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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Basel I</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 16 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%84_1" title="بازل 1 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بازل 1" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilea_I" title="Basilea I – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Basilea I" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_I" title="Basel I – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Basel I" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_I" title="Basel I – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Basel I" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_I" title="Basel I – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Basel I" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilea_I" title="Basilea I – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Basilea I" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%84" title="سند اول بازل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سند اول بازل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A2le_I" title="Bâle I – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bâle I" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_I" title="Basel I – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Basel I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basilea_I" title="Basilea I – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Basilea I" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB_I" title="Базел I – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Базел I" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basel_I" title="Basel I – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Basel I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basileia_I" title="Basileia I – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Basileia I" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_I" title="Базель I – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Базель I" 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0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background: silver">Basel Framework <br /><small>International regulatory standards for banks</small></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision" title="Basel Committee on Banking Supervision">Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_Accords" title="Basel Accords">Basel Accords</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Basel I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_II" title="Basel II">Basel II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_III" title="Basel III">Basel III</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_coverage_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Liquidity coverage ratio">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Net_stable_funding_ratio" title="Net stable funding ratio">NSFR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_Review_of_the_Trading_Book" title="Fundamental Review of the Trading Book">FRTB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_III:_Finalising_post-crisis_reforms" title="Basel III: Finalising post-crisis reforms">Endgame</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight: normal; background: silver; padding-bottom: 0.3em;"> Background</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">Banking</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bank_regulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bank regulation">Regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monetary_policy" title="Monetary policy">Monetary policy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk" title="Risk">Risk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight: normal; background: silver; padding-bottom: 0.3em;"> Pillar 1: Regulatory capital</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_requirement" title="Capital requirement">Capital requirement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_adequacy_ratio" title="Capital adequacy ratio">Capital ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel_III#Leverage_ratio" title="Basel III">Leverage ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tier_1_capital" title="Tier 1 capital">Tier 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tier_2_capital" title="Tier 2 capital">Tier 2</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_risk" title="Credit risk">Credit risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(credit_risk)" title="Standardized approach (credit risk)">SA-CR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_ratings-based_approach_(credit_risk)" title="Internal ratings-based approach (credit risk)">IRB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_IRB" title="Foundation IRB">F-IRB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_IRB" title="Advanced IRB">A-IRB</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exposure_at_default" title="Exposure at default">EAD</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(counterparty_credit_risk)" title="Standardized approach (counterparty credit risk)">SA-CCR</a></li> <li>IMM</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_conversion_factor" title="Credit conversion factor">CCF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_risk" title="Market risk">Market risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(market_risk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Standardized approach (market risk)">Standardized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internal_models_approach_(market_risk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal models approach (market risk)">IMA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Credit_valuation_adjustment" title="Credit valuation adjustment">CVA vol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XVA#Accounting_impact" title="XVA">BA-CVA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XVA#Accounting_impact" title="XVA">SA-CVA</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operational_risk" title="Operational risk">Operational risk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basic_indicator_approach" title="Basic indicator approach">Basic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standardized_approach_(operational_risk)" title="Standardized approach (operational risk)">Standardized</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_measurement_approach" title="Advanced measurement approach">AMA</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight: normal; background: silver; padding-bottom: 0.3em;"> Pillar 2: Supervisory review</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_capital" title="Economic capital">Economic capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquidity_risk" title="Liquidity risk">Liquidity risk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_risk" title="Legal risk">Legal risk</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-weight: normal; background: silver; padding-bottom: 0.3em;"> Pillar 3: Market disclosure</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporation#Financial_disclosure" title="Corporation">Disclosure</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="font-weight: normal; background: silver"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Business_and_economics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:Business and economics">Business and Economics Portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basel_Framework" title="Template:Basel Framework"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basel_Framework" title="Template talk:Basel Framework"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basel_Framework" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basel Framework"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Basel I</b> is the first <a href="/wiki/Basel_Accords" title="Basel Accords">Basel Accord</a>. It arose from deliberations by <a href="/wiki/Central_banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Central banking">central bankers</a> from major countries during the late 1970s and 1980s. In 1988, the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision" title="Basel Committee on Banking Supervision">Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</a> (BCBS) in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Switzerland, published a set of minimum capital requirements for banks. It is also known as the 1988 Basel Accord, and was enforced by law in the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_Ten_(economic_1962)" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Ten (economic 1962)">Group of Ten</a> (G-10) countries in 1992. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basel_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Committee was formed in response to the messy liquidation of <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Herstatt_Bank" title="Herstatt Bank">Herstatt Bank</a> in 1974. On 26 June 1974 a number of banks had released <a href="/wiki/German_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="German mark">Deutschmarks</a> (the German currency) to the <a href="/wiki/Herstatt_Bank" title="Herstatt Bank">Herstatt Bank</a> in exchange for <a href="/wiki/US_dollar" class="mw-redirect" title="US dollar">dollar</a> payments deliverable in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Due to differences in the <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zones</a>, there was a lag in the dollar payment to the <a href="/wiki/Counterparty" title="Counterparty">counterparty</a> banks; during this lag period, before the dollar payments could be effected in New York, the Herstatt Bank was liquidated by German regulators. </p><p>This incident prompted the G-10 nations to form the <a href="/wiki/Basel_Committee_on_Banking_Supervision" title="Basel Committee on Banking Supervision">Basel Committee on Banking Supervision</a> in late 1974, under the auspices of the <a href="/wiki/Bank_for_International_Settlements" title="Bank for International Settlements">Bank for International Settlements</a> (BIS) located in <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Switzerland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Main_framework">Main framework</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basel_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Main framework"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basel I, that is, the 1988 Basel Accord, is primarily focused on <a href="/wiki/Credit_risk" title="Credit risk">credit risk</a> and appropriate <a href="/wiki/Risk-weighted_asset" title="Risk-weighted asset">risk-weighting of assets</a>. Assets of banks were classified and grouped in five categories according to credit risk, carrying risk weights of 0% (for example cash, <a href="/wiki/Bullion" title="Bullion">bullion</a>, home country debt like Treasuries), 20% (securitisations such as <a href="/wiki/Mortgage-backed_security" title="Mortgage-backed security">mortgage-backed securities</a> (MBS) with the highest AAA <a href="/wiki/Bond_credit_rating" title="Bond credit rating">rating</a>), 50% (municipal revenue bonds, residential mortgages), 100% (for example, most corporate debt), and some assets given no rating. Banks with an international presence are required to hold capital equal to 8% of their risk-weighted assets (RWA). </p><p>The tier 1 capital ratio = tier 1 capital / all RWA </p><p>The total capital ratio = (tier 1 + tier 2 capital) / all RWA </p><p>Leverage ratio = total capital/average total assets </p><p>Banks are also required to report <a href="/wiki/Off-balance-sheet" title="Off-balance-sheet">off-balance-sheet</a> items such as letters of credit, unused commitments, and derivatives. These all factor into the risk weighted assets, which are reported to regulators. In the United States, the report is typically submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Reserve_Bank" title="Federal Reserve Bank">Federal Reserve Bank</a> as HC-R for the bank-holding company and submitted to the <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Comptroller_of_the_Currency" title="Office of the Comptroller of the Currency">Office of the Comptroller of the Currency</a> (OCC) as RC-R for just the bank. </p><p>From 1988 this framework was progressively introduced in member countries of G-10, comprising 13 countries as of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basel_I&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>: <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. </p><p>Over 100 other countries also adopted, at least in name, the principles prescribed under Basel I. The efficacy with which the principles are enforced varies, even within nations of the Group. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basel_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Criticism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Basel I incentivized global banks to lend to members of the OECD and the IMF's <a href="/wiki/General_Arrangements_to_Borrow" class="mw-redirect" title="General Arrangements to Borrow">General Arrangements to Borrow</a> (GAB) while disincentivizing loans to non-members of these institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basel_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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.reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBruneau2021" class="citation journal cs1">Bruneau, Quentin (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/09692290.2021.1973536">"In the club: how and why central bankers created a hierarchy of sovereign borrowers, c. 1988–2007"</a>. <i>Review of International Political Economy</i>. <b>30</b>: 153–175. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09692290.2021.1973536">10.1080/09692290.2021.1973536</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0969-2290">0969-2290</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:244192046">244192046</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+International+Political+Economy&rft.atitle=In+the+club%3A+how+and+why+central+bankers+created+a+hierarchy+of+sovereign+borrowers%2C+c.+1988%E2%80%932007&rft.volume=30&rft.pages=153-175&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A244192046%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0969-2290&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09692290.2021.1973536&rft.aulast=Bruneau&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F09692290.2021.1973536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasel+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basel_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuillin2008" class="citation book cs1">Quillin, Bryce (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5cuTAgAAQBAJ"><i>International Financial Co-Operation: Political Economics of Compliance with the 1988 Basel Accord</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97959-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-97959-1"><bdi>978-1-135-97959-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Financial+Co-Operation%3A+Political+Economics+of+Compliance+with+the+1988+Basel+Accord&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-135-97959-1&rft.aulast=Quillin&rft.aufirst=Bryce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5cuTAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABasel+I" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basel_I&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bis.org">Bank for International Settlements</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bis.org/publ/bcbs04a.htm">Original text of the Basle Capital Accord</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basel_I&oldid=1232735929">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Basel_I&oldid=1232735929</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1988_in_Switzerland" title="Category:1988 in Switzerland">1988 in Switzerland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Financial_regulation" title="Category:Financial regulation">Financial regulation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bank_regulation" title="Category:Bank regulation">Bank regulation</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1988_in_economic_history" title="Category:1988 in economic history">1988 in economic history</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2013" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 July 2024, at 09:54<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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