish–Bolshevik War</a>, the German commanders of the <a href="/wiki/Ober_Ost" title="Ober Ost">Ober Ost</a> feared that the city might fall to Soviet Russia, so according to the 1919 Treaty of <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a> on 27 April 1919 they passed authority to Poland,<sup id="cite_ref-Gardinoapskritis_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gardinoapskritis-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which just regained independence several months earlier. The city was taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Army">Polish Army</a> the following day and Polish administration was established in the city. The Poles disbanded the Lithuania's 1st Belarusian Regiment (which refused to carry out Polish orders) in Grodno and publicly humiliated, looted and repressed soldiers of this unit, including officers, as well as Lithuanian and Belarusian symbols and flags in the city were torn down and publicly ridiculed, and were replaced with Polish equivalents.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was lost by Poles to the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> on 20 July 1920 in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Grodno_(1920)" title="First Battle of Grodno (1920)">First Battle of Grodno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The city was also claimed by Lithuanian government, after it was agreed by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Treaty_of_1920" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet–Lithuanian Treaty of 1920">Soviet–Lithuanian Treaty of 1920</a> signed on 12 July 1920 in Moscow that the city would be transferred to Lithuania.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Soviet defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Warsaw_(1920)" title="Battle of Warsaw (1920)">Battle of Warsaw</a> made these plans obsolete, and Lithuanian authority was never established in the city. Instead, the Red Army organised its last stand in the city and the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neman" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Neman">Battle of Neman</a> took place there. On <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">23 September</span> the Polish Army recaptured the city. After the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Treaty_of_Riga" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Treaty of Riga">Peace Treaty of Riga</a>, Grodno remained in Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horadnia,_Mia%C5%A1%C4%8Danskaja-Stary_Rynak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F,_%D0%9C%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_(1935).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Horadnia%2C_Mia%C5%A1%C4%8Danskaja-Stary_Rynak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9C%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%281935%29.jpg/220px-Horadnia%2C_Mia%C5%A1%C4%8Danskaja-Stary_Rynak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9C%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%281935%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Horadnia%2C_Mia%C5%A1%C4%8Danskaja-Stary_Rynak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9C%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%281935%29.jpg/330px-Horadnia%2C_Mia%C5%A1%C4%8Danskaja-Stary_Rynak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9C%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%281935%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Horadnia%2C_Mia%C5%A1%C4%8Danskaja-Stary_Rynak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9C%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%281935%29.jpg/440px-Horadnia%2C_Mia%C5%A1%C4%8Danskaja-Stary_Rynak._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9C%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B_%D0%A0%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_%281935%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1498" data-file-height="927" /></a><figcaption>View of Grodno in 1935</figcaption></figure> <p>Initially, prosperity was reduced due to the fact that the city remained only the capital of a powiat, while the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok_Voivodeship_(1919%E2%80%931939)" title="Białystok Voivodeship (1919–1939)">voivodeship</a> was moved to <a href="/wiki/Bia%C5%82ystok" title="Białystok">Białystok</a>. However, in the late 1920s the city became one of the biggest Polish Army garrisons. This brought the local economy back on track. According to the <a href="/wiki/1921_Polish_census" title="1921 Polish census">1921 Polish census</a>, the population of the city was 49.9% Polish, 43.4% Jewish, 4.3% Belarusian, 2.0% Russian, 0.26% German and 0.05% Lithuanian.<sup id="cite_ref-gus_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gus-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_Army_near_the_Church_of_the_Discovery_of_the_Holy_Cross_in_Hrodna_during_World_War_II_in_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/German_Army_near_the_Church_of_the_Discovery_of_the_Holy_Cross_in_Hrodna_during_World_War_II_in_1940.jpg/220px-German_Army_near_the_Church_of_the_Discovery_of_the_Holy_Cross_in_Hrodna_during_World_War_II_in_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/German_Army_near_the_Church_of_the_Discovery_of_the_Holy_Cross_in_Hrodna_during_World_War_II_in_1940.jpg/330px-German_Army_near_the_Church_of_the_Discovery_of_the_Holy_Cross_in_Hrodna_during_World_War_II_in_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/German_Army_near_the_Church_of_the_Discovery_of_the_Holy_Cross_in_Hrodna_during_World_War_II_in_1940.jpg/440px-German_Army_near_the_Church_of_the_Discovery_of_the_Holy_Cross_in_Hrodna_during_World_War_II_in_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>German Army in Grodno during World War II in 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Polish Defensive War</a> of September to October 1939 the garrison of Grodno was mostly used for the formation of numerous military units fighting against the invading <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>. In the course of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Poland" title="Soviet invasion of Poland">Soviet invasion of Poland</a> (initiated on 17 September 1939) heavy fighting took place in the city between Soviet and improvised Polish forces, composed mostly of <a href="/wiki/March_battalion" title="March battalion">march battalions</a> and volunteers.<sup id="cite_ref-Piesakowski0_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Piesakowski0-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the course of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grodno_(1939)" title="Battle of Grodno (1939)">Battle of Grodno</a> <span class="avoidwrap" style="display:inline-block;">(20-22 September)</span> the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> lost some hundred men (according to Polish sources; according to Soviet sources – 57 killed and 159 wounded) and also 19 tanks and 4 APCs destroyed or damaged. The Polish side suffered at least 100 killed in action, military and civil, but losses still remain uncertain in detail (Soviet sources claim 644 killed and 1543 captives with many guns and machine guns etc. captured). Over 300 captured Polish defenders of the city, including Polish Army officers and youth, were massacred afterwards by the Soviets.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Soviet forces surrounded the engaged Polish units, the escaping Polish units withdrew to Lithuania.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horadnia,_Zamkavaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F,_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_(1941-44).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Horadnia%2C_Zamkavaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%281941-44%29.jpg/220px-Horadnia%2C_Zamkavaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%281941-44%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Horadnia%2C_Zamkavaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%281941-44%29.jpg/330px-Horadnia%2C_Zamkavaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%281941-44%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Horadnia%2C_Zamkavaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%281941-44%29.jpg/440px-Horadnia%2C_Zamkavaja._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%281941-44%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="494" /></a><figcaption>Grodno skyline with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary,_Grodno" title="Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Grodno">Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_Cathedral,_Grodno" title="St. Francis Xavier Cathedral, Grodno">Grodno Cathedral</a> (right) in 1941-1944</figcaption></figure> <p>In accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> of August 1939, the city was <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Poland (1939–1945)">occupied</a> by the Soviet Union and annexed into the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic</a>. Several thousand of the city's <a href="/wiki/Polish_people" title="Polish people">Polish</a> inhabitants were <a href="/wiki/Population_transfer_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Population transfer in the Soviet Union">deported</a> to remote areas of the Soviet Union. On 1–2 October 1940, negotiations were held in Grodno between the Lithuanian and Belarusian communists to resolve territorial disputes between the <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic">Lithuanian SSR</a> and Byelorussian SSR.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapoka2020_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapoka2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lithuanians received less territories than they were appointed by the Supreme Soviet Decree of 3 August 1940 and on 6 November 1940 the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union adopted a new decree regarding the borders of the Byelorussian SSR and Lithuanian SSR.<sup id="cite_ref-Sapoka2020_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapoka2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Byelorussian SSR transferred cities and surroundings of <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0ven%C4%8Dionys" title="Švenčionys">Švenčionys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dieveni%C5%A1k%C4%97s" title="Dieveniškės">Dieveniškės</a>, <a href="/wiki/Druskininkai" title="Druskininkai">Druskininkai</a> to the Lithuanian SSR that were mostly inhabited by Lithuanians and the Lithuanians began administrating them in January 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-SantykiaiVle_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SantykiaiVle-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sapoka2020_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sapoka2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 26 September 1940 meeting protocol of the Central Committee of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Byelorussia" title="Communist Party of Byelorussia">Communist Party of Byelorussia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Ponomarenko" title="Panteleimon Ponomarenko">Panteleimon Ponomarenko</a>, the First Secretary of the Communist Party of Byelorussia, narrated during the meeting that previously he discussed with the Soviet dictator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> the issue of the territorial transfers between the Byelorussian SSR and the Lithuanian SSR and Stalin said to him that if he will not transfer territories where there are many Lithuanians he will be punished.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 23 June 1941, the city came under <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German</a> occupation that lasted until 16 July 1944. It was administered as part of the <a href="/wiki/Bialystok_District" title="Bialystok District">Bialystok District</a>. Surviving inmates of the Grodno prison were released and the scale of the <a href="/wiki/NKVD_prisoner_massacres" title="NKVD prisoner massacres">NKVD prisoner massacres</a> revealed.<sup id="cite_ref-ipn/pdf_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ipn/pdf-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the course of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> in World War II, the majority of Jews were herded by the Nazis into the <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Ghetto" title="Grodno Ghetto">Grodno Ghetto</a> and subsequently killed in <a href="/wiki/Extermination_camps" class="mw-redirect" title="Extermination camps">extermination camps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Germans also operated a Nazi prison in the city.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Byelorussian_SSR_and_Republic_of_Belarus">Byelorussian SSR and Republic of Belarus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Byelorussian SSR and Republic of Belarus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since 1945, the city has been a centre of one of the provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Byelorussian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic">Byelorussian SSR</a>, now of the independent Republic of Belarus. Most of the Polish inhabitants were expelled or fled to Poland in <a href="/wiki/Polish_population_transfers_(1944%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish population transfers (1944–1946)">1944–1946</a> and <a href="/wiki/Repatriation_of_Poles_(1955%E2%80%931959)" title="Repatriation of Poles (1955–1959)">1955–1959</a>. However, in 2019 Poles were still the second-most numerous nationality in the city (22%), after Belarusians.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1897</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">46,919</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">34,694</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−26.1%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1939</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">49,200</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+41.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1959</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">72,943</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+48.3%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">132,471</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+81.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1979</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">194,775</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+47.0%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1989</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">270,535</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+38.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1999</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">301,600</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+11.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2009</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">327,540</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2019</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">355,932</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.7%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: ,<sup id="cite_ref-gus_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gus-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pop-stat.mashke.org<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Grodno Old Town was severely damaged during World War II and post-war authorities lacked will to preserve its heritage. The <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Blessed_Virgin_Mary,_Grodno" title="Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Grodno">Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary</a>, which because of its founder (14th century) was commonly referred to as <i><a href="/wiki/Vytautas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vytautas">Vytautas</a>' Church</i>, was first turned into a warehouse and eventually in 1961 was blown up by a decision of the Grodno Executive Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="be:Гарадзенская ратуша">Grodno Town Hall</a> (constructed in 1513) was demolished to expand <a href="/wiki/Savieckaja_Square" title="Savieckaja Square">Savieckaja Square</a>. The early 17th century Baroque style <a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA_(%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0)" class="extiw" title="be:Кляштар бернардзінак (Гродна)">Church of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary and Bernardine Monastery</a> was demolished in 1951 also by a decision of the Grodno Executive Committee and the Grodno Regional Drama Theatre was built in its place.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2005, the reconstruction of the historical centre of Grodno began. In 2008, the Belarusian Voluntary Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments declared violations of the Law on the Protection of Historical and Cultural Heritage: the destruction of the cultural layer in the historic Old Market Square, demolition of 28 <a href="/wiki/Constructivist_architecture" title="Constructivist architecture">Constructivist architecture</a> buildings in Mickevich, Gorky and 17 September streets in order to replace them with a modern hotel complex and the main traffic flow is directed in dangerous proximity to the New and Old Castles, while the plans to rebuild the Grodno Town Hall and the Church of the Blessed Virgin Mary (<i>Vytautas' Church</i>) are not being implemented.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The reconstruction of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Grodno_Castle" title="Old Grodno Castle">Old Grodno Castle</a> was started in 2017 and also received criticism due to the lacking of historical authenticity.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, the contemporary viewpoint was added near the central gates.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some specialists disputed the restoration project, they found significant mistakes in documentation that appeared because the constructor could not read historical inventory descriptions written in Polish and German. For example, the shape of the dome above the central tower, added levels between towers and galleries. Some authentic 16th century walls were demolished.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its significant loss of heritage, the city still has the largest ensemble of historical buildings in Belarus and is still nicknamed the "royal city" and "a grand-ducal-royal city", thus is a popular tourists destination.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Brest_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Brest Region">Brest</a>-<a href="/wiki/Grodno_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Grodno Region">Grodno</a> area was declared visa-free zone for foreign visitors for the period up to 15 days.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the British, American, Lithuanian, Canadian authorities and <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_opposition" title="Belarusian opposition">Belarusian opposition</a> representatives urged not to travel to Belarus because of the safety concerns due to the risk of arbitrary enforcement of local laws (resulting in arrests and detention) and <a href="/wiki/Russo-Ukrainian_War" title="Russo-Ukrainian War">Russo-Ukrainian War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jewish_community">Jewish community</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Jewish community"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jews began to settle in Grodno in the 14th century after the approval given to them by the Lithuanian Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Vytautas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vytautas">Vytautas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEЭЕЭ2005_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEЭЕЭ2005-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the next years, their status had changed several times and in 1495 the Jews were deported from the city and banned from settling in Grodno (the ban was lifted in 1503). In 1560 there were 60 Jewish families in Grodno. They were concentrated on the "Jewish street" with their own synagogue and "hospital". In the year 1578 the great synagogue of Grodno was built by rabbi <a href="/wiki/Mordecai_Yoffe" title="Mordecai Yoffe">Mordehai Yaffe</a> (Baal ha-Levush). The synagogue was severely damaged in a fire in 1599.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grodno_Wielka_Synagoga_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Grodno_Wielka_Synagoga_02.jpg/220px-Grodno_Wielka_Synagoga_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Grodno_Wielka_Synagoga_02.jpg/330px-Grodno_Wielka_Synagoga_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Grodno_Wielka_Synagoga_02.jpg/440px-Grodno_Wielka_Synagoga_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Grodno)" title="Great Synagogue (Grodno)">Great Synagogue</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The community was not affected by the <a href="/wiki/Khmelnytsky_uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Khmelnytsky uprising">Khmelnytsky uprising</a> but suffered during the 1655 Cossack uprising and during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_War#1702–1710:_Russia_and_the_Baltic_provinces" title="Great Northern War">war with Sweden</a> (1703–1708). After Grodno was annexed by the Russian Empire in 1795 it was made part of the <a href="/wiki/Pale_of_Settlement" title="Pale of Settlement">Pale of Settlement</a> within which Jewish residency was allowed, and beyond which it was prohibited. Thus the Jewish population continued to grow and in 1907 there were 25,000 Jews out of a total population of 47,000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the period of independent Poland, a yeshiva had operated in the city (<a href="/wiki/Grodno_Yeshiva" title="Grodno Yeshiva">Shaar ha-Tora</a>) under the management of Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Shkop" title="Shimon Shkop">Shimon Shkop</a>. Before the German-Soviet <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> there were about 25,000 Jews in Grodno out of 50,000 total population.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the German occupation of the city, on 1 November 1942 the Jews were concentrated in 2 ghettos. 15,000 men were confined to the old part of the city where the main synagogue was located. A high wall of 2 meters was built around the ghetto. The second ghetto was located in the Slovodka part of the city with 10,000 inhabitants. The head of the <a href="/wiki/Judenrat" title="Judenrat">Judenrat</a> was appointed Dr. Braur (or Brawer), the school's headmaster, who served in this duty until his execution in February 1943 during a roundup for a deportation to Treblinka.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several local Jews were <a href="/wiki/Rescue_of_Jews_by_Poles_during_the_Holocaust" title="Rescue of Jews by Poles during the Holocaust">rescued by Poles</a> who either hidden them in the city or transported them to other locations.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 November 1942 the deportations to the death camps began and during 5 days in February 1943, 10,000 Jews were sent to <a href="/wiki/Auschwitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Auschwitz">Auschwitz</a>. Later, on 13 February, 5,000 Jews were sent to <a href="/wiki/Treblinka" class="mw-redirect" title="Treblinka">Treblinka</a>. During the deportations, many synagogues were looted and some people were murdered. The last Jews were deported in March 1943. By the end of the war, only one Jew had remained in the ghetto. However, a few hundred survived in the camps or in hiding in the area. Perhaps as many as 2000 survived, including those who fled or were deported to the USSR.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the war, the Jewish community was revived. Most of the Jews emigrated after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Today there are several hundred Jews in the city with most of the community's activity centralized in the main synagogue that had been returned to the community by the authorities in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEЭЕЭ2005_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEЭЕЭ2005-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The head of the community is Rabbi Yitzhak Kaufman.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A memorial plaque, commemorating the 25,000 Jews who were murdered in the two ghettos in the city of Grodno was placed on a building in Zamkavaja vulica, where the entrance to the ghetto once was.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following rivers flow through the city: the <a href="/wiki/Neman" title="Neman">Neman</a> River, the <a href="/wiki/Lasosna" title="Lasosna">Lasosna</a> River<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Haradnichanka" title="Haradnichanka">Haradničanka</a> River with its branch the <a href="/wiki/Yurysdyka" class="mw-redirect" title="Yurysdyka">Yurysdyka</a> River. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_Climate_Classification" class="mw-redirect" title="Köppen Climate Classification">Köppen Climate Classification</a> subtype for this climate is "<a href="/wiki/Humid_continental_climate" title="Humid continental climate">Dfb</a>" (Warm Summer Continental Climate).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Grodno (1991–2020, extremes 1839–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2<br />(59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0<br />(59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7<br />(76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.2<br />(84.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0<br />(89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0<br />(93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.7<br />(96.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2<br />(97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.2<br />(93.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2<br />(77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2<br />(63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFC68D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.7<br />(54.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.2<br />(97.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E1E1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.0<br />(30.2) </td> <td style="background: #E8E8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3<br />(32.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFF9F3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.3<br />(41.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9B38; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.9<br />(66.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1<br />(71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.2<br />(75.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7<br />(40.5) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCC9A; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">11.8<br />(53.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2<br />(26.2) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.4<br />(27.7) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9<br />(46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFC387; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.2<br />(55.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFAB58; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.6<br />(61.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.7<br />(65.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFA143; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.1<br />(64.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFC489; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.0<br />(55.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3<br />(45.1) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5<br />(36.5) </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.5<br />(29.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE9D4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">7.6<br />(45.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.3<br />(22.5) </td> <td style="background: #CCCCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.8<br />(23.4) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8<br />(28.8) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1<br />(37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.8<br />(46.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFD0A1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3<br />(52.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC184; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.4<br />(56.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.9<br />(55.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7<br />(47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5<br />(32.9) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.5<br />(25.7) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">3.9<br />(39.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #3030FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−33.7<br />(−28.7) </td> <td style="background: #2222FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−36.3<br />(−33.3) </td> <td style="background: #5555FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−26.9<br />(−16.4) </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.3<br />(15.3) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.0<br />(21.2) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7<br />(30.7) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0<br />(37.4) </td> <td style="background: #DFDFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.4<br />(29.5) </td> <td style="background: #CFCFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.3<br />(24.3) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.5<br />(7.7) </td> <td style="background: #7B7BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−19.8<br />(−3.6) </td> <td style="background: #3C3CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−31.6<br />(−24.9) </td> <td style="background: #2222FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−36.3<br />(−33.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #CEFFCE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6<br />(1.28) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.1<br />(1.19) </td> <td style="background: #D1FFD1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.7<br />(1.21) </td> <td style="background: #C9FFC9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.6<br />(1.36) </td> <td style="background: #AEFFAE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">54.0<br />(2.13) </td> <td style="background: #A2FFA2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.8<br />(2.35) </td> <td style="background: #85FF85; color:#000000;" class="notheme">81.5<br />(3.21) </td> <td style="background: #A9FFA9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">57.1<br />(2.25) </td> <td style="background: #B4FFB4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48.2<br />(1.90) </td> <td style="background: #C0FFC0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41.9<br />(1.65) </td> <td style="background: #C3FFC3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38.6<br />(1.52) </td> <td style="background: #C7FFC7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">37.5<br />(1.48) </td> <td style="background: #B9FFB9; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">546.6<br />(21.53) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #3F3FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #4C4CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #5252FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14 </td> <td style="background: #5959FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #6262FF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">149 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #1818FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">17 </td> <td style="background: #7777FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FEFEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.03 </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1 </td> <td style="background: #9999FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #4545FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">71 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000B1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80 </td> <td style="background: #0000EA; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #0000EE; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">71 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000E2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">74 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000A9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">89 </td> <td style="background: #0000A9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">89 </td> <td style="background: #0000CB; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">80 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #474747; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">39 </td> <td style="background: #767676; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">59 </td> <td style="background: #BFBF29; color:#000000;" class="notheme">140 </td> <td style="background: #D3D300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">177 </td> <td style="background: #DFDF00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">235 </td> <td style="background: #E7E700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">261 </td> <td style="background: #E5E500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">262 </td> <td style="background: #E0E000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">240 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">174 </td> <td style="background: #AAAAA7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">94 </td> <td style="background: #474747; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #353535; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">29 </td> <td style="background: #C3C312; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,748 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Percent <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">possible sunshine</a> </th> <td style="background: #B5B562; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16 </td> <td style="background: #CACA00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22 </td> <td style="background: #EAEA02; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38 </td> <td style="background: #F1F112; color:#000000;" class="notheme">42 </td> <td style="background: #FBFB2A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">48 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #FFFF3B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">52 </td> <td style="background: #F8F822; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46 </td> <td style="background: #DBDB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29 </td> <td style="background: #B2B276; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15 </td> <td style="background: #ABAB9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC06; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">39 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net<sup id="cite_ref-pogoda_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pogoda-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Belarus Department of Hydrometeorology (sun data from 1948–1949 and 1951–1984)<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion,_education_and_culture"><span id="Religion.2C_education_and_culture"></span>Religion, education and culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Religion, education and culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Plac_Lenina_w_Grodnie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plac_Lenina_w_Grodnie.jpg/220px-Plac_Lenina_w_Grodnie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plac_Lenina_w_Grodnie.jpg/330px-Plac_Lenina_w_Grodnie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Plac_Lenina_w_Grodnie.jpg/440px-Plac_Lenina_w_Grodnie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Lenin Square</figcaption></figure> <p>The city has one of the largest concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholics">Roman Catholics</a> in Belarus. It is also a centre of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Poland" title="Culture of Poland">Polish culture</a>, with a significant number of <a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Belarus" title="Poles in Belarus">Poles living in Belarus</a> residing in the city and its surroundings. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a> population is also widely present. The city's Catholic and Orthodox churches are important architectural treasures. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GrPark.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/GrPark.jpg/220px-GrPark.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/GrPark.jpg/330px-GrPark.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/GrPark.jpg/440px-GrPark.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3393" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Fountain in Central Park</figcaption></figure> <p>The city houses the <a href="/wiki/Grodno_State_Medical_University" title="Grodno State Medical University">Grodno State Medical University</a> where many students from different parts of Belarus acquire academic degrees, as do a number of foreign students. Other higher educational establishments are <a href="/wiki/Yanka_Kupala_State_University_of_Grodno" title="Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno">Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno</a> (the largest education centre in Grodno Province) and Grodno State Agrarian University. To support the Polish community, a Polish school was built in 1995, where all subjects are taught in <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> and students are able to pass exams to get accepted into <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Poland" title="Education in Poland">Polish universities</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The town was planned to be dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Old_Grodno_Castle" title="Old Grodno Castle">Old Grodno Castle</a>, first built in stone by Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Vytautas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vytautas">Vytautas</a> and thoroughly rebuilt in the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> style by Scotto from Parma at the behest of <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Batory" class="mw-redirect" title="Stefan Batory">Stefan Batory</a>, who made the castle his principal residence. Batory died at this palace seven years later (December 1586) and originally was interred in Grodno. (His <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> there was the first to take place in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.) After his death, the castle was altered on numerous occasions, although a 17th-century stone arch bridge linking it with the city still survives. The Wettin monarchs of Poland were dissatisfied with the old residence and commissioned <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Daniel_P%C3%B6ppelmann" title="Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann">Matthäus Daniel Pöppelmann</a> to design the <a href="/wiki/New_Grodno_Castle" title="New Grodno Castle">New Grodno Castle</a>, whose once sumptuous Baroque interiors were destroyed during World War II. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medieval">Medieval</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Medieval"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horadnia_(Hrodna),_Kalo%C5%BEa._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F,_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0_(2021)_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Horadnia_%28Hrodna%29%2C_Kalo%C5%BEa._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0_%282021%29_02.jpg/220px-Horadnia_%28Hrodna%29%2C_Kalo%C5%BEa._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0_%282021%29_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Horadnia_%28Hrodna%29%2C_Kalo%C5%BEa._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0_%282021%29_02.jpg/330px-Horadnia_%28Hrodna%29%2C_Kalo%C5%BEa._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0_%282021%29_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Horadnia_%28Hrodna%29%2C_Kalo%C5%BEa._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0_%282021%29_02.jpg/440px-Horadnia_%28Hrodna%29%2C_Kalo%C5%BEa._%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8F%2C_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B0_%282021%29_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3399" data-file-height="2549" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Kalozha_Church" title="Kalozha Church">Kalozha</a></i>, an <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Sts. Boris and Gleb</a>, 12th century</figcaption></figure> <p>The oldest extant structure in Grodno is the <a href="/wiki/Kalozha_Church" title="Kalozha Church">Kalozha Church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Boris_and_Gleb" title="Boris and Gleb">Sts. Boris and Gleb</a> (Belarusian: <i>Каложская царква</i>). It is the only surviving monument of ancient <a href="/wiki/Black_Ruthenia" title="Black Ruthenia">Black Ruthenian</a> architecture, distinguished from other Orthodox churches by prolific use of polychrome faceted stones of blue, green or red tint which could be arranged to form crosses or other figures on the wall.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The church was built before 1183 and survived intact until 1853, when the south wall collapsed, due to its perilous location on the high bank of the Neman. During restoration works, some fragments of 12th-century frescos were discovered in the apses. Remains of four other churches in the same style, decorated with pitchers and coloured stones instead of frescos, were discovered in Grodno and <a href="/wiki/Va%C5%ADkavysk" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaŭkavysk">Vaŭkavysk</a>. They all date back to the turn of the 13th century, as do remains of the first stone palace in the Old Castle. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baroque">Baroque</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Baroque"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Grodno" title="Special:EditPage/Grodno">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:362px;max-width:362px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Baroque landmarks of Grodno</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:193px;max-width:193px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BELARUS_-_GRODNO_(%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0)._Farny_catholic_church..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/BELARUS_-_GRODNO_%28%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%29._Farny_catholic_church..jpg/191px-BELARUS_-_GRODNO_%28%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%29._Farny_catholic_church..jpg" decoding="async" width="191" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/BELARUS_-_GRODNO_%28%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%29._Farny_catholic_church..jpg/287px-BELARUS_-_GRODNO_%28%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%29._Farny_catholic_church..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/BELARUS_-_GRODNO_%28%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%29._Farny_catholic_church..jpg/382px-BELARUS_-_GRODNO_%28%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%29._Farny_catholic_church..jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="987" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Jesuit Cathedral (1678–1705)</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:165px;max-width:165px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwiastow_NMP_Grodno_fc04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Zwiastow_NMP_Grodno_fc04.jpg/163px-Zwiastow_NMP_Grodno_fc04.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Zwiastow_NMP_Grodno_fc04.jpg/245px-Zwiastow_NMP_Grodno_fc04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Zwiastow_NMP_Grodno_fc04.jpg/326px-Zwiastow_NMP_Grodno_fc04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Bridgettine convent (1642)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/St._Francis_Xavier_Cathedral,_Grodno" title="St. Francis Xavier Cathedral, Grodno">Cathedral of St. Francis Xavier</a> stands on <a href="/wiki/Batory_Square" class="mw-redirect" title="Batory Square">Batory Square</a> (now: <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> Square). The cathedral was a <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> church until 1773. This specimen of high <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque architecture</a>, exceeding 50 metres in height, was started in 1678. Due to wars that rocked Poland-Lithuania at that time, the cathedral was consecrated only 27 years later, in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a> and <a href="/wiki/Augustus_the_Strong" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus the Strong">Augustus the Strong</a>. Its late Baroque frescoes were executed in 1752. </p><p>The extensive grounds of the Bernardine monastery (1602–18), renovated in 1680 and 1738, display all the styles flourishing in the 17th century, from Gothic to Baroque. The interior is considered a masterpiece of so-called <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> Baroque. Other monastic establishments include the old Franciscan cloister (1635), Basilian convent (1720–51, by Giuseppe Fontana III), the church of the <a href="/wiki/Bridgettine" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgettine">Bridgettine</a> cloister (1642, one of the earliest Baroque buildings in the region) with the wooden two-storey dormitory (1630s) still standing on the grounds, and the 18th-century buildings of the Dominican monastery (its cathedral was demolished in 1874). </p><p>Other sights in Grodno include the Orthodox cathedral, a polychrome <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revival">Russian Revival</a> extravaganza from 1904; the botanical garden, the first in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, founded in 1774; a curiously curved building on the central square (1780s); a <a href="/wiki/Grodno_TV_Tower" title="Grodno TV Tower">254-metre-high TV tower</a> (1984); and Stanisławów, a summer residence of the last Polish king. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Transport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE,_%D0%91%D0%9A%D0%9C_321_%E2%84%96111.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%2C_%D0%91%D0%9A%D0%9C_321_%E2%84%96111.jpg/220px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%2C_%D0%91%D0%9A%D0%9C_321_%E2%84%96111.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%2C_%D0%91%D0%9A%D0%9C_321_%E2%84%96111.jpg/330px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%2C_%D0%91%D0%9A%D0%9C_321_%E2%84%96111.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%2C_%D0%91%D0%9A%D0%9C_321_%E2%84%96111.jpg/440px-%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%2C_%D0%91%D0%9A%D0%9C_321_%E2%84%96111.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1220" data-file-height="754" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybus</a> on route 1 in November 2016</figcaption></figure> <p>The city is served by <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Airport" title="Grodno Airport">Grodno Airport</a> located 18 km south-east of Grodno.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some seasonal international and charter flights are available throughout the year. </p><p>The city's public transport includes <a href="/wiki/Trolleybus" title="Trolleybus">trolleybuses</a>, which began operating in Grodno on 5 November 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-murray_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-murray-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The trolleybus system is operated by the city, and in 2009 it had 12 routes and carried around 66.5 million passengers per year.<sup id="cite_ref-TM-294_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TM-294-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional routes have been opened subsequently, including routes 21 and 22 in November 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-TM-349_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TM-349-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its railway station was once an important stop on the Poland-Lithuania route, but this has been cut on the Lithuanian side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD_%22%D0%9D%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%22_9585.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD_%22%D0%9D%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%22_9585.jpg/220px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD_%22%D0%9D%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%22_9585.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD_%22%D0%9D%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%22_9585.jpg/330px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD_%22%D0%9D%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%22_9585.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD_%22%D0%9D%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%22_9585.jpg/440px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BD_%22%D0%9D%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%22_9585.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2287" data-file-height="1525" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Neman_Stadium" title="Neman Stadium">Neman Stadium</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The main sport venues of the city are: <a href="/wiki/Neman_Stadium" title="Neman Stadium">Neman Stadium</a> official CSC Nyoman<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (8800 seats), based teams: <a href="/wiki/FC_Neman_Grodno" title="FC Neman Grodno">FC Neman Grodno</a>, FHC Ritm (Grodno); <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno_Ice_Sports_Palace&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grodno Ice Sports Palace (page does not exist)">Grodno Ice Sports Palace</a><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2539 seats), based teams: <a href="/wiki/HC_Neman_Grodno" title="HC Neman Grodno">HC Neman Grodno</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/HC_Neman_Grodno" title="HC Neman Grodno">HC Neman Grodno</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno_Indoor_ice_rink&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grodno Indoor ice rink (page does not exist)">Grodno Indoor ice rink</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pyshki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pyshki (page does not exist)">Pyshki</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sport_complex_%22Viktoryya%22&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sport complex "Viktoryya" (page does not exist)">Sport complex "Viktoryya"</a>, based teams: basketball club <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno-93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grodno-93 (page does not exist)">Grodno-93</a>, women basketball club Alimpiya, handball club Kronan, women handball club Haradnichanka </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yanka_Kupala_State_University_of_Grodno" title="Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno">Yanka Kupala State University of Grodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_State_Medical_University" title="Grodno State Medical University">Grodno State Medical University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_State_Agrarian_University" title="Grodno State Agrarian University">Grodno State Agrarian University</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno_Higher_Theological_Seminary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grodno Higher Theological Seminary (page does not exist)">Grodno Higher Theological Seminary</a></li></ul> <p>There are also 41 middleschools (or secondary schools) in Grodno. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grodno_Regional_Drama_Theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/Grodno_Regional_Drama_Theatre.jpg/220px-Grodno_Regional_Drama_Theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/Grodno_Regional_Drama_Theatre.jpg/330px-Grodno_Regional_Drama_Theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a0/Grodno_Regional_Drama_Theatre.jpg/440px-Grodno_Regional_Drama_Theatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="3120" /></a><figcaption>Grodno Regional Drama Theatre</figcaption></figure> <p>In 21 club municipal offices are more than 220 collectives, circles, and studios in which about 6500 children and adults engage in amateur performances.<sup id="cite_ref-kultura-gov_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kultura-gov-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of 83 on-stage performance groups 39 are ranked "national", 43 "exemplary", and one "professional".<sup id="cite_ref-kultura-gov_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kultura-gov-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Every two years since 1996 the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Festival_of_National_Cultures&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Festival of National Cultures (page does not exist)">Festival of National Cultures</a>, the largest in Belarus, attracts many visitors to the city.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Various festivals, national holidays and ceremonies are held annually in Grodno, among them "Student's spring", an international celebration of piano music or the republican festival of theatrical youth.<sup id="cite_ref-kultura-gov_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kultura-gov-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2001 the Grodno regional executive committee established the Alexander Dubko award, named for the governor of Grodnenshchina, for the best creative achievements in the sphere of culture.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEМарціновіч200896_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEМарціновіч200896-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 84 persons have been awarded this prize.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEМарціновіч200897_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEМарціновіч200897-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visa-free_entrance_to_Grodno">Visa-free entrance to Grodno</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Visa-free entrance to Grodno"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 26 October 2016 residents of 77 countries can travel to Grodno and the <a href="/wiki/Grodno_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Grodno District">Grodno District</a> without a visa and stay there for up to 10 days.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Born in the town</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_of_Grodno" title="David of Grodno">David of Grodno</a> (died 1326), one of the famous military commander of <a href="/wiki/Gediminas" title="Gediminas">Gediminas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Suchodolski" title="January Suchodolski">January Suchodolski</a> (1797–1875), Polish painter and Army officer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Florenty_Wr%C3%B3blewski" title="Zygmunt Florenty Wróblewski">Zygmunt Wróblewski</a> (1845–1888), Polish physicist and chemist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moisey_Ostrogorsky" title="Moisey Ostrogorsky">Moisey Ostrogorsky</a> (1854–1921), political scientist, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Political_sociology" title="Political sociology">political sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronis%C5%82aw_Bohatyrewicz" title="Bronisław Bohatyrewicz">Bronisław Bohatyrewicz</a> (1870–1940), Polish General, murdered in the <a href="/wiki/Katyn_Massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Katyn Massacre">Katyn Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliusz_R%C3%B3mmel" title="Juliusz Rómmel">Juliusz Rómmel</a> (1881–1967), Polish military officer, General of the <a href="/wiki/Polish_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Army">Polish Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karol_R%C3%B3mmel" title="Karol Rómmel">Karol Rómmel</a> (1888–1967), Polish military officer and sportsman</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leib_Naidus" title="Leib Naidus">Leib Naidus</a> (1890–1918), Yiddish poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Gretzky" title="Walter Gretzky">Anton Gretzky</a> (1892-1973), Polish-born grandfather of <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> player <a href="/wiki/Wayne_Gretzky" title="Wayne Gretzky">Wayne Gretzky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helena_Antipoff" title="Helena Antipoff">Helena Antipoff</a> (1892-1974), Russian-born Brazilian psychologist.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Azgapetian" title="Anne Azgapetian">Anne Azgapetian</a> (born 1888), nurse during World War I, fundraiser for Armenian relief causes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksei_Antonov" title="Aleksei Antonov">Aleksei Antonov</a> (1896–1962), <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_General_Staff_(Russia)" title="Chief of the General Staff (Russia)">Chief of the General Staff</a> of the Soviet Army from February 1945</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Rubinoff" title="David Rubinoff">David Rubinoff</a> (1897–1986), American violinist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyer_Lansky" title="Meyer Lansky">Meyer Lansky</a> (born Maier Suchowljansky; 1902–1983), American central figure in the Jewish Mafia and highly influential figure in the Italian Mafia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haim-Moshe_Shapira" title="Haim-Moshe Shapira">Haim-Moshe Shapira</a> (1902–1970), Israeli <a href="/wiki/Health_Minister_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Minister of Israel">Minister of Health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Immigrant_Absorption_Minister_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant Absorption Minister of Israel">Minister of Immigration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interior_Minister_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Interior Minister of Israel">Minister of Internal Affairs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_Services_Minister_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious Services Minister of Israel">Minister of Religions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Welfare_and_Social_Services_Minister_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Welfare and Social Services Minister of Israel">Minister of Welfare</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Health_Minister_of_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Health Minister of Israel">Minister of Health</a>, and a signatory of <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Independence_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Declaration of Independence (Israel)">Israel's declaration of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herman_Yablokoff" title="Herman Yablokoff">Herman Yablokoff</a> (1903–1981), Jewish American actor, singer, composer, poet, playwright, director and producer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henryk_Hlebowicz" title="Henryk Hlebowicz">Henryk Hlebowicz</a> (1904–1941), Polish Diocesan Priest (Blessed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaim_Dov_Rabinowitz" title="Chaim Dov Rabinowitz">Chaim Dov Rabinowitz</a> (1909–2001), <a href="/wiki/Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Hebrew">Hebrew</a> rabbi noted for his commentary on the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Bible" title="Hebrew Bible">Hebrew Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelik_Epstein" title="Zelik Epstein">Zelik Epstein</a> (1914–2009), prominent Orthodox Rabbi and head of a yeshiva</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eitan_Livni" title="Eitan Livni">Eitan Livni</a> (1919–1991), Israeli politician, <a href="/wiki/Irgun" title="Irgun">Irgun</a> activist and father of <a href="/wiki/Tzipi_Livni" title="Tzipi Livni">Tzipi Livni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanstantsin_Lukashyk" title="Kanstantsin Lukashyk">Kanstantsin Lukashyk</a> (born 1975), shooter who became the youngest gold medalist in shooting during the 1992 Olympics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a> (born Pesach Baran; 1926–2011), American Internet pioneer and technology entrepreneur</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wiktor_Woroszylski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wiktor Woroszylski (page does not exist)">Wiktor Woroszylski</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wiktor_Woroszylski" class="extiw" title="pl:Wiktor Woroszylski">pl</a>]</span> (1927–1996), Polish poet and author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Maksymiuk" title="Jerzy Maksymiuk">Jerzy Maksymiuk</a> (born 1936), Polish musician and director</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Aladjev" title="Victor Aladjev">Victor Aladjev</a> (born 1942), Estonian mathematician and cybernetician, creator of the scientific school on the theory of homogeneous structures</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaksandar_Milinkievi%C4%8D" title="Alaksandar Milinkievič">Alaksandar Milinkievič</a> (born 1947), Belarusian politician, candidate in the 2006 presidential elections</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olga_Korbut" title="Olga Korbut">Olga Korbut</a> (born 1955), gymnast and four-time gold medallist at 1972 and 1976 Olympic Games</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Levaneuski" title="Valery Levaneuski">Valery Levaneuski</a> (born 1963), entrepreneur, politician and former <a href="/wiki/Political_prisoner" title="Political prisoner">political prisoner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valery_Tsepkalo" title="Valery Tsepkalo">Valery Tsepkalo</a> (born 1965), diplomat and executive, founder of <a href="/wiki/Belarus_High_Technologies_Park" title="Belarus High Technologies Park">Belarus Hi-Tech Park</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Butko" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Butko">Alexander Butko</a> (born 1986), Olympic volleyball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Ashyhmin" title="Andrey Ashyhmin">Andrey Ashyhmin</a> (born 1974), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Savitski" class="mw-redirect" title="Pavel Savitski">Pavel Savitski</a> (born 1994), footballer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Grinevich" title="Sergey Grinevich">Sergey Grinevich</a> (born 1960) Belarusian painter.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzianis_Ivashyn" title="Dzianis Ivashyn">Dzianis Ivashyn</a> (born 1979), Belarusian journalist and political prisoner<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danil_Kopach" title="Danil Kopach">Danil Kopach</a> (born 2000), Belarusian footballer</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dom_Elizy_Orzeszkowej.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Dom_Elizy_Orzeszkowej.jpg/220px-Dom_Elizy_Orzeszkowej.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Dom_Elizy_Orzeszkowej.jpg/330px-Dom_Elizy_Orzeszkowej.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Dom_Elizy_Orzeszkowej.jpg/440px-Dom_Elizy_Orzeszkowej.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a><figcaption>Museum of writer <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Orzeszkowa" title="Eliza Orzeszkowa">Eliza Orzeszkowa</a> at her former home</figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Active in Grodno</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vytautas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vytautas">Vytautas the Great</a> (1350–1430), <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a>, commander of the forces of the Grand Duchy in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grunwald" title="Battle of Grunwald">Battle of Grunwald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Bogdanovich_Volovich" title="Grigory Bogdanovich Volovich">Grigory Bogdanovich Volovich</a>, (1535–1577), mayor of Grodno 1558 to 1566</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoni_Tyzenhaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoni Tyzenhaus">Antoni Tyzenhaus</a> (1733–1785), <a href="/wiki/Starost" class="mw-redirect" title="Starost">starost</a> of Grodno, founder of numerous factories in the area</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Emmanuel_Gilibert" title="Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert">Jean-Emmanuel Gilibert</a> (1741–1814), French medic, botanist and biologist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Ashkenazi" title="Benjamin Ashkenazi">Benjamin Ashkenazi</a> (1824–1894), communal worker and philanthropist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._L._Zamenhof" title="L. L. Zamenhof">L. L. Zamenhof</a> (1859–1917), Polish physician, creator of <a href="/wiki/Esperanto" title="Esperanto">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Stolypin" title="Pyotr Stolypin">Pyotr Stolypin</a> (1862–1911) in 1903 as a governor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Bahdanovi%C4%8D" title="Maksim Bahdanovič">Maksim Bahdanovič</a> (1891–1917), a Belarusian poet, journalist and literary critic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Olszyna-Wilczy%C5%84ski" title="Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński">Józef Olszyna-Wilczyński</a> (1890–1939), Polish general, commander of the military region, murdered nearby by the Soviets</li> <li>Jan Kochanowski, a Polish creator of the local ZOO, murdered by the Nazis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Jasienica" title="Paweł Jasienica">Paweł Jasienica</a> (1909–1970), a Polish historian and author, started his career as a history teacher in Grodno in the 1920s and 1930s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil%E2%80%99_Bykaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasil’ Bykaw">Vasil’ Bykaw</a> (1924–2003), a Belarusian author</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Perel" title="Solomon Perel">Solomon Perel</a> (1925–2023), a German Jew who survived World War II by masquerading as an ethnic German. He spent two years at a <a href="/wiki/Komsomol" title="Komsomol">Komsomol</a>-run orphanage in Grodno, before <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czes%C5%82aw_Niemen" title="Czesław Niemen">Czesław Niemen</a> (1939–2004), Polish musician, composer and one of the pioneers of <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> studied at a local music school</li> <li><a href="/wiki/And%C5%BCelika_Borys" title="Andżelika Borys">Andżelika Borys</a> (born 1973), former leader of Grodno-based <a href="/wiki/Union_of_Poles_in_Belarus" title="Union of Poles in Belarus">Union of Poles in Belarus</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Died in Grodno</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV Jagiellon</a> (1427–1492), <a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_monarchs" title="List of Polish monarchs">King of Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Lithuania">Grand Duke of Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Casimir" title="Saint Casimir">Saint Casimir</a> (1458–1484), Roman Catholic saint and the <a href="/wiki/Patron_saint" title="Patron saint">patron saint</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a><sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a> (1533–1586), King of Poland and Grand Duke of Lithuania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_S%C3%BCsskind_of_Grodno" title="Alexander Süsskind of Grodno">Alexander Süsskind of Grodno</a> (died 1794), Kabbalist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nachum_Kaplan" title="Nachum Kaplan">Nachum Kaplan</a> (1811–1879), preacher and philanthropist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliza_Orzeszkowa" title="Eliza Orzeszkowa">Eliza Orzeszkowa</a> (1841–1910), Polish writer, born nearby and active in Grodno</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: International relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Belarus" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Belarus">List of twin towns and sister cities in Belarus</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Twin_towns_-_sister_cities">Twin towns - sister cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Twin towns - sister cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grodno is <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinned</a> with:<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel"><img alt="Israel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ashkelon" title="Ashkelon">Ashkelon</a>, Israel</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dzerzhinsk,_Russia" title="Dzerzhinsk, Russia">Dzerzhinsk</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Khimki" title="Khimki">Khimki</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kraljevo" title="Kraljevo">Kraljevo</a>, Serbia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Limoges" title="Limoges">Limoges</a>, France</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Minden" title="Minden">Minden</a>, Germany</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan"><img alt="Azerbaijan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Qabala_District" title="Qabala District">Qabala District</a>, Azerbaijan</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Rancho_Cordova,_California" title="Rancho Cordova, California">Rancho Cordova</a>, United States</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Shchukino_District" title="Shchukino District">Shchukino District (Moscow)</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tuapsinsky_District" title="Tuapsinsky District">Tuapsinsky District</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a>, Russia</li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDilina" title="Žilina">Žilina</a>, Slovakia</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Significant_depictions_in_popular_culture">Significant depictions in popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Significant depictions in popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grodno is one of the starting towns of <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Lithuania</a> in the turn-based strategy game <a href="/wiki/Medieval_II:_Total_War:_Kingdoms#Teutonic_campaign" title="Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms">Medieval II: Total War: Kingdoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grodno is a location for one of the missions in the alternate history RTS <i><a href="/wiki/Command_and_Conquer:_Red_Alert" class="mw-redirect" title="Command and Conquer: Red Alert">Command and Conquer: Red Alert</a></i>; Grodno was part of the Soviet Union and the Allied forces must work to rescue a special operative before her execution in a Soviet military base.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grodno_(1939)" title="Battle of Grodno (1939)">Battle of Grodno (1939)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disputed_territories_of_Baltic_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Disputed territories of Baltic States">Disputed territories of Baltic States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_East_Slavic_states" class="mw-redirect" title="List of early East Slavic states">List of early East Slavic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Gordon (disambiguation)">Gordon (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Grodno)" title="Great Synagogue (Grodno)">Great Synagogue (Grodno)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_Ghetto" title="Grodno Ghetto">Grodno Ghetto</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402055418/https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/">"Численность населения на 1 января 2024 г. и среднегодовая численность населения за 2023 год по Республике Беларусь в разрезе областей, районов, городов, поселков городского типа"</a>. <i>belsat.gov.by</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belstat.gov.by/ofitsialnaya-statistika/solialnaya-sfera/naselenie-i-migratsiya/naselenie/statisticheskie-izdaniya/index_89355/">the original</a> on 2 April 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=belsat.gov.by&rft.atitle=%D0%A7%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+1+%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8F+2024+%D0%B3.+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%87%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%B7%D0%B0+2023+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C+%D0%B2+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B5+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B9%2C+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%2C+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belstat.gov.by%2Fofitsialnaya-statistika%2Fsolialnaya-sfera%2Fnaselenie-i-migratsiya%2Fnaselenie%2Fstatisticheskie-izdaniya%2Findex_89355%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Instruction_on_transliteration_of_Belarusian_geographical_names_with_letters_of_Latin_script" title="Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script">official transliteration</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zetgr-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zetgr_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zetgr_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zetgr_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zetgrodno.com/iz-istorii-goroda-grodno">"Iz istorii goroda grodno"</a>. <i>zetgrodno.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=zetgrodno.com&rft.atitle=Iz+istorii+goroda+grodno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzetgrodno.com%2Fiz-istorii-goroda-grodno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spaetmittelalter.uni-hamburg.de/Urkundenbuch/pub/orden1409.html">"Urkundenbuch"</a>. <i>www.spaetmittelalter.uni-hamburg.de</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.spaetmittelalter.uni-hamburg.de&rft.atitle=Urkundenbuch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spaetmittelalter.uni-hamburg.de%2FUrkundenbuch%2Fpub%2Forden1409.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Ordensland1410.png">"File:Ordensland1410.png - Wikimedia Commons"</a>. <i>commons.wikimedia.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=commons.wikimedia.org&rft.atitle=File%3AOrdensland1410.png+-+Wikimedia+Commons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcommons.wikimedia.org%2Fwiki%2FFile%3AOrdensland1410.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidugiris" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vidugiris, Aloyzas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gardino-sritis/">"Gardino sritis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Visuotin%C4%97_lietuvi%C5%B3_enciklopedija" title="Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija">Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija</a></i> (in Lithuanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visuotin%C4%97+lietuvi%C5%B3+enciklopedija&rft.atitle=Gardino+sritis&rft.aulast=Vidugiris&rft.aufirst=Aloyzas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vle.lt%2Fstraipsnis%2Fgardino-sritis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-USSR/1965-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-USSR/1965_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4HziAAAAMAAJ"><i>Археографический ежегодник за 1964 год</i>.</a> The Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1965, pg. 271. The name derives from the <a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic" title="Old East Slavic">Old East Slavic</a> verb <i>gorodit</i>, i.e., <i>to enclose, to fence</i> (see "<a href="/wiki/Grad_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grad (geography)">grad</a>" for details) or <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_language" title="Lithuanian language">Lithuanian</a> 'gardas', i.e., "a fence" (see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lietuviuzodynas.lt/zodynas/Gardas">Lithuanian language dictionary</a> for details), both from an old <a href="/wiki/Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etimologija.baltnexus.lt/?w=gardas">word</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrich197711-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrich197711_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinrich1977">Heinrich 1977</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeinrich1977401-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeinrich1977401_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeinrich1977">Heinrich 1977</a>, p. 401.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19234-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19234_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19234_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19234_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJodkowski1923">Jodkowski 1923</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19235–6-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19235–6_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJodkowski1923">Jodkowski 1923</a>, pp. 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19236-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19236_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJodkowski1923">Jodkowski 1923</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19237-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19237_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19237_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJodkowski1923">Jodkowski 1923</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19238-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19238_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJodkowski1923">Jodkowski 1923</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19239-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19239_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19239_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski19239_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJodkowski1923">Jodkowski 1923</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sm-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sm_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sm_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sm_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarozau2020" class="citation journal cs1">Marozau, Siarhei (2020). "Stefan Batory w pamięci historycznej Grodna i jego mieszkańców (XX – początek XXI wieku)". <i>Studia Białorutenistyczne</i>. <b>14</b>. Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Curie-Skłodowskiej: 90. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1898-0457">1898-0457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Bia%C5%82orutenistyczne&rft.atitle=Stefan+Batory+w+pami%C4%99ci+historycznej+Grodna+i+jego+mieszka%C5%84c%C3%B3w+%28XX+%E2%80%93+pocz%C4%85tek+XXI+wieku%29&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=90&rft.date=2020&rft.issn=1898-0457&rft.aulast=Marozau&rft.aufirst=Siarhei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192310-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192310_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJodkowski1923">Jodkowski 1923</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192345–46-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192345–46_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJodkowski1923">Jodkowski 1923</a>, pp. 45–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192346-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192346_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJodkowski1923">Jodkowski 1923</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192347-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192347_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJodkowski1923">Jodkowski 1923</a>, p. 47.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192348-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192348_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192348_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJodkowski1923">Jodkowski 1923</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Anderson-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Anderson_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anderson, F.L.M., 1864, Seven Months' Residence in Russian Poland in 1863, London: Macmillan and Co.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192350-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192350_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJodkowski1923">Jodkowski 1923</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joshua D. Zimmerman, <i>Poles, Jews, and the Politics of Nationality</i>, Univ of Wisconsin Press, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-19464-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-19464-7">0-299-19464-7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6sbr9cZyw_4C&dq=population+Brest+Poles+Jews&pg=PA16">Google Print, p.16</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lukosevicius-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lukosevicius_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lukosevicius_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLukoševičius2016" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lukoševičius, Ernestas (25 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alkas.lt/2016/03/25/e-lukosevicius-baltarusiu-karzygiai-lietuvos-laisves-ir-nepriklausomybes-kariai-nuotraukos/">"Baltarusių karžygiai – Lietuvos laisvės ir nepriklausomybės kariai"</a>. <i>Alkas.lt</i> (in Lithuanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alkas.lt&rft.atitle=Baltarusi%C5%B3+kar%C5%BEygiai+%E2%80%93+Lietuvos+laisv%C4%97s+ir+nepriklausomyb%C4%97s+kariai&rft.date=2016-03-25&rft.aulast=Luko%C5%A1evi%C4%8Dius&rft.aufirst=Ernestas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falkas.lt%2F2016%2F03%2F25%2Fe-lukosevicius-baltarusiu-karzygiai-lietuvos-laisves-ir-nepriklausomybes-kariai-nuotraukos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192351-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJodkowski192351_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJodkowski1923">Jodkowski 1923</a>, p. 51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SantykiaiVle-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SantykiaiVle_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SantykiaiVle_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SantykiaiVle_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMockienėSpečiūnas" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mockienė, Jurgita; Spečiūnas, Vytautas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/baltarusijos-santykiai-su-lietuva/">"Baltarusijos santykiai su Lietuva"</a>. <i>Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija</i> (in Lithuanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visuotin%C4%97+lietuvi%C5%B3+enciklopedija&rft.atitle=Baltarusijos+santykiai+su+Lietuva&rft.aulast=Mockien%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Jurgita&rft.au=Spe%C4%8Di%C5%ABnas%2C+Vytautas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vle.lt%2Fstraipsnis%2Fbaltarusijos-santykiai-su-lietuva%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gardinoapskritis-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gardinoapskritis_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gardinoapskritis_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gardinoapskritis_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gardino-apskritis/">"Gardino apskritis"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Visuotin%C4%97_lietuvi%C5%B3_enciklopedija" title="Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija">Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija</a></i> (in Lithuanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visuotin%C4%97+lietuvi%C5%B3+enciklopedija&rft.atitle=Gardino+apskritis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vle.lt%2Fstraipsnis%2Fgardino-apskritis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Surgailis1374-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Surgailis1374_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Surgailis1374_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSurgailis2020" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Surgailis, Gintautas (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://etalpykla.lituanistika.lt/fedora/objects/LT-LDB-0001:B.03~2020~1602607958931/datastreams/DS.001.0.01.BOOK/content"><i>Lietuvos kariuomenės gudų kariniai daliniai 1918–1923 m.</i></a> (in Lithuanian). Vilnius: <a href="/wiki/General_Jonas_%C5%BDemaitis_Military_Academy_of_Lithuania" title="General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania">General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania</a>. pp. <span class="nowrap">13–</span>74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-609-8277-00-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-609-8277-00-5"><bdi>978-609-8277-00-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lietuvos+kariuomen%C4%97s+gud%C5%B3+kariniai+daliniai+1918%E2%80%931923+m.&rft.place=Vilnius&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.pub=General+Jonas+%C5%BDemaitis+Military+Academy+of+Lithuania&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-609-8277-00-5&rft.aulast=Surgailis&rft.aufirst=Gintautas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fetalpykla.lituanistika.lt%2Ffedora%2Fobjects%2FLT-LDB-0001%3AB.03~2020~1602607958931%2Fdatastreams%2FDS.001.0.01.BOOK%2Fcontent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blaszczak11-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blaszczak11_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBłaszczak2013" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Błaszczak, Tomasz (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.lnb.lt/parliamentary-studies/article/view/236/199">"Baltarusiai Lietuvos valstybės taryboje 1918–1920 metais"</a>. <i>Parliamentary Studies</i> (in Lithuanian) (15). Kaunas: <a href="/wiki/Vytautas_Magnus_University" title="Vytautas Magnus University">Vytautas Magnus University</a> Czesław Miłosz Centre: 98–118–98–118. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.51740%2Fps.vi15.236">10.51740/ps.vi15.236</a></span><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Vol. 6th. Kaunas. pp. <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vairas+%28Be+rytojaus%29&rft.place=Kaunas&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=1924&rft.aulast=Smetona&rft.aufirst=Antanas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epaveldas.lt%2Fobject%2FrecordDescription%2FLNB%2FLNB00AD1C8E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/balstoges-sutartis/">"Balstogės sutartis"</a>. <i>Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija</i> (in Lithuanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visuotin%C4%97+lietuvi%C5%B3+enciklopedija&rft.atitle=Balstog%C4%97s+sutartis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vle.lt%2Fstraipsnis%2Fbalstoges-sutartis%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gintautas, Surgailis (2020). <i>Lietuvos kariuomenės gudų kariniai daliniai 1918–1923 m.</i> Vilnius: General Jonas Žemaitis Military Academy of Lithuania. pp. 65, 70–71. ISBN 978-609-8277-00-5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWitold_Ławrynowicz2002" class="citation journal cs1">Witold Ławrynowicz (1 April 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140811093843/http://mailer.fsu.edu/~akirk/tanks/Stories/eMagazine4-1-2/Witold2/GrodnoEng.html">"The Defense of Grodno. July 17 – 20, 1920"</a>. <i>Tanks E-Magazine</i> (5). www.tankhistory.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mailer.fsu.edu/~akirk/tanks/Stories/eMagazine4-1-2/Witold2/GrodnoEng.html">the original</a> on 11 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tanks+E-Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Defense+of+Grodno.+July+17+%E2%80%93+20%2C+1920&rft.issue=5&rft.date=2002-04-01&rft.au=Witold+%C5%81awrynowicz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmailer.fsu.edu%2F~akirk%2Ftanks%2FStories%2FeMagazine4-1-2%2FWitold2%2FGrodnoEng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinkevičiusJasasVidugiris" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Minkevičius, Jonas; Jasas, Rimantas; Vidugiris, Aloyzas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/gardinas/">"Gardinas"</a>. <i>Visuotinė lietuvių enciklopedija</i> (in Lithuanian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visuotin%C4%97+lietuvi%C5%B3+enciklopedija&rft.atitle=Gardinas&rft.aulast=Minkevi%C4%8Dius&rft.aufirst=Jonas&rft.au=Jasas%2C+Rimantas&rft.au=Vidugiris%2C+Aloyzas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vle.lt%2Fstraipsnis%2Fgardinas%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grodno-region.by/en/hictory-en/">"History"</a>. <i>Grodno Oblast Executive Committee</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grodno+Oblast+Executive+Committee&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.grodno-region.by%2Fen%2Fhictory-en%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gus-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gus_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gus_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><i>Skorowidz miejscowości Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej. Tom V</i> (in Polish). 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Białystok-Warszawa: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">IPN</a>. 2019. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-8098-706-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-8098-706-7"><bdi>978-83-8098-706-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Agresja+sowiecka+na+Polsk%C4%99+i+okupacja+wschodnich+teren%C3%B3w+Rzeczypospolitej+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Bia%C5%82ystok-Warszawa&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=IPN&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-83-8098-706-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sapoka2020-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sapoka2020_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sapoka2020_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sapoka2020_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŠapoka2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Šapoka, Gintautas (21 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alkas.lt/2020/12/21/g-sapoka-aprasykime-mazai-zinomus-1939-1940-m-lietuvos-istorijos-ivykius/">"Aprašykime mažai žinomus 1939–1940 m. 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У 1940-м БССР прымусілі аддаць Друскенікі, Сьвянцяны і Салечнікі"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91_%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Радыё Свабода">Радыё Свабода</a></i> (in Belarusian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0&rft.atitle=%C2%AB%D0%9B%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%96%D1%85+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%9E+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%86%D1%8C%C2%BB.+%D0%A3+1940-%D0%BC+%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0+%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96+%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8C+%D0%94%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96%2C+%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D1%96+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%96&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.svaboda.org%2Fa%2F30206047.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ipn/pdf-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ipn/pdf_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_National_Remembrance" title="Institute of National Remembrance">Institute of National Remembrance</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ipn.gov.pl/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/67615/1-30614.pdf">Lato 1941 – polski dramat (Summer of 1941 – the Polish drama).</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged October 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup> Special Issue, 22 June 2011. PDF file, 1.63 MB.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Felix Zandman, J. Szwarc and A. May, eds. (2016). "Liquidation of the Ghettos and the Deportations to the Camps (November 2, 1942 – March 12, 1942)". The German Occupation - 4. Lost Jewish Worlds.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1578">"Gefängnis Hrodna"</a>. <i>Bundesarchiv.de</i> (in German)<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Autc.lt&rft.atitle=Vytauto+ba%C5%BEny%C4%8Dia+Gardine&rft.aulast=Almonaityt%C4%97-Navickien%C4%97&rft.aufirst=Vaida&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fautc.lt%2Farchitekturos-objektas%2F%3Fid%3D659&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://planetabelarus.by/publications/yak-vyglyada-klyashtar-na-mestsy-dramteatra-grodne-shmat-starykh-fota/">"Як выглядаў кляштар на месцы драмтэатра ў Гродне"</a>. <i>PlanetaBelarus.by</i> (in Belarusian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PlanetaBelarus.by&rft.atitle=%D0%AF%D0%BA+%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B3%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%9E+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%8F%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8B+%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0+%D1%9E+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplanetabelarus.by%2Fpublications%2Fyak-vyglyada-klyashtar-na-mestsy-dramteatra-grodne-shmat-starykh-fota%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFАстаповіч" class="citation web cs1">Астаповіч, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://baj.by/m-p-printpub-tid-1-pid-4674.html">"Прэс-рэліз Беларускага добраахвотнага таварыства аховы помнікаў гісторыі і культуры"</a>. <i>Беларуская асацыяцыя журналістаў</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F+%D0%B6%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%81-%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B7+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%9E+%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96+%D1%96+%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B&rft.aulast=%D0%90%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbaj.by%2Fm-p-printpub-tid-1-pid-4674.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eng.belta.by/photonews/view/reconstruction-of-old-castle-in-grodno-6428/">"Reconstruction of Old Castle in Grodno"</a>. Belta. 14 August 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reconstruction+of+Old+Castle+in+Grodno&rft.pub=Belta&rft.date=2020-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feng.belta.by%2Fphotonews%2Fview%2Freconstruction-of-old-castle-in-grodno-6428%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://culture.pl/en/article/10-treasures-of-polish-belarusian-architectural-heritage">"10 Treasures of Polish-Belarusian Architectural Heritage"</a>. <i>Culture.pl</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture.pl&rft.atitle=10+Treasures+of+Polish-Belarusian+Architectural+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fculture.pl%2Fen%2Farticle%2F10-treasures-of-polish-belarusian-architectural-heritage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzulakowska2018" class="citation book cs1">Szulakowska, Urszula (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yFmGDwAAQBAJ&dq=The+Cathedral+Basilica+of+Saint+Francis+Xavier+grodno&pg=PA324"><i>Renaissance and Baroque Art and Culture in the Eastern Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth (1506-1696)</i></a>. Cambridge Scholar Publishing. p. 319. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-1135-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-1135-4"><bdi>978-1-5275-1135-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+and+Baroque+Art+and+Culture+in+the+Eastern+Polish-Lithuanian+Commonwealth+%281506-1696%29&rft.pages=319&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholar+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-1135-4&rft.aulast=Szulakowska&rft.aufirst=Urszula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyFmGDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DThe%2BCathedral%2BBasilica%2Bof%2BSaint%2BFrancis%2BXavier%2Bgrodno%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLebed,_E.2021" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lebed, E. (3 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vgr.by/2021/11/03/korol-vozvrashhaetsya-v-grodno-posle-pervoy-ocheredi-rekonstrukcii-dlya-posetiteley-otkryivaetsya-staryiy-zamok/">"Король возвращается в Гродно — после реконструкции для посетителей открывается Старый замок. Что внутри"</a> [The King Comes Back to Grodno] (in Russian). Vecherniy Grodno<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B2+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE+%E2%80%94+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5+%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BA.+%D0%A7%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8&rft.pub=Vecherniy+Grodno&rft.date=2021-11-03&rft.au=Lebed%2C+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvgr.by%2F2021%2F11%2F03%2Fkorol-vozvrashhaetsya-v-grodno-posle-pervoy-ocheredi-rekonstrukcii-dlya-posetiteley-otkryivaetsya-staryiy-zamok%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://belsat.eu/ru/news/05-11-2021-rekonstruktsiya-ili-unichtozhenie-v-grodno-6-noyabrya-otkroyut-staryj-zamok/">"Реконструкция или уничтожение? В Гродно открыли Старый замок"</a> (in Russian). <a href="/wiki/Belsat" class="mw-redirect" title="Belsat">Belsat</a>. 5 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Его уже можно будет посетить"</a>. Onliner.by. 1 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=193.0.118.54&rft.atitle=NUKAT+%26%23124%3B+Prosto+do+informacji+-+katalog+zbior%C3%B3w+polskich+bibliotek+naukowych&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F193.0.118.54%2Fsearch%2Fquery%3Fterm_1%3DAntologia%2BDoliny%2B%25C5%2581oso%25C5%259Bny%26theme%3Dnukat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=591971&cityname=Grodno,+Grodno+Region,+Belarus&units=">"Grodno, Belarus Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase)"</a>. <i>Weatherbase</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Weather and Climate (Погода и климат)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weather+and+Climate-+The+Climate+of+Grodno&rft.pub=Weather+and+Climate+%28%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate.php%3Fid%3D26820&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170426030656/http://www.pogoda.by/climat-directory/?page=288">"Солнечное сияние. Обобщения II часть: Таблица 2.1. Характеристики продолжительности и суточный ход (доли часа) солнечного сияния. Продолжение"</a> (in Russian). Department of Hydrometeorology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogoda.by/climat-directory/?page=288">the original</a> on 26 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+II+%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%3A+%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0+2.1.+%D0%A5%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D1%81%D1%83%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4+%28%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8+%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%29+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F.+%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5.&rft.pub=Department+of+Hydrometeorology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogoda.by%2Fclimat-directory%2F%3Fpage%3D288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2015" class="citation book cs1">Roberts, Nigel (May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2TG6BwAAQBAJ&q=only+surviving+monument+of+Black+Ruthenian+architecture&pg=PA220"><i>Belarus</i></a> (3 ed.). Bucks, England: Bradt Travel Guides. p. 220. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841629667" title="Special:BookSources/9781841629667"><bdi>9781841629667</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 May</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belarus&rft.place=Bucks%2C+England&rft.pages=220&rft.edition=3&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2015-05&rft.isbn=9781841629667&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2TG6BwAAQBAJ%26q%3Donly%2Bsurviving%2Bmonument%2Bof%2BBlack%2BRuthenian%2Barchitecture%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ban.by/en/branches/grodno-branch">"Grodno Branch of BELAERONAVIGATSIA Republican Unitary Air Navigation Services Enterprise"</a>. <i>BELAERONAVIGATSIA Republican Unitary Air Navigation Services Enterprise</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BELAERONAVIGATSIA+Republican+Unitary+Air+Navigation+Services+Enterprise&rft.atitle=Grodno+Branch+of+BELAERONAVIGATSIA+Republican+Unitary+Air+Navigation+Services+Enterprise&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ban.by%2Fen%2Fbranches%2Fgrodno-branch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-murray-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-murray_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2000" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Alan (2000). <i>World Trolleybus Encyclopaedia</i>. Yateley, Hampshire, UK: Trolleybooks. p. 74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-904235-18-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-904235-18-1"><bdi>0-904235-18-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Trolleybus+Encyclopaedia&rft.place=Yateley%2C+Hampshire%2C+UK&rft.pages=74&rft.pub=Trolleybooks&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-904235-18-1&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TM-294-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TM-294_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThrun2010" class="citation magazine cs1">Thrun, Volker (November–December 2010). "The Trolleybuses of Grodno". <i>Trolleybus Magazine</i>. Vol. 46, no. 294. UK: National Trolleybus Association. pp. <span class="nowrap">122–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-7452">0266-7452</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/62554332">62554332</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trolleybus+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Trolleybuses+of+Grodno&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=294&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.date=2010-11%2F2010-12&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F62554332&rft.issn=0266-7452&rft.aulast=Thrun&rft.aufirst=Volker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TM-349-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TM-349_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Trolleynews [regular news section]". <i>Trolleybus Magazine</i>. Vol. 56, no. 349. UK: National Trolleybus Association. January–February 2020. p. 26. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0266-7452">0266-7452</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Trolleybus+Magazine&rft.atitle=Trolleynews+%5Bregular+news+section%5D&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=349&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2020-01%2F2020-02&rft.issn=0266-7452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220518185902/http://www.cskneman.by/about/l">"О ЦСК Неман/About CSC Neman"</a> (in Russian). CSC Neman. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cskneman.by/about/l">the original</a> on 18 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E+%D0%A6%D0%A1%D0%9A+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%2FAbout+CSC+Neman&rft.pub=CSC+Neman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cskneman.by%2Fabout%2Fl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190407054524/http://www.icepalace.by/index.html">"Многофункциональная трансформируемая арена/About Hrodna Ice Sports Palace"</a> (in Russian). HC Nyoman (Hrodna). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icepalace.by/index.html">the original</a> on 7 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%2FAbout+Hrodna+Ice+Sports+Palace&rft.pub=HC+Nyoman+%28Hrodna%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icepalace.by%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcneman.by/show-text.asp?t=istorija">"О хоккейном клубе Неман/About HC Nyoman Hrodna"</a> (in Russian). HC Nyoman (Hrodna).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B5+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%2FAbout+HC+Nyoman+Hrodna&rft.pub=HC+Nyoman+%28Hrodna%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcneman.by%2Fshow-text.asp%3Ft%3Distorija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hcneman.by/roster.asp?category=MEN2">"Состав хоккейного клуба Неман-2/Roster of HC Nyoman-2 Hrodna"</a> (in Russian). HC Nyoman (Hrodna).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2+%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD-2%2FRoster+of+HC+Nyoman-2+Hrodna&rft.pub=HC+Nyoman+%28Hrodna%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hcneman.by%2Froster.asp%3Fcategory%3DMEN2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kultura-gov-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kultura-gov_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kultura-gov_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-kultura-gov_83-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140502075036/http://grodno.gov.by/ru/main.aspx?guid=2091">"Культура и искусство"</a>. Гродненский городской исполнительный комитет. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grodno.gov.by/ru/main.aspx?guid=2091">the original</a> on 2 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE&rft.pub=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrodno.gov.by%2Fru%2Fmain.aspx%3Fguid%3D2091&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grodno.gov.by/ru/main.aspx?guid=3651">"Гродненский городской исполнительный комитет"</a>. <i>grodno.gov.by</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grodno.gov.by&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrodno.gov.by%2Fru%2Fmain.aspx%3Fguid%3D3651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEМарціновіч200896-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEМарціновіч200896_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFМарціновіч2008">Марціновіч 2008</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEМарціновіч200897-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEМарціновіч200897_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFМарціновіч2008">Марціновіч 2008</a>, p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://grodnovisafree.by/en/how-to-come.html/">"Grodno visa-free in Belarus"</a>. <i>grodnovisafree.by</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grodnovisafree.by&rft.atitle=Grodno+visa-free+in+Belarus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgrodnovisafree.by%2Fen%2Fhow-to-come.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span> How to come to Grodno, the <a href="/wiki/August%C3%B3w_Canal" title="Augustów Canal">Awgustow Channel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grodno_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Grodno District">Grodno District</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belarus.by/en/travel/travel-visas/visa-free-travel-program-belarus/">"Visiting Belarus without visas"</a>. <i>belarus.by/en/</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=belarus.by%2Fen%2F&rft.atitle=Visiting+Belarus+without+visas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belarus.by%2Fen%2Ftravel%2Ftravel-visas%2Fvisa-free-travel-program-belarus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span> Thirty-day visa-free travel to <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> and ten-day visa-free regime to visit two tourist zones of <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mfa.gov.by/en/visa/visafreetravel/c4bbfb78b29bccdc.html/">"Visa-free travel"</a>. <i>mfa.gov.by/en/</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mfa.gov.by%2Fen%2F&rft.atitle=Visa-free+travel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfa.gov.by%2Fen%2Fvisa%2Fvisafreetravel%2Fc4bbfb78b29bccdc.html%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span> Visa-free travel (general information)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prisoners.spring96.org/en/person/dzianis-ivashyn">"DZIANIS IVASHYN journalist"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=DZIANIS+IVASHYN+journalist&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fprisoners.spring96.org%2Fen%2Fperson%2Fdzianis-ivashyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFČesnulis2014" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Česnulis, Vytautas (27 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.llks.lt/pdf/VORUTA/2014/Voruta-2014%2009%2027.pdf">"Kun. F. Nevieros kūrybinio palikimo papildymas"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Voruta</i> (in Lithuanian). <b>13</b> (803).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Voruta&rft.atitle=Kun.+F.+Nevieros+k%C5%ABrybinio+palikimo+papildymas&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=803&rft.date=2014-09-27&rft.aulast=%C4%8Cesnulis&rft.aufirst=Vytautas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.llks.lt%2Fpdf%2FVORUTA%2F2014%2FVoruta-2014%252009%252027.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grodno.gov.by/ru/main.aspx?guid=2081">"Города побратимы"</a>. <i>grodno.gov.by</i> (in Russian). Grodno<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=grodno.gov.by&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgrodno.gov.by%2Fru%2Fmain.aspx%3Fguid%3D2081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.totalwar.com/w/Lithuania_(M2TW-K-TC_faction)">"Lithuania (M2TW-K-TC faction)"</a>. <i>wiki.totalwar.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wiki.totalwar.com&rft.atitle=Lithuania+%28M2TW-K-TC+faction%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.totalwar.com%2Fw%2FLithuania_%28M2TW-K-TC_faction%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJodkowski1923" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jodkowski, Józef (1923). <i>Grodno</i> (in Polish). Wilno.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grodno&rft.place=Wilno&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Jodkowski&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B3zef&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeinrich1977" class="citation thesis cs1">Heinrich, Lisa Lynn (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/openview/19e194adba30c8370f27104300e74150/"><i>The Kievan Chronicle: A Translation and Commentary</i></a> (PhD diss.). Nashville, Tennessee: Vanderbilt University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Kievan+Chronicle%3A+A+Translation+and+Commentary&rft.inst=Vanderbilt+University&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Heinrich&rft.aufirst=Lisa+Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.proquest.com%2Fopenview%2F19e194adba30c8370f27104300e74150%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/7812419">7812419</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFМарціновіч2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Марціновіч, А. (2008). П. В. Гринчанко (ed.). <i>Горадна, Гораден, Гродно</i>. Твае гарады, Беларусь (in Russian). Мн.: Мастацкая літаратура. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-985-02-0921-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-985-02-0921-4"><bdi>978-985-02-0921-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%2C+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%2C+%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE&rft.place=%D0%9C%D0%BD.&rft.series=%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%2C+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8C&rft.pub=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-985-02-0921-4&rft.aulast=%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%86%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87&rft.aufirst=%D0%90.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЭЕЭ2005" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eleven.co.il/article/11313">"Гродно"</a>. <i>The Jewish Encyclopedia in Russian</i> (in Russian). 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia+in+Russian&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feleven.co.il%2Farticle%2F11313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Published in the 18th–19th centuries</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Coxe1784" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Coxe_(historian)" title="William Coxe (historian)">William Coxe</a> (1784). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/travelspolandrus01coxe#page/210/mode/2up">"Grodno"</a>. <i>Travels into Poland, Russia, Sweden and Denmark</i>. London: Printed by J. Nichols, for T. Cadell. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/654136">654136</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL23349695M">23349695M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grodno&rft.btitle=Travels+into+Poland%2C+Russia%2C+Sweden+and+Denmark&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Printed+by+J.+Nichols%2C+for+T.+Cadell&rft.date=1784&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F654136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL23349695M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=William+Coxe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftravelspolandrus01coxe%23page%2F210%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/handbookfortrav00michgoog#page/n376/mode/2up">"Grodno"</a>. <i>Hand-book for Travellers in Russia, Poland, and Finland</i> (2nd ed.). London: John Murray. 1868.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grodno&rft.btitle=Hand-book+for+Travellers+in+Russia%2C+Poland%2C+and+Finland&rft.place=London&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft.date=1868&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fhandbookfortrav00michgoog%23page%2Fn376%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <dl><dt>Published in the 20th century</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/6882-grodno">"Grodno"</a>. <i>The Jewish Encyclopedia</i>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. 1906.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grodno&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1906&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F6882-grodno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Grodno (government)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Grodno_(government)">"Grodno (government)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 611.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grodno+%28government%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=611&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Grodno (town)"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Grodno_(town)">"Grodno (town)" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 12 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 611.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grodno+%28town%29&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=611&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/russiawithtehera00baed#page/44/mode/2up">"Grodno"</a>. <i>Russia with Teheran, Port Arthur, and Peking</i>. Leipzig: Karl Baedeker. 1914. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1328163">1328163</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grodno&rft.btitle=Russia+with+Teheran%2C+Port+Arthur%2C+and+Peking&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pub=Karl+Baedeker&rft.date=1914&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1328163&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Frussiawithtehera00baed%23page%2F44%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrodno" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grodno&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hrodna" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hrodna">Hrodna</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Grodno#Q181376" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Grodno">Grodno</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="languageicon">(in English)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150731230705/http://belarusdigest.com/story/hrodna-region-land-catholics-and-smugglers-14163">Hrodna Region: The Land of Catholics and Smugglers</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in Polish)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dir.icm.edu.pl/pl/Slownik_geograficzny/Tom_II/831">Grodno</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Geographical_Dictionary_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland">Geographical Dictionary of the Kingdom of Poland</a> (1881)</li> <li><b>(Belarus)</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://grodno.gov.by/">Grodno Municipal Government website </a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120530122018/http://grodno.gov.by/">Archived</a> 2012-05-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><b>(Belarus)</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vgr.by/">"Вечерний Гродно" newspaper published in Russian and Belarusian</a></li> <li><b>(Belarus)</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://map.by/streets/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE">Street map of Grodno</a></li> <li><b>(Belarus)</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grodnozoo.by/">Grodno Zoological Park</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishgen.org/Communities/community.php?usbgn=-1943562">Hrodna, Belarus</a> at <a href="/wiki/JewishGen" title="JewishGen">JewishGen</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Grodno_Region" title="Template talk:Grodno Region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Grodno_Region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Grodno Region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="30px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Subdivisions_of_Grodno_Region,_Belarus273" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg/30px-Flag_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg/45px-Flag_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg/60px-Flag_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> Subdivisions of <a href="/wiki/Grodno_Region" class="mw-redirect" title="Grodno Region">Grodno Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Districts<br /><span class="nobold"><i>(<a href="/wiki/Raion" title="Raion">raiony</a>)</i></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashmyany_district" title="Ashmyany district">Ashmyany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astravyets_district" title="Astravyets district">Astravyets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byerastavitsa_district" title="Byerastavitsa district">Byerastavitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzyatlava_district" title="Dzyatlava district">Dzyatlava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grodno_district" title="Grodno district">Grodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwye_district" title="Iwye district">Iwye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelichy_district" title="Karelichy district">Karelichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lida_district" title="Lida district">Lida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masty_district" title="Masty district">Masty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novogrudok_district" title="Novogrudok district">Novogrudok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shchuchyn_district" title="Shchuchyn district">Shchuchyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slonim_district" title="Slonim district">Slonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarhon_district" title="Smarhon district">Smarhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svislach_district" title="Svislach district">Svislach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vawkavysk_district" title="Vawkavysk district">Vawkavysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voranava_district" title="Voranava district">Voranava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelva_district" title="Zelva district">Zelva</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Grodno Region"><img alt="Coat of arms of Grodno Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coat_of_Arms_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg/70px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coat_of_Arms_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg/105px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Coat_of_Arms_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg/140px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Hrodna_Voblasts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="558" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">District<br />centres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grodno</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astravyets" title="Astravyets">Astravyets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashmyany" title="Ashmyany">Ashmyany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzyatlava" title="Dzyatlava">Dzyatlava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwye" title="Iwye">Iwye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelichy" title="Karelichy">Karelichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lida" title="Lida">Lida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masty,_Belarus" title="Masty, Belarus">Masty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novogrudok" title="Novogrudok">Novogrudok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slonim" title="Slonim">Slonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarhon" title="Smarhon">Smarhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shchuchyn" title="Shchuchyn">Shchuchyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svislach" title="Svislach">Svislach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vawkavysk" title="Vawkavysk">Vawkavysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyalikaya_Byerastavitsa" title="Vyalikaya Byerastavitsa">Vyalikaya Byerastavitsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voranava" title="Voranava">Voranava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zelva" title="Zelva">Zelva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left; padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Cities and towns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grodno</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astravyets" title="Astravyets">Astravyets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashmyany" title="Ashmyany">Ashmyany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruzgi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruzgi">Bruzgi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byarozawka" title="Byarozawka">Byarozawka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzyatlava" title="Dzyatlava">Dzyatlava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwye" title="Iwye">Iwye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karelichy" title="Karelichy">Karelichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lida" title="Lida">Lida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masty,_Belarus" title="Masty, Belarus">Masty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novogrudok" title="Novogrudok">Novogrudok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skidzyel%27" class="mw-redirect" title="Skidzyel'">Skidzyel'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slonim" title="Slonim">Slonim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smarhon" title="Smarhon">Smarhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shchuchyn" title="Shchuchyn">Shchuchyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svislach" title="Svislach">Svislach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vawkavysk" title="Vawkavysk">Vawkavysk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyalikaya_Byerastavitsa" title="Vyalikaya Byerastavitsa">Vyalikaya Byerastavitsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Administrative_seats_of_the_regions_of_Belarus50" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belarus_Seats" title="Template:Belarus Seats"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belarus_Seats" title="Template talk:Belarus Seats"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belarus_Seats" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belarus Seats"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Administrative_seats_of_the_regions_of_Belarus50" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Administrative seats of the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Belarus" title="Regions of Belarus">regions of Belarus</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brest,_Belarus" title="Brest, Belarus">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Gomel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grodno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mogilev" title="Mogilev">Mogilev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181376#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/139563518">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1213553/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm4Mt8qPDqQWcbWQGkRrq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4238420-5">Germany</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4404504-9">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81059012">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15679983h">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15679983h">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Grodno (Bělorusko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge136516&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007564582505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/bc82ec2f-70bd-4607-abd8-db1268b2f0d2">MusicBrainz 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