CINXE.COM

Parenthetical referencing - Wikipedia

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Parenthetical referencing - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"4c736189-de27-4a18-b2ae-0239c2abbb93","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Parenthetical_referencing","wgTitle":"Parenthetical referencing","wgCurRevisionId":1259393101,"wgRevisionId":1259393101,"wgArticleId":2936723,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Articles lacking in-text citations from June 2020","All articles lacking in-text citations","Use British English from October 2022","Use dmy dates from July 2021","Articles needing cleanup from June 2020","All pages needing cleanup","Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from June 2020","All articles with unsourced statements", "Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023","Style guides","Bibliography","Harvard University"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Parenthetical_referencing","wgRelevantArticleId":2936723,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage", "wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q741718","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","site","mediawiki.page.ready" ,"mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Parenthetical referencing - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthetical_referencing"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthetical_referencing"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Parenthetical_referencing rootpage-Parenthetical_referencing skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Parenthetical+referencing" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Parenthetical+referencing" title="You&#039;re encouraged to log in; however, it&#039;s not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&amp;returnto=Parenthetical+referencing" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&amp;returnto=Parenthetical+referencing" title="You&#039;re encouraged to log in; however, it&#039;s not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Author–date_(Harvard_referencing)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Author–date_(Harvard_referencing)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Author–date (Harvard referencing)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Author–date_(Harvard_referencing)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Author–date (Harvard referencing) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Author–date_(Harvard_referencing)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-How_to_cite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_to_cite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>How to cite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_to_cite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Advantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disadvantages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disadvantages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Disadvantages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disadvantages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Origins_and_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins_and_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Origins and use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins_and_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Author–title" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Author–title"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Author–title</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Author–title-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Content_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Content_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Content notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Content_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parenthetical referencing</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autor-Jahr-Zitierweise" title="Autor-Jahr-Zitierweise – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Autor-Jahr-Zitierweise" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estilo_Harvard_de_citas" title="Estilo Harvard de citas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estilo Harvard de citas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvard_estiloa" title="Harvard estiloa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Harvard estiloa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%A8%D8%B9%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D9%87%DB%8C_%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="منبع‌دهی هاروارد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منبع‌دهی هاروارد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_penulisan_referensi_Harvard" title="Sistem penulisan referensi Harvard – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem penulisan referensi Harvard" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8_%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF" title="ആനുഷംഗികമായി അവലംബങ്ങൾ നൽകുന്ന രീതി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആനുഷംഗികമായി അവലംബങ്ങൾ നൽകുന്ന രീതി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bronvermelding_in_Harvardstijl" title="Bronvermelding in Harvardstijl – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bronvermelding in Harvardstijl" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F" title="ハーバード方式 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハーバード方式" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Przypisy_harwardzkie" title="Przypisy harwardzkie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przypisy harwardzkie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parenthetical_referencing" title="Parenthetical referencing – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="Parenthetical referencing" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harvardsystemet" title="Harvardsystemet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Harvardsystemet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%93%88%E4%BD%9B%E5%8F%82%E8%80%83%E6%96%87%E7%8C%AE%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F" title="哈佛参考文献格式 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="哈佛参考文献格式" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q741718#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Parenthetical_referencing" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Parenthetical_referencing" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Parenthetical_referencing"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Parenthetical_referencing"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Parenthetical_referencing" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Parenthetical_referencing" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;oldid=1259393101" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;id=1259393101&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FParenthetical_referencing"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FParenthetical_referencing"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q741718" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Citation system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_footnotes_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-More_footnotes_needed" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article includes a list of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#General_references" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">general references</a>, but <b>it lacks sufficient corresponding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Reliability" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Reliability">improve</a> this article by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <b>Parenthetical referencing</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Citation#Systems" title="Citation">citation system</a> in which <a href="/wiki/Inline_citations" class="mw-redirect" title="Inline citations">in-text citations</a> are made using <a href="/wiki/Bracket#Parentheses" title="Bracket">parentheses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> They are usually accompanied by a full, alphabetized list of citations in an end section, usually titled "references", "reference list", "works cited", or "end-text citations".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Parenthetical referencing can be used in lieu of <a href="/wiki/Note_(typography)" title="Note (typography)">footnote</a> citations (the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_system" title="Vancouver system">Vancouver system</a>). </p><p>Parenthetical referencing normally uses one of these two <a href="/wiki/Citation#Styles" title="Citation">citation styles</a>: </p> <ul><li>Author–date (also known as Harvard referencing):<sup id="cite_ref-Ruskin_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruskin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> primarily used in the natural sciences and social sciences, and recommended by the <a href="/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" title="American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a> (APA) (see <a href="/wiki/APA_style" title="APA style">APA style</a>);</li> <li>Author–title or author–page: primarily used in the arts and the humanities, and recommended by the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association</a> (MLA) (see <a href="/wiki/MLA_Handbook" title="MLA Handbook">MLA Handbook</a>).</li></ul> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Author–date_(Harvard_referencing)"><span id="Author.E2.80.93date_.28Harvard_referencing.29"></span><span class="anchor" id="Author-date"></span> Author–date (Harvard referencing)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section: Author–date (Harvard referencing)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the author–date method (Harvard referencing),<sup id="cite_ref-Ruskin_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruskin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> the in-text citation is placed in parentheses after the sentence or part thereof that the citation supports. The citation includes the author's name, year of publication, and page number(s) when a specific part of the source is referred to (Smith 2008, p.&#160;1) or (Smith 2008:1). A full citation is given in the references section: Smith, John (2008). <i>Name of Book</i>. Name of Publisher. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="How_to_cite">How to cite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section: How to cite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The structure of a citation under the author–date method is the author's surname, year of publication, and page number or range, in parentheses, as in "(Smith 2010, p. 1)". </p> <ul><li>The page number or page range may be omitted if the entire work is cited, as in "(Smith 2010)".</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="Narrative_style"></span>Narrative style citations have the author appearing as part of the regular text sentence, outside parentheses, as in: "Jones (2001) revolutionized the field of trauma surgery."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>Two authors are cited using "and" or "&amp;": (Deane and Jones 1991) or (Deane &amp; Jones 1991). More than two authors are cited using "<a href="/wiki/Et_al#et_alii" class="mw-redirect" title="Et al"><i>et al.</i></a>": (Smith <i>et al.</i> 1992).</li> <li>In some documentation systems (e.g., MLA style), an unknown date is cited as having "no date of publication" by the abbreviation for "no date" (Deane, n.d.).<sup id="cite_ref-EastAnglia_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastAnglia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>In such documentation systems, works without pagination are referred to in the References list as "not paginated" with the abbreviation for that phrase (n. pag.).<sup id="cite_ref-EastAnglia_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastAnglia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>"No place of publication" and/or "no publisher" are both designated the same way (n.p.) and placed in the appropriate spot in the bibliographical citation (<i>Harvard Referencing</i>. N.p.).<sup id="cite_ref-EastAnglia_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EastAnglia-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li>A reference to a republished work is cited with the original publication date either in square brackets (Marx [1867] 1967, p.&#160;90) or separated with a slash (Marx, 1867/1967, p.&#160;90).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> The inclusion of the original publication year qualifies the suggestion otherwise that the publication originally occurred in 1967.</li> <li>If an author published several books in 2005, the year of the first publication (in the alphabetic order of the references) is cited and referenced as 2005a, the second as 2005b and so on.</li> <li>A citation is placed wherever appropriate in or after the sentence. If it is at the end of a sentence, it is placed before the period, but a citation for an entire block quote immediately follows the period at the end of the block since the citation is not an actual part of the quotation itself. When citing quotes it’s advisable to insert the page number as this points directly to the page of the content that has been used.</li> <li>Complete citations are provided in alphabetical order in a section following the text, usually designated as "Works cited" or "References." The difference between a "works cited" or "references" list and a bibliography is that a bibliography may include works not directly cited in the text.</li> <li>All citations are in the same font as the main text.</li> <li>There is no official guide to Harvard citation style,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> consequently variations occur across various online Harvard citation and referencing guides. For example, some universities instruct students to type a book's publication date <i>without</i> parentheses in the reference list.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Ruskin_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ruskin-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples">Examples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An example of a journal reference: </p> <ul><li>Heilman, J. M. and West, A. G. (2015). "Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language." <i>Journal of Medical Internet Research</i>, 17(3), p. e62. doi:10.2196/jmir.4069.</li></ul> <p>Following is an explanation of the components, where the coloring is for demonstration purposes and is not used in actual formatting: <br /> <span style="border:3px orange; border-style:none dotted solid;">Heilman, J. M. and West, A. G.</span> <span style="border:3px lightgreen; border-style:none dotted solid;">(2015).</span> <span style="border:3px blue; border-style:none dotted solid;">"Wikipedia and Medicine: Quantifying Readership, Editors, and the Significance of Natural Language."</span> <span style="border:3px lightgreen; border-style:none dotted solid;"><i>Journal of Medical Internet Research</i>,</span> <span style="border:3px red; border-style:none dotted solid;"><a href="/wiki/Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">17</a></span> <span style="border:3px yellow; border-style:none dotted solid;"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(periodical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issue (periodical)">(3)</a>,</span> <span style="border:3px blue; border-style:none dotted solid;">p.e62.</span> <span style="border:3px plum; border-style:none dotted solid;">doi:10.2196/jmir.4069.</span> </p> <ul><li><span style="border:3px orange; border-style:none dotted solid;">Author(s)</span> first listed author's name inverted in the bibliography entry</li> <li><span style="border:3px lightgreen; border-style:none dotted solid;">Year</span></li> <li><span style="border:3px blue; border-style:none dotted solid;">Article title</span></li> <li><span style="border:3px lightgreen; border-style:none dotted solid;">Journal title</span> in <a href="/wiki/Italic_type" title="Italic type">italic type</a></li> <li><span style="border:3px red; border-style:none dotted solid;"><a href="/wiki/Volume_(bibliography)" title="Volume (bibliography)">Volume</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-vol_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vol-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span style="border:3px yellow; border-style:none dotted solid;"><a href="/wiki/Periodical_literature" title="Periodical literature">Issue</a></span><sup id="cite_ref-vol_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vol-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li> <li><span style="border:3px blue; border-style:none dotted solid;">Page numbers</span><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> specific page number in a note; page range in a bibliography entry</li> <li><span style="border:3px plum; border-style:none dotted solid;"><a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">Digital object identifier</a></span></li></ul> <p>Examples of book references are: </p> <ul><li>Smith, J. (2005a). <i>Dutch Citing Practices</i>. The Hague: Holland Research Foundation.</li> <li>Smith, J. (2005b). <i>Harvard Referencing</i>. London: Jolly Good Publishing.</li></ul> <p>In giving the city of publication, an internationally well-known city (such as London, The Hague, or New York) is given as the city alone. If the city is not internationally well known, the country (or state and country if in the U.S.) is given. </p><p>An example of a newspaper reference: </p> <ul><li>Bowcott, Owen (October 18, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/animalrights/story/0,11917,1594716,00.html">"Protests halt online auction to shoot stag"</a>, <i>The Guardian</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advantages">Advantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section: Advantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>The principal advantage of the author–date method is that a reader familiar with a field is likely to recognize a citation without having to check in the references section. This is most useful in fields whose works are commonly known by their date of publication (for example, the sciences and social sciences in which one cites, say, "the 2005 Johns Hopkins study of brain function"), or if the author cited is notorious (for example, HIV denialist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Duesberg" title="Peter Duesberg">Peter Duesberg</a> on the cause of <a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>).</li> <li>The use of author–date systems helps the reader easily identify sources that may be outdated.</li> <li>If the same source is cited more than once, even a reader unfamiliar with the author may remember the name. It quickly becomes obvious if the publication is relying heavily on a single author or single publication. When many different pages of the same work are cited, the reader does not need to flip back and forth to footnotes or endnotes full of "<a href="/wiki/Ibid." title="Ibid.">ibid.</a>" citations to discover this fact.</li> <li>With the author–date method, there is no renumbering hassle when the order of in-text citations is changed, which can be a scourge of the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_system" title="Vancouver system">numbered endnotes system</a> if house style or project style insists that citations never appear out of numerical order. (Computerized <a href="/wiki/Reference-management_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference-management software">reference-management software</a> automates this aspect of the numbered system [for example, Microsoft Word's endnote system, Wikipedia's &lt;ref&gt; system, <a href="/wiki/BibTeX" title="BibTeX">LaTeX/BibTeX</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_reference_management_software" title="Comparison of reference management software">various applications marketed to professionals</a>].)</li> <li>Parenthetical referencing works well in combination with substantive notes. When the note system is used for source citations, two different systems of note marking and placement are needed—in Chicago Style, for instance, "the citation notes should be numbered and appear as endnotes. The substantive notes, indicated by asterisks and other symbols, appear as footnotes" (<a href="#refChicagoManualOfStyle2003">"Chicago Manual of Style" 2003</a>, 16.63–64). This approach can be cumbersome in any circumstances. When it is not possible to use footnotes altogether probably because of the publisher's policy, it results in two parallel series of endnotes, which can be confusing to readers. Using parenthetical referencing for sources avoids such a problem.</li> <li>The reader can find the in-text author–date citations of a specific work more easily. Finding in-text numbered citations is more difficult because some will not appear if they are included in ranges.</li> <li>The author–date method can be more convenient for manuscript/draft preparation, or revisions, that are handled by multiple contributing authors. For example, multiple authors are not necessarily able to use the same <a href="/wiki/Reference-management_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Reference-management software">reference-management software</a>. As such, it may be a preferred style to be used for submission to journals that allow any reference style before acceptance, such as journals that follow <a href="/wiki/Elsevier" title="Elsevier">Elsevier</a>'s <i>Your Paper Your Way</i> <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> guidelines.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disadvantages">Disadvantages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section: Disadvantages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2020</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Taking up space and distracting, especially when many works are cited in a single place (which often occurs when reviewing a large body of previous work). Numbered footnotes or endnotes, by contrast, can be combined into a range, e.g. "[27–35]". However this disadvantage is offset by the fact that parenthetical referencing may be economical for the overall document since, for instance, "(Smith 2008: 34)" takes up a small amount of space in a paragraph, whereas the same information would require a whole line in a footnote or endnote.</li> <li>In many disciplines in the arts and humanities, date of publication is often not the most important piece of information about a particular work. Thus, in author–date references such as "(Dickens 2003: 10)", the date is essentially redundant or meaningless when read on the page, since works may go through numerous editions or translations long after the original publication. Compare a reference in a science discipline such as "The last survey indicated that four hundred were left in the wild (Jones <i>et al.</i> 2003)", where the date <i>is</i> meaningful. The reader of certain forms of arts and humanities scholarship may thus be better aided by the use of author–title referencing styles such as MLA: for example, "(Dickens <i>Oliver</i>, 10)", where meaningful information is given on the page. Historical scholarship is an exception, since, when citing a primary source, date of publication <i>is</i> meaningful, though in most branches of history footnotes are preferred on other grounds. Generally speaking, however, it is instructive that author–date systems such as <a href="#Origins_and_use">Harvard were devised by scientists</a>, whereas author–title systems such as <a href="/wiki/The_MLA_Style_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="The MLA Style Manual">MLA</a> were devised by humanities scholars.</li> <li>Similarly, because works are frequently reprinted in many arts and humanities disciplines, different author–date references might refer to the same work. For example, "(Spivak 1985)", "(Spivak 1987)", and "(Spivak 1996)" might all refer to the same essay — and might be better rendered in author–title style as "(Spivak 'Subaltern')". Such ambiguities may be resolved by adding an original date of publication, for example, "(Spivak 1985/1996)", though this is cumbersome and exacerbates the principal disadvantage of parenthetical referencing, namely its distraction for the reader and unattractiveness on the page.</li> <li>Rules can be complicated or unclear for non-academic references, particularly those where the personal author is unknown, such as government-issued documents and standards.</li> <li>When removing a portion of text which has citations in it, the editor(s) must also check the <i>Reference</i> sections to see if the sources cited in the removed text is used elsewhere in the paper or book, and if not, to delete any reference not actually cited in the text (although this issue can be eliminated by the use of <a href="/wiki/Reference_management_software" title="Reference management software">reference manager software</a>).</li> <li>The use of the author–date methods (but not author–title) can be confusing when used in monographs about particularly prolific authors. In-text citation and back-of-the-book listings of works arranged by date of publication are conducive to errors and confusion: for example, Harvey 1996a, Harvey 1996b, Harvey 1996c, Harvey 1996d, Harvey 1995a, Harvey 1995b, Harvey 1986a, Harvey 1986b, and so on.</li> <li>The mixing of text with frequent parentheses and long strings of numbers is typographically inelegant.</li> <li>Most historical journals (apart from economic and social history) use footnotes because of the need for maximum flexibility. Primary source references to archives, etc., involve long and complex information, all of which may be immediately relevant to a serious reader. An interesting example of this arose with the famous work of the anthropologists John and Jean Comaroff, <i>Of Revelation and Revolution</i> which treated historical events from anthropological perspective: although parenthetical references were used for scholarly sources, the authors found it necessary to use notes for the historical archive material they were also using.</li> <li>If parenthetical referencing is combined with alphabetic order of author names, studies have demonstrated this can lead to discrimination against authors with last names starting with a letter near the end of the alphabet, for funding and future citations.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Some style guides therefore suggest listing the authors chronologically instead.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origins_and_use">Origins and use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section: Origins and use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origin of the author–date style is attributed to a paper by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Laurens_Mark" title="Edward Laurens Mark">Edward Laurens Mark</a>, Hersey professor of anatomy and director of the zoological laboratory at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, who may have copied it from the cataloguing system used then and now by the library of Harvard's <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Comparative_Zoology" title="Museum of Comparative Zoology">Museum of Comparative Zoology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chernin_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chernin-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> In 1881 Mark wrote a paper on the embryogenesis of the garden slug, in which he included an author–date citation in parentheses on page 194, the first known instance of such a reference.<sup id="cite_ref-mark_1881_firstharvardcite_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mark_1881_firstharvardcite-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Until then, according to Eli Chernin writing in the <i><a href="/wiki/The_BMJ" title="The BMJ">British Medical Journal</a></i>, references had appeared in inconsistent styles in footnotes, referred to in the text using a variety of printers' symbols, including asterisks and daggers. Chernin writes that a 1903 <a href="/wiki/Festschrift" title="Festschrift">festschrift</a> dedicated to Mark by 140 students, including <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, confirms that the author–date system is attributable to Mark. The festschrift pays tribute to Mark's 1881 paper, writing that it "introduced into zoology a proper fullness and accuracy of citation and a convenient and uniform method of referring from text to bibliography." According to an editorial note in the <i>British Medical Journal</i> in 1945, an unconfirmed anecdote is that the term "Owen system" was introduced by an English visitor to Harvard University library, who was impressed by the citation system and dubbed it "Harvard system" upon his return to England.<sup id="cite_ref-Chernin_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chernin-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although it originated in biology, it is now more common in humanities, history, and social science.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>&#93;</sup> It is favored by a few scientific journals such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Astrophysical_Journal" title="The Astrophysical Journal">The Astrophysical Journal</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> but the major biology journal <i><a href="/wiki/Cell_(journal)" title="Cell (journal)">Cell</a></i> announced in 2022 that it was moving away from the Harvard style.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Author–title"><span id="Author.E2.80.93title"></span>Author–title</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section: Author–title"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the author–title or author–page method, also referred to as <a href="/wiki/The_MLA_Style_Manual" class="mw-redirect" title="The MLA Style Manual">MLA style</a>, the in-text citation is placed in parentheses after the sentence or part thereof that the citation supports, and includes the author's name (a short title only is necessary when there is more than one work by the same author) and a page number where appropriate (Smith 1) or (Smith, <i>Playing</i> 1). (No "p." or "pp." prefaces the page numbers and main words in titles appear in capital letters, following MLA style guidelines.) A full citation is given in the references section. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Content_notes">Content notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section: Content notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/The_MLA_Handbook_for_Writers_of_Research_Papers#Content_notes" class="mw-redirect" title="The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers">The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers §&#160;Content notes</a></div> <p>A content note generally contains useful information and explanations that do not fit into the primary text itself. Content notes may be given as <a href="/wiki/Footnote" class="mw-redirect" title="Footnote">footnotes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Endnote" class="mw-redirect" title="Endnote">endnotes</a> or even a combination of both footnotes and endnotes. Such content notes may themselves contain a style of parenthetical referencing, just as the main text does. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_reference_management_software" title="Comparison of reference management software">Comparison of reference management software</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Heilman and West example article was published electronically without page numbers.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFlibguides" class="citation web cs1">libguides, liu.cwp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.">"Parenthetical Referencing"</a>. <i>liu.cwp.libguides.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726214158/https://liu.cwp.libguides.com/APAstyle/parenthetical#:~:text=Parenthetical%20references%20are%20used%20within,the%20article%20you%20are%20citing.">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-10-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=liu.cwp.libguides.com&amp;rft.atitle=Parenthetical+Referencing&amp;rft.aulast=libguides&amp;rft.aufirst=liu.cwp&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fliu.cwp.libguides.com%2FAPAstyle%2Fparenthetical%23%3A~%3Atext%3DParenthetical%2520references%2520are%2520used%2520within%2Cthe%2520article%2520you%2520are%2520citing.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.williams.edu/citing/styles/chicago2.php">"Author–date system"</a>. <i>Chicago Manual of Style, Williams College Libraries</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Chicago+Manual+of+Style%2C+Williams+College+Libraries&amp;rft.atitle=Author%E2%80%93date+system&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.williams.edu%2Fciting%2Fstyles%2Fchicago2.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearsShields2008" class="citation book cs1">Pears, R.; Shields, G. (2008). <i>Cite them right: the essential referencing guide</i>. Pear Tree Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9551216-1-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9551216-1-6"><bdi>978-0-9551216-1-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Cite+them+right%3A+the+essential+referencing+guide&amp;rft.pub=Pear+Tree+Books&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-9551216-1-6&amp;rft.aulast=Pears&amp;rft.aufirst=R.&amp;rft.au=Shields%2C+G.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ruskin-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ruskin_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruskin_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ruskin_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200222045426/http://www.libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm">"Guide to the Harvard System of Referencing (5th edition)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anglia_Ruskin_University" title="Anglia Ruskin University">Anglia Ruskin University</a>. 2012-05-21. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm">the original</a> on 2020-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Guide+to+the+Harvard+System+of+Referencing+%285th+edition%29&amp;rft.pub=Anglia+Ruskin+University&amp;rft.date=2012-05-21&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibweb.anglia.ac.uk%2Freferencing%2Fharvard.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apastyle.apa.org/style-grammar-guidelines/citations/basic-principles/parenthetical-versus-narrative">"Parenthetical Versus Narrative In-Text Citations"</a>. <i>apastyle.apa.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=apastyle.apa.org&amp;rft.atitle=Parenthetical+Versus+Narrative+In-Text+Citations&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapastyle.apa.org%2Fstyle-grammar-guidelines%2Fcitations%2Fbasic-principles%2Fparenthetical-versus-narrative&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EastAnglia-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EastAnglia_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EastAnglia_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-EastAnglia_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181122041745/http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm?harvard_id=66#66">"References with missing details"</a>. <i>Harvard System of Referencing Guide</i>. University of East Anglia. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm?harvard_id=66#66">the original</a> on 2018-11-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=Harvard+System+of+Referencing+Guide&amp;rft.atitle=References+with+missing+details&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibweb.anglia.ac.uk%2Freferencing%2Fharvard.htm%3Fharvard_id%3D66%2366&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2001" class="citation book cs1">American Psychological Association (2001). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publicationmanu000amer"><i>Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association</i></a></span> (5th&#160;ed.). Washington, DC, USA: American Psychological Association. p.&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publicationmanu000amer/page/87">87</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55798-791-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55798-791-4"><bdi>978-1-55798-791-4</bdi></a> &#8211; via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Publication+Manual+of+the+American+Psychological+Association&amp;rft.place=Washington%2C+DC%2C+USA&amp;rft.pages=87&amp;rft.edition=5th&amp;rft.pub=American+Psychological+Association&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-55798-791-4&amp;rft.au=American+Psychological+Association&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpublicationmanu000amer&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMullan" class="citation web cs1">Mullan, W. M. A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dairyscience.info/harvard/referencegen.php">"DFST Harvard Reference Generator"</a>. Dairy Science and Food Technology (DSFT)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-17</span></span>. <q>Note the Harvard system of referencing is not 'tightly' specified and some variation in the use of capital letters, italics, the use of parentheses and text styles does occur in different institutions and journals. Please check the 'house style' that is specified for your publication, thesis, dissertation or assignment before submitting your work.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=DFST+Harvard+Reference+Generator&amp;rft.pub=Dairy+Science+and+Food+Technology+%28DSFT%29&amp;rft.aulast=Mullan&amp;rft.aufirst=W.+M.+A.&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dairyscience.info%2Fharvard%2Freferencegen.php&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180915145204/https://library.sydney.edu.au/subjects/downloads/citation/Harvard_Complete.pdf">"Your Guide to Harvard Style Referencing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>University Library</i>. The University of Sydney. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.sydney.edu.au/subjects/downloads/citation/Harvard_Complete.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2018-09-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-07-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=University+Library&amp;rft.atitle=Your+Guide+to+Harvard+Style+Referencing&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.sydney.edu.au%2Fsubjects%2Fdownloads%2Fcitation%2FHarvard_Complete.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-vol-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-vol_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-vol_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Notes and Bibliography: Journal Volume, Issue, and Date". <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chicagomanualofs16edunse"><i>The Chicago Manual of Style</i></a></span> (16th&#160;ed.). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. 2010. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10420-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-10420-1"><bdi>978-0-226-10420-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/495102182">495102182</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=bookitem&amp;rft.atitle=Notes+and+Bibliography%3A+Journal+Volume%2C+Issue%2C+and+Date&amp;rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.edition=16th&amp;rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=2010&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F495102182&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-226-10420-1&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchicagomanualofs16edunse&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsevier.com/authors/tools-and-resources/your-paper-your-way">"Your Paper, Your Way"</a>. <i>elsevier.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=elsevier.com&amp;rft.atitle=Your+Paper%2C+Your+Way&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.com%2Fauthors%2Ftools-and-resources%2Fyour-paper-your-way&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Einav, L., &amp; Yariv, L. (2006). What's in a surname? The effects of surname initials on academic success. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 20(1), 175–187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chernin-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chernin_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chernin_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChernin1988" class="citation journal cs1">Chernin, Eli (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1834803">"The 'Harvard system': a mystery dispelled"</a>. <i>British Medical Journal</i>. <b>297</b> (6655): 1062–1063. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a>&#160;<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1834803">1834803</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=British+Medical+Journal&amp;rft.atitle=The+%27Harvard+system%27%3A+a+mystery+dispelled&amp;rft.volume=297&amp;rft.issue=6655&amp;rft.pages=1062-1063&amp;rft.date=1988&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1834803%23id-name%3DPMC&amp;rft.aulast=Chernin&amp;rft.aufirst=Eli&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1834803&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mark_1881_firstharvardcite-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mark_1881_firstharvardcite_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark1881" class="citation journal cs1">Mark, Edward Laurens (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bn0tAAAAYAAJ">"Maturation, fecundation, and segmentation of Limax campestris, Binney"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College</i>. <b>6</b>: 194. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F273085">10.1086/273085</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a>&#160;<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/6822275174">6822275174</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Museum+of+Comparative+Zoology+at+Harvard+College&amp;rft.atitle=Maturation%2C+fecundation%2C+and+segmentation+of+Limax+campestris%2C+Binney&amp;rft.volume=6&amp;rft.pages=194&amp;rft.date=1881&amp;rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F6822275174&amp;rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F273085&amp;rft.aulast=Mark&amp;rft.aufirst=Edward+Laurens&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBn0tAAAAYAAJ&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.aas.org/references/">"AAS Journal Reference Instructions"</a>. The Amrerican Astronomical Society. 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=AAS+Journal+Reference+Instructions&amp;rft.pub=The+Amrerican+Astronomical+Society&amp;rft.date=2023&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.aas.org%2Freferences%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation pressrelease cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cell.com/news-do/cell-press-referencing-style">"Numbered referencing style now standard across Cell Press journals"</a> (Press release). 2022-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-09-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Numbered+referencing+style+now+standard+across+Cell+Press+journals&amp;rft.date=2022-10-03&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fnews-do%2Fcell-press-referencing-style&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Psychological_Association2001" class="citation web cs1">American Psychological Association (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apastyle.apa.org/electext.html">"Citations in Text of Electronic Material"</a>. <i>APA Style</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.jtitle=APA+Style&amp;rft.atitle=Citations+in+Text+of+Electronic+Material&amp;rft.date=2001&amp;rft.au=American+Psychological+Association&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapastyle.apa.org%2Felectext.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Standards_Institution1990" class="citation book cs1">British Standards Institution (1990). <i>Recommendations for citing and referencing published material</i> (2nd&#160;ed.). London: British Standards Institution.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Recommendations+for+citing+and+referencing+published+material&amp;rft.place=London&amp;rft.edition=2nd&amp;rft.pub=British+Standards+Institution&amp;rft.date=1990&amp;rft.au=British+Standards+Institution&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i><a href="/wiki/The_Chicago_Manual_of_Style" title="The Chicago Manual of Style">The Chicago Manual of Style</a></i> (15th&#160;ed.). Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. 2003. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-10403-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-10403-6"><bdi>0-226-10403-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+Chicago+Manual+of+Style&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.edition=15th&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=2003&amp;rft.isbn=0-226-10403-6&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span> (hardcover). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-226-10404-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-226-10404-4">0-226-10404-4</a> (<a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a>).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_of_Science_Editors2006" class="citation book cs1">Council of Science Editors (2006). <i>Scientific Style and Format: The CSE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers</i> (7th&#160;ed.). Reston, VA (US): <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Science_Editors" title="Council of Science Editors">CSE</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9779665-0-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9779665-0-X"><bdi>0-9779665-0-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=Scientific+Style+and+Format%3A+The+CSE+Manual+for+Authors%2C+Editors%2C+and+Publishers&amp;rft.place=Reston%2C+VA+%28US%29&amp;rft.edition=7th&amp;rft.pub=CSE&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft.isbn=0-9779665-0-X&amp;rft.au=Council+of+Science+Editors&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModern_Language_Association_of_America2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">Modern Language Association of America</a> (2009). <i><a href="/wiki/The_MLA_Handbook_for_Writers_of_Research_Papers" class="mw-redirect" title="The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers">The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers</a></i> (7th&#160;ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Modern_Language_Association" title="Modern Language Association">MLA</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60329-024-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60329-024-1"><bdi>978-1-60329-024-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=The+MLA+Handbook+for+Writers+of+Research+Papers&amp;rft.place=New+York&amp;rft.edition=7th&amp;rft.pub=MLA&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.isbn=978-1-60329-024-1&amp;rft.au=Modern+Language+Association+of+America&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing</i> (3rd&#160;ed.). Modern Language Association. 2008. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87352-297-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87352-297-7"><bdi>978-0-87352-297-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=MLA+Style+Manual+and+Guide+to+Scholarly+Publishing&amp;rft.edition=3rd&amp;rft.pub=Modern+Language+Association&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-87352-297-7&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoediger2004" class="citation journal cs1">Roediger, Roddy (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090219013551/http://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/getArticle.cfm?id=1549">"What Should They Be Called?"</a>. <i>APS Observer</i>. <b>17</b> (4). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/getArticle.cfm?id=1549">the original</a> on 2009-02-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&amp;rft.genre=article&amp;rft.jtitle=APS+Observer&amp;rft.atitle=What+Should+They+Be+Called%3F&amp;rft.volume=17&amp;rft.issue=4&amp;rft.date=2004-04&amp;rft.aulast=Roediger&amp;rft.aufirst=Roddy&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.psychologicalscience.org%2Fobserver%2FgetArticle.cfm%3Fid%3D1549&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222045721/http://hcl.harvard.edu/news/2006/refworks_lamont.html">"Lamont Libraries Lead RefWorks Workshops"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_College" title="Harvard College">Harvard College</a> Library. 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hcl.harvard.edu/news/2006/refworks_lamont.html">the original</a> on 2012-02-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Lamont+Libraries+Lead+RefWorks+Workshops&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+College+Library&amp;rft.date=2006&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhcl.harvard.edu%2Fnews%2F2006%2Frefworks_lamont.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120222045715/http://hcl.harvard.edu/news/2009/research_services_sharing.html">"Research Service Libraries Take Part in Pilot Project"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University Library">Harvard University Library</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hcl.harvard.edu/news/2009/research_services_sharing.html">the original</a> on 2012-02-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Research+Service+Libraries+Take+Part+in+Pilot+Project&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University+Library&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhcl.harvard.edu%2Fnews%2F2009%2Fresearch_services_sharing.html&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurabian2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kate_L._Turabian" title="Kate L. Turabian">Turabian, Kate L.</a>; et&#160;al. (2007). <i>A Manual for Writers of Term Papers, Theses, and Dissertations</i> (7th&#160;ed.). Chicago: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Press" title="University of Chicago Press">University of Chicago Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&#160;<a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-82336-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-82336-2"><bdi>978-0-226-82336-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=A+Manual+for+Writers+of+Term+Papers%2C+Theses%2C+and+Dissertations&amp;rft.place=Chicago&amp;rft.edition=7th&amp;rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&amp;rft.date=2007&amp;rft.isbn=978-0-226-82336-2&amp;rft.aulast=Turabian&amp;rft.aufirst=Kate+L.&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120209150932/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=citationtools&amp;pageid=icb.page148723">"Citation Tools"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Harvard University Library">Harvard Libraries</a>. 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=citationtools&amp;pageid=icb.page148723">the original</a> on 2012-02-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Citation+Tools&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+Libraries&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisites.harvard.edu%2Ficb%2Ficb.do%3Fkeyword%3Dcitationtools%26pageid%3Dicb.page148723&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span> – Includes hyperlinked.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Library_Association_(ALA)2003" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a> (ALA) (November 2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227135504/http://www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/ors/standardsa/standardsmanual/manual.cfm"><i>ALA Standards Manual</i></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ala.org/ala/aboutala/offices/ors/standardsa/standardsmanual/manual.cfm">the original</a> on 2009-02-27</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=book&amp;rft.btitle=ALA+Standards+Manual&amp;rft.date=2003-11&amp;rft.au=American+Library+Association+%28ALA%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ala.org%2Fala%2Faboutala%2Foffices%2Fors%2Fstandardsa%2Fstandardsmanual%2Fmanual.cfm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_of_Science_Editors_(CSE),_previously_named_Council_of_Biology_Editors_(CBE)2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Science_Editors" title="Council of Science Editors">Council of Science Editors</a> (CSE), previously named <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Biology_Editors" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Biology Editors">Council of Biology Editors</a> (CBE) (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071022091544/http://councilscienceeditors.org/publications/style_introduction.cfm">"Scientific Style and Format: Introduction"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://councilscienceeditors.org/publications/style_introduction.cfm">the original</a> on 2007-10-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Scientific+Style+and+Format%3A+Introduction&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.au=Council+of+Science+Editors+%28CSE%29%2C+previously+named+Council+of+Biology+Editors+%28CBE%29&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcouncilscienceeditors.org%2Fpublications%2Fstyle_introduction.cfm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090206180037/http://councilscienceeditors.org/reference_links.cfm">"Reference Links"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://councilscienceeditors.org/reference_links.cfm">the original</a> on 2009-02-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Reference+Links&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcouncilscienceeditors.org%2Freference_links.cfm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span> – Includes section on "Grammar and Style" with hyperlinked "Citing the Internet: Formats for Bibliographic Citations".</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuke_University_Library2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Duke_University" title="Duke University">Duke University</a> Library (2008-06-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://library.duke.edu/research/citing/">"Citing Sources: Documentation Guidelines for Citing Sources and Avoiding Plagiarism"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Citing+Sources%3A+Documentation+Guidelines+for+Citing+Sources+and+Avoiding+Plagiarism&amp;rft.date=2008-06-02&amp;rft.au=Duke+University+Library&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flibrary.duke.edu%2Fresearch%2Fciting%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span> – Provides hyperlinked "Citation Guides" pertaining to the most commonly used citation guidelines, including parenthetical referencing. Also includes APA, Chicago, CBE, CSE, MLA, and Turabian style guidelines.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvard_College_Library2008" class="citation web cs1">Harvard College Library (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121205070212/http://hcl.harvard.edu/research/guides/">"Research Guides"</a>. (Compiled by the Staff of Harvard College Library). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hcl.harvard.edu/research/guides/">the original</a> on 2012-12-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Research+Guides&amp;rft.pub=%28Compiled+by+the+Staff+of+Harvard+College+Library%29&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=Harvard+College+Library&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhcl.harvard.edu%2Fresearch%2Fguides%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvard_College_Writing_Program2008" class="citation web cs1">Harvard College Writing Program (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121210092053/http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k24101&amp;pageid=icb.page123040">"Resources for Students: Guides to Using Sources"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=k24101&amp;pageid=icb.page123040">the original</a> on 2012-12-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Resources+for+Students%3A+Guides+to+Using+Sources&amp;rft.pub=Harvard+University&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=Harvard+College+Writing+Program&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fisites.harvard.edu%2Ficb%2Ficb.do%3Fkeyword%3Dk24101%26pageid%3Dicb.page123040&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Leeds_Library2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a> Library (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://library.leeds.ac.uk/skills-referencing">"References and citations explained"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-02-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=References+and+citations+explained&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.au=University+of+Leeds+Library&amp;rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flibrary.leeds.ac.uk%2Fskills-referencing&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUniversity_of_Southern_Queensland_Library2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Southern_Queensland" title="University of Southern Queensland">University of Southern Queensland</a> Library (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090301173055/http://www.usq.edu.au/library/Breeze/Fac_Business/HarvardAGPS/">"Your Guide to the Harvard AGPS Referencing System"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usq.edu.au/library/Breeze/Fac_Business/HarvardAGPS/">the original</a> on 2009-03-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Your+Guide+to+the+Harvard+AGPS+Referencing+System&amp;rft.date=2008&amp;rft.au=University+of+Southern+Queensland+Library&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usq.edu.au%2Flibrary%2FBreeze%2FFac_Business%2FHarvardAGPS%2F&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span> and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070703124746/http://www.usq.edu.au/library/help/ehelp/ref_guides/harvardonline.htm">"Harvard Style (AGPS) – Web sources"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usq.edu.au/library/help/ehelp/ref_guides/harvardonline.htm">the original</a> on 2007-07-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Harvard+Style+%28AGPS%29+%E2%80%93+Web+sources&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usq.edu.au%2Flibrary%2Fhelp%2Fehelp%2Fref_guides%2Fharvardonline.htm&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVictoria_University_of_Technology2009" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victoria_University,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria University, Australia">Victoria University of Technology</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090521015014/http://www.lasalle.edu/academ/sba/faculty/Harvard.pdf">"Harvard (AGPS) Style: A Guide to Referencing Sources Used in Assignments"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lasalle.edu/academ/sba/faculty/Harvard.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2009-05-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-10-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&amp;rft.genre=unknown&amp;rft.btitle=Harvard+%28AGPS%29+Style%3A+A+Guide+to+Referencing+Sources+Used+in+Assignments&amp;rft.date=2009&amp;rft.au=Victoria+University+of+Technology&amp;rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lasalle.edu%2Facadem%2Fsba%2Ffaculty%2FHarvard.pdf&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParenthetical+referencing" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐ext.codfw.main‐7556f8b5dd‐6frg4 Cached time: 20241124222557 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.484 seconds Real time usage: 0.594 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2613/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 79486/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 1873/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 8/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 112356/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.294/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 6684512/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 532.292 1 -total 33.17% 176.564 2 Template:Reflist 32.43% 172.640 22 Template:Cite_web 13.91% 74.041 1 Template:Short_description 11.59% 61.681 1 Template:Morefootnotes 10.94% 58.232 3 Template:Ambox 8.82% 46.939 2 Template:Pagetype 7.99% 42.539 9 Template:Cite_book 4.01% 21.335 1 Template:Cn 3.67% 19.534 1 Template:See_also --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:2936723-0!canonical and timestamp 20241124222603 and revision id 1259393101. Rendering was triggered because: edit-page --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;oldid=1259393101">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;oldid=1259393101</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Style_guides" title="Category:Style guides">Style guides</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bibliography" title="Category:Bibliography">Bibliography</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harvard_University" title="Category:Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_lacking_in-text_citations_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles lacking in-text citations from June 2020">Articles lacking in-text citations from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_lacking_in-text_citations" title="Category:All articles lacking in-text citations">All articles lacking in-text citations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_October_2022" title="Category:Use British English from October 2022">Use British English from October 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_July_2021" title="Category:Use dmy dates from July 2021">Use dmy dates from July 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_cleanup_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles needing cleanup from June 2020">Articles needing cleanup from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_cleanup" title="Category:All pages needing cleanup">All pages needing cleanup</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_sections_that_need_to_be_turned_into_prose_from_June_2020" title="Category:Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from June 2020">Articles with sections that need to be turned into prose from June 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_September_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from September 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 24 November 2024, at 22:25<span class="anonymous-show">&#160;(UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parenthetical_referencing&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-jqmcq","wgBackendResponseTime":150,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.484","walltime":"0.594","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2613,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":79486,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":1873,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":112356,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 532.292 1 -total"," 33.17% 176.564 2 Template:Reflist"," 32.43% 172.640 22 Template:Cite_web"," 13.91% 74.041 1 Template:Short_description"," 11.59% 61.681 1 Template:Morefootnotes"," 10.94% 58.232 3 Template:Ambox"," 8.82% 46.939 2 Template:Pagetype"," 7.99% 42.539 9 Template:Cite_book"," 4.01% 21.335 1 Template:Cn"," 3.67% 19.534 1 Template:See_also"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.294","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6684512,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7556f8b5dd-6frg4","timestamp":"20241124222557","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Parenthetical referencing","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Parenthetical_referencing","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q741718","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q741718","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-05-21T00:17:18Z","dateModified":"2024-11-24T22:25:57Z","headline":"citation system"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10