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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Nigidius Figulus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 21 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-21" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">21 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publio_Nigidio_F%C3%ADgulo" title="Publio Nigidio Fígulo – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Publio Nigidio Fígulo" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Публий Нигидий Фигул – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Публий Нигидий Фигул" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publi_Nigidi_F%C3%ADgul" title="Publi Nigidi Fígul – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Publi Nigidi Fígul" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Публий Нигидий Фигул – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Публий Нигидий Фигул" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigidius_Figulus" title="Nigidius Figulus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nigidius Figulus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Nigidius_Figulus" title="Publius Nigidius Figulus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Publius Nigidius Figulus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9D%CE%B9%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A6%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Πόπλιος Νιγίδιος Φίγουλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πόπλιος Νιγίδιος Φίγουλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publio_Nigidio_F%C3%ADgulo" title="Publio Nigidio Fígulo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Publio Nigidio Fígulo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="فیگولوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فیگولوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigidius_Figulus" title="Nigidius Figulus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nigidius Figulus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publio_Nigidio_Figulo" title="Publio Nigidio Figulo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Publio Nigidio Figulo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="نيجيديوس فيجولوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="نيجيديوس فيجولوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AE%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A6%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ニギディウス・フィグルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ニギディウス・フィグルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publiusz_Nigidiusz_Figulus" title="Publiusz Nigidiusz Figulus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Publiusz Nigidiusz Figulus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nig%C3%ADdio_F%C3%ADgulo" title="Nigídio Fígulo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Nigídio Fígulo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Публий Нигидий Фигул – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Публий Нигидий Фигул" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigidius_Figulus" title="Nigidius Figulus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nigidius Figulus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigidije_Figul" title="Nigidije Figul – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nigidije Figul" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigidius_Figulus" title="Nigidius Figulus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nigidius Figulus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publius_Nigidius_Figulus" title="Publius Nigidius Figulus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Publius Nigidius Figulus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%9D%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%B9_%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Публій Нігідій Фігул – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Публій Нігідій Фігул" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q175042#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Figulus" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Figulus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Figulus (disambiguation)">Figulus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p><b>Publius Nigidius Figulus</b> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 98</span> – 45 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a scholar of the Late <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and one of the <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetors</a> for 58 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-Conte1999_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Conte1999-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a friend of <a href="/wiki/Cicero" title="Cicero">Cicero</a>, to whom he gave his support at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Catilinarian_conspiracy" title="Catilinarian conspiracy">Catilinarian conspiracy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigidius sided with the <a href="/wiki/Optimates" class="mw-redirect" title="Optimates">Optimates</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caesar%27s_civil_war" title="Caesar's civil war">civil war</a> between <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pompeius_Magnus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompeius Magnus">Pompeius Magnus</a>. </p><p>Among his contemporaries, Nigidius's reputation for learning was second only to that of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Terentius_Varro" title="Marcus Terentius Varro">Varro</a>. Even in his own time, his works were regarded as often abstruse, perhaps because of their esoteric <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a>, into which Nigidius incorporated <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> elements. <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> calls him <i>Pythagoricus et magus</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a "Pythagorean and <a href="/wiki/Magi" title="Magi">mage</a>," and in the medieval and Renaissance tradition he is portrayed as a magician, <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">diviner</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Occult#Occultism" title="Occult">occultist</a>. His vast works survive only in fragments preserved by other authors. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_career">Political career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigidius_Figulus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Political career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By 63 BC, Nigidius had been admitted to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He may have been <a href="/wiki/Aedile" title="Aedile">aedile</a> in 60 BC, when Cicero mentions that Nigidius was in a position to cite (<i>compellare</i>) a jury, or a <a href="/wiki/Tribune" title="Tribune">tribune of the <i>plebs</i></a> in 59.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a> in 58,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but no further official capacity is recorded for him until he serves as a <a href="/wiki/Legatus" class="mw-redirect" title="Legatus">legate</a> 52–51 BC in <a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a> under <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Minucius_Thermus_(propraetor_49_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintus Minucius Thermus (propraetor 49 BC)">Quintus Minucius Thermus</a>. He left the Asian province in July 51.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Momigliano" title="Arnaldo Momigliano">Arnaldo Momigliano</a> tried to explain the apparent contradictions between Nigidius's active political career and his occult practices: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nigidius Figulus and his friends were men of the world. They expected help from strange religious practices in trying to control what escaped them in the fast-moving world in which they lived. They had left behind the traditional ways of bargaining with the gods and were trying to discover safer rules for the interplay between men and gods.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Even Varro, though schooled in the <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoicism</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Aelius_Stilo_Praeconinus" title="Lucius Aelius Stilo Praeconinus">Aelius Stilo</a> and in skeptical <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Ascalon" title="Antiochus of Ascalon">Antiochean Platonism</a>, requested a Pythagorean funeral for himself.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 19th-century historian <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a> compared the occult interests of the Late Republic to the “<a href="/wiki/Seybert_Commission#Spirit_rappings" title="Seybert Commission">spirit-rapping</a> and <a href="/wiki/Table-turning" title="Table-turning">tablemoving</a>” that fascinated “men of the highest rank and greatest learning” in the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pythagoreanism was not associated with a particular political point of view at Rome. Nigidius remained staunchly among the conservative republicans of the senate, but <a href="/wiki/Publius_Vatinius" title="Publius Vatinius">Publius Vatinius</a>, the other best-known Pythagorean among his political contemporaries, was a fierce and long-term supporter of Caesar. The three eminent Roman intellectuals of the mid-1st century BC — Cicero, Varro, and Nigidius — supported Pompeius in the civil war. Caesar not only showed clemency toward Varro, but recognized his scholarly achievements by appointing him to develop the public library at Rome. Both Cicero and Varro wrote nearly all their work on religion under Caesar's <a href="/wiki/Roman_dictator" title="Roman dictator">dictatorship</a>. But despite Cicero's “rather inept and embarrassed” efforts,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigidius died in exile before obtaining a pardon. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarship">Scholarship</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigidius_Figulus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Scholarship"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to Cicero,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigidius tried with some success to revive the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Pythagoreanism" title="Pythagoreanism">Pythagoreanism</a>, which would have included <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, and arcana of the <a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">magical tradition</a>. He is supposed to have foretold the greatness of <a href="/wiki/Octavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian">Octavian</a>, the future <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, on the day of his birth.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a> records<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that, by the employment of magic boys (<i>magici pueri</i>), he helped to find a sum of money that had been lost. </p><p>His <i>Commentarii grammatici</i> in at least 29 books was a collection of <a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">linguistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammar" title="Grammar">grammatical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiquarianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquarianism">antiquarian</a> notes. Nigidius viewed the <a href="/wiki/Semiotics" title="Semiotics">meaning of words</a> as natural, not created by humans. He paid special attention to <a href="/wiki/Orthography" title="Orthography">orthography</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sought to differentiate the meanings of <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">grammatical cases</a> of like ending by <a href="/wiki/Diacritical_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritical marks">distinctive marks</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Apex_(diacritic)" title="Apex (diacritic)">apex</a> to indicate a long <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowel</a> was once incorrectly attributed to him, but has now been proven to be older.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymology</a> he tried to find a Roman explanation of words where possible; for example, he derived <i>frater</i> ("brother") from <i>fere alter</i>, "practically another (self)." <a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> speaks of a <a href="/wiki/Rhetoric" title="Rhetoric">rhetorical</a> treatise <i>De gestu</i> by him. </p><p>The scholarly approach of the <i>Commentarii</i> may be compared to that of Varro in its combination of grammatical subjects and antiquarianism, but Nigidius's esoteric and <a href="/wiki/History_of_science_in_Classical_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="History of science in Classical Antiquity">scientific</a> interests distinguish him.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Known titles of his works include two books on the <a href="/wiki/Celestial_spheres" title="Celestial spheres">celestial sphere</a>, one on the Greek system and the other on <a href="/wiki/Barbarian#Origin_of_the_term" title="Barbarian">"barbarian"</a>, or non-Greek, systems, a surviving fragment of which indicates that he treated <a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_Hellenistic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrology in Hellenistic Egypt">Egyptian astrology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His astrological work drew on the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> tradition and influenced <a href="/wiki/Martianus_Capella" title="Martianus Capella">Martianus Capella</a>, though probably through an intermediary source.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nigidius also wrote on the winds and on animals. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Piacenza_Bronzeleber.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Piacenza_Bronzeleber.jpg/200px-Piacenza_Bronzeleber.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Piacenza_Bronzeleber.jpg/300px-Piacenza_Bronzeleber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Piacenza_Bronzeleber.jpg/400px-Piacenza_Bronzeleber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Liver_of_Piacenza" title="Liver of Piacenza">Liver of Piacenza</a>, an Etruscan model in bronze of a sheep's liver marked for <a href="/wiki/Haruspicy" class="mw-redirect" title="Haruspicy">haruspicy</a></figcaption></figure> <p>His works on <a href="/wiki/Theology" title="Theology">theology</a> and other religious topics such as <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> included <i>De Diis</i> ("About the Gods"),<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an examination of various <a href="/wiki/Cult_(religious_practice)" title="Cult (religious practice)">cults</a> and ceremonials, and treatises on <a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">divination</a> (<i>De augurio privato</i> and <i>De <a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_ancient_Roman_religion#exta" title="Glossary of ancient Roman religion">extis</a></i>, the latter covering <a href="/wiki/Haruspex" title="Haruspex">haruspicy</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Oneiromancy" title="Oneiromancy">interpretation of dreams</a> (<i>De somniis</i>). The <a href="/wiki/History_of_literature" title="History of literature">literary historian</a> Gian Biaggio Conte notes that "the number of his fragments that has come down to us does not correspond to the general admiration felt by posterity for this interesting scholar-philosopher-scientist-magician" and attributes this loss to "the vastness and especially the obscurity of the works."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_literature">In literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigidius_Figulus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Annaeus_Lucanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Annaeus Lucanus">Lucan</a> concludes Book 1 of his epic <i>Bellum civile</i> (also known as the <i>Pharsalia</i>) with a portrayal of Nigidius uttering dire prophecies, based in part on astrological readings. <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> discusses the astronomical implications of the passage with <a href="/wiki/Herwart_von_Hohenburg" title="Herwart von Hohenburg">Herwart von Hohenburg</a> in their correspondence of 1597. An English translation of the relevant letters is available <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://facultystaff.richmond.edu/~wstevens/keplerlucan/allenglish.html">online.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigidius_Figulus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primary sources for the life of Nigidius Figulus include several references in Cicero's letters, and the <a href="/wiki/Scholiast" class="mw-redirect" title="Scholiast">scholiast</a> on Lucan, <i>Bellum civile</i> I. 639. Major sources for the fragments include <a href="/wiki/Aulus_Gellius" title="Aulus Gellius">Aulus Gellius</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nonius_Marcellus" title="Nonius Marcellus">Nonius</a>. Important 19th-century scholarship on Nigidius includes <a href="/wiki/Teuffel" class="mw-redirect" title="Teuffel">Teuffel</a>, <i>History of Roman Literature</i>, 170, and M. Hertz, <i>De N. F. studiis atque operibus</i> (1845). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Editions">Editions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigidius_Figulus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Editions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fragments of Nigidius's works are collected by A. Swoboda, <i>P. Nigidii Figuli Operum Reliquiae</i> (Amsterdam 1964, updated from the 1889 edition), with <i>Quaestiones Nigidianae</i>, a long and very useful introduction in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>. Swoboda includes a conspectus of sources for the fragments (pp. 138–140). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigidius_Figulus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neopythagoreanism" title="Neopythagoreanism">Neopythagoreanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nigidius_Figulus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a>, in his <i>Chronicon</i>, is the authority for the date of Nigidius's death.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Conte1999-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Conte1999_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGian_Biagio_Conte1999" class="citation book cs1">Gian Biagio Conte (4 November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NJGp_dkXnuUC&pg=PA220"><i>Latin Literature: A History</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/JHU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="JHU Press">JHU Press</a>. pp. 220–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6253-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6253-3"><bdi>978-0-8018-6253-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+Literature%3A+A+History&rft.pages=220-&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=1999-11-04&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6253-3&rft.au=Gian+Biagio+Conte&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNJGp_dkXnuUC%26pg%3DPA220&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigidius+Figulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>Cicero</i>, 20; Cicero, <i>Pro Sulla</i>, XIV. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>Pro Sulla</i> 42; <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <i>Augustus</i> 94.5; <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i>Cicero</i> 20.2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giovanni Niccolini, <i>I fasti dei tribuni della plebe</i> (Milan 1934), p. 281, based on Cicero, <i>Ad Atticum</i> 2.2.3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>Ad Quintum fratrem</i> 1.2.16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cicero, <i>Timaeus</i> 2; <a href="/wiki/T.R.S._Broughton" class="mw-redirect" title="T.R.S. Broughton">T.R.S. Broughton</a>, <i>The Magistrates of the Roman Republic</i>, vol. 2, 99 B.C.–31 B.C. (New York: American Philological Association, 1952), pp. 190, 193 (note 5), 194, 239, 245.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Momigliano" title="Arnaldo Momigliano">Arnaldo Momigliano</a>, "The Theological Efforts of the Roman Upper Classes in the First Century B.C.," <i>Classical Philology</i> 79 (1984), p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)"><i>Historia naturalis</i> 35.160</a>; Momigliano, "Theological Efforts," pp. 201–202.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a>, <i>History of Rome</i>, vol. IV (London 1867), p. 563 (Dickson’s translation).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Momigliano, "Theological Efforts," pp. 200–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Timaeus</i> 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Lives_of_the_Twelve_Caesars" class="mw-redirect" title="Lives of the Twelve Caesars">Lives of the Twelve Caesars</a></i>, <i>Augustus</i> 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Apuleius" title="Apuleius">Apuleius</a>, <i>Apologia</i> 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="/wiki/Revilo_P._Oliver" title="Revilo P. Oliver">Revilo P. Oliver</a>, "Apex and <a href="/wiki/Sicilicus" title="Sicilicus">Sicilicus</a>," <i>American Journal of Philology</i> 87 (1966) 129–170; Marcello De Martino, "Noctes Atticae, 13, 26 e il presunto ‘equivoco’ di Gellio: riaperto il caso del ‘casus interrogandi’", in Indogermanische Forschungen, 111, 2006 S. 192–226.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Quintilian" title="Quintilian">Quintilian</a>, <i>Instit. orat.</i> xi. 3. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gian Biaggio Conte, <i>Latin Literature</i> (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), pp. 220–221 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NJGp_dkXnuUC&dq=%22nigidius+figulus%22&pg=PA220">online.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A. Swoboda, <i>P. Nigidii Figuli Operum Reliquiae</i> (Amsterdam 1964), p.128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stefan Weinstock, "<a href="/wiki/Martianus_Capella" title="Martianus Capella">Martianus Capella</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmic System</a> of the Etruscans," <i>Journal of Roman Studies</i> 36 (1946) 101–129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gian Biaggio Conte, <i>Latin Literature</i> (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999), p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leofranc Holford-Strevens looks at several references to Nigidius in <i>Aulus Gellius: An Antonine Scholar and His Achievement</i> (Oxford University Press, 2005), limited preview <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nXTWaXWlzSsC&q=intitle:Aulus+intitle:Gellius+inauthor:Leofranc+inauthor:Holford-Strevens">online</a>; search Nigidius.</span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Sources</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Figulus, Publius Nigidius"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Figulus,_Publius_Nigidius">"Figulus, Publius Nigidius" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Figulus%2C+Publius+Nigidius&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANigidius+Figulus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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