CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91165aa68e4dfd96',cH: '3b6jvkT_3Pk5RY0EuOEmtKXFndrABf78rd5aPRLs_Nk-1739465810-1.2.1.1-qOiDsQcxZL63R3XnsQjFyElIkZ66zUBe7QSPw2dkhOWYJ4UFthWZnGkZuow3XANE',cUPMDTk: "\/13287\/chicago?__cf_chl_tk=GQ6pXdpDgwWWDJeOJcI48475._1aUueORs_YtR41Q9E-1739465810-1.0.1.1-e8c.Im08vI3pDXJ5b.sKkSyhIA2vp5ReMMnMnP_ZSdc",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739465810',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/13287\/chicago?__cf_chl_f_tk=GQ6pXdpDgwWWDJeOJcI48475._1aUueORs_YtR41Q9E-1739465810-1.0.1.1-e8c.Im08vI3pDXJ5b.sKkSyhIA2vp5ReMMnMnP_ZSdc",md: "H5uOMmxcJMwCkLOka2ZQAYlbXLVI1TL3BYizdSmeNog-1739465810-1.2.1.1-sRoK7b1CuAIioePXdoAMS1ZnOBRPvtWoE1iiyDaPyncsKyv6lc0EIyXjj1e6R9vLs6s1I_vIXbKkF.wigW_3zOsb5qi0mCW2oJTc_FeuqudVn4yy09pUvxeU3rqM3TkFOKZhc8J94g.z9yLXMxn3T.UVvOpFzyflLHIZXVTMiElmxAfxrDxlVfpt_hstyxeaLUY37fOD2yiMjkrQ9LiimiLKTFcZ6MiipYGzJls7ysNL1iA999w2Wp_HZ2BF.5PbV_CGx_TQwtJIOVIpNJbXt60.Bc_Hq4eChFpXZ_gnC6urTf.xun0WmDPov9dGt7Yd26X.IgF_6d5tdrusBEYVA5vH2_zSab1afG9yEXhRoZ39qjjA4VAWq1dyDwqcvxmbudvPX2n0aAi1QB1Y2ey7fOJDQ5nFYrjyOjJfepbK3Ux2RasDkFRuWoRc1gX50Uqr.aAaEbw7rorSLYgcz_8GykkbE09gGRHe3cpvlW4CKNZDt9n9H1LvGW2Qk8WlV4HJJQZ2W3a1UyLcKjQu1cIcNIQdImxiL6gXTUtcQl2wNHU4xeswP8q1ww3jCEKGCZSehntxxVMJ7kG_l0KXMBRkohNThkhJ8w7QI1Y1O7Dkr6PXSUnOb589zEh3Cx_bY4uMrwqrW0fSjka_jnBh3tP6Mct09D7w9N5ywPnexUggu2RAboWKSKw2DE4EiumAgoJnguiYA6rfWF28d14_W.pB3A_jyqdcthyvibkPUrep1.rePCofjgSAhc05K75rPMeUvBmjazDEfy574TJ20nL.xWqRAKL9oT9RUuB6p2mN7MfzkFs5GqotJy_DMKXx3BtCeFmGs4Xo0XiHK2cj9l.GviSB0Cnljq7Hl1OkmEDes7MrB5Bxv4JpSdtsSOb2s5qEimHR__3KK8SUmhhaMJlMIah1DWDAZV61G6Q4d_X9phWRuGz6CcE697xqrNG7tyTbuBbyf79UqUtSDsJpaQ7sDPTege3S_2Pri4mF0mFiLcjt2D97_5ZTzxIeXYd8SO8PDJ8GlGYDn2rPBv09kmdWP4D8VDzE570lQha4SJZp_MjXPpdxlM7x5u3Z5lujNDfBCh4QSWXTYSW5Lu59W6O06oUnlV9qqK1gKI3O.TQj00ijGVDINMs8mNq4g2fIuwbOrvP4z3W5jGrQj.TS6pbKF6mfCt8JdH0sg94lqE1NNGnVEvrm3jp9IFmqKyjx_4gmTjGSxzlsj6H9mSAj8nMnBAoVtWVzYtZ4Tj3dwpOXZ2ILo86bjDEVg0NhyuTc5KbhSYOYIN8e0QcHb6omQ0vVdRhW0q6yQkloi6VtxqPUG_vO8sxbh1n6o_r9YWRyxLFHTgAi2aAOwWxl37ZXmuD5wGgUdfiMoSZTCrN5JS.wf_FY6vKLrNjVkl4T89HCG.iV5lG2ozyi91z.ZdOin_4LUGT.DF14DBu8aHh5uQtElFYdT1vN7_PtrW8Jp5rh6s2GYSAdMlW0I3Xe_.h1ycWRZjjsQWSpA2ut2FjtyEsiXVbG8MtTD_0R2fbjkVxUZ60o1MBXpEzmSlk7brkMVrel_qrv530nDTIROMOHFO.FEMC0hxorSVF3LqjgGjz35f0hHgFBcJjzsU02Fxy9d8H0HRjXvcfUBGCqIdndjCqiOCUyv0A9zoaL8E.BDppexH0X69kMauEdIfYOFPjeNIG8Y0Dt1QXAZ0MVtyAfVuDFM6HJyUg43ibnSaHrX6wfLGUJkP7i_XhG4OC2GaUgwKXUF8iD5KK_MaYlrxOelTAB_AUInUuJZJPQp4c9FjVz_AuUwL3FMTimRh68k7nZiur8UlwMRVsr7OVSamSzFSwLi_yzjkLwYvx4XhOk0mXBGUYfUarzSsZ1CZuJidfoi2_cCVlDgyMD.VaH7YdQzyPbLos",mdrd: "R0tncStSjuX36aqWST1e4LcSM0sHh8mcOmxljTxsSB8-1739465810-1.2.1.1-AWyty9omiZXI.e04h.I33dijBhqT3fVxi36eXR6m.Wf3GUJL0tdPClMqKMxLXBbJdz3EVTn7J1HIgePhPGB5iGGAw3WKFbNSlD4NdEZomTFSCGoABRPvOCiFn2DKdMtDk8hjbCJ7zKKdQ_IRVTWIcN18t_vZDUOvTBjta9rUe.zqJFr9y7iqQ5C1OK.3qJZIr33Uvp3vpR8Fhx06FhD3iKv8ceN51A8M7F_4evdafVMU2Ui3FyFkOWl30nlpzaqEmmrnmGkKN3hFCg0VZW6RdVQAqzMN8.erKhQk1ebelGTGXvHdks2LeLth3qktzW1AhZNYMcTCm1Pae_Q0nZr3XPaFx5vz1RIlbnCpNcdE9ckUvjndRafapuD1ImGzwU_7PhBLrRLxCoW4EA0bx41ns_CSaIpEzGNnhgDJdHqyfjIZtja3MedJf_JC7ZCHk0pO3gkRkSflMHbC0y4CsnH0sdgG8F0rpr47HAKA88COImZg5PuU_RDTf9qzskjtio4xzndYLU4xNHxoJ4HNLUFP4s9fa7kIx0W8zlh_1Nq6CSxPrB9k0Ktd2GWBMmyTdcPh_A.sG7orZmGZ2FMhlY1IdxBiqFY0ka9W_lFBKhlU8DYm8UbgCrSEO4nV_yNIfaDPoKiYO3t63TDE93RiureKSWxcO1ttgIUa4o6WKBqqg6Hs0NQEdcAGEHoJ0jY0BzwWJchIYNgvlYsHXansn8jJnwsS4YWJaKk8udTe4DoesHjGBwn013bDQszeWII5bKvrYaLZDYkib16Ew7TUwlohTvqPL.TQMQseK5GA.6G7VLnOHV6igBRlD_g.B3clZWy4wi6IJOC3B4_6tvcRfZy4cWjoauSzL8wDQiqextfQZ1._pLeK_qucVY.hvnGpl6H25bMIXBC_cyZj5jU0MJDntukaOuT6bIWxgLLMCpL9OsUXTWsBlL1260LO8bLLLQml3sxHFD0OLG1GrN_0h1u_8GjqFxjwedaLLv0ObkaV1Ka.0pSaC_fzWgoy3G5lPwRVRdbk9n50GVzhYraj1dB6X1DfFwVR1ul3LMPYkE2fxmlXNAYWDiev4AaCXdlUmTN7jHeapavWQ5g10y1btHweiKiYRXr2qPXVrhlrfLp65Wbr0rlhD_bqo3v0sklYNq0QL6oVCh1ThEtIsAgRFq0nKKZSITXfmce.RN5DVRSW0m04Y13vbC7M6c7pcIndwrZQ5Mke6NWl2O8_FQXnC2dDQ00AuvOEKzcIMHiHJjW0n3qVai.R6RnaD4bLx11alvu2py.iPRFoSw7R42acUyiACJiSBVRcRwmVXmcYJrTTwyNKo8bNnquyJn6W_XoQ2xbvQLCjOsa1j8hCgDRQzYdah7UVtXhYV4wdvrugK2McD.EoteGz5G.LekQkhUD3VVgwvJiJc0t8EI8jAD__dubRh0EWIJ7SMLY6AyfyojcHnb.vznfQamE4vohxiz5kjeZaev_znVBX5f9QMG19LMtASIp2Z0uOn4r0d43bXWWU7leyWCs9wwkOtTuEk4dooL7Je7.NdsVYMTZm3fiCZi99ShEmWIXN8WwgjedOEk14BhsqcNi6Tu1cbN1ur8aZN3AQ_bQRKVGxiBmkH7AnW8GVFpr8hG_R5EaeawD.ZNd0KRgN5bWqUnHpFre3Lwp6BSIT2ZhQ1y06MtnGGJ2GYr.U1mlgaLaGxLCGQ0erf9o6.HCLL016F.vbMbFB9mIB4OzJOX8tGCulTgL1YJtq4.bcWx6l4iX3_VEv.g3_DoN02Xfr8qTBfQTUFjkGIgaF27siVdQ9_bdrqtDS8YN5h4Zd.kdHI_xlmNnaPnYIOHNf4bd3djkbVpPhlQULX55JX3SvhXp1jr8t4MnPUaI9H6lMl1AZjFDswUOuBOOVzL4wxcXSLckJpPt85hGSflOabk71.YM7QVYH54T4TakY0ROBh26PSxSmuWMJOuLcegFVacYzjtk3dzW0b7xQyrjuZ8QD"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91165aa68e4dfd96';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/13287\/chicago?__cf_chl_rt_tk=GQ6pXdpDgwWWDJeOJcI48475._1aUueORs_YtR41Q9E-1739465810-1.0.1.1-e8c.Im08vI3pDXJ5b.sKkSyhIA2vp5ReMMnMnP_ZSdc" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>