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class="cdc-m-header__placeholder"></div><div class="cdc-m-header__inner"><div class="cdc-m-guider-banner is-sticky"><div class="cdc-m-guider-banner__guide-mvp" track-exposure="{"areaId":118000}" track-click="{"areaId":118000}"><div class="cdc-m-guider-banner__guide-mvp-text">精选内容/技术社群/优惠产品,<em>尽在小程序</em></div><div class="cdc-m-guider-banner__guide-mvp-btn">立即前往</div></div></div><div class="cdc-m-header__main"><div class="cdc-m-header__trigger"></div><div class="cdc-m-header__logo"><i class="cdc-m-header__logo-icon"></i></div><div class="cdc-m-header__search"><i class="cdc-m-header__search-icon"></i></div><div class="cdc-m-header__operate"><span class="cdc-m-header__operate-icon"></span></div></div></div></div><div class="J-body col-body news-body"><div class="com-body" qct-area="快讯详情页"><div class="com-body-main"><div class="com-2-layout"><div class="layout-main"><div><section class="c-mod col-article"><h1 class="col-article-title">全球顶级AI实验室？DeepMind、OpenAI和FAIR霸榜前三</h1><div class="col-article-infos"><span class="article-infos-item">文章来源：51cto</span><span class="article-infos-item">佚名</span><div class="extra-part"><div class="com-operations"><a href="javascript:;" class="com-opt-link link-report link-hidden"><i class="com-i-warn"></i>举报</a></div></div></div><div id="news-detail-content-product-container"></div><div><div class="rno-markdown undefined rno-"><p>美国的大型科技公司如谷歌、 Facebook、亚马逊、苹果和微软，在过去十年里都建立了专门的人工智能实验室。</p><figure class=""><div class="image-block"><span class="lazy-image-holder" dataurl="https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/ti62hf3fez.jpeg"></span></div></figure><p>如果问AI研究人员世界上最顶级的AI实验室是哪个？</p><p>很多人无法给出答案，但说到前三名大家几乎可以给出一致意见：DeepMind、OpenAI和FAIR。</p><p>这三家顶级AI实验室分别背靠谷歌、微软和Facebook，同时这三家实验室是纯AI研究实验室，Alphabet每年都会给DeepMind拨款数亿美元，微软在OpenAI创始投资者10亿美元的基础上也投资了10亿美元，Facebook未对 FAIR的投资资金进行分类，但也是耗资不菲。</p><figure class=""><div class="image-block"><span class="lazy-image-holder" dataurl="https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/piow409tia.jpeg"></span></div></figure><p>「从名声上说，DeepMind、 OpenAI 和 FAIR是前三名」，乔治亚理工大学交互计算学院的副教授马克 · 里德尔如此说道。</p><p>还有一位匿名的专家表示，DeepMind，OpenAI 和 FAIR 可能是已知资金最多的三个纯人工智能研究实验室，同时他还在提到中国的科技巨头时说，百度和腾讯的实验室情况如何还未可知。</p><p><strong>DeepMind</strong></p><p>DeepMind是一家英国的人工智能公司。公司创建于2010年，最初名称是DeepMind科技（DeepMind Technologies Limited），在2014年被谷歌收购。</p><p>DeepMind 最出名的是 AlphaGo ，它在围棋游戏中挑战并击败了世界上最好的人类棋手，甚至还有一部关于 AlphaGo 战胜韩国围棋传奇李世石的 Netflix 纪录片。</p><figure class=""><div class="image-block"><span class="lazy-image-holder" dataurl="https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/k8cs5lyeue.jpeg"></span></div></figure><p>该公司目前正致力于利用人工智能解决人类最大的科学难题，去年年底，该公司在称为蛋白质折叠的生物学领域取得了突破：在有「蛋白质奥林匹克竞赛」称呼的国际蛋白质结构预测竞赛（CASP）上，AlphaFold 击败了其余的参会选手，能够精确地基于氨基酸序列，预测蛋白质的3D结构。</p><figure class=""><div class="image-block"><span class="lazy-image-holder" dataurl="https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/0wpatbimbj.jpeg"></span></div></figure><p>DeepMind于2014年开始开发人工智能围棋软件AlphaGo。</p><p>2015年10月，分布式版AlphaGo分先以5:0击败了欧洲围棋冠军、华裔法籍职业棋士樊麾二段。这是电脑围棋程序第一次在十九路棋盘且分先的情况下击败职业围棋棋手。</p><p>2016年3月，AlphaGo挑战世界冠军韩国职业棋士李世乭九段，对弈结果为AlphaGo 4:1战胜了李世乭。</p><p>2019年1月25日，DeepMind人工智能AlphaStar在《星海争霸II》以10：1战胜人类职业玩家。</p><p>2020年12月23日，DeepMind公布其AI 算法MuZero。</p><p><strong>OpenAI</strong></p><p>OpenAI成立于2015年底，总部位于旧金山，其创始人伊隆·马斯克以及萨姆·奥特曼最初成立它的动机是出于对强人工智能潜在风险的担忧。在成立短短五年的时间后，它就已经成为世界领先的人工智能研究实验室之一，最重要的是，它因其使命而受到大众的推崇：目标是第一个创造AGI——一种具有人类思维的学习和推理能力的机器。而且该实验室希望将其利益平均分配给全世界。</p><figure class=""><div class="image-block"><span class="lazy-image-holder" dataurl="https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/iaqrvkvwm4.jpeg"></span></div></figure><p>OpenAI 还开发了游戏人工智能软件，可以在 Dota II 等游戏中击败人类。然而，它更为出名的则是GPT-3和人工智能图像生成器 DALL-E。</p><figure class=""><div class="image-block"><span class="lazy-image-holder" dataurl="https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/myitqmenp1.jpeg"></span></div></figure><p>DALL-E是一个基于Transformer的语言模型，使用了GPT-3的120亿参数版本。它同时接收文本和图像作为单一数据流，其中包含多达1280个token，并使用最大似然估计来进行训练，以一个接一个地生成所有的token。这个训练过程不仅允许DALL-E可以从头开始生成图像，而且还可以重新生成现有图像的任何矩形区域，与文本提示内容基本一致。</p><p><strong>FAIR</strong></p><p>FAIR本身并没有像 AlphaGo 和 GPT-3那样著名的模型和应用，但是它的团队已经在 Facebook 本身感兴趣的领域发表了学术论文，包括计算机视觉、自然语言处理和对话型AI等。</p><p>成立FAIR的想法开始于 2013 年，Facebook的创始人扎克伯格，首席技术官 Mike Schroepfer 以及公司其他持有股票的领导，都在寻找着未来 10 到 20 年让公司保持竞争力的技术。</p><figure class=""><div class="image-block"><span class="lazy-image-holder" dataurl="https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/axnkzcu8hh.jpeg"></span></div></figure><p>Facebook 此前已经使用了机器学习技术，在它们的社交网络上决定用户会看到什么样的消息流，但相比最前沿的神经网络模型来说，这还是比较简单的事情。</p><p>当时一些 Facebook 的工程师们也在一直尝试卷积神经网络（CNNs），这是机器学习领域一个强大的方法，现在则普遍用于图像领域中。扎克伯格对人工智能的潜力印象极其深刻，即便是在早期阶段，所以他从 Google Brain 雇佣了一名工程师 Marc’Aurelio Ranzato。然后，他又找到了卷积神经网络的创造者：Yann LeCun。</p><figure class=""><div class="image-block"><span class="lazy-image-holder" dataurl="https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/awpkrp18jo.jpeg"></span></div></figure><p>在担任Facebook人工智能实验室负责人期间，他曾谈到Facebook的人工智能布局，并把组织结构定义为以下架构：</p><p>AI at Facebook = FAIR + Applied Machine Learning + Product Groups</p><p>即包含了：</p><p>1.FAIR，Facebook 人工智能实验室</p><p>2.Applied Machine Learning，应用机器学习部门</p><p>3.Product Groups，产品部署团队</p><p>不过之后他卸任了 Facebook 人工智能研究院（FAIR）院长一职，并转为担任首席 AI 科学家，专心从事研究工作。</p><p>衡量人工智能实验室影响力的其中一种方法就是看它在两个人工智能会议上发表了多少学术论文: NeurIPS 和 ICML。</p><p>2020年，谷歌有178篇论文被 NeurIPS 接收并发表，Microsft 有95篇，DeepMind 有59篇，Facebook 有58篇，IBM 有38篇，而亚马逊只有不到30篇。</p><figure class=""><div class="image-block"><span class="lazy-image-holder" dataurl="https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/3ntrcybkja.jpeg"></span></div></figure><p>同年在ICML上，谷歌有114篇论文被接收并发表，DeepMind 有51篇，微软有49篇，Facebook 有34篇，IBM 有19篇，亚马逊有18篇。</p><figure class=""><div class="image-block"><span class="lazy-image-holder" dataurl="https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/8ldd95rfyg.jpeg"></span></div></figure><p><strong>是真TOP3，还是强公关？</strong></p><p>人工智能一直被誉为一种有潜力带来新的工业革命并改变世界的技术。但至少就目前而言，它仍处于相对初级的阶段，能力也「有限」。例如，一个能够达到超人级别的国际象棋的AI就不知道如何制作煎蛋卷。</p><p>因此，也有人认为DeepMind、 OpenAI 和 FAIR 被广泛认为是排名前三的实验室，部分原因是「强大的公关游戏」。</p><p>微软研究院进行了大量人工智能的研究工作，完全可以进入顶级的行列。此外，Salesforce、亚马逊、 IBM也都有一些实力雄厚的研究项目，但同样没有成功进入前三名。</p><p>亚马逊前机器学习主任尼尔 · 劳伦斯表示，亚马逊没有一个大型的、集中化的人工智能研究实验室，因为它更专注于将技术带给客户，「如果要以(学术)出版物作为衡量标准，那么它就没有排名」。</p><p>此外，尽管这个排名并不关注大学的人工智能实验室，但是专家们认为斯坦福大学、麻省理工学院、加州大学伯克利分校、卡内基梅隆大学以及剑桥大学、伦敦大学学院和伦敦帝国理工学院都很强大。</p></div></div><div id="J-viewLargeImageBox" class="zoom-mask" style="display:none;width:100%;height:100%"><div class="zoom-close"></div><div class="zoom-wrap"><img/><div class="c-loading"><div class="c-loading-inner"><div class="one"></div><div class="two"></div><div class="three"></div></div></div></div></div><ul class="col-article-source"><li><span class="article-source-item">发表于: <time dateTime="2021-01-22 16:25:00" title="2021-01-22 16:25:00"> 2021-01-22<span class="com-v-box">2021-01-22 16:25:00</span></time></span></li><li>原文链接：http://news.51cto.com/art/202101/642390.htm</li><li>如有侵权，请联系 cloudcommunity@tencent.com 删除。</li></ul><div class="col-article-tags com-v-box"><nav class="col-tags"></nav></div><div class="com-widget-operations" style="visibility:hidden"><div class="main-cnt"><a href="javascript:;" class="com-opt-link link-like"><i class="com-i-like"></i><span class="text">0</span></a></div><div class="extra-cnt"><span class="com-opt-text share-text">分享</span><ul class="com-share-options"><li><div class="c-bubble-trigger"><a href="javascript:;" class="opt-item"><i class="opt-icon wechat"></i></a><div class="c-bubble c-bubble-left "><div class="c-bubble-inner"><div class="qr-img"></div><p class="qr-txt">分享快讯到朋友圈</p></div></div></div></li><li><div class="c-bubble-trigger"><a href="javascript:;" class="opt-item"><i class="opt-icon qq"></i></a><div class="c-bubble c-bubble-left 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window.$render({"newsDetail":{"id":763761,"title":"全球顶级AI实验室？DeepMind、OpenAI和FAIR霸榜前三","status":1,"mediaName":"51cto","crawlTime":1611350727,"publishTime":1611303900,"content":"entityMap|0|type|IMAGE|mutability|IMMUTABLE|data|imageUrl|https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/ti62hf3fez.jpeg|imageAlt|1|https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/piow409tia.jpeg|2|https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/k8cs5lyeue.jpeg|3|https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/0wpatbimbj.jpeg|4|https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/iaqrvkvwm4.jpeg|5|https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/myitqmenp1.jpeg|6|https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/axnkzcu8hh.jpeg|7|https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/awpkrp18jo.jpeg|8|https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/3ntrcybkja.jpeg|9|https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/8ldd95rfyg.jpeg|blocks|key|b0p25|text|美国的大型科技公司如谷歌、+Facebook、亚马逊、苹果和微软，在过去十年里都建立了专门的人工智能实验室。|unstyled|depth|inlineStyleRanges|entityRanges|5fu0l|📷|atomic|offset|length|1h8ev|如果问AI研究人员世界上最顶级的AI实验室是哪个？|d8q98|很多人无法给出答案，但说到前三名大家几乎可以给出一致意见：DeepMind、OpenAI和FAIR。|6gk6m|这三家顶级AI实验室分别背靠谷歌、微软和Facebook，同时这三家实验室是纯AI研究实验室，Alphabet每年都会给DeepMind拨款数亿美元，微软在OpenAI创始投资者10亿美元的基础上也投资了10亿美元，Facebook未对+FAIR的投资资金进行分类，但也是耗资不菲。|cn777|5ui4d|「从名声上说，DeepMind、+OpenAI+和+FAIR是前三名」，乔治亚理工大学交互计算学院的副教授马克+·+里德尔如此说道。|d0g87|还有一位匿名的专家表示，DeepMind，OpenAI+和+FAIR+可能是已知资金最多的三个纯人工智能研究实验室，同时他还在提到中国的科技巨头时说，百度和腾讯的实验室情况如何还未可知。|5r26d|DeepMind|style|BOLD|9ocbd|DeepMind是一家英国的人工智能公司。公司创建于2010年，最初名称是DeepMind科技（DeepMind+Technologies+Limited），在2014年被谷歌收购。|cuma7|DeepMind+最出名的是+AlphaGo+，它在围棋游戏中挑战并击败了世界上最好的人类棋手，甚至还有一部关于+AlphaGo+战胜韩国围棋传奇李世石的+Netflix+纪录片。|a8g1t|erg4m|该公司目前正致力于利用人工智能解决人类最大的科学难题，去年年底，该公司在称为蛋白质折叠的生物学领域取得了突破：在有「蛋白质奥林匹克竞赛」称呼的国际蛋白质结构预测竞赛（CASP）上，AlphaFold+击败了其余的参会选手，能够精确地基于氨基酸序列，预测蛋白质的3D结构。|6qo45|9lm7u|DeepMind于2014年开始开发人工智能围棋软件AlphaGo。|evo1v|2015年10月，分布式版AlphaGo分先以5:0击败了欧洲围棋冠军、华裔法籍职业棋士樊麾二段。这是电脑围棋程序第一次在十九路棋盘且分先的情况下击败职业围棋棋手。|cjkvd|2016年3月，AlphaGo挑战世界冠军韩国职业棋士李世乭九段，对弈结果为AlphaGo+4:1战胜了李世乭。|dv1bb|2019年1月25日，DeepMind人工智能AlphaStar在《星海争霸II》以10：1战胜人类职业玩家。|8l1id|2020年12月23日，DeepMind公布其AI+算法MuZero。|1qhtl|OpenAI|6cock|OpenAI成立于2015年底，总部位于旧金山，其创始人伊隆·马斯克以及萨姆·奥特曼最初成立它的动机是出于对强人工智能潜在风险的担忧。在成立短短五年的时间后，它就已经成为世界领先的人工智能研究实验室之一，最重要的是，它因其使命而受到大众的推崇：目标是第一个创造AGI——一种具有人类思维的学习和推理能力的机器。而且该实验室希望将其利益平均分配给全世界。|4d2e3|t9oq|OpenAI+还开发了游戏人工智能软件，可以在+Dota+II+等游戏中击败人类。然而，它更为出名的则是GPT-3和人工智能图像生成器+DALL-E。|afg4m|ah8pn|DALL-E是一个基于Transformer的语言模型，使用了GPT-3的120亿参数版本。它同时接收文本和图像作为单一数据流，其中包含多达1280个token，并使用最大似然估计来进行训练，以一个接一个地生成所有的token。这个训练过程不仅允许DALL-E可以从头开始生成图像，而且还可以重新生成现有图像的任何矩形区域，与文本提示内容基本一致。|53mm7|FAIR|a74hv|FAIR本身并没有像+AlphaGo+和+GPT-3那样著名的模型和应用，但是它的团队已经在+Facebook+本身感兴趣的领域发表了学术论文，包括计算机视觉、自然语言处理和对话型AI等。|68aq8|成立FAIR的想法开始于+2013+年，Facebook的创始人扎克伯格，首席技术官+Mike+Schroepfer+以及公司其他持有股票的领导，都在寻找着未来+10+到+20+年让公司保持竞争力的技术。|8jfei|81nvc|Facebook+此前已经使用了机器学习技术，在它们的社交网络上决定用户会看到什么样的消息流，但相比最前沿的神经网络模型来说，这还是比较简单的事情。|732ci|当时一些+Facebook+的工程师们也在一直尝试卷积神经网络（CNNs），这是机器学习领域一个强大的方法，现在则普遍用于图像领域中。扎克伯格对人工智能的潜力印象极其深刻，即便是在早期阶段，所以他从+Google+Brain+雇佣了一名工程师+Marc’Aurelio+Ranzato。然后，他又找到了卷积神经网络的创造者：Yann+LeCun。|9dogo|f2chv|在担任Facebook人工智能实验室负责人期间，他曾谈到Facebook的人工智能布局，并把组织结构定义为以下架构：|6q6qj|AI+at+Facebook+=+FAIR+%2B+Applied+Machine+Learning+%2B+Product+Groups|ea5ol|即包含了：|74ej5|1.FAIR，Facebook+人工智能实验室|csbam|2.Applied+Machine+Learning，应用机器学习部门|22o9h|3.Product+Groups，产品部署团队|5i6b6|不过之后他卸任了+Facebook+人工智能研究院（FAIR）院长一职，并转为担任首席+AI+科学家，专心从事研究工作。|8411p|衡量人工智能实验室影响力的其中一种方法就是看它在两个人工智能会议上发表了多少学术论文:+NeurIPS+和+ICML。|4adq1|2020年，谷歌有178篇论文被+NeurIPS+接收并发表，Microsft+有95篇，DeepMind+有59篇，Facebook+有58篇，IBM+有38篇，而亚马逊只有不到30篇。|9t7qd|6bekn|同年在ICML上，谷歌有114篇论文被接收并发表，DeepMind+有51篇，微软有49篇，Facebook+有34篇，IBM+有19篇，亚马逊有18篇。|65ca3|d6chk|是真TOP3，还是强公关？|d44cn|人工智能一直被誉为一种有潜力带来新的工业革命并改变世界的技术。但至少就目前而言，它仍处于相对初级的阶段，能力也「有限」。例如，一个能够达到超人级别的国际象棋的AI就不知道如何制作煎蛋卷。|cei47|因此，也有人认为DeepMind、+OpenAI+和+FAIR+被广泛认为是排名前三的实验室，部分原因是「强大的公关游戏」。|5t8hi|微软研究院进行了大量人工智能的研究工作，完全可以进入顶级的行列。此外，Salesforce、亚马逊、+IBM也都有一些实力雄厚的研究项目，但同样没有成功进入前三名。|4uak3|亚马逊前机器学习主任尼尔+·+劳伦斯表示，亚马逊没有一个大型的、集中化的人工智能研究实验室，因为它更专注于将技术带给客户，「如果要以(学术)出版物作为衡量标准，那么它就没有排名」。|ar7pj|此外，尽管这个排名并不关注大学的人工智能实验室，但是专家们认为斯坦福大学、麻省理工学院、加州大学伯克利分校、卡内基梅隆大学以及剑桥大学、伦敦大学学院和伦敦帝国理工学院都很强大。|otb7^0|0|0|1|0|0|0|0|0|0|1|1|0|0|0|0|8|0|0|0|0|1|2|0|0|0|1|3|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|6|0|0|0|1|4|0|0|0|1|5|0|0|0|4|0|0|0|0|1|6|0|0|0|0|1|7|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|0|1|8|0|0|0|1|9|0|0|D|0|0|0|0|0|0^^$0|$1|$2|3|4|5|6|$7|8|9|-4]]|A|$2|3|4|5|6|$7|B|9|-4]]|C|$2|3|4|5|6|$7|D|9|-4]]|E|$2|3|4|5|6|$7|F|9|-4]]|G|$2|3|4|5|6|$7|H|9|-4]]|I|$2|3|4|5|6|$7|J|9|-4]]|K|$2|3|4|5|6|$7|L|9|-4]]|M|$2|3|4|5|6|$7|N|9|-4]]|O|$2|3|4|5|6|$7|P|9|-4]]|Q|$2|3|4|5|6|$7|R|9|-4]]]|S|@$T|U|V|W|2|X|Y|3O|Z|@]|10|@]|6|$]]|$T|11|V|12|2|13|Y|3P|Z|@]|10|@$14|3Q|15|3R|T|3S]]|6|$]]|$T|16|V|17|2|X|Y|3T|Z|@]|10|@]|6|$]]|$T|18|V|19|2|X|Y|3U|Z|@]|10|@]|6|$]]|$T|1A|V|1B|2|X|Y|3V|Z|@]|10|@]|6|$]]|$T|1C|V|12|2|13|Y|3W|Z|@]|10|@$14|3X|15|3Y|T|3Z]]|6|$]]|$T|1D|V|1E|2|X|Y|40|Z|@]|10|@]|6|$]]|$T|1F|V|1G|2|X|Y|41|Z|@]|10|@]|6|$]]|$T|1H|V|1I|2|X|Y|42|Z|@$14|43|15|44|1J|1K]]|1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Facebook、亚马逊、苹果和微软，在过去十年里都建立了专门的人工智能实验室。\n\n如果问AI研究人员世界上最顶级的AI实验室是哪个？\n很多人无法给出答案，但说到前三名大家几乎可以给出一致意见：DeepMind、OpenAI和FAIR。\n这三家顶级AI实验室分别背靠谷歌、微软和Facebook，同时这三家实验室是纯AI研究实验室，Alphabet每年都会给DeepMind拨款数亿美元，微软在OpenAI创始投资者10亿美元的基础上也投资了10亿美元，Facebook","originalUrl":"http://news.51cto.com/art/202101/642390.htm","readNum":647,"likeNum":0,"coverImage":"https://ask.qcloudimg.com/http-save/yehe-13217092/ti62hf3fez.jpeg","auditTime":1611557184,"type":10,"extra":{"author":"佚名","contentType":"packed","source":"thirdParty"},"deleted":false,"keywords":[],"tags":{}},"adjacentNews":{"prevNews":{"id":763760,"articleId":763760,"newsId":763760,"title":"5nm芯片集体“翻车”，先进制程的尴尬","content":"","summary":"","abstract":"","status":1,"mediaName":"","crawlTime":0,"publishTime":0,"auditTime":0,"originalUrl":"","coverImage":"","coverImageUrl":"","type":0},"nextNews":{"id":763762,"articleId":763762,"newsId":763762,"title":"再等等，2025 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