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class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Totstandkoming" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Totstandkoming"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Totstandkoming</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Totstandkoming-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uitvoering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uitvoering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Uitvoering</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uitvoering-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uitvoering-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uitvoering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bestedingen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bestedingen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Bestedingen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bestedingen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voorwaarden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voorwaarden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Voorwaarden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voorwaarden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatuur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatuur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Literatuur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatuur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgave" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Marshallplan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 84 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall-plan" title="Marshall-plan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Marshall-plan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B9_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="مشروع مارشال – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مشروع مارشال" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Marshall" title="Plan Marshall – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Plan Marshall" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%9Fal_plan%C4%B1" title="Marşal planı – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Marşal planı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%A1ala_plans" title="Maršala plans – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Maršala plans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="План Маршала – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="План Маршала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Плян Маршала – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Плян Маршала" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%E2%80%9E%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%E2%80%9C" title="План „Маршал“ – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="План „Маршал“" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE" title="মার্শাল পরিকল্পনা – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মার্শাল পরিকল্পনা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallov_plan" title="Marshallov plan – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Marshallov plan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pla_Marshall" title="Pla Marshall – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pla Marshall" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianu_Marshall" title="Pianu Marshall – Corsicaans" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Pianu Marshall" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsicaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall%C5%AFv_pl%C3%A1n" title="Marshallův plán – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Marshallův plán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cynllun_Marshall" title="Cynllun Marshall – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cynllun Marshall" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallplanen" title="Marshallplanen – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Marshallplanen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallplan" title="Marshallplan – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Marshallplan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%87%CE%AD%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B1%CE%BB" title="Σχέδιο Μάρσαλ – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σχέδιο Μάρσαλ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Marshall Plan" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plano_Marshall" title="Plano Marshall – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Plano Marshall" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Marshall" title="Plan Marshall – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Plan Marshall" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshalli_plaan" title="Marshalli plaan – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Marshalli plaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plana" title="Marshall Plana – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Marshall Plana" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D8%AD_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84" title="طرح مارشال – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="طرح مارشال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall-apu" title="Marshall-apu – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Marshall-apu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallhj%C3%A1lpin" title="Marshallhjálpin – Faeröers" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Marshallhjálpin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faeröers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Marshall" title="Plan Marshall – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Plan Marshall" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Marshall" title="Plan Marshall – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Plan Marshall" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%9C" title="תוכנית מרשל – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תוכנית מרשל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="मार्शल योजना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मार्शल योजना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallov_plan" title="Marshallov plan – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Marshallov plan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall-terv" title="Marshall-terv – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Marshall-terv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB_%D5%BA%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Մարշալի պլան – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մարշալի պլան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rencana_Marshall" title="Rencana Marshall – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rencana Marshall" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projeto_Marshall" title="Projeto Marshall – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Projeto Marshall" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall%C3%A1%C3%A6tlunin" title="Marshalláætlunin – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Marshalláætlunin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piano_Marshall" title="Piano Marshall – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Piano Marshall" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9E%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%97%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="マーシャル・プラン – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="マーシャル・プラン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="მარშალის გეგმა – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მარშალის გეგმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB_%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Маршалл жоспары – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Маршалл жоспары" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%88%EC%85%9C_%ED%94%8C%EB%9E%9C" title="마셜 플랜 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="마셜 플랜" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Маршаллны планы – Karatsjaj-Balkarisch" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Маршаллны планы" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karatsjaj-Balkarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plana_Marshall" title="Plana Marshall – Koerdisch" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Plana Marshall" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Koerdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Towl_Marshall" title="Towl Marshall – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Towl Marshall" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallplang" title="Marshallplang – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Marshallplang" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%A1alo_planas" title="Maršalo planas – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Maršalo planas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81r%C5%A1ala_pl%C4%81ns" title="Māršala plāns – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Māršala plāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Маршалов план – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Маршалов план" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D3%A9%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%B2%D0%BB%D3%A9%D0%B3%D3%A9%D3%A9" title="Маршаллын төлөвлөгөө – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Маршаллын төлөвлөгөө" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rancangan_Marshall" title="Rancangan Marshall – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Rancangan Marshall" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%86" title="مارشال پلن – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مارشال پلن" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall-hjelpa" title="Marshall-hjelpa – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Marshall-hjelpa" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallplanen" title="Marshallplanen – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Marshallplanen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Marshall" title="Plan Marshall – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Plan Marshall" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plan_Marshalla" title="Plan Marshalla – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Plan Marshalla" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pian_Marshall" title="Pian Marshall – Piëmontees" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pian Marshall" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piëmontees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%81" title="مارشل منصوبہ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مارشل منصوبہ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86" title="د مارشال پلان – Pasjtoe" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د مارشال پلان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pasjtoe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plano_Marshall" title="Plano Marshall – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Plano Marshall" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planul_Marshall" title="Planul Marshall – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Planul Marshall" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="План Маршалла – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="План Маршалла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pranu_Marshall" title="Pranu Marshall – Sardijns" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pranu Marshall" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardijns" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pianu_Marshall" title="Pianu Marshall – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Pianu Marshall" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallov_plan" title="Marshallov plan – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Marshallov plan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%82%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%90%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8" title="මාෂල් සැලැස්ම – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මාෂල් සැලැස්ම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Marshall Plan" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallov_pl%C3%A1n" title="Marshallov plán – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Marshallov plán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallov_na%C4%8Drt" title="Marshallov načrt – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Marshallov načrt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plani_Marshall" title="Plani Marshall – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Plani Marshall" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Маршалов план – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Маршалов план" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshallplanen" title="Marshallplanen – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Marshallplanen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="மார்ஷல் திட்டம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மார்ஷல் திட்டம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%8C" title="แผนมาร์แชลล์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แผนมาร์แชลล์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar%C5%A1ali_plan" title="Maršali plan – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Maršali plan" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_Plan%C4%B1" title="Marshall Planı – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Marshall Planı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%84_%D9%BE%D9%89%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%89" title="مارشال پىلانى – Oeigoers" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مارشال پىلانى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Oeigoers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="План Маршалла – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="План Маршалла" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%84_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%81" title="مارشل منصوبہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="مارشل منصوبہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marshall_rejasi" title="Marshall rejasi – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Marshall rejasi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pian_Marshall" title="Pian Marshall – Venetiaans" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Pian Marshall" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BA%BF_ho%E1%BA%A1ch_Marshall" title="Kế hoạch Marshall – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Kế hoạch Marshall" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="马歇尔计划 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="马歇尔计划" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A8%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="მარშალიშ გეგმა – Mingreels" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მარშალიშ გეგმა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingreels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="马歇尔计划 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="马歇尔计划" data-language-autonym="中文" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">Uit Wikipedia, de vrije encyclopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="nl" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Marshall_Plan_poster.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Marshall_Plan_poster.JPG/260px-Marshall_Plan_poster.JPG" decoding="async" width="260" height="355" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Marshall_Plan_poster.JPG/390px-Marshall_Plan_poster.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Marshall_Plan_poster.JPG/520px-Marshall_Plan_poster.JPG 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="976" /></a><figcaption>Affiche van Marshallplan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/De_Noordam_brengt_de_eerste_Marshallgoederen.ogv/260px--De_Noordam_brengt_de_eerste_Marshallgoederen.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="213" data-durationhint="117" data-mwtitle="De_Noordam_brengt_de_eerste_Marshallgoederen.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Bestand:De_Noordam_brengt_de_eerste_Marshallgoederen.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/De_Noordam_brengt_de_eerste_Marshallgoederen.ogv/De_Noordam_brengt_de_eerste_Marshallgoederen.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="352" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/De_Noordam_brengt_de_eerste_Marshallgoederen.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="352" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/De_Noordam_brengt_de_eerste_Marshallgoederen.ogv/De_Noordam_brengt_de_eerste_Marshallgoederen.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="176" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/De_Noordam_brengt_de_eerste_Marshallgoederen.ogv/De_Noordam_brengt_de_eerste_Marshallgoederen.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="294" data-height="240" /></video></span><figcaption>De Noordam levert de eerste Marshallgoederen af in Rotterdam</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Amerikaanse_kolenleverantie_voor_de_Nederlandse_spoorwegen-514494.ogv/260px--Amerikaanse_kolenleverantie_voor_de_Nederlandse_spoorwegen-514494.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="260" height="195" data-durationhint="54" data-mwtitle="Amerikaanse_kolenleverantie_voor_de_Nederlandse_spoorwegen-514494.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/Bestand:Amerikaanse_kolenleverantie_voor_de_Nederlandse_spoorwegen-514494.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Amerikaanse_kolenleverantie_voor_de_Nederlandse_spoorwegen-514494.ogv/Amerikaanse_kolenleverantie_voor_de_Nederlandse_spoorwegen-514494.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/54/Amerikaanse_kolenleverantie_voor_de_Nederlandse_spoorwegen-514494.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="768" data-height="576" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Amerikaanse_kolenleverantie_voor_de_Nederlandse_spoorwegen-514494.ogv/Amerikaanse_kolenleverantie_voor_de_Nederlandse_spoorwegen-514494.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Amerikaanse_kolenleverantie_voor_de_Nederlandse_spoorwegen-514494.ogv/Amerikaanse_kolenleverantie_voor_de_Nederlandse_spoorwegen-514494.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Amerikaanse_kolenleverantie_voor_de_Nederlandse_spoorwegen-514494.ogv/Amerikaanse_kolenleverantie_voor_de_Nederlandse_spoorwegen-514494.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/54/Amerikaanse_kolenleverantie_voor_de_Nederlandse_spoorwegen-514494.ogv/Amerikaanse_kolenleverantie_voor_de_Nederlandse_spoorwegen-514494.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Kolen voor de <a href="/wiki/Nederlandse_Spoorwegen#Wederopbouw" title="Nederlandse Spoorwegen">Nederlandse Spoorwegen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polygoonjournaal" title="Polygoonjournaal">Polygoonjournaal</a> september 1948</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Marshallplanhilfe.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Marshallplanhilfe.gif/260px-Marshallplanhilfe.gif" decoding="async" width="260" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Marshallplanhilfe.gif/390px-Marshallplanhilfe.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Marshallplanhilfe.gif/520px-Marshallplanhilfe.gif 2x" data-file-width="1849" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>Affiche over verleende Marshallhulp in Duitsland (<a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Marshall_Plan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Marshall_Plan.svg/260px-Marshall_Plan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Marshall_Plan.svg/390px-Marshall_Plan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Marshall_Plan.svg/520px-Marshall_Plan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="454" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Verdeling van de Marshallhulp over de Europese landen</figcaption></figure> <p>Het <b>Marshallplan</b> was een omvangrijk materieel hulpplan, dat op initiatief van de toenmalige Amerikaanse minister van Buitenlandse Zaken <a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> drie jaar na de <a href="/wiki/Tweede_Wereldoorlog" title="Tweede Wereldoorlog">Tweede Wereldoorlog</a> in werking trad. </p><p>Dit <i>European Recovery Program</i> (ERP) was gericht op de economische wederopbouw van de door de oorlog getroffen landen in <a href="/wiki/Europa_(continent)" class="mw-redirect" title="Europa (continent)">Europa</a>. Een belangrijke drijfveer van deze hulp was het vormen van een sterke <a href="/wiki/Bufferzone" title="Bufferzone">buffer</a> tegen de <a href="/wiki/Expansionisme_(politiek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Expansionisme (politiek)">expansie</a> van het <a href="/wiki/Communisme" title="Communisme">communisme</a> vanuit de <a href="/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie">Sovjet-Unie</a> van <a href="/wiki/Jozef_Stalin" title="Jozef Stalin">Stalin</a>. De betrekkingen tussen de <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Staten" title="Verenigde Staten">Verenigde Staten</a> en de <a href="/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie">Sovjet-Unie</a> waren namelijk in sneltempo verslechterd en hadden geleid tot de "<a href="/wiki/Trumandoctrine" title="Trumandoctrine">Trumandoctrine</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Totstandkoming">Totstandkoming</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshallplan&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Totstandkoming" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshallplan&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Totstandkoming"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Marshall deed het voorstel officieel op <a href="/wiki/5_juni" title="5 juni">5 juni</a> <a href="/wiki/1947" title="1947">1947</a> in een toespraak aan de <a href="/wiki/Harvard-universiteit" title="Harvard-universiteit">Harvard</a>-<a href="/wiki/Universiteit" title="Universiteit">universiteit</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_(Massachusetts)" title="Cambridge (Massachusetts)">Cambridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. Hij stelde daarbij de voorwaarde dat de deelnemende landen met een gemeenschappelijk Europees plan zouden komen. </p><p>Eind juni organiseerde de Britse minister van Buitenlandse Zaken <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Bevin" title="Ernest Bevin">Bevin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parijs" title="Parijs">Parijs</a> een driemogendhedenconferentie. De Russische minister <a href="/wiki/Vjatsjeslav_Molotov" title="Vjatsjeslav Molotov">Molotov</a> verzette zich tegen het Marshallplan dat hij beschouwde als een 'bedreiging voor de soevereiniteit van de kleine Europese landen.' </p><p>Op een conferentie in <a href="/wiki/Parijs" title="Parijs">Parijs</a>, die in juli 1947 plaatsvond, waren zestien Europese landen vertegenwoordigd om het plan te bespreken. <a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a> (dat onder <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Franco</a> formeel neutraal was gebleven) en de <a href="/wiki/Sovjet-Unie" title="Sovjet-Unie">Sovjet-Unie</a> waren niet uitgenodigd. Diverse Oost-Europese landen die ook voor hulp en deelname in aanmerking kwamen, namen op last van Stalin niet deel aan de conferentie. </p><p>De West-Europese landen stelden in september 1947 samen een economisch herstelplan op dat vervolgens aan de Amerikaanse senaat werd overhandigd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uitvoering">Uitvoering</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshallplan&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Uitvoering" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshallplan&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Uitvoering"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> De hulp bestond tussen <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a> en <a href="/wiki/1952" title="1952">1952</a> concreet uit geld, goederen, grondstoffen en levensmiddelen, deels in de vorm van lening, voor het overige als gift.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> De uitvoering van het plan lag, van 1948 tot 1951, in handen van de Amerikaanse overheidsinstantie <a href="/w/index.php?title=Economic_Cooperation_Administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Economic Cooperation Administration (de pagina bestaat niet)">Economic Cooperation Administration</a>. Voor veel mensen maakte deze hulp het verschil tussen leven en dood. Uiteindelijk bedroeg de Marshallhulp een totaalwaarde van 12,4 miljard dollar vanuit de <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Staten" title="Verenigde Staten">Verenigde Staten</a>, wat neerkomt op ongeveer 148 miljard dollar in 2020. Van die 12,4 miljard kwam 1,5 miljard ten goede aan het verwoeste <a href="/wiki/Bondsrepubliek_Duitsland_(1949-1990)" title="Bondsrepubliek Duitsland (1949-1990)">Duitsland</a>, waardoor dit land de oude, waardeloos geworden <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">Reichsmark</a> op 20/21 juli 1948 kon vervangen door de <a href="/wiki/Duitse_mark" title="Duitse mark">Duitse mark</a> en de lege winkelschappen weer gevuld konden worden.</p><div class="hatnote" style="margin-bottom:0.5em; padding:0.5em 0 0.5em 1.6em; font-size:95%;" role="note"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/15px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/23px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/1rightarrow_blue.svg/30px-1rightarrow_blue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> <i>Zie <a href="/wiki/Economie_van_nazi-Duitsland#Ineenstorting_van_de_economie_vanaf_1944" title="Economie van nazi-Duitsland">Economie van nazi-Duitsland#Ineenstorting van de economie vanaf 1944</a> voor het hoofdartikel over dit onderwerp.</i></div><p>Ook de andere landen die deelden in de Marshallhulp, kregen hierdoor een belangrijke impuls voor de opbouw van hun industrieën en energievoorziening. </p><p>Ten onrechte wordt vaak gedacht dat de economische opleving in West–Europa, die al snel na de Tweede Wereldoorlog ontstond, grotendeels is toe te schrijven aan de Marshallhulp. Eind 1947, dus vóór de uitvoering van het Marshallplan, waren de Britse, Franse en Nederlandse productie alweer op het vooroorlogse niveau. Italië en België volgden eind 1948. In Nederland was tijdens de eerste jaren van de bezetting de industriële productiecapaciteit gegroeid. Na de bevrijding kon deze worden aangewend voor de wederopbouw.<sup id="cite_ref-zanden_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zanden-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-kleemann_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kleemann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Voor Nederland was de Marshallhulp vooral van economisch belang omdat de Amerikaanse deviezentoekenning met name het economisch herstel van West-Duitsland bevorderde, en een aanzet tot effectieve Europese samenwerking was.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van economisch belang voor de ERP-landen was dat de Marshallhulp hen ertoe aan zette om hun monetair beleid in dienst te stellen van herstel en uitbreiding van de internationale handel en prijsstabiliteit. Deze ontwikkelingen zijn belangrijk geweest voor de verdere Europese economische ontwikkeling na beëindiging van de Marshallhulp.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Van nog groter belang voor de wederopbouw in Nederland waren de financiële voordelen die Nederland aan de soevereiniteitsoverdracht met Indonesië overhield, in totaal meer dan 103 miljard euro.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bestedingen">Bestedingen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshallplan&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bestedingen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshallplan&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bestedingen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het Amerikaanse geld werd verdeeld over de diverse landen waarbij de bevolkingsomvang als belangrijke maatstaf bij de verdeling werd meegenomen. Nederland kreeg een bijdrage van 112 <a href="/wiki/Amerikaanse_dollar" title="Amerikaanse dollar">dollar</a> en voor België en Luxemburg lag dit rond de 87 dollar per hoofd. Het Verenigd Koninkrijk telde toen 50 miljoen inwoners en kreeg 66 dollar per hoofd. Italië kreeg in totaal iets meer hulp dan Nederland, maar telde in 1950 wel bijna vijfmaal zoveel inwoners als Nederland. </p><p>De grote geïndustrialiseerde landen kregen relatief meer geld omdat hun herstel meer dan proportioneel zou bijdragen aan de economische vooruitgang van het hele gebied. De landen die aan de zijde van de Amerikanen hebben meegevochten kregen ook relatief meer in vergelijking tot de neutrale landen en de voormalige <a href="/wiki/Asmogendheden" title="Asmogendheden">Asmogendheden</a>. In de onderstaande tabel zijn de bedragen per land en per jaar opgenomen, de bedragen zijn indicatief want er bestaat geen consensus over de exacte definitie van de Amerikaanse hulp onder dit plan. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Land<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th> <th>1948/49<br />(<a href="/wiki/Amerikaanse_dollar" title="Amerikaanse dollar">US$ miljoen</a>) </th> <th>1949/50<br />(US$ miljoen) </th> <th>1950/51<br />(US$ miljoen) </th> <th>Cumulatief<br />(US$ miljoen) </th> <th>Idem aandeel<br />in totaal </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">België en Luxemburg </td> <td>195 </td> <td>222 </td> <td>360 </td> <td>777 </td> <td>6,1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Denemarken </td> <td>103 </td> <td>87 </td> <td>195 </td> <td>385 </td> <td>3,0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Frankrijk </td> <td>1085 </td> <td>691 </td> <td>520 </td> <td>2296 </td> <td>18,0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Griekenland </td> <td>175 </td> <td>156 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>376 </td> <td>3,0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">IJsland </td> <td>6 </td> <td>22 </td> <td>15 </td> <td>43 </td> <td>0,3% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Ierland </td> <td>88 </td> <td>45 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>133 </td> <td>1,0% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Italië & Triëst </td> <td>594 </td> <td>405 </td> <td>205 </td> <td>1204 </td> <td>9,5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Nederland </td> <td>471 </td> <td>302 </td> <td>355 </td> <td>1128 </td> <td>8,9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Noorwegen </td> <td>82 </td> <td>90 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>372 </td> <td>2,9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Oostenrijk </td> <td>232 </td> <td>166 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>468 </td> <td>3,7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Portugal </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>70 </td> <td>0,5% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Turkije </td> <td>28 </td> <td>59 </td> <td>50 </td> <td>137 </td> <td>1,1% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Verenigd Koninkrijk </td> <td>1316 </td> <td>921 </td> <td>1060 </td> <td>3297 </td> <td>25,9% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">West-Duitsland </td> <td>510 </td> <td>438 </td> <td>500 </td> <td>1448 </td> <td>11,4% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Zweden </td> <td>39 </td> <td>48 </td> <td>260 </td> <td>347 </td> <td>2,7% </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: left">Zwitserland </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>250 </td> <td>250 </td> <td>2,0% </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <th style="text-align: left;"><b>Totaal</b> </th> <th>4924 </th> <th>3652 </th> <th>4155 </th> <th>12.731 </th> <th>100% </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voorwaarden">Voorwaarden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshallplan&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Voorwaarden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshallplan&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Voorwaarden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Frankrijk en Italië werden duidelijke voorwaarden aan de hulp gesteld. In mei 1947 werden de communisten, onder druk, uit de Franse regering gezet. Een maand later kreeg ook de Italiaanse regering een duidelijk anticommunistisch gezicht. Voor <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederland</a> dreigde de Marshallhulp twee keer voortijdig te eindigen. In 1949 dreigden de Verenigde Staten met het intrekken van de Marshallhulp naar aanleiding van de <a href="/wiki/Politionele_acties" class="mw-redirect" title="Politionele acties">politionele acties</a> in Nederlands-Indië. Toen de Verenigde Staten in 1950 de <a href="/wiki/Koreaanse_Oorlog" title="Koreaanse Oorlog">Koreaanse Oorlog</a> tegen het <a href="/wiki/Communisme" title="Communisme">communisme</a> begonnen, vroegen ze aan <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederland</a> troepen te sturen. Toen Nederland dit weigerde, dreigde de VS opnieuw de Marshallhulp op te zeggen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatuur">Literatuur</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshallplan&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Literatuur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marshallplan&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Literatuur"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Benn Steil, <i>The Marshall Plan. Dawn of the Cold War</i>, 2018, <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9780198757917" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9780198757917">ISBN 9780198757917</a></span></li></ul> <div class="interProject wikisource mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/en:The_Marshall_Plan_Speech" class="extiw" title="s:en:The Marshall Plan Speech">Wikisource</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/25px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/50px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div>Werken van of over dit onderwerp zijn te vinden op de pagina <i><b><a href="https://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/en:The_Marshall_Plan_Speech" class="extiw" title="s:en:The Marshall Plan Speech">The Marshall Plan Speech (Engelstalig)</a></b></i> op <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</div> </div> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marshall_Plan#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Marshall Plan">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/38px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/50px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div>Zie de categorie <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Marshall_Plan#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></b></i> van <a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Wikimedia Commons">Wikimedia Commons</a> voor mediabestanden over dit onderwerp.</div> </div> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy W. Guinnane, FINANCIAL VERGANGENHEITSBEWÄLTIGUNG: THE 1953 LONDON DEBT AGREEMENT</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">John Agnew, J. Nicholas Entrikin, The Marshall Plan today: model and metaphor</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zanden-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-zanden_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jan_Luiten_van_Zanden" title="Jan Luiten van Zanden">Jan Luiten van Zanden</a>, <i>The Economic History of the Netherlands 1914-1995</i>, Routledge, 1998, <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/04_1515_003_5" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/04 1515 003 5">ISBN 04 1515 003 5</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kleemann-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-kleemann_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hein_A.M._Klemann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hein A.M. Klemann (de pagina bestaat niet)">Hein A.M. Klemann</a>, <i>De Nederlandse economie en de Tweede Wereldoorlog</i>, in: “Tijdschrift voor geschiedenis”, Volume 110, p. 3-40, 1997</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Pierre van der Eng, <i>De Marshall-hulp, Een Perspectief voor Nederland, 1947-1953.</i> Houten: De Haan, 1987. <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9026942478" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9026942478">ISBN 9026942478</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Helma_Houtman-De_Smedt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Helma Houtman-De Smedt (de pagina bestaat niet)">Helma Houtman-De Smedt</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludo_Cuyvers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludo Cuyvers (de pagina bestaat niet)">Ludo Cuyvers</a>, <i>5 eeuwen wereldeconomie</i>, Universitaire Pers Leuven, 1999, <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9789061869245" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9789061869245">ISBN 9789061869245</a></span>, p.423 - 426</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <i>De prijs van de Onafhankelijkheid</i>, <a href="/wiki/Anne-Lot_Hoek" title="Anne-Lot Hoek">Anne-Lot Hoek</a> en Ewout van der Kleij, Groene Amsterdammer 2020, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.groene.nl/artikel/de-prijs-van-de-onafhankelijkheid">https://www.groene.nl/artikel/de-prijs-van-de-onafhankelijkheid</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231103203004/https://www.groene.nl/artikel/de-prijs-van-de-onafhankelijkheid">Gearchiveerd</a> op 3 november 2023.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Marshall Plan Fifty Years Later</i>, uitgeverij: Palgrave MacMillan, VK (2001) <span class="ISBN"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9780333929834" title="Speciaal:Boekbronnen/9780333929834">ISBN 9780333929834</a></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marshallplan&oldid=67749439">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marshallplan&oldid=67749439</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Alles" title="Categorie:Alles">Categorieën</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Geschiedenis_van_Europa" title="Categorie:Geschiedenis van Europa">Geschiedenis van Europa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Hulpverlening" title="Categorie:Hulpverlening">Hulpverlening</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:1947" title="Categorie:1947">1947</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Deze pagina is voor het laatst bewerkt op 30 jun 2024 om 13:32.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">De tekst is beschikbaar onder de licentie <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.nl">Creative Commons Naamsvermelding/Gelijk delen</a>, er kunnen aanvullende voorwaarden van toepassing zijn. 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