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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Statue_Luluwa-Mus%C3%A9e_ethnologique_de_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Statue_Luluwa-Mus%C3%A9e_ethnologique_de_Berlin.jpg/220px-Statue_Luluwa-Mus%C3%A9e_ethnologique_de_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="301" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Statue_Luluwa-Mus%C3%A9e_ethnologique_de_Berlin.jpg/330px-Statue_Luluwa-Mus%C3%A9e_ethnologique_de_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Statue_Luluwa-Mus%C3%A9e_ethnologique_de_Berlin.jpg/440px-Statue_Luluwa-Mus%C3%A9e_ethnologique_de_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2238" data-file-height="3060" /></a><figcaption>A 19th century statue of a Lulua war chief, Ethnologisches Museum Berlin.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Lulua people</b> are a <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> ethnic group settled along the <a href="/wiki/Lulua_River" title="Lulua River">Lulua River</a> valley in south central <a href="/wiki/Kasai-Occidental" title="Kasai-Occidental">Kasai-Occidental</a> province, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>. The Lulua are in fact a collection of small groups whose home bordered by the larger Luba state and the related <a href="/wiki/Songye_people" title="Songye people">Songye people</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chokwe_people" title="Chokwe people">Chokwe people</a>, with whom they share a very similar culture, history, and language.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lulua lands are bordered on the south by other small ethnic groups, including the Mbagani, Lwalwa, Southern Kete, and the Salampasu.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rural Lulua remain mostly farmers.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_Lulua_identity">History of Lulua identity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulua_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of Lulua identity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> The name Lulua seems to have appeared in the last quarter of the 19th century, previously these groups simply being ethnically Luba people outside the Luba (or Baluba) political structure. <a href="/wiki/Georges_Nzongola-Ntalaja" title="Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja">Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja</a>, in his history of Congo, describes the history Lulua ethnicity as an invented ethnicity.<sup id="cite_ref-GNN2002_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNN2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><blockquote><p>There is no better example of the invention of ethnicity or, in other words, of how artificial ethnic identities can be than the Lulua--Baluba conflict. [p.103]</p></blockquote><p> In fact, the Lulua share language, matrilineal inheritance, and many other cultural traits with the Luba people and the Kondji or Luntu peoples. All three have been considered subgroups of the Luba, tracing their origins back to the Luba empire based in Katanga.<sup id="cite_ref-GNN2002_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNN2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, the Chokwe—another related group—identified a disparate collection of neighboring farming and hunting groups in the area between the Upper and Lower Kasai and Lulua Rivers as the "Beena Luluwa" (singular, "Mwena Luluwa") meaning "people by the Luluwa." The powerful <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba empire</a> in the 18th century helped push these small Luba hunting groups into their present home, according to oral sources, coming from the west. Their collective identity was limited to the institution of the "Kalamba", a judge and war leader to whom these small groups turned to in times of internal or external conflict. Nineteenth century European missionaries and travelers contributed to this process of ethnic differentiation from the Luba, defining these small communities in contradistinction to the states of their neighbors. Father A. Van Zandijcke, a Belgian missionary, reported that until 1870 there was no agreed collective name for the Lulua, with each kinship group or chieftaincy identifying themselves independently. By the first decade of the 20th century, the coming of Belgian colonialism along with pressure from the Luba empire and other neighbors, began to develop a Lulua collective identity. </p><p><sup id="cite_ref-LN_LFE2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LN_LFE2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Land disputes with neighbors helped lend a both a collective identity as well as feeding ethnic conflict, as did the Belgian colonial policy of formalising a "kingship", in the style of their neighbors, for the Lulua.<sup id="cite_ref-GNN2002_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNN2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LN_LFE2009_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LN_LFE2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tensions of the late colonial period finally culminated it what has been called the "Lulua--Baluba War", as communal violence exploded on 11 October 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-GNN2002_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNN2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Lulua–Baluba_War"><span id="The_Lulua.E2.80.93Baluba_War"></span>The Lulua–Baluba War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulua_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The Lulua–Baluba War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Congo_Crisis" title="Congo Crisis">Congo Crisis</a> at independence, there were violent conflicts with other ethnic groups, especially in the area of Kananga/Luluabourg's large self identified Lulua community.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 19th century, Baluba demographic pressures drove Lulua groups into what became the Belgian colonial area of <a href="/wiki/Luluabourg_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luluabourg (city)">Luluabourg</a>, later Kananga.<sup id="cite_ref-LN_LFE2009_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LN_LFE2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1920s, Baluba farmers from South Kasi began relocating again into more fertile Lulua lands in Kananga. Following the Second World War, Belgium began to grant some limited forms of local self-government to the Congolese. At the same time, educated Lulua, concerned by the relative political power of the Luba/Baluba ruling classes led by Sylvian Mangole Kalamba, formed an ethnic educational and political group called The Lulua Brothers (<i>Lulua Freres</i>) to pressure the colonial authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-GNN2002_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNN2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 1957, Baluba candidates won a number of municipal elections in Luluabourg, raising fears from Lulua elites that they were being displaced. Mobilizing politically around their Lulua identity, Lulua leaders swept the 1960 legislative elections for the provincial parliament. The Lulua led administration then proposed a plan to evict 100,000 ethnic Baluba farmers back to South Kasai. Ethnic based riots broke out in response on 11 October and escalated.<sup id="cite_ref-GNN2002_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNN2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LN_LFE2009_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LN_LFE2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This violence fed into already brewing political split between Lumumba's Congo nationalist MNC versus regionalists <a href="/wiki/Albert_Kalonji" title="Albert Kalonji">Albert Kalonji</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kasai_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasai region">Kasai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moise_Tshombe" class="mw-redirect" title="Moise Tshombe">Moise Tshombe</a>, president of <a href="/wiki/Katanga_Province" title="Katanga Province">Katanga Province</a>, was a precipitant of the <a href="/wiki/South_Kasai" title="South Kasai">South Kasai</a> secession of the Congo Crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-LN_LFE2009_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LN_LFE2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Lulua territories, central government troops and United Nation peacekeepers were rushed in to quell violence. These areas became the frontline for government forces, sandwiched as it was between both the South Kasai and the Katanga secessionist states. When order was finally reestablished in the Lulua majority area in February 1962, some 3000 to 7000 were dead in both communal violence and military action.<sup id="cite_ref-LN_LFE2009_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LN_LFE2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Congo Crisis would burn on until November 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-GNN2002_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GNN2002-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Arts">Arts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulua_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lulua arts are highly prized in the international collectors market. Lulua carved wood figures are identified with distinctive and extensive portrayal of scarification patterns (despite the fact that Lulua scarification traditions largely died out in the 19th century).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Carved figures serve a number of spiritual and decorative roles and are known for their refined artistry, while Lulua wooden masks are confined to secret society rituals and are made to be disposed after use.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tambour_Luluwa-Mus%C3%A9e_ethnologique_de_Berlin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tambour (Ethnological Museum of Berlin)"><img alt="Tambour (Ethnological Museum of Berlin)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tambour_Luluwa-Mus%C3%A9e_ethnologique_de_Berlin.jpg/92px-Tambour_Luluwa-Mus%C3%A9e_ethnologique_de_Berlin.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tambour_Luluwa-Mus%C3%A9e_ethnologique_de_Berlin.jpg/139px-Tambour_Luluwa-Mus%C3%A9e_ethnologique_de_Berlin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Tambour_Luluwa-Mus%C3%A9e_ethnologique_de_Berlin.jpg/185px-Tambour_Luluwa-Mus%C3%A9e_ethnologique_de_Berlin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="3066" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tambour (<a href="/wiki/Ethnological_Museum_of_Berlin" title="Ethnological Museum of Berlin">Ethnological Museum of Berlin</a>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Statuette_Lulua.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Statuette (Musée africain de l'île d'Aix [fr])"><img alt="Statuette (Musée africain de l'île d'Aix [fr])" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Statuette_Lulua.jpg/76px-Statuette_Lulua.jpg" decoding="async" width="76" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Statuette_Lulua.jpg/115px-Statuette_Lulua.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Statuette_Lulua.jpg/153px-Statuette_Lulua.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="1842" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statuette (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Mus%C3%A9e_africain_de_l%27%C3%AEle_d%27Aix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musée africain de l'île d'Aix (page does not exist)">Musée africain de l'île d'Aix</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_africain_de_l%27%C3%AEle_d%27Aix" class="extiw" title="fr:Musée africain de l'île d'Aix">fr</a>]</span>)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WLA_haa_Female_Figure_Bena_Lulua_people.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Female Figure, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bena Lulua people, 19th century"><img alt="Female Figure, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Bena Lulua people, 19th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/WLA_haa_Female_Figure_Bena_Lulua_people.jpg/91px-WLA_haa_Female_Figure_Bena_Lulua_people.jpg" decoding="async" width="91" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/WLA_haa_Female_Figure_Bena_Lulua_people.jpg/136px-WLA_haa_Female_Figure_Bena_Lulua_people.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/WLA_haa_Female_Figure_Bena_Lulua_people.jpg/181px-WLA_haa_Female_Figure_Bena_Lulua_people.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Female Figure, <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a>, Bena Lulua people, 19th century</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulua_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leo_Frobenius" title="Leo Frobenius">Leo Frobenius</a>, <i>Ethnographische Notizen aus den Jahren 1905 und 1906</i> (ed Hildegard Klein), F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden, Stuttgart, 1985, chapter III : <i>Luluwa, Süd-Kete, Bena Mai, Pende, Cokwe</i> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-04271-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-04271-7">3-515-04271-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mabika Kalanda, <i>Baluba et Lulua : une ethnie à la recherche d'un nouvel équilibre</i>, Éditions de Remarques congolaises, Bruxelles, 1959.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William McCutchan Morrison, Presbyterian Church in the U.S. American Presbyterian Congo Mission. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5gkUAAAAYAAJ">Grammar and dictionary of the Buluba-Lulua language</a> as spoken in the upper Kasai and <a href="/wiki/Congo_Basin" title="Congo Basin">Congo Basin</a>. American Tract Society, 1906</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Constantijn Petridis. Art and power in the Central African Savanna: Luba, Songye, Chokwe, Luluwa. Mercatorfonds, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mu?ammad Zuhd? Yakan <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B4VgTJaVqCwC">Almanac of African peoples & nations</a>. Transaction Publishers, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-433-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56000-433-2">978-1-56000-433-2</a> pp.485-6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GNN2002-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GNN2002_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GNN2002_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GNN2002_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GNN2002_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GNN2002_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GNN2002_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-GNN2002_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Georges Nzongola-Ntalaja. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qqWIvIAe2h4C">The Congo from Leopold to Kabila: a people's history. 2002.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LN_LFE2009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LN_LFE2009_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LN_LFE2009_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LN_LFE2009_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LN_LFE2009_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LN_LFE2009_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LN_LFE2009_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonce Ndikumana, Kisangani F. Emizet. The Economics of Civil War: The Case of the Democratic Republic of Congo. pp.63-88 in Understanding civil war: evidence and analysis, Volume 1. World Bank Publications 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-6047-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-6047-7">978-0-8213-6047-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugeen Roosens (ed). Creating ethnicity: the process of ethnogenesis. Volume 5 of Frontiers of anthropology. Sage Publications, 1989. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-3422-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8039-3422-1">978-0-8039-3422-1</a> pp.118-123</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fr.allafrica.com/stories/200908030570.html">Congo-Kinshasa: La fin du conflit Lulua-Luba (1961)</a> le Potentiel, 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomas R. Mockaitis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=THalVADg3EkC">Peace operations and intrastate conflict: the sword or the olive branch?</a> Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96173-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-96173-2">978-0-275-96173-2</a> pp.17-18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hope B. Werness. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Y5nr5fGiHIC">The Continuum Encyclopedia of Native Art: Worldview, Symbolism, and Culture in Africa, Oceania, and North America</a> Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1465-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1465-6">978-0-8264-1465-6</a> p.185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Petridis, « Luluwa masks », in <i>African Arts</i> (Los Angeles), 1999, vol. 32, No3, p. 91-94</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lulua_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> 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people">Nyindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amba_people" title="Amba people">Amba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avukaya_people" title="Avukaya people">Avukaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baka_people_(Congo_and_South_Sudan)" title="Baka people (Congo and South Sudan)">Baka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakwa_Dishi_tribe" title="Bakwa Dishi tribe">Bakwa Dishi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_people" title="Banda people">Banda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyamulenge" title="Banyamulenge">Banyamulenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barambu_people" title="Barambu people">Barambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemba_people" title="Bemba people">Bemba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bembe_people" title="Bembe people">Bembe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boa_people" title="Boa people">Boa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budu_people" title="Budu people">Budu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunda_people" title="Bunda people">Bunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwile_people" title="Bwile people">Bwile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokwe_people" title="Chokwe people">Chokwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dengese_people" title="Dengese people">Dengese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ef%C3%A9_people" title="Efé people">Efé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furiiru_people" title="Furiiru people">Furiiru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garanganze_people" title="Garanganze people">Garanganze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gbaya_people" title="Gbaya people">Gbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Twa" title="Great Lakes Twa">Great Lakes Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hema_people" title="Hema people">Hema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holoholo_people" title="Holoholo people">Holoholo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutu" title="Hutu">Hutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iyaelima_people" title="Iyaelima people">Iyaelima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakwa_people" title="Kakwa people">Kakwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kango_people" title="Kango people">Kango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kele_people_(Congo)" title="Kele people (Congo)">Kele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keliko_people" title="Keliko people">Keliko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kongo_people" title="Kongo people">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konjo_people" title="Konjo people">Konjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lega_people" title="Lega people">Lega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lele_people" title="Lele people">Lele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lendu_language" title="Lendu language">Lendu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logo_people" title="Logo people">Logo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luba_people" title="Luba people">Luba</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hemba_people" title="Hemba people">Hemba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lulua</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugbara_people" title="Lugbara people">Lugbara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunda_people" title="Lunda people">Lunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lungu_people" title="Lungu people">Lungu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makere_people" title="Makere people">Makere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayogo_people" title="Mayogo people">Mayogo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbaka_people" title="Mbaka people">Mbaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangbetu_people" title="Mangbetu people">Mangbetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbo_people_(Congo)" title="Mbo people (Congo)">Mbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbole_people" title="Mbole people">Mbole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbunda_people" title="Mbunda people">Mbunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mbuti_people" title="Mbuti people">Mbuti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongo_people" title="Mongo people">Mongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongo_Twa" title="Mongo Twa">Mongo Twa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mono_people_(Congo)" title="Mono people (Congo)">Mono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moru_people" title="Moru people">Moru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mpama_people" title="Mpama people">Mpama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ndaka_people" title="Ndaka people">Ndaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngando_people" title="Ngando people">Ngando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngata_people" title="Ngata people">Ngata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngbandi_people" title="Ngbandi people">Ngbandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyanga_people" title="Nyanga people">Nyanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pende_people" title="Pende people">Pende</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_people" title="Sanga people">Sanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songora" class="mw-redirect" title="Songora">Songora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songye_people" title="Songye people">Songye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suku_people" title="Suku people">Suku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbu_people" title="Tagbu people">Tagbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teke_people" title="Teke people">Teke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetela_people" title="Tetela people">Tetela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topoke_people" title="Topoke people">Topoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumbwe_people" title="Tumbwe people">Tumbwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turumbu_people" title="Turumbu people">Turumbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tutsi" title="Tutsi">Tutsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_people" title="Vira people">Vira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wochua_people" title="Wochua people">Wochua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaka_people" title="Yaka people">Yaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanzi_people" title="Yanzi people">Yanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakoma_people" title="Yakoma people">Yakoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yombe_people" title="Yombe people">Yombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yulu_people" title="Yulu people">Yulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zande_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Zande people">Zande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zyoba_people" title="Zyoba people">Zyoba</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Chinese people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="White people in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Europeans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Greeks in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Greek</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="History of the Jews in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Jewish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" 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