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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Modern video displays</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_video_displays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Datacasting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Datacasting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Datacasting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Datacasting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overscan_amounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overscan_amounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Overscan amounts</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Overscan_amounts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Overscan amounts subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Overscan_amounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terminology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Terminology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Analog_to_digital_resolution_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Analog_to_digital_resolution_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Analog to digital resolution issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Analog_to_digital_resolution_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-720_vs._702_or_704" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#720_vs._702_or_704"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.1</span> <span>720 vs. 702 or 704</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-720_vs._702_or_704-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-625_/_525_or_576_/_480" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#625_/_525_or_576_/_480"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.2</span> <span>625 / 525 or 576 / 480</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-625_/_525_or_576_/_480-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-480_vs_486" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#480_vs_486"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2.3</span> <span>480 vs 486</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-480_vs_486-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Overscan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Overscan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D1%91%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Вылеты развёртки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вылеты развёртки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q246103#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overscan&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q246103" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Behavior in certain television sets where part of the picture is cut off</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output 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Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Overscan%22">"Overscan"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Overscan%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Overscan%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Overscan%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Overscan%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Overscan%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2007</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Overscan&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Lead_too_short plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-lead_too_short" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/60px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6c/Wiki_letter_w.svg/80px-Wiki_letter_w.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="44" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Length" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead section</a> <b>may be too short to adequately <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">summarize</a> the key points</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please consider expanding the lead to <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section#Provide_an_accessible_overview" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">provide an accessible overview</a> of all important aspects of the article.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2012</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Overscan</b> is a behaviour in certain television sets in which part of the input picture is cut off by the visible bounds of the screen. It exists because <a href="/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathode ray tube">cathode-ray tube</a> (CRT) <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television sets</a> from the 1930s to the early 2000s were highly variable in how the video image was positioned within the borders of the screen. It then became common practice to have video signals with black edges around the picture, which the television was meant to discard in this way. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overscan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Early analog televisions varied in the displayed image because of manufacturing tolerance problems. There were also effects from the early design limitations of power supplies, whose <a href="/wiki/Direct_current" title="Direct current">DC voltage</a> was not regulated as well as in later power supplies. This could cause the image size to change with normal variations in the AC line voltage, as well as a process called blooming, where the image size increased slightly when a brighter overall picture was displayed due to the increased electron beam current causing the CRT anode voltage to drop. Because of this, TV producers could not be certain where the visible edges of the image would be. In order to compensate, they defined three areas:<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Title_safe" class="mw-redirect" title="Title safe">Title safe</a>: An area visible by all reasonably maintained sets, where text was certain not to be cut off.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Title_safe#Action_safe_area" class="mw-redirect" title="Title safe">Action safe</a>: A larger area that represented where a "perfect" set (with high precision to allow less overscanning) would cut the image off.</li> <li>Underscan: The full image area to the electronic edge of the signal with additional black borders which weren't part of the original image.</li> <li>Fullscan: The full image area to the electronic edge of the signal (with the black borders of the image if they exist).</li> <li>Observable fullscan: An overscan image area which dismisses only the additional black borders of the image (if they exist).</li></ul> <p>A significant number of people would still see some of the overscan area, so while nothing important in a scene would be placed there, it also had to be kept free of microphones, stage hands, and other distractions. Studio monitors and camera viewfinders were set to show this area, so that producers and directors could make certain it was clear of unwanted elements. When used, this mode is called <i>underscan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the wide adoption of LCD TVs that do not require overscan since the size of their images remains the same irrespective of voltage variations, many LCD TVs still come with overscan enabled by default, but it can be disabled by the user using the TV's on-screen menus.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_video_displays">Modern video displays</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overscan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Modern video displays"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Effects_of_overscan_on_fixed-pixel_displays.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Effects_of_overscan_on_fixed-pixel_displays.png/326px-Effects_of_overscan_on_fixed-pixel_displays.png" decoding="async" width="326" height="380" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Effects_of_overscan_on_fixed-pixel_displays.png/489px-Effects_of_overscan_on_fixed-pixel_displays.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Effects_of_overscan_on_fixed-pixel_displays.png/652px-Effects_of_overscan_on_fixed-pixel_displays.png 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="1139" /></a><figcaption>The effects of overscan on fixed-pixel displays<br /> <small>(View at full size to see the effects portrayed accurately.)</small></figcaption></figure> <p>Today's displays, being driven by digital signals (such as DVI, HDMI and DisplayPort), and based on newer fixed-pixel <a href="/wiki/Digital_flat_panel" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital flat panel">digital flat panel</a> technology (such as <a href="/wiki/Liquid_crystal_display" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquid crystal display">liquid crystal displays</a>), can safely assume that all pixels are visible to the viewer. On digital displays driven from a digital signal, therefore, no adjustment is necessary because all pixels in the signal are unequivocally mapped to physical pixels on the display. As overscan reduces picture quality, it is undesirable for digital flat panels;<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> therefore, <a href="/wiki/1:1_pixel_mapping" title="1:1 pixel mapping">1:1 pixel mapping</a> is preferred.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When driven by analog video signals such as <a href="/wiki/VGA" class="mw-redirect" title="VGA">VGA</a>, however, displays are subject to timing variations and cannot achieve this level of precision. </p><p>CRTs made for computer display are set to underscan with an adjustable border, usually colored black. Some 1980s home computers such as the <a href="/wiki/Apple_IIGS#Technical_specifications" title="Apple IIGS">Apple IIGS</a> could even change the border color. The border will change size and shape if required to allow for the tolerance of low precision (although later models allow for precise calibration to minimise or eliminate the border). As such, computer CRTs use less physical screen area than TVs, to allow all information to be shown at all times. </p><p>Computer CRT monitors usually have a black border (unless they are fine-tuned by a user to minimize it)—these can be seen in the video card timings, which have more lines than are used by the desktop. When a computer CRT is advertised as 17-inch (16-inch viewable), it will have a diagonal inch of the tube covered by the plastic cabinet; this black border will occupy this missing inch (or more) when its geometry calibrations are set to default (LCDs with analog input need to deliberately identify and ignore this part of the signal, from all four sides).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video game</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">systems</a> have been designed to keep important game action in the title safe area. Older systems did this with borders for example, the <a href="/wiki/Super_Nintendo_Entertainment_System" title="Super Nintendo Entertainment System">Super Nintendo Entertainment System</a> <a href="/wiki/Windowbox_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Windowbox (film)">windowboxed</a> the image with a black border, visible on some NTSC television sets and all PAL television sets. Newer systems frame content much as live action does, with the overscan area filled with extraneous details.<sup id="cite_ref-caminos_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caminos-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the wide diversity of home computers that arose during the 1980s and early 1990s, many machines such as the <a href="/wiki/ZX_Spectrum" title="ZX Spectrum">ZX Spectrum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Commodore_64" title="Commodore 64">Commodore 64</a> had borders around their screen, which worked as a frame for the display area. Some other computers such as the <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> allowed the video signal timing to be changed to produce overscan. In the cases of the C64, <a href="/wiki/Amstrad_CPC" title="Amstrad CPC">Amstrad CPC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CPCWiki_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CPCWiki-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Atari_ST" title="Atari ST">Atari ST</a> it has proved possible to remove apparently fixed borders with special coding tricks. This effect was called overscan or fullscreen within the <a href="/wiki/16-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> Atari <a href="/wiki/Demoscene" title="Demoscene">demoscene</a> and allowed the development of a <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a>-saving scrolling technique called sync-scrolling a bit later. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Datacasting">Datacasting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overscan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Datacasting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Analog TV overscan can also be used for <a href="/wiki/Datacasting" title="Datacasting">datacasting</a>. The simplest form of this is <a href="/wiki/Closed_captioning" title="Closed captioning">closed captioning</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">teletext</a>, both sent in the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">vertical blanking interval</a> (VBI). <a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">Electronic program guides</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/TV_Guide_On_Screen" class="mw-redirect" title="TV Guide On Screen">TV Guide On Screen</a>, are also sent in this manner. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s HOS<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (July 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> uses the horizontal overscan instead of the vertical to transmit low-speed <a href="/wiki/Program-associated_data" title="Program-associated data">program-associated data</a> at 6.4 <a href="/wiki/Kbit/s" class="mw-redirect" title="Kbit/s">kbit/s</a>, which is slow enough to be recorded on a <a href="/wiki/VCR" class="mw-redirect" title="VCR">VCR</a> without <a href="/wiki/Data_corruption" title="Data corruption">data corruption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Datacast" title="National Datacast">National Datacast</a> used <a href="/wiki/Public_Broadcasting_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Broadcasting Service">PBS</a> <a href="/wiki/TV_network" class="mw-redirect" title="TV network">network</a> stations for overscan and other datacasting, but they <a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">migrated</a> to <a href="/wiki/Digital_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital TV">digital TV</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Analog_switchoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Analog switchoff">digital television transition</a> in 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overscan_amounts">Overscan amounts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overscan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Overscan amounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Overscan_examples.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Overscan_examples.svg/500px-Overscan_examples.svg.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Overscan_examples.svg/750px-Overscan_examples.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Overscan_examples.svg/1000px-Overscan_examples.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a><figcaption>Illustration of Action Safe and Title Safe areas for 4:3 and 16:9 aspect ratios according to the BBC</figcaption></figure> <p>There is no hard technical specification for overscan amounts for the low definition formats. Some say 5%, some say 10%, and the figure can be doubled for title safe, which needs more margin compared to action safe. The overscan amounts are specified for the high definition formats as specified above. </p><p>Different video and <a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">broadcast television systems</a> require differing amounts of overscan. Most figures serve as recommendations or typical summaries, as the nature of overscan is to overcome a variable limitation in older technologies such as <a href="/wiki/Cathode_ray_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathode ray tube">cathode ray tubes</a>. </p><p>However the <a href="/wiki/European_Broadcasting_Union" title="European Broadcasting Union">European Broadcasting Union</a> has safe area recommendations regarding Television Production for 16:9 Widescreen.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The official BBC suggestions<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> actually say 3.5% / 5% per side (see p21, p19). The following is a summary: </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <td> </td> <th colspan="2">Action safe </th> <th colspan="2">Title safe </th></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <th>Vertical </th> <th>Horizontal </th> <th>Vertical </th> <th>Horizontal </th></tr> <tr> <th>4:3 </th> <td>3.5% </td> <td>3.3% </td> <td>5.0% </td> <td>6.7% </td></tr> <tr> <th>16:9 </th> <td>3.5% </td> <td>3.5% </td> <td>5.0% </td> <td>10.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th>14:9 (displayed on 16:9) </th> <td>3.5% </td> <td>10.0% </td> <td>5.0% </td> <td>15.0% </td></tr> <tr> <th>4:3 (displayed on 16:9) </th> <td>3.5% </td> <td>15.0% </td> <td>5.0% </td> <td>17.5% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Microsoft's Xbox game developer guidelines recommend using 85 percent of the screen width and height,<sup id="cite_ref-caminos_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caminos-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a title safe area of 7.5% per side. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminology">Terminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overscan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Title safe</b> or <b>safe title</b> is an area that is far enough in from the edges to neatly show text without distortion. If you place text beyond the safe area, it might not display on some older CRT TV sets (in worst case). </p><p><b>Action-safe</b> or <b>safe action</b> is the area in which you can expect the customer to see action. However, the transmitted image may extend to the edges of the MPEG frame 720x576. This presents a requirement unique to television, where an image with reasonable quality is expected to exist where some customers won't see it. This is the same concept as used in widescreen cropping. </p><p><b>TV-safe</b> is a generic term for the above two, and could mean either one. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Analog_to_digital_resolution_issues">Analog to digital resolution issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overscan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Analog to digital resolution issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="720_vs._702_or_704">720 vs. 702 or 704</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overscan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 720 vs. 702 or 704"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The sampling (digitising) of standard definition video was defined in <a href="/wiki/Rec._601" title="Rec. 601">Rec. 601</a> in 1982. In this standard, the existing analogue video signals are sampled at 13.5 MHz. Thus the number of <i>active</i> video pixels per line is equal to the sample rate multiplied by the active line duration (the part of each analogue video line that contains active video, that is to say that it does not contain sync pulses, blanking, etc.). </p> <ul><li>For 625-line 50 Hz video (usually, though incorrectly, called "PAL"), the active line duration is 52 μs,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving 702 pixels per line.</li> <li>For 525-line 60 Hz video (usually, and correctly, called "NTSC"), the active line duration is 52.856 μs,<sup id="cite_ref-SMPTE_170M_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMPTE_170M-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving ≈713.5 pixels per line.</li></ul> <p>In order to accommodate both formats within the same line length, and to avoid cutting off parts of the active picture if the timing of the analogue video was at or beyond the tolerances set in the relevant standards, a total digital line length of 720 pixels was chosen. Hence the picture will have thin black bars down each side. </p><p>704 is the nearest mod(16) value to the actual analogue line lengths, and avoids having black bars down each side. The use of 704 can be further justified as follows: </p> <ul><li>625-line analogue video contains 575 active video lines<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (this includes two half lines). When the half lines are rounded up to whole lines for ease of digital representation, this gives 576 lines, which is also the nearest mod(16) value to 575. To maintain the same picture aspect ratio, the number of active pixels could be increased to 703.2, which can be rounded up to 704.</li> <li>525-line analogue video contains 485 active video lines<sup id="cite_ref-SMPTE_170M_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMPTE_170M-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (this include two half lines, though typically only 483 picture lines are present due to <a href="/wiki/Closed_Captions" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed Captions">Closed Captions</a> data taking up the first "active picture" line on each field). The nearest mod(16) value is 480. To maintain the same picture aspect ratio, the number of active pixels could be decreased to 706.2, which can be rounded down to 704 for mod(16).</li></ul> <p>The "standard" <a href="/wiki/Pixel_aspect_ratio" title="Pixel aspect ratio">pixel aspect ratio</a> data found in video editors, certain ITU standards, MPEG etc. is usually based on an approximation of the above, fudged to allow either 704 or 720 pixels to equate to the full 4x3 or 16x9 picture at the whim of the author.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although standards-compliant video processing software should never fill all 720 pixels with active picture (only the center 704 pixels must contain the actual image, and the remaining 8 pixels on the sides of the image should constitute vertical black bars), recent digitally generated content (e.g. DVDs of recent movies) often disregards this rule. This makes it difficult to tell whether these pixels represent wider than 4x3 or 16x9 (as they would do if following Rec.601), or represent exactly 4x3 or 16x9 (as they would do if created using one of the fudged 720-referenced pixel aspect ratios). </p><p>The difference between 702/704 and 720 pixels/line is referred to as <a href="/wiki/Nominal_analogue_blanking" title="Nominal analogue blanking">nominal analogue blanking</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="625_/_525_or_576_/_480"><span id="625_.2F_525_or_576_.2F_480"></span>625 / 525 or 576 / 480</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overscan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 625 / 525 or 576 / 480"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a>, analogue system descriptions include the lines <i>not used</i> for the visible picture, whereas the digital systems only "number" and encode signals that contain something to see. </p><p>The 625 (<i>PAL</i>) and 525 (<i>NTSC</i>) frame areas therefore contain even more overscan, which can be seen when vertical hold is lost and the picture rolls.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A portion of this interval available in analogue, known as the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">vertical blanking interval</a>, can be used for older forms of analogue <a href="/wiki/Datacasting" title="Datacasting">datacasting</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Teletext" title="Teletext">Teletext</a> services (like <a href="/wiki/Ceefax" title="Ceefax">Ceefax</a> and subtitling in the UK). The equivalent service on digital television does not use this method and instead often uses <a href="/wiki/MHEG-5" title="MHEG-5">MHEG</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="480_vs_486">480 vs 486</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overscan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 480 vs 486"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 525-line system originally contained 486 lines of picture, not 480. Digital foundations to most storage and transmission systems since the early 1990s have meant that analogue NTSC has only been expected to have 480 lines of picture<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> – see <a href="/wiki/SDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="SDTV">SDTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/EDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="EDTV">EDTV</a>, and <a href="/wiki/DVD-Video" title="DVD-Video">DVD-Video</a>. How this affects the interpretation of "the 4:3 ratio" as equal to 704x480 or 704x486 is unclear, but the VGA standard of 640x480 has had a large impact.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overscan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1:1_pixel_mapping" title="1:1 pixel mapping">1:1 pixel mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HD_ready_1080p" class="mw-redirect" title="HD ready 1080p">HD ready 1080p</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleed_(printing)" title="Bleed (printing)">Bleed (printing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_analogue_blanking" title="Nominal analogue blanking">Nominal analogue blanking</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Overscan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBiggs" class="citation web cs1">Biggs, Billy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scanline.ca/overscan/">"Overscan and broadcast television"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Doom9's Forum. p. 2<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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title="Analog television">Analog television</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_television_broadcasting" title="Outline of television broadcasting">broadcasting topics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_television_systems" title="Broadcast television systems">Systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/180-line_television_system" title="180-line television system">180-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/343-line_television_system" title="343-line television system">343-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/375-line_television_system" title="375-line television system">375-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/405-line_television_system" title="405-line television system">405-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_A" title="CCIR System A">System A</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/441-line_television_system" title="441-line television system">441-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/455-line_television_system" title="455-line television system">455-line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/525-line_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="525-line television system">525-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_M" title="CCIR System M">System M</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/625-line_television_system" class="mw-redirect" title="625-line television system">625-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_B" title="CCIR System B">System B</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_C" title="CCIR System C">System C</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_D" title="CCIR System D">System D</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_G" title="CCIR System G">System G</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_H" title="CCIR System H">System H</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_I" title="CCIR System I">System I</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_K" title="CCIR System K">System K</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_L" title="CCIR System L">System L</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_N" title="CCIR System N">System N</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/819_line" title="819 line">819-line</a> (<a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E" title="CCIR System E">System E</a>, <a href="/wiki/CCIR_System_E#System_F" title="CCIR System E">System F</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Color systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NTSC" title="NTSC">NTSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NTSC-J" title="NTSC-J">NTSC-J</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear-Vision" title="Clear-Vision">Clear-Vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL-M" title="PAL-M">PAL-M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PAL-S" title="PAL-S">PAL-S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PALplus" title="PALplus">PALplus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Video</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal" title="Analog television">Back porch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Analog_television#Structure_of_a_video_signal" title="Analog television">front porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_level" title="Black level">Black level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanking_level" title="Blanking level">Blanking level</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrominance" title="Chrominance">Chrominance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chrominance_subcarrier" title="Chrominance subcarrier">Chrominance subcarrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorburst" title="Colorburst">Colorburst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_killer" title="Color killer">Color killer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_television" title="Color television">Color TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Composite_video" title="Composite video">Composite video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frame_(video)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frame (video)">Frame (video)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_scan_rate" title="Horizontal scan rate">Horizontal scan rate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizontal_blanking_interval" title="Horizontal blanking interval">Horizontal blanking interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luma_(video)" title="Luma (video)">Luma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nominal_analogue_blanking" title="Nominal analogue blanking">Nominal analogue blanking</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Overscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raster_scan" title="Raster scan">Raster scan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_area_(television)" title="Safe area (television)">Safe area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_lines" title="Television lines">Television lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vertical_blanking_interval" title="Vertical blanking interval">Vertical blanking interval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_clipper" title="White clipper">White clipper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sound</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Multichannel_television_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Multichannel television sound">Multichannel television sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NICAM" title="NICAM">NICAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound-in-Syncs" title="Sound-in-Syncs">Sound-in-Syncs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zweikanalton" title="Zweikanalton">Zweikanalton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modulation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_modulation" title="Frequency modulation">Frequency modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrature_amplitude_modulation" title="Quadrature amplitude modulation">Quadrature amplitude modulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-sideband_modulation#Vestigial_sideband_(VSB)" title="Single-sideband modulation">Vestigial sideband modulation (VSB)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transmission</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplifier#Electronic_amplifiers" title="Amplifier">Amplifiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">Antenna (radio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcast_transmitter" title="Broadcast transmitter">Broadcast transmitter</a>/<a href="/wiki/Transmitter_station" title="Transmitter station">Transmitter station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonator#Electromagnetic" title="Resonator">Cavity amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_gain" title="Differential gain">Differential gain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Differential_phase" title="Differential phase">Differential phase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplexer" title="Diplexer">Diplexer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dipole_antenna" title="Dipole antenna">Dipole antenna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummy_load" title="Dummy load">Dummy load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_mixer" title="Frequency mixer">Frequency mixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercarrier_method" title="Intercarrier method">Intercarrier method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_frequency" title="Intermediate frequency">Intermediate frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Output_power_of_an_analog_TV_transmitter" title="Output power of an analog TV transmitter">Output power of an analog TV transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-emphasis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emphasis">Pre-emphasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Residual_carrier" title="Residual carrier">Residual carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split_sound_system" title="Split sound system">Split sound system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superheterodyne_transmitter" title="Superheterodyne transmitter">Superheterodyne transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_receive-only" title="Television receive-only">Television receive-only</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-broadcast_satellite_television" class="mw-redirect" title="Direct-broadcast satellite television">Direct-broadcast satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_transmitter" title="Television transmitter">Television transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">Terrestrial television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transposer" title="Transposer">Transposer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_transition" title="Digital television transition">Digital television transition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">Frequencies</a> & bands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_offset" title="Frequency offset">Frequency offset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microwave_transmission" title="Microwave transmission">Microwave transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_channel_frequencies" title="Television channel frequencies">Television channel frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra_high_frequency" title="Ultra high frequency">UHF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_high_frequency" title="Very high frequency">VHF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Radio_propagation" title="Radio propagation">Propagation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beam_tilt" title="Beam tilt">Beam tilt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distortion" title="Distortion">Distortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_bulge" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth bulge">Earth bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_strength_in_free_space" class="mw-redirect" title="Field strength in free space">Field strength in free space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_(electronics)" title="Noise (electronics)">Noise (electronics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Null_fill" title="Null fill">Null fill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_loss" title="Path loss">Path loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiation_pattern" title="Radiation pattern">Radiation pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skew_(antenna)" title="Skew (antenna)">Skew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_interference" title="Television interference">Television interference</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Testing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Distortionmeter" title="Distortionmeter">Distortionmeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field_strength_meter" title="Field strength meter">Field strength meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vectorscope" title="Vectorscope">Vectorscope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VIT_signals" title="VIT signals">VIT signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_reference_pulse" title="Zero reference pulse">Zero reference pulse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artifacts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dot_crawl" title="Dot crawl">Dot crawl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosting_(television)" title="Ghosting (television)">Ghosting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover_bars" title="Hanover bars">Hanover bars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparklies" 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