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value="Search"> </div> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div class="row mt-3"> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Commenced</strong> in January 2007</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Frequency:</strong> Monthly</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Edition:</strong> International</div> </div> </div> <div class="col-sm-3"> <div class="card"> <div class="card-body"><strong>Paper Count:</strong> 638</div> </div> </div> </div> <h1 class="mt-3 mb-3 text-center" style="font-size:1.6rem;">Search results for: Flame atomic absorption</h1> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">638</span> Determination and Preconcentration of Iron (II) in Aqueous Solution with Amberlite XAD-4 Functionalized with 1-amino-2-naphthole by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Homayon%20Ahmad%20Panahi">Homayon Ahmad Panahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mahshid%20Nikpour%20Nezhati"> Mahshid Nikpour Nezhati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Faranak%20Mahmoudi"> Faranak Mahmoudi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Elham%20Moniri"> Elham Moniri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Meghdad%20Karimi"> Meghdad Karimi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>A new chelating resin is prepared by coupling Amberlite XAD-4 with 1-amino-2-naphthole through an azo spacer. The resulting sorbent has been characterized by FT-IR, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and studied for preconcentrating of Fe (II) using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) for metal monitoring. The optimum pH value for sorption of the iron ions was 6.5. The resin was subjected to evaluation through batch binding of mentioned metal ion. Quantitative desorption occurs instantaneously with 0.5 M HNO3. The sorption capacity was found 4.1 mmol.g-1 of resin for Fe (II) in the aqueous solution. The chelating resin can be reused for 10 cycles of sorption-desorption without any significant change in sorption capacity. A recovery of 97% was obtained the metal ions with 0.5 M HNO3 as eluting agent. The method was applied for metal ions determination from industrial waste water sample.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Amberlite%20XAD-4" title="Amberlite XAD-4">Amberlite XAD-4</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Iron%20%28II%29" title=" Iron (II)"> Iron (II)</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Flame%20atomic%20absorption" title=" Flame atomic absorption"> Flame atomic absorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chelator" title=" Chelator"> Chelator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=1-amino-2-%20naphthole" title=" 1-amino-2- naphthole"> 1-amino-2- naphthole</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/473/determination-and-preconcentration-of-iron-ii-in-aqueous-solution-with-amberlite-xad-4-functionalized-with-1-amino-2-naphthole-by-flame-atomic-absorption-spectrometry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/473/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/473/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/473/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/473/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/473/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/473/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/473/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/473/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/473/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/473/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/473.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2031</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">637</span> Amberlite XAD-4 Functionalized with 1-amino-2-naphthole for Determination and Preconcentration of Copper (II) in Aqueous Solution by Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Elham%20Moniri">Elham Moniri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Homayon%20Ahmad%20Panahi"> Homayon Ahmad Panahi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mahshid%20Nikpour%20Nezhati"> Mahshid Nikpour Nezhati</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Faranak%20Mahmoudi"> Faranak Mahmoudi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Meghdad%20Karimi">Meghdad Karimi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> A new chelating resin is prepared by coupling Amberlite XAD-4 with 1-amino-2-naphthole through an azo spacer. The resulting sorbent has been characterized by FT-IR, elemental analysis and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and studied for preconcentrating of Cu (II) using flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) for metal monitoring. The optimum pH value for sorption of the copper ions was 6.5. The resin was subjected to evaluation through batch binding of mentioned metal ion. Quantitative desorption occurs instantaneously with 0.5 M HNO3. The sorption capacity was found 4.8 mmol.g-1 of resin for Cu (II) in the aqueous solution. The chelating resin can be reused for 10 cycles of sorption-desorption without any significant change in sorption capacity. A recovery of 99% was obtained the metal ions with 0.5 M HNO3 as eluting agent. The method was applied for metal ions determination from industrial waste water sample. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Amberlite%20XAD-4%3B%20Copper%20%28II%29%3B%20Flame%20atomicabsorption%3B%20Chelator%3B%201-amino-2-%20naphthole" title="Amberlite XAD-4; Copper (II); Flame atomicabsorption; Chelator; 1-amino-2- naphthole">Amberlite XAD-4; Copper (II); Flame atomicabsorption; Chelator; 1-amino-2- naphthole</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5292/amberlite-xad-4-functionalized-with-1-amino-2-naphthole-for-determination-and-preconcentration-of-copper-ii-in-aqueous-solution-by-flame-atomic-absorption-spectrometry" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5292/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5292/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5292/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5292/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5292/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5292/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5292/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5292/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5292/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5292/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/5292.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2417</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">636</span> A Numerical Study on the Influence of CO2 Dilution on Combustion Characteristics of a Turbulent Diffusion Flame</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yasaman%20Tohidi">Yasaman Tohidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Rouzbeh%20Riazi"> Rouzbeh Riazi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shidvash%20Vakilipour"> Shidvash Vakilipour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Masoud%20Mohammadi"> Masoud Mohammadi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The objective of the present study is to numerically investigate the effect of CO<sub>2</sub> replacement of N<sub>2</sub> in air stream on the flame characteristics of the CH<sub>4</sub> turbulent diffusion flame. The Open source Field Operation and Manipulation (OpenFOAM) has been used as the computational tool. In this regard, laminar flamelet and modified k-ε models have been utilized as combustion and turbulence models, respectively. Results reveal that the presence of CO<sub>2</sub> in air stream changes the flame shape and maximum flame temperature. Also, CO<sub>2</sub> dilution causes an increment in CO mass fraction. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=CH4%20diffusion%20flame" title="CH4 diffusion flame">CH4 diffusion flame</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=CO2%20dilution" title=" CO2 dilution"> CO2 dilution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=OpenFOAM" title=" OpenFOAM"> OpenFOAM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=turbulent%20flame." title=" turbulent flame."> turbulent flame.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010119/a-numerical-study-on-the-influence-of-co2-dilution-on-combustion-characteristics-of-a-turbulent-diffusion-flame" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010119/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010119/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010119/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010119/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010119/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010119/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010119/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010119/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010119/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010119/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010119.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">783</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">635</span> Flame Stability and Structure of Liquefied Petroleum Gas-Fired Inverse Diffusion Flame with Hydrogen Enrichment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=J.%20Miao">J. Miao</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=C.%20W.%20Leung"> C. W. Leung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=C.%20S.%20Cheung"> C. S. Cheung</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=R.%20C.%20K.%20Leung"> R. C. K. Leung</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The present project was conducted with the circumferential-fuel-jets inverse diffusion flame (CIDF) burner burning liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) enriched with 50% of hydrogen fuel (H2). The range of stable operation of the CIDF burner in terms of Reynolds number (from laminar to turbulent flow regions), equivalence ratio and fuel jet velocity of LPG of the 50% H2-LPG mixed fuel was identified. Experiments were also carried out to investigate the flame structures of the LPG flame and LPG enriched H2 flame. Experimental results obtained from these two flames were compared to fully explore the influence of hydrogen addition on flame stability. Flame heights obtained by burning these two kinds of fuels at various equivalence ratios were compared and correlated with the Global Momentum Ratio (GMR). <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Flame%20stability" title="Flame stability">Flame stability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=hydrogen%20enriched%20LPG" title=" hydrogen enriched LPG"> hydrogen enriched LPG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=inverse%0Adiffusion%20flame." title=" inverse diffusion flame."> inverse diffusion flame.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13287/flame-stability-and-structure-of-liquefied-petroleum-gas-fired-inverse-diffusion-flame-with-hydrogen-enrichment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13287/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13287/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13287/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13287/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13287/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13287/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13287/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13287/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13287/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13287/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/13287.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3061</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">634</span> Investigation of the Effect of Phosphorous on the Flame Retardant Polyacrylonitrile Nanofiber</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mustafa%20Y%C4%B1lmaz">Mustafa Y谋lmaz</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ahmet%20Akar"> Ahmet Akar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nesrin%20K%C3%B6ken"> Nesrin K枚ken</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Nilg%C3%BCn%20K%C4%B1z%C4%B1lcan"> Nilg眉n K谋z谋lcan</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Commercially available poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinyl acetate) P(AN-VA) or poly(acrylonitrile-co-methyl acrylate) P(AN-MA) are not satisfactory to meet the demand in flame and fire-resistance. In this work, vinylphosphonic acid is used during polymerization of acrylonitrile, vinyl acetate, methacrylic acid to produce fire-retardant polymers. These phosphorus containing polymers are successfully spun in the form of nanofibers. Properties such as water absorption of polymers are also determined and compared with commercial polymers.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Flame%20retardant" title="Flame retardant">Flame retardant</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=nanofiber" title=" nanofiber"> nanofiber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=polyacrylonitrile" title=" polyacrylonitrile"> polyacrylonitrile</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=phosphorous%20compound" title=" phosphorous compound"> phosphorous compound</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=membrane." title=" membrane."> membrane.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009959/investigation-of-the-effect-of-phosphorous-on-the-flame-retardant-polyacrylonitrile-nanofiber" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009959/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009959/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009959/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009959/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009959/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009959/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009959/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009959/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009959/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009959/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009959.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">875</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">633</span> Mercury Removing Capacity of Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes as Detected by Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Kinetic & Equilibrium Studies</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yasser%20M.%20Moustafa">Yasser M. Moustafa</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Rania%20E.%20Morsi"> Rania E. Morsi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mohammed%20Fathy"> Mohammed Fathy</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Multiwall carbon nanotubes, prepared by chemical vapor deposition, have an average diameter of 60-100 nm as shown by High Resolution Transmittance Electron Microscope, HR-TEM. The Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were further characterized using X-ray Diffraction and Raman Spectroscopy. Mercury uptake capacity of MWCNTs was studied using batch adsorption method at different concentration ranges up to 150 ppm. Mercury concentration (before and after the treatment) was measured using cold vapor atomic absorption spectroscopy. The effect of time, concentration, pH and adsorbent dose were studied. MWCNT were found to perform complete absorption in the sub-ppm concentrations (parts per billion levels) while for high concentrations, the adsorption efficiency was 92% at the optimum conditions; 0.1 g of the adsorbent at 150 ppm mercury (II) solution. The adsorption of mercury on MWCNTs was found to follow the Freundlich adsorption isotherm and the pseudo-second order kinetic model.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cold%20Vapor%20Atomic%20Absorption%20Spectroscopy" title="Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy">Cold Vapor Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hydride%20System" title=" Hydride System"> Hydride System</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mercury%20Removing" title=" Mercury Removing"> Mercury Removing</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Multi%20Wall%20Carbon%20Nanotubes." title=" Multi Wall Carbon Nanotubes."> Multi Wall Carbon Nanotubes.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999824/mercury-removing-capacity-of-multiwall-carbon-nanotubes-as-detected-by-cold-vapor-atomic-absorption-spectroscopy-kinetic-equilibrium-studies" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999824/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999824/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999824/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999824/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999824/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999824/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999824/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999824/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999824/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999824/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9999824.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2432</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">632</span> Existence of Nano-Organic Carbon Particles below the Size Range of 10 nm in the Indoor Air Environment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Bireswar%20Paul">Bireswar Paul</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Amitava%20Datta"> Amitava Datta</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p class="Abstract" style="text-indent:10.2pt"><span lang="EN-US">Indoor air environment is a big concern in the last few decades in the developing countries, with increased focus on monitoring the air quality. In this work, an experimental study has been conducted to establish the existence of carbon nanoparticles below the size range of 10 nm in the non-sooting zone of a LPG/air partially premixed flame. Mainly, four optical techniques, UV absorption spectroscopy, fluorescence spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering and TEM have been used to characterize and measure the size of carbon nanoparticles in the sampled materials collected from the inner surface of the flame front. The existence of the carbon nanoparticles in the sampled material has been confirmed with the typical nature of the absorption and fluorescence spectra already reported in the literature. The band gap energy shows</span><span lang="EN-US"> that the particles are made up of three to six aromatic rings. The size measurement by DLS technique also shows that the particles below the size range of 10 nm. The results of DLS are also corroborated by the TEM image of the same material. <o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Indoor%20air" title="Indoor air">Indoor air</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=carbon%20nanoparticles" title=" carbon nanoparticles"> carbon nanoparticles</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=LPG" title=" LPG"> LPG</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=partially%20premixed%20flame" title=" partially premixed flame"> partially premixed flame</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=optical%20techniques." title=" optical techniques."> optical techniques.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007486/existence-of-nano-organic-carbon-particles-below-the-size-range-of-10-nm-in-the-indoor-air-environment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007486/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007486/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007486/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007486/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007486/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007486/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007486/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007486/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007486/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007486/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10007486.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">890</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">631</span> Mercury Content in Edible Part of Otolithes Ruber Marketed in Hamedan, Iran</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=L.%20Tayebi">L. Tayebi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Sobhanardakani"> S. Sobhanardakani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Farmany"> A. Farmany</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Cheraghi"> M. Cheraghi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> In this research the level of mercury is analyzed in muscle tissue of Otolithes ruber retailed in Hamedan, Iran were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrometry after wet digestion. Analysis of mercury was carried out by spectrophotometrically. The average concentration of Hg in muscle tissue of Otolithes ruber was 0.030卤0.026 -g/g so lower than to compare with the Maximum Allowable Concentration determined by FAO/WHO Codex Alimentarius Commission. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=mercury" title="mercury">mercury</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Otolithes%20ruber" title=" Otolithes ruber"> Otolithes ruber</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=edible%20part" title=" edible part"> edible part</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hamedan" title=" Hamedan"> Hamedan</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7278/mercury-content-in-edible-part-of-otolithes-ruber-marketed-in-hamedan-iran" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7278/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7278/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7278/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7278/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7278/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7278/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7278/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7278/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7278/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7278/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7278.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1826</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">630</span> Ligandless Extraction and Determination of Trace Amounts of Lead in Pomegranate, Zucchini and Lettuce Samples after Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction with Ultrasonic Bath and Optimization of Extraction Condition with RSM Design</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fariba%20Tadayon">Fariba Tadayon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Elmira%20Hassanlou"> Elmira Hassanlou</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hasan%20Bagheri"> Hasan Bagheri</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mostafa%20Jafarian"> Mostafa Jafarian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Heavy metals are released into water, plants, soil, and food by natural and human activities. Lead has toxic roles in the human body and may cause serious problems even in low concentrations, since it may have several adverse effects on human. Therefore, determination of lead in different samples is an important procedure in the studies of environmental pollution. In this work, an ultrasonic assisted-ionic liquid based-liquid-liquid microextraction (UA-IL-DLLME) procedure for the determination of lead in zucchini, pomegranate, and lettuce has been established and developed by using flame atomic absorption spectrometer (FAAS). For UA-IL-DLLME procedure, 10 mL of the sample solution containing Pb2+ was adjusted to pH=5 in a glass test tube with a conical bottom途 then, 120 渭L of 1-Hexyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluoro phosphate (CMIM)(PF6) was rapidly injected into the sample solution with a microsyringe. After that, the resulting cloudy mixture was treated by ultrasonic for 5 min, then the separation of two phases was obtained by centrifugation for 5 min at 3000 rpm and IL-phase diluted with 1 cc ethanol, and the analytes were determined by FAAS. The effect of different experimental parameters in the extraction step including: ionic liquid volume, sonication time and pH was studied and optimized simultaneously by using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) employing a central composite design (CCD). The optimal conditions were determined to be an ionic liquid volume of 120 渭L, sonication time of 5 min, and pH=5. The linear ranges of the calibration curve for the determination by FAAS of lead were 0.1-4 ppm with R2=0.992. Under optimized conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) for lead was 0.062 渭g.mL-1, the enrichment factor (EF) was 93, and the relative standard deviation (RSD) for lead was calculated as 2.29%. The levels of lead for pomegranate, zucchini, and lettuce were calculated as 2.88 渭g.g-1, 1.54 渭g.g-1, 2.18 渭g.g-1, respectively. Therefore, this method has been successfully applied for the analysis of the content of lead in different food samples by FAAS. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Dispersive%20liquid-liquid%20microextraction" title="Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction">Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Central%20composite%20design" title=" Central composite design"> Central composite design</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Food%20samples" title=" Food samples"> Food samples</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Flame%20atomic%20absorption%20spectrometry." title=" Flame atomic absorption spectrometry."> Flame atomic absorption spectrometry.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/ligandless-extraction-and-determination-of-trace-amounts-of-lead-in-pomegranate-zucchini-and-lettuce-samples-after-dispersive-liquid-liquid-microextraction-with-ultrasonic-bath-and-optimization-of-extraction-condition-with-rsm-design" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004927.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1301</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">629</span> An Experimental Study on the Measurement of Fuel to Air Ratio Using Flame Chemiluminescence</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sewon%20Kim">Sewon Kim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chang%20Yeop%20Lee"> Chang Yeop Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Minjun%20Kwon"> Minjun Kwon</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This study is aiming at establishing the relationship between the optical signal of flame and an equivalent ratio of flame. In this experiment, flame optical signal in a furnace is measured using photodiode. The combustion system is composed of metal fiber burner and vertical furnace, and flame chemiluminescence is measured at various experimental conditions. In this study, the flame chemiluminescence of laminar premixed flame is measured using commercially available photodiode. It is experimentally investigated the relationship between equivalent ratio and photodiode signal. In addition, the strategy of combustion control method is proposed using the optical signal and fuel pressure. The results showed that certain relationship between optical data of photodiode and equivalence ratio exists, and this leads to the successful application of this system for instantaneous measurement of equivalence ration of the combustion system.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Flame%20chemiluminescence" title="Flame chemiluminescence">Flame chemiluminescence</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=photo%20diode" title=" photo diode"> photo diode</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=equivalence%0D%0Aratio" title=" equivalence ratio"> equivalence ratio</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=combustion%20control." title=" combustion control."> combustion control.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001693/an-experimental-study-on-the-measurement-of-fuel-to-air-ratio-using-flame-chemiluminescence" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001693/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001693/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001693/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001693/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001693/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001693/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001693/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001693/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001693/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001693/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10001693.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1436</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">628</span> A Numerical Study on the Effects of N2 Dilution on the Flame Structure and Temperature Distribution of Swirl Diffusion Flames</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yasaman%20Tohidi">Yasaman Tohidi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shidvash%20Vakilipour"> Shidvash Vakilipour</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Saeed%20Ebadi%20Tavallaee"> Saeed Ebadi Tavallaee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shahin%20Vakilipoor%20Takaloo"> Shahin Vakilipoor Takaloo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hossein%20Amiri"> Hossein Amiri</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The numerical modeling is performed to study the effects of N<sub>2</sub> addition to the fuel stream on the flame structure and temperature distribution of methane-air swirl diffusion flames with different swirl intensities. The Open source Field Operation and Manipulation (OpenFOAM) has been utilized as the computational tool. Flamelet approach along with modified k-ε model is employed to model the flame characteristics.  The results indicate that the presence of N<sub>2</sub> in the fuel stream leads to the flame temperature reduction. By increasing of swirl intensity, the flame structure changes significantly. The flame has a conical shape in low swirl intensity; however, it has an hour glass-shape with a shorter length in high swirl intensity. The effects of N<sub>2</sub> dilution decrease the flame length in all swirl intensities; however, the rate of reduction is more noticeable in low swirl intensity.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Swirl%20diffusion%20flame" title="Swirl diffusion flame">Swirl diffusion flame</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=N2%20dilution" title=" N2 dilution"> N2 dilution</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=OpenFOAM" title=" OpenFOAM"> OpenFOAM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Swirl%20intensity." title=" Swirl intensity."> Swirl intensity.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010559/a-numerical-study-on-the-effects-of-n2-dilution-on-the-flame-structure-and-temperature-distribution-of-swirl-diffusion-flames" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010559/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010559/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010559/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010559/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010559/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010559/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010559/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010559/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010559/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010559/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010559.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">625</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">627</span> Aspects Concerning Flame Propagation of Various Fuels in Combustion Chamber of Four Valve Engines</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zoran%20Jovanovic">Zoran Jovanovic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zoran%20Masonicic"> Zoran Masonicic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Dragutinovic"> S. Dragutinovic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Z.%20Sakota"> Z. Sakota</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>In this paper, results concerning flame propagation of various fuels in a particular combustion chamber with four tilted valves were elucidated. Flame propagation was represented by the evolution of spatial distribution of temperature in various cut-planes within combustion chamber while the flame front location was determined by dint of zones with maximum temperature gradient. The results presented are only a small part of broader on-going scrutinizing activity in the field of multidimensional modeling of reactive flows in combustion chambers with complicated geometries encompassing various models of turbulence, different fuels and combustion models. In the case of turbulence two different models were applied i.e. standard k-ε model of turbulence and k-ξ-f model of turbulence. In this paper flame propagation results were analyzed and presented for two different hydrocarbon fuels, such as CH4 and C8H18. In the case of combustion all differences ensuing from different turbulence models, obvious for non-reactive flows are annihilated entirely. Namely the interplay between fluid flow pattern and flame propagation is invariant as regards turbulence models and fuels applied. Namely the interplay between fluid flow pattern and flame propagation is entirely invariant as regards fuel variation indicating that the flame propagation through unburned mixture of CH4 and C8H18 fuels is not chemically controlled.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Automotive%20flows" title="Automotive flows">Automotive flows</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=flame%20propagation" title=" flame propagation"> flame propagation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=combustion%20modelling." title=" combustion modelling."> combustion modelling.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004158/aspects-concerning-flame-propagation-of-various-fuels-in-combustion-chamber-of-four-valve-engines" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004158/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004158/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004158/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004158/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004158/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004158/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004158/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004158/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004158/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004158/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10004158.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1303</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">626</span> Hydrogen-Fueled Micro-Thermophotovoltaic Power Generator: Flame Regimes and Flame Stability</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Hosein%20Faramarzpour">Hosein Faramarzpour</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>This work presents the optimum operational conditions for a hydrogen-based micro-scale power source, using a verified mathematical model including fluid dynamics and reaction kinetics. Thereafter, the stable operational flame regime is pursued as a key factor in optimizing the design of micro-combustors. The results show that with increasing velocities, four H2 flame regimes develop in the micro-combustor, namely: 1) periodic ignition-extinction regime, 2) steady symmetric regime, 3) pulsating asymmetric regime, and 4) steady asymmetric regime. The first regime that appears in 0.8 m/s inlet velocity is a periodic ignition-extinction regime which is characterized by counter flows and tulip-shape flames. For flow velocity above 0.2 m/s, the flame shifts downstream, and the combustion regime switches to a steady symmetric flame where temperature increases considerably due to the increased rate of incoming energy. Further elevation in flow velocity up to 1 m/s leads to the pulsating asymmetric flame formation, which is associated with pulses in various flame properties such as temperature and species concentration. Further elevation in flow velocity up to 1 m/s leads to the pulsating asymmetric flame formation, which is associated with pulses in various flame properties such as temperature and species concentration. Ultimately, when the inlet velocity reached 1.2 m/s, the last regime was observed, and a steady asymmetric regime appeared.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Thermophotovoltaic%20generator" title="Thermophotovoltaic generator">Thermophotovoltaic generator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=micro%20combustor" title=" micro combustor"> micro combustor</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=micro%20power%20generator" title=" micro power generator"> micro power generator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=combustion%20regimes" title=" combustion regimes"> combustion regimes</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=flame%20dynamic." title=" flame dynamic."> flame dynamic.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013558/hydrogen-fueled-micro-thermophotovoltaic-power-generator-flame-regimes-and-flame-stability" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013558/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013558/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013558/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013558/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013558/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013558/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013558/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013558/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013558/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013558/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10013558.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">177</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">625</span> Evaluation of Salivary Nickel Level during Orthodontic Treatment</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mudafara%20S.%20Bengleil">Mudafara S. Bengleil</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Juma%20M.%20Orfi"> Juma M. Orfi</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Iman%20Abdelgader"> Iman Abdelgader</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Since nickel is a known toxic and carcinogenic metal, the present study was designed to evaluate the level of nickel released into the saliva of orthodontic patients. Non-stimulated saliva was collected from 18 patients attending The Orthodontic Clinic of Dental Faculty of Benghazi University. Patients were divided into two groups and level of nickel was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Nickel concentration value (mg/L) in first group prior to starting treatment was 0.097± 0.071. An increase in level of nickel was followed by decrease 4 and 8 weeks after applying the arch wire (0.208± 0.112) and (0.077±0.056 mg/L) respectively. Nickel levels in saliva of the second group were showed minimal variation and ranged from 0.061± 0.044mg/L to 0.083±0.054 throughout period of study. It may be concluded that there could be a release of nickel from the appliances used in first group but it doesn't reach toxic level in saliva.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Atomic%20absorption%20spectrophotometry" title="Atomic absorption spectrophotometry">Atomic absorption spectrophotometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=nickel" title=" nickel"> nickel</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=orthodontic%20treatment" title=" orthodontic treatment"> orthodontic treatment</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=saliva" title=" saliva"> saliva</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=toxicity." title=" toxicity. "> toxicity. </a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997610/evaluation-of-salivary-nickel-level-during-orthodontic-treatment" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997610/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997610/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997610/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997610/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997610/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997610/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997610/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997610/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997610/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997610/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997610.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2412</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">624</span> Global and Local Structure of Supported Pd Catalysts</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=V.%20Rednic">V. Rednic</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=N.%20Aldea"> N. Aldea</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=P.%20Marginean"> P. Marginean</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=D.%20Macovei"> D. Macovei</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=C.%20M.%20Teodorescu"> C. M. Teodorescu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=E.%20Dorolti"> E. Dorolti</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=F.%20Matei"> F. Matei</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The supported Pd catalysts were analyzed by X-ray diffraction and X-ray absorption spectroscopy in order to determine their global and local structure. The average particle size of the supported Pd catalysts was determined by X-ray diffraction method. One of the main purposes of the present contribution is to focus on understanding the specific role of the Pd particle size determined by X-ray diffraction and that of the support oxide. Based on X-ray absorption fine structure spectroscopy analysis we consider that the whole local structure of the investigated samples are distorted concerning the atomic number but the distances between atoms are almost the same as for standard Pd sample. Due to the strong modifications of the Pd cluster local structure, the metal-support interface may influence the electronic properties of metal clusters and thus their reactivity for absorption of the reactant molecules. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=metal-support%20interaction" title="metal-support interaction">metal-support interaction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=supported%20metal%20catalysts" title=" supported metal catalysts"> supported metal catalysts</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=synchrotron%20radiation" title="synchrotron radiation">synchrotron radiation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=X-ray%20absorption%20spectroscopy" title=" X-ray absorption spectroscopy"> X-ray absorption spectroscopy</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=X-raydiffraction" title=" X-raydiffraction"> X-raydiffraction</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11189/global-and-local-structure-of-supported-pd-catalysts" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11189/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11189/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11189/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11189/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11189/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11189/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11189/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11189/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11189/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11189/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/11189.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1545</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">623</span> Influence of Flame-Holder on Existence Important Parameters in a Duct Combustion Simulator</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20M.%20Doustdar">M. M. Doustdar</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Mojtahedpoor"> M. Mojtahedpoor</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The effects of flame-holder position, the ratio of flame holder diameter to combustion chamber diameter and injection angle on fuel propulsive droplets sizing and effective mass fraction have been studied by a cold flow. We named the mass of fuel vapor inside the flammability limit as the effective mass fraction. An empty cylinder as well as a flame-holder which are a simulator for duct combustion has been considered. The airflow comes into the cylinder from one side and injection operation will be done by four nozzles which are located on the entrance of cylinder. To fulfill the calculations a modified version of KIVA-3V code which is a transient, three-dimensional, multiphase, multi component code for the analysis of chemically reacting flows with sprays, is used. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=KIVA-3V" title="KIVA-3V">KIVA-3V</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=flame-holder" title=" flame-holder"> flame-holder</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=duct%20combustion" title=" duct combustion"> duct combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=effective%0D%0Amass%20fraction" title=" effective mass fraction"> effective mass fraction</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=mean%20diameter%20of%20droplets." title=" mean diameter of droplets."> mean diameter of droplets.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002057/influence-of-flame-holder-on-existence-important-parameters-in-a-duct-combustion-simulator" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002057/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002057/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002057/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002057/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002057/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002057/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002057/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002057/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002057/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002057/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002057.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1754</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">622</span> Study on the Atomic-Oxygen-Protection Film Preparation of Organic Silicon and Its Properties</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zheng-Kuohai">Zheng-Kuohai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Yang-Shengsheng"> Yang-Shengsheng</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Li-Zhonghua"> Li-Zhonghua</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zhao-Lin"> Zhao-Lin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Materials used on exterior spacecraft surfaces are subjected to many environmental threats which can cause degradation, atomic oxygen is one of the most threats. We prepared organic silicon atomic-oxygen-protection film using method of polymerization. This paper presented the effects on the film structure and its durability of the preparation processing, and analyzed the polymerization theory, the film structure and composition of the film. At last, we tested the film in our ground based atomic oxygen simulator, and indicated that the film worked well.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Atomic%20oxygen" title="Atomic oxygen">Atomic oxygen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=siloxane" title=" siloxane"> siloxane</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=protection" title=" protection"> protection</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=plasma" title=" plasma"> plasma</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=polymerization." title=" polymerization."> polymerization.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15099/study-on-the-atomic-oxygen-protection-film-preparation-of-organic-silicon-and-its-properties" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15099/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15099/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15099/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15099/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15099/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15099/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15099/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15099/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15099/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15099/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15099.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1487</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">621</span> Flame Acceleration of Premixed Natural Gas/Air Explosion in Closed Pipe</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=H.%20Mat%20Kiah">H. Mat Kiah</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Rafiziana%20M.%20Kasmani"> Rafiziana M. Kasmani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Norazana%20Ibrahim"> Norazana Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Roshafima%20R.%20Ali"> Roshafima R. Ali</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Aziatul%20N.Sadikin"> Aziatul N.Sadikin</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>An experimental study has been done to investigate the flame acceleration in a closed pipe. A horizontal steel pipe, 2m long and 0.1m in diameter (<em>L</em>/<em>D</em> of 20), was used in this work. For tests with 90 degree bends, the bend had a radius of 0.1m and thus, the pipe was lengthened 1m (based on the centreline length of the segment). Ignition was affected at one end of the vessel while the other end was closed. Only stoichiometric concentration (肖, = 1.0) of natural gas/air mixtures will be reported in this paper. It was demonstrated that bend pipe configuration gave three times higher in maximum overpressure (5.5 bars) compared to straight pipe (2.0 bars). From the results, the highest flame speed, of 63ms<sup>-1</sup>, was observed in a gas explosion with bent pipe; greater by a factor of ~3 as compared with straight pipe (23ms<sup>-1</sup>). This occurs because bending acts similar to an obstacle, in which this mechanism can induce more turbulence, initiating combustion in an unburned pocket at the corner region and causing a high mass burning rate, which increases the flame speed.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Bending" title="Bending">Bending</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=gas%20explosion" title=" gas explosion"> gas explosion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=bending" title=" bending"> bending</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=flame%20acceleration" title=" flame acceleration"> flame acceleration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=overpressure." title=" overpressure."> overpressure.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996704/flame-acceleration-of-premixed-natural-gasair-explosion-in-closed-pipe" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996704/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996704/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996704/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996704/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996704/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996704/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996704/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996704/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996704/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996704/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9996704.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2304</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">620</span> Extraction of Polystyrene from Styrofoam Waste: Synthesis of Novel Chelating Resin for the Enrichment and Speciation of Cr(III)/Cr(VI) Ions in Industrial Effluents</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ali%20N.%20Siyal">Ali N. Siyal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Saima%20Q.%20Memon"> Saima Q. Memon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Latif%20El%C3%A7i"> Latif El莽i</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Aydan%20El%C3%A7i"> Aydan El莽i</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Polystyrene (PS) was extracted from Styrofoam (expanded polystyrene foam) waste, so called white pollutant. The PS was functionalized with <em>N,N</em>- Bis(2-aminobenzylidene)benzene-1,2-diamine (ABA) ligand through an azo spacer. The resin was characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The PS-N=N-ABA resin was used for the enrichment and speciation of Cr(III)/Cr(VI) ions and total Cr determination in aqueous samples by flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS). The separation of Cr(III)/Cr(VI) ions was achieved at pH 2. The recovery of Cr(VI) ions was achieved ≥ 95.0% at optimum parameters: pH 2; resin amount 300mg; flow rates 2.0mL min<sup>-1 </sup>of solution and 2.0mL min<sup>-1</sup> of eluent (2.0mol L<sup>-1</sup> HNO<sub>3</sub>). Total Cr was determined by oxidation of Cr(III) to Cr(VI) ions using H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>. The limit of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) of Cr(VI) were found to be 0.40 and 1.20μg L<sup>-1</sup>, respectively with preconcentration factor of 250. Total saturation and breakthrough capacitates of the resin for Cr(IV) ions were found to be 0.181 and 0.531mmol g<sup>-1</sup>, respectively. The proposed method was successfully applied for the preconcentration/speciation of Cr(III)/Cr(VI) ions and determination of total Cr in industrial effluents.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Styrofoam%20waste" title="Styrofoam waste">Styrofoam waste</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Polymeric%20resin" title=" Polymeric resin"> Polymeric resin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Preconcentration" title=" Preconcentration"> Preconcentration</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Speciation" title=" Speciation"> Speciation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cr%28III%29%2FCr%28VI%29%20ions" title=" Cr(III)/Cr(VI) ions"> Cr(III)/Cr(VI) ions</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=FAAS." title=" FAAS."> FAAS.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997749/extraction-of-polystyrene-from-styrofoam-waste-synthesis-of-novel-chelating-resin-for-the-enrichment-and-speciation-of-criiicrvi-ions-in-industrial-effluents" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997749/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997749/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997749/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997749/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997749/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997749/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997749/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997749/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997749/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997749/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/9997749.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2586</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">619</span> Experimental Study of LPG Diffusion Flame at Elevated Preheated Air Temperatures</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20A.%20Amer">A. A. Amer</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=H.%20M.%20Gad"> H. M. Gad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=I.%20A.%20Ibrahim"> I. A. Ibrahim</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20I.%20Abdel-Mageed"> S. I. Abdel-Mageed</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=T.%20M.%20Farag"> T. M. Farag</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This paper represents an experimental study of LPG diffusion flame at elevated preheated air temperatures. The flame is stabilized in a vertical water-cooled combustor by using air swirler. An experimental test rig was designed to investigate the different operating conditions. The burner head is designed so that the LPG fuel issued centrally and surrounded by the swirling air issues from an air swirler. There are three air swirlers having the same dimensions but having different blade angles to give different swirl numbers of 0.5, 0.87 and 1.5. The combustion air was heated electrically before entering the combustor up to a temperature about 500 K. Five air to fuel mass ratios of 15, 20, 30, 40 and 50 were also studied. The effect of preheated air temperature, swirl number and air to fuel mass ratios on the temperature maps, visible flame length, high temperature region (size) and exhaust species concentrations are studied. Some results show that as the preheated air temperature increases, the volume of high temperature region also increased but the flame length decreased. Increasing the preheated air temperature, EINOx, EICO2 and EIO2 increased, while EICO decreased. Increasing the preheated air temperature from 300 to 500 K, for all air swirl numbers used, the highest increase in EINOx, EICO2 and EIO2 are 141, 4 and 65%, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Preheated%20air%20temperature" title="Preheated air temperature">Preheated air temperature</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=air%20swirler" title=" air swirler"> air swirler</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=flame%20length" title=" flame length"> flame length</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=emission%20index." title=" emission index."> emission index.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002116/experimental-study-of-lpg-diffusion-flame-at-elevated-preheated-air-temperatures" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002116/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002116/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002116/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002116/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002116/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002116/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002116/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002116/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002116/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002116/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10002116.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2037</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">618</span> Effects of Coupling Agent and Flame Retardant on the Performances of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Composites</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=R.%20Ridzuan">R. Ridzuan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20D.%20H.%20Beg"> M. D. H. Beg</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Y.%20Rosli"> M. Y. Rosli</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20H.%20Rohaya"> M. H. Rohaya</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20A.%20Astimar%20S.%20Samahani"> A. A. Astimar S. Samahani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=I.%20Zawawi"> I. Zawawi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Alkali treated oil palm empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibres (TEFBF) and untreated EFBF fibers (UEFBF) were incorporated in polypropylene (PP) with and without malic anhydride grafted PP (MAPP) and magnesium hydroxide as flame retardant (FR) to produce TEFBF-PP and UEFBF-PP composites by the melt casting method. The composites were characterized by mechanical and burning tests along with a scanning electron microscope and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The significant improvement in flexural modulus (133%) and flame retardant property (60%) of TEFBF-PP composite with MAPP and FR is observed. The improved mechanical property is discussed by the development of encapsulated textures. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Empty%20fruit%20bunch%20fibers" title="Empty fruit bunch fibers">Empty fruit bunch fibers</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=polypropylene" title=" polypropylene"> polypropylene</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=mechanical%20property" title=" mechanical property"> mechanical property</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=flame%20retardant." title=" flame retardant."> flame retardant.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2304/effects-of-coupling-agent-and-flame-retardant-on-the-performances-of-oil-palm-empty-fruit-bunch-fiber-reinforced-polypropylene-composites" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2304/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2304/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2304/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2304/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2304/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2304/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2304/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2304/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2304/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2304/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/2304.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2543</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">617</span> Effects of Injection Conditions on Flame Structures in Gas-Centered Swirl Coaxial Injector</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Wooseok%20Song">Wooseok Song</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sunjung%20Park"> Sunjung Park</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jongkwon%20Lee"> Jongkwon Lee</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Jaye%20Koo"> Jaye Koo</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>The objective of this paper is to observe the effects of injection conditions on flame structures in gas-centered swirl coaxial injector. Gaseous oxygen and liquid kerosene were used as propellants. For different injection conditions, two types of injector, which only differ in the diameter of the tangential inlet, were used in this study. In addition, oxidizer injection pressure was varied to control the combustion chamber pressure in different types of injector. In order to analyze the combustion instability intensity, the dynamic pressure was measured in both the combustion chamber and propellants lines. With the increase in differential pressure between the propellant injection pressure and the combustion chamber pressure, the combustion instability intensity increased. In addition, the flame structure was recorded using a high-speed camera to detect CH* chemiluminescence intensity. With the change in the injection conditions in the gas-centered swirl coaxial injector, the flame structure changed.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Liquid%20rocket%20engine" title="Liquid rocket engine">Liquid rocket engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=flame%20structure" title=" flame structure"> flame structure</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=combustion%20instability" title=" combustion instability"> combustion instability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=dynamic%20pressure." title=" dynamic pressure."> dynamic pressure.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009229/effects-of-injection-conditions-on-flame-structures-in-gas-centered-swirl-coaxial-injector" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009229/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009229/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009229/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009229/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009229/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009229/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009229/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009229/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009229/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009229/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10009229.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">900</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">616</span> Carbon Dioxide Removal from Flue Gas Using Amine-Based Hybrid Solvent Absorption</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Supitcha%20Rinprasertmeechai">Supitcha Rinprasertmeechai</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Sumaeth%20Chavadej"> Sumaeth Chavadej</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Pramoch%20Rangsunvigit"> Pramoch Rangsunvigit</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Santi%20Kulprathipanja"> Santi Kulprathipanja</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> This study was to investigate the performance of hybrid solvents blended between primary, secondary, or tertiary amines and piperazine (PZ) for CO2 removal from flue gas in terms of CO2 absorption capacity and regeneration efficiency at 90 oC. Alkanolamines used in this work were monoethanolamine (MEA), diethanolamine (DEA), and triethanolamine (TEA). The CO2 absorption was experimentally examined under atmospheric pressure and room temperature. The results show that MEA blend with PZ provided the maximum CO2 absorption capacity of 0.50 mol CO2/mol amine while TEA provided the minimum CO2 absorption capacity of 0.30 mol CO2/mol amine. TEA was easier to regenerate for both first cycle and second cycle with less loss of absorption capacity. The regeneration efficiency of TEA was 95.09 and 92.89 %, for the first and second generation cycles, respectively. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=CO2%20absorption%20capacity" title="CO2 absorption capacity">CO2 absorption capacity</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=regeneration%20efficiency" title=" regeneration efficiency"> regeneration efficiency</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=CO2%20removal" title=" CO2 removal"> CO2 removal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=flue%20gas" title=" flue gas"> flue gas</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6904/carbon-dioxide-removal-from-flue-gas-using-amine-based-hybrid-solvent-absorption" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6904/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6904/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6904/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6904/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6904/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6904/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6904/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6904/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6904/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6904/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/6904.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">3594</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">615</span> Heavy Metal Concentrations in Fanworth (Cabombafurcata) from Lake Chini, Malaysia</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ahmad">Ahmad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.K."> A.K.</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shuhaimi-Othman"> Shuhaimi-Othman</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Hoon"> M. Hoon</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=L.P."> L.P.</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Study was conducted to determine the concentration of copper, cadmium, lead and zinc in Cabomba furcata that found abundance in Lake Chini. This aquatic plant was collected randomly within the lake for heavy metal determination. Water quality measurement was undertaken in situ for temperature, pH, conductivity and dissolved oksigen using portable multi sensor probe YSI model 556. The C. furcata was digested using wet digestion method and heavy metal concentrations were analysed using Atomic Absorption Spectrometer (AAS) Perkin Elmer 4100B (flame method). Result of water quality classify Lake Chini between class II to class III using Malaysian Water Quality Standard. According to this standard, Lake Chini has moderate quality, which normal for natural lake. Heavy metal concentrations in C.furcata were low and found to be lower than the critical toxic value in aquatic plants. Oneway ANOVA test indicated the heavy metal concentrations in C.furcata were significantly differ between sampling location. Water quality and heavy metal concentrations indicates that Lake Chini was not receives anthropogenic load from nearby activities. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Cabomba%20furcata" title="Cabomba furcata">Cabomba furcata</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Heavy%20metal" title=" Heavy metal"> Heavy metal</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Lake%20Chini" title=" Lake Chini"> Lake Chini</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Waterquality" title=" Waterquality"> Waterquality</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7751/heavy-metal-concentrations-in-fanworth-cabombafurcata-from-lake-chini-malaysia" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7751/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7751/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7751/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7751/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7751/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7751/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7751/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7751/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7751/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7751/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/7751.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1945</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">614</span> Selenium Content in Agricultural Soils and Wheat from the Balkan Peninsula</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Krustev">S. Krustev</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=V.%20Angelova"> V. Angelova</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=P.%20Zaprjanova"> P. Zaprjanova</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Selenium (Se) is an essential micro-nutrient for human and animals but it is highly toxic. Its organic compounds play an important role in biochemistry and nutrition of the cells. Concentration levels of this element in the different regions of the world vary considerably. This study aimed to compare the availability and levels of the Se in some rural areas of the Balkan Peninsula and relationship with the concentrations of other trace elements. For this purpose soil samples and wheat grains from different regions of Bulgaria, Serbia, Nord Macedonia, Romania, and Greece situated far from large industrial centers have been analyzed. The main methods for their determination were the atomic spectral techniques – atomic absorption and plasma atomic emission. As a result of this study, data on microelements levels from the main grain-producing regions of the Balkan Peninsula were determined and systematized. The presented results confirm the low levels of Se in this region: 0.222– 0.962 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup> in soils and 0.001 - 0.005 mg.kg<sup>-1</sup> in wheat grains and require measures to offset the effect of this deficiency.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Agricultural%20soils" title="Agricultural soils">Agricultural soils</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Balkan%20Peninsula" title=" Balkan Peninsula"> Balkan Peninsula</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=rural%20areas" title=" rural areas"> rural areas</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=selenium." title=" selenium."> selenium.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010784/selenium-content-in-agricultural-soils-and-wheat-from-the-balkan-peninsula" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010784/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010784/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010784/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010784/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010784/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010784/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010784/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010784/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010784/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010784/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010784.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">667</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">613</span> An Atomic-Domains-Based Approach for Attack Graph Generation</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Fangfang%20Chen">Fangfang Chen</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chunlu%20Wang"> Chunlu Wang</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zhihong%20Tian"> Zhihong Tian</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shuyuan%20Jin"> Shuyuan Jin</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Tianle%20Zhang"> Tianle Zhang</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> Attack graph is an integral part of modeling the overview of network security. System administrators use attack graphs to determine how vulnerable their systems are and to determine what security measures to deploy to defend their systems. Previous methods on AGG(attack graphs generation) are aiming at the whole network, which makes the process of AGG complex and non-scalable. In this paper, we propose a new approach which is simple and scalable to AGG by decomposing the whole network into atomic domains. Each atomic domain represents a host with a specific privilege. Then the process for AGG is achieved by communications among all the atomic domains. Our approach simplifies the process of design for the whole network, and can gives the attack graphs including each attack path for each host, and when the network changes we just carry on the operations of corresponding atomic domains which makes the process of AGG scalable. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=atomic%20domain" title="atomic domain">atomic domain</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=vulnerability" title="vulnerability">vulnerability</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=attack%20graphs" title=" attack graphs"> attack graphs</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=generation" title=" generation"> generation</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=computer%20security" title="computer security">computer security</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15648/an-atomic-domains-based-approach-for-attack-graph-generation" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15648/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15648/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15648/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15648/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15648/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15648/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15648/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15648/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15648/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15648/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/15648.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1663</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">612</span> The Effect of X-Ray on Plasma and Erythrocyte Concentration of Zn and Cu in Radiology Staff of Tehran Oil Hospital</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=L.%20Nekoozad">L. Nekoozad</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=M.%20Salehi%20Barough"> M. Salehi Barough</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=B.%20Salmasian"> B. Salmasian</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Introduction: Some parameters should be considered to investigate the chronic effects of radiation absorption in radiation workers. Trace elements are parameters which small changes in them can cause significant effects on live systems. The role of trace element concentration in human health is significant. These elements play an important role in the developing and functioning of the immune system, cellular respiration, and oxidation processes. Considering the importance and necessity of this issue and few studies, measurements of concentration changes of these elements due to the absorbed dose are important. Purpose: This study aimed to determine the biological effects of occupational dose absorption on plasma and erythrocyte concentration of Zn and Cu in the radiology staff of Tehran Oil Hospital. Material and methods: In this analytical-comparative study, 72 people have entered. 36 people (18 males and 18 females) were selected as radiology staff in the diagnostic and therapeutic departments of Tehran Oil Hospital. And 36 people (18 males and 18 females) were selected as general section staff in the same hospital as a control group. Radiology and control groups’ age and sex were matched. 10 ml of venous blood was taken from all people.  An atomic absorption spectrometer was used to obtain zinc and copper plasma concentrations. Levine test was used to compare these results validity. Results: The mean concentrations of copper and zinc were measured as 0.951 and 0.754 mg/L in the plasma phase and 3.2  and 0.401 mg/L in the RBC phase for the radiology group.  Copper and zinc average concentrations, respectively 0.976 and 0.813 mg/L in the plasma phase and 2.906 and 0.476 mg/L in the RBC phase, were measured for the control group. These elements Concentrations in the plasma phase were significantly different from that of the control group, but the concentrations in the red blood cell phase did not show a significant difference compared to the control group. In comparison, a separate comparison between men and women in the experimental and control groups showed a significant difference in the values of the elements mentioned. With a significant increase in samples, a better justification than the available statistical results can be extracted. Conclusions: Within this study results, chronic occupational probabilistic absorption destructive effects (even within the permitted range) on blood trace element concentration have been confirmed.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Chronic%20absorption" title="Chronic absorption">Chronic absorption</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=atomic%20absorption%20spectrometry" title=" atomic absorption spectrometry"> atomic absorption spectrometry</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=radiology%20staff" title=" radiology staff"> radiology staff</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=trace%20element%20concentration." title=" trace element concentration."> trace element concentration.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010920/the-effect-of-x-ray-on-plasma-and-erythrocyte-concentration-of-zn-and-cu-in-radiology-staff-of-tehran-oil-hospital" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010920/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010920/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010920/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010920/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010920/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010920/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010920/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010920/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010920/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010920/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10010920.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">735</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">611</span> Study on Energy Absorption Characteristic of Cab Frame with FEM</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shigeyuki%20Haruyama">Shigeyuki Haruyama</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Oke%20Oktavianty"> Oke Oktavianty</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Zefry%20Darmawan"> Zefry Darmawan</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Tadayuki%20Kyoutani"> Tadayuki Kyoutani</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Ken%20Kaminishi"> Ken Kaminishi </a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>Cab’s frame strength is considered as an important factor in excavator’s operator safety, especially during roll-over. In this study, we use a model of cab frame with different thicknesses and perform elastoplastic numerical analysis by using Finite Element Method (FEM). Deformation mode and energy absorption's of cab’s frame part are investigated on two conditions, with wrinkle and without wrinkle. The occurrence of wrinkle when deforming cab frame can reduce energy absorption, and among 4 parts with wrinkle, the energy absorption significantly decreases in part C. Residual stress that generated upon the bending process of part C is analyzed to confirm it possibility in increasing the energy absorption.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=ROPS" title="ROPS">ROPS</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=FEM" title=" FEM"> FEM</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=hydraulic%20excavator" title=" hydraulic excavator"> hydraulic excavator</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=cab%20frame" title=" cab frame"> cab frame</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=energy%20absorption." title=" energy absorption."> energy absorption.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003972/study-on-energy-absorption-characteristic-of-cab-frame-with-fem" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003972/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003972/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003972/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003972/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003972/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003972/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003972/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003972/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003972/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003972/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10003972.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">1554</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">610</span> The Mass Attenuation Coefficients, Effective Atomic Cross Sections, Effective Atomic Numbers and Electron Densities of Some Halides</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Shivalinge%20Gowda">Shivalinge Gowda</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> The total mass attenuation coefficients m/r, of some halides such as, NaCl, KCl, CuCl, NaBr, KBr, RbCl, AgCl, NaI, KI, AgBr, CsI, HgCl<sub>2</sub>, CdI<sub>2</sub> and HgI<sub>2</sub> were determined at photon energies 279.2, 320.07, 514.0, 661.6, 1115.5, 1173.2 and 1332.5 keV in a well-collimated narrow beam good geometry set-up using a high resolution, hyper pure germanium detector. The mass attenuation coefficients and the effective atomic cross sections are found to be in good agreement with the XCOM values. From these mass attenuation coefficients, the effective atomic cross sections s<sub>a,</sub> of the compounds were determined. These effective atomic cross section s<sub>a</sub> data so obtained are then used to compute the effective atomic numbers Z<sub>eff</sub>. For this, the interpolation of total attenuation cross-sections of photons of energy E in elements of atomic number Z was performed by using the logarithmic regression analysis of the data measured by the authors and reported earlier for the above said energies along with XCOM data for standard energies. The best-fit coefficients in the photon energy range of 250 to 350 keV, 350 to 500 keV, 500 to 700 keV, 700 to 1000 keV and 1000 to 1500 keV by a piecewise interpolation method were then used to find the Z<sub>eff</sub> of the compounds with respect to the effective atomic cross section s<sub>a</sub> from the relation obtained by piece wise interpolation method. Using these Z<sub>eff</sub> values, the electron densities N<sub>el</sub> of halides were also determined. The present Z<sub>eff</sub> and N<sub>el</sub> values of halides are found to be in good agreement with the values calculated from XCOM data and other available published values. <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Mass%20attenuation%20coefficient" title="Mass attenuation coefficient">Mass attenuation coefficient</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=atomic%20cross-section" title=" atomic cross-section"> atomic cross-section</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=effective%20atomic%20number" title=" effective atomic number"> effective atomic number</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=electron%20density." title=" electron density."> electron density.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005210/the-mass-attenuation-coefficients-effective-atomic-cross-sections-effective-atomic-numbers-and-electron-densities-of-some-halides" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005210/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005210/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005210/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005210/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005210/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005210/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005210/mla" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">MLA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005210/ris" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">RIS</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005210/xml" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">XML</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005210/iso690" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">ISO 690</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10005210.pdf" target="_blank" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">PDF</a> <span class="bg-info text-light px-1 py-1 float-right rounded"> Downloads <span class="badge badge-light">2136</span> </span> </div> </div> <div class="card publication-listing mb-3 mt-3"> <h5 class="card-header" style="font-size:.9rem"><span class="badge badge-info">609</span> Flame Kernel Growth and Related Effects of Spark Plug Electrodes: Fluid Motion Interaction in an Optically Accessible DISI Engine</h5> <div class="card-body"> <p class="card-text"><strong>Authors:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Schirru">A. Schirru</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20Irimescu"> A. Irimescu</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Merola"> S. Merola</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=A.%20d%E2%80%99Adamo"> A. d鈥橝damo</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=S.%20Fontanesi"> S. Fontanesi</a> </p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Abstract:</strong></p> <p>One of the aspects that are usually neglected during the design phase of an engine is the effect of the spark plug on the flow field inside the combustion chamber. Because of the difficulties in the experimental investigation of the mutual interaction between flow alteration and early flame kernel convection effect inside the engine combustion chamber, CFD-3D simulation is usually exploited in such cases. Experimentally speaking, a particular type of engine has to be used in order to directly observe the flame propagation process. In this study, a double electrode spark plug was fitted into an optically accessible engine and a high-speed camera was used to capture the initial stages of the combustion process. Both the arc and the kernel phases were observed. Then, a morphologic analysis was carried out and the position of the center of mass of the flame, relative to the spark plug position, was calculated. The crossflow orientation was chosen for the spark plug and the kernel growth process was observed for different air-fuel ratios. It was observed that during a normal cycle the flow field between the electrodes tends to transport the arc deforming it. Because of that, the kernel growth phase takes place away from the electrodes and the flame propagates with a preferential direction dictated by the flow field.</p> <p class="card-text"><strong>Keywords:</strong> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Combustion" title="Combustion">Combustion</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=Kernel%20growth" title=" Kernel growth"> Kernel growth</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=optically%20accessible%20engine" title=" optically accessible engine"> optically accessible engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=spark-ignition%20engine" title=" spark-ignition engine"> spark-ignition engine</a>, <a href="https://publications.waset.org/search?q=spark%20plug%20orientation." title=" spark plug orientation."> spark plug orientation.</a> </p> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011106/flame-kernel-growth-and-related-effects-of-spark-plug-electrodes-fluid-motion-interaction-in-an-optically-accessible-disi-engine" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Procedia</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011106/apa" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">APA</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011106/bibtex" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">BibTeX</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011106/chicago" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Chicago</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011106/endnote" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">EndNote</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011106/harvard" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">Harvard</a> <a href="https://publications.waset.org/10011106/json" target="_blank" rel="nofollow" class="btn btn-primary btn-sm">JSON</a> <a 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