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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9" title="بولي إيثيلين عالي الكثافة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولي إيثيلين عالي الكثافة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polietil%C3%A8_d%27alta_densitat" title="Polietilè d'alta densitat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Polietilè d'alta densitat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylen_s_vysokou_hustotou" title="Polyethylen s vysokou hustotou – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polyethylen s vysokou hustotou" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylen" title="Polyethylen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polyethylen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polietileno_de_alta_densidad" title="Polietileno de alta densidad – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Polietileno de alta densidad" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dentsitate_handiko_polietileno" title="Dentsitate handiko polietileno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Dentsitate handiko polietileno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%86_%DA%86%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7" title="پلی‌اتیلن چگالی بالا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلی‌اتیلن چگالی بالا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poly%C3%A9thyl%C3%A8ne_haute_densit%C3%A9" title="Polyéthylène haute densité – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polyéthylène haute densité" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%A0%EB%B0%80%EB%8F%84_%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%90%ED%8B%B8%EB%A0%8C" title="고밀도 폴리에틸렌 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="고밀도 폴리에틸렌" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polietilena_berdensitas_tinggi" title="Polietilena berdensitas tinggi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polietilena berdensitas tinggi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polietilene_ad_alta_densit%C3%A0" title="Polietilene ad alta densità – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Polietilene ad alta densità" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Didelio_tankio_polietilenas" title="Didelio tankio polietilenas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Didelio tankio polietilenas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagy_s%C5%B1r%C5%B1s%C3%A9g%C5%B1_polietil%C3%A9n" title="Nagy sűrűségű polietilén – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nagy sűrűségű polietilén" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%AF%86%E5%BA%A6%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A8%E3%83%81%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3" title="高密度ポリエチレン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="高密度ポリエチレン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%87" title="พอลิเอทิลีนความหนาแน่นสูง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พอลิเอทิลีนความหนาแน่นสูง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HDPE" title="HDPE – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="HDPE" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button 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class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Symbol_Resin_Code_2_HDPE.svg/120px-Symbol_Resin_Code_2_HDPE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Symbol_Resin_Code_2_HDPE.svg/180px-Symbol_Resin_Code_2_HDPE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Symbol_Resin_Code_2_HDPE.svg/240px-Symbol_Resin_Code_2_HDPE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1206" /></a><figcaption>HDPE has <a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Plastics_Industry" title="Society of the Plastics Industry">SPI</a> <a href="/wiki/Resin_identification_code" title="Resin identification code">resin ID code</a> 2</figcaption></figure> <p><b>High-density polyethylene</b> (<b>HDPE</b>) or <b>polyethylene high-density</b> (<b>PEHD</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a> <a href="/wiki/Polymer" title="Polymer">polymer</a> produced from the monomer <a href="/wiki/Ethylene" title="Ethylene">ethylene</a>. It is sometimes called "alkathene" or "<a href="/wiki/Polythene" class="mw-redirect" title="Polythene">polythene</a>" when used for <a href="/wiki/HDPE_pipe" title="HDPE pipe">HDPE pipes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With a high strength-to-density ratio, HDPE is used in the production of <a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottles" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic bottles">plastic bottles</a>, corrosion-resistant piping, <a href="/wiki/Geomembrane" title="Geomembrane">geomembranes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plastic_lumber" title="Plastic lumber">plastic lumber</a>. HDPE is commonly recycled, and has the number "2" as its <a href="/wiki/Resin_identification_code" title="Resin identification code">resin identification code</a>. </p><p>In 2008, the global HDPE market reached a volume of more than 30 million tons.<sup id="cite_ref-ceresana_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ceresana-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-density_polyethylene&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>Thermophysical properties of high density polyethylene (HDPE)<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Density </th> <td>961 kg/m<sup>3</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Melting point </th> <td>131.8 °C (269.24 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Temperature of crystallization </th> <td>121.9 °C (251.42 °F) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Latent heat of fusion </th> <td>188.6 kJ/kg. </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a> </th> <td>0.54 W/m.°C. at °C. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Specific heat capacity </th> <td>1331 to 2400 J/kg-K </td></tr> <tr> <th>Specific heat (solid) </th> <td>2.9 kJ/kg. °C. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Crystallinity </th> <td>61% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>HDPE is known for its high strength-to-density ratio.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The density of HDPE ranges from 930 to 970 kg/m<sup>3</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the density of HDPE is only marginally higher than that of <a href="/wiki/Low-density_polyethylene" title="Low-density polyethylene">low-density polyethylene</a>, HDPE has little <a href="/wiki/Branching_(polymer_chemistry)" title="Branching (polymer chemistry)">branching</a>, giving it stronger <a href="/wiki/Intermolecular_force" title="Intermolecular force">intermolecular forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tensile_strength" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensile strength">tensile strength</a> (38 MPa versus 21 MPa) than LDPE.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The difference in strength exceeds the difference in density, giving HDPE a higher <a href="/wiki/Specific_strength" title="Specific strength">specific strength</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also harder and more opaque and can withstand somewhat higher <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperatures</a> (120 °C/248 °F for short periods). High-density polyethylene, unlike <a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">polypropylene</a>, cannot withstand normally required <a href="/wiki/Autoclave" title="Autoclave">autoclaving</a> conditions. The lack of branching is ensured by an appropriate choice of <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ziegler%E2%80%93Natta_catalyst" title="Ziegler–Natta catalyst">Ziegler–Natta catalysts</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_reaction" title="Chemical reaction">reaction</a> conditions. </p><p>HDPE is resistant to many different <a href="/wiki/Solvent" title="Solvent">solvents</a>, and is exceptionally challenging to glue; joints are typically made by welding. </p><p>The physical properties of HDPE can vary depending on the molding process that is used to manufacture a specific sample; to some degree, a determining factor is the international standardized testing methods employed to identify these properties for a specific process. For example, in rotational molding, to identify the environmental stress crack resistance of a sample, the <i>notched constant tensile load test</i> (NCTL) is put to use.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Owing to these desirable properties, pipes constructed out of HDPE are ideally applicable for <a href="/wiki/Drinking_water" title="Drinking water">drinking water</a><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and waste water (storm and sewage).<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-density_polyethylene&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 79.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 77.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HDPE_Construction_safety_net.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HDPE fibers can be spun into rope"><img alt="HDPE fibers can be spun into rope" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/HDPE_Construction_safety_net.jpg/116px-HDPE_Construction_safety_net.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/HDPE_Construction_safety_net.jpg/174px-HDPE_Construction_safety_net.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/HDPE_Construction_safety_net.jpg/232px-HDPE_Construction_safety_net.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1103" data-file-height="1708" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">HDPE fibers can be spun into rope</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pulling_on_the_hood_of_the_Tyveck_suit_(5429334133).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Disposable suits; nonwoven HDPE fabric"><img alt="Disposable suits; nonwoven HDPE fabric" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pulling_on_the_hood_of_the_Tyveck_suit_%285429334133%29.jpg/270px-Pulling_on_the_hood_of_the_Tyveck_suit_%285429334133%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pulling_on_the_hood_of_the_Tyveck_suit_%285429334133%29.jpg/405px-Pulling_on_the_hood_of_the_Tyveck_suit_%285429334133%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Pulling_on_the_hood_of_the_Tyveck_suit_%285429334133%29.jpg/540px-Pulling_on_the_hood_of_the_Tyveck_suit_%285429334133%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Disposable suits; nonwoven HDPE fabric</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 156px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 154px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_100824-N-0858D-272_Sailors_work_on_a_new_home_for_Habitat_for_Humanity_during_Boise_Navy_Week.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Housewrap"><img alt="Housewrap" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/US_Navy_100824-N-0858D-272_Sailors_work_on_a_new_home_for_Habitat_for_Humanity_during_Boise_Navy_Week.jpg/231px-US_Navy_100824-N-0858D-272_Sailors_work_on_a_new_home_for_Habitat_for_Humanity_during_Boise_Navy_Week.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/US_Navy_100824-N-0858D-272_Sailors_work_on_a_new_home_for_Habitat_for_Humanity_during_Boise_Navy_Week.jpg/347px-US_Navy_100824-N-0858D-272_Sailors_work_on_a_new_home_for_Habitat_for_Humanity_during_Boise_Navy_Week.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/US_Navy_100824-N-0858D-272_Sailors_work_on_a_new_home_for_Habitat_for_Humanity_during_Boise_Navy_Week.jpg/463px-US_Navy_100824-N-0858D-272_Sailors_work_on_a_new_home_for_Habitat_for_Humanity_during_Boise_Navy_Week.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2097" data-file-height="1632" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Housewrap" title="Housewrap">Housewrap</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 81.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 79.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Registered_Mail_Royal_Mail_-_Great_Britain-Germany_2017_-_envelope_front_side.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Plastic mailing envelopes"><img alt="Plastic mailing envelopes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Registered_Mail_Royal_Mail_-_Great_Britain-Germany_2017_-_envelope_front_side.jpg/119px-Registered_Mail_Royal_Mail_-_Great_Britain-Germany_2017_-_envelope_front_side.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Registered_Mail_Royal_Mail_-_Great_Britain-Germany_2017_-_envelope_front_side.jpg/178px-Registered_Mail_Royal_Mail_-_Great_Britain-Germany_2017_-_envelope_front_side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Registered_Mail_Royal_Mail_-_Great_Britain-Germany_2017_-_envelope_front_side.jpg/238px-Registered_Mail_Royal_Mail_-_Great_Britain-Germany_2017_-_envelope_front_side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3960" data-file-height="5992" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Plastic mailing envelopes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Striped_Water_Pipe.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flexible HDPE pipes"><img alt="Flexible HDPE pipes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Blue_Striped_Water_Pipe.jpg/240px-Blue_Striped_Water_Pipe.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Blue_Striped_Water_Pipe.jpg/360px-Blue_Striped_Water_Pipe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Blue_Striped_Water_Pipe.jpg/480px-Blue_Striped_Water_Pipe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Flexible HDPE pipes</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hdpe_pipe_installation.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Corrugated HDPE pipe installation in storm drain project in Mexico"><img alt="Corrugated HDPE pipe installation in storm drain project in Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hdpe_pipe_installation.jpg/256px-Hdpe_pipe_installation.jpg" decoding="async" width="171" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hdpe_pipe_installation.jpg/384px-Hdpe_pipe_installation.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Hdpe_pipe_installation.jpg/512px-Hdpe_pipe_installation.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4142" data-file-height="2912" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Corrugated HDPE pipe installation in storm drain project in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_outdoor_chair_1_2017-06-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The monobloc chair"><img alt="The monobloc chair" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plastic_outdoor_chair_1_2017-06-14.jpg/135px-Plastic_outdoor_chair_1_2017-06-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plastic_outdoor_chair_1_2017-06-14.jpg/202px-Plastic_outdoor_chair_1_2017-06-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Plastic_outdoor_chair_1_2017-06-14.jpg/270px-Plastic_outdoor_chair_1_2017-06-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Monobloc_(chair)" title="Monobloc (chair)">monobloc chair</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 157.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 155.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Milk_crate.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bottle crates"><img alt="Bottle crates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Milk_crate.jpg/233px-Milk_crate.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Milk_crate.jpg/350px-Milk_crate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Milk_crate.jpg/467px-Milk_crate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1881" data-file-height="1452" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bottle crates</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 146px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 144px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cubocubo.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Toys and playground equipment"><img alt="Toys and playground equipment" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Cubocubo.png/216px-Cubocubo.png" decoding="async" width="144" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/15/Cubocubo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="183" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Toys and playground equipment</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:2014._%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Clear plastic bags (shown) are made of LDPE; blown-film shopping bags with handles are now made of HDPE"><img alt="Clear plastic bags (shown) are made of LDPE; blown-film shopping bags with handles are now made of HDPE" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/2014._%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_015.jpg/272px-2014._%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_015.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/2014._%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_015.jpg/408px-2014._%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/2014._%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_015.jpg/544px-2014._%D0%A3%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B2_%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B5_015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Clear plastic bags (shown) are made of LDPE; blown-film shopping bags with handles are now made of HDPE</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 122px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 120px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:250ml_HDPE_pump_plastic_bottle.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="HDPE is used to make sturdy bottles that resist oils. Transparent bottles are usually made of other plastics, such as polyethylene terephthalate"><img alt="HDPE is used to make sturdy bottles that resist oils. Transparent bottles are usually made of other plastics, such as polyethylene terephthalate" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/250ml_HDPE_pump_plastic_bottle.jpg/180px-250ml_HDPE_pump_plastic_bottle.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/250ml_HDPE_pump_plastic_bottle.jpg/270px-250ml_HDPE_pump_plastic_bottle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/250ml_HDPE_pump_plastic_bottle.jpg/360px-250ml_HDPE_pump_plastic_bottle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="750" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">HDPE is used to make sturdy bottles that resist oils. Transparent bottles are usually made of other plastics, such as <a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">polyethylene terephthalate</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 85.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 83.333333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottle_of_milk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Milk jug"><img alt="Milk jug" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bottle_of_milk.jpg/125px-Bottle_of_milk.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bottle_of_milk.jpg/187px-Bottle_of_milk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Bottle_of_milk.jpg/249px-Bottle_of_milk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="1065" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Milk jug</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Diverse_Kanisterformen.png" class="mw-file-description" title="HDPE jerrycans resist softening and swelling from aromatic components of fuels"><img alt="HDPE jerrycans resist softening and swelling from aromatic components of fuels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Diverse_Kanisterformen.png/135px-Diverse_Kanisterformen.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Diverse_Kanisterformen.png/202px-Diverse_Kanisterformen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Diverse_Kanisterformen.png/270px-Diverse_Kanisterformen.png 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">HDPE <a href="/wiki/Jerrycan" title="Jerrycan">jerrycans</a> resist softening and swelling from aromatic components of fuels</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 213.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FODS_Connect202_TC-1_TRACKOUT_CONROL_STABILIZED_CONSTRUCTION_ENTRANCE_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Roller on HDPE construction entrance mat"><img alt="Roller on HDPE construction entrance mat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/FODS_Connect202_TC-1_TRACKOUT_CONROL_STABILIZED_CONSTRUCTION_ENTRANCE_2.jpg/320px-FODS_Connect202_TC-1_TRACKOUT_CONROL_STABILIZED_CONSTRUCTION_ENTRANCE_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/FODS_Connect202_TC-1_TRACKOUT_CONROL_STABILIZED_CONSTRUCTION_ENTRANCE_2.jpg/480px-FODS_Connect202_TC-1_TRACKOUT_CONROL_STABILIZED_CONSTRUCTION_ENTRANCE_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/FODS_Connect202_TC-1_TRACKOUT_CONROL_STABILIZED_CONSTRUCTION_ENTRANCE_2.jpg/640px-FODS_Connect202_TC-1_TRACKOUT_CONROL_STABILIZED_CONSTRUCTION_ENTRANCE_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Roller on HDPE construction entrance mat</div> </li> </ul> <p>HDPE has a wide variety of applications; for applications that fall within the properties of other polymers, the choice to use HDPE is usually economic: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3D_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="3D printer">3D printer</a> filament</li> <li>Arena board (puck board)<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Backpacking frames</li> <li>Ballistic plates</li> <li>Banners</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_cap" title="Bottle cap">Bottle caps</a></li> <li>Boats</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Chemical</a> containers</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_resistance" title="Chemical resistance">Chemical-resistant</a> piping</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coax_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Coax cable">Coax cable</a> inner insulator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDPE_pipe" title="HDPE pipe">Conduit protector</a> for electrical or communications cables</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrosion" title="Corrosion">Corrosion</a> protection for steel pipelines</li> <li>Electrical and plumbing boxes</li> <li>Far-IR <a href="/wiki/Lens_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lens (optics)">lenses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">Fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folding_chair" title="Folding chair">Folding chairs</a> and tables</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_storage_container" title="Food storage container">Food storage containers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank" title="Fuel tank">Fuel tanks</a> for vehicles</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomembrane" title="Geomembrane">Geomembrane</a> for hydraulic applications (such as canals and bank reinforcements)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_heating" title="Geothermal heating">Geothermal</a> heat transfer piping systems</li> <li>Heat-resistant firework <a href="/wiki/Mortar_(weapon)" title="Mortar (weapon)">mortars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housewrap" title="Housewrap">Housewrap</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tyvek" title="Tyvek">Tyvek</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hovercraft" title="Hovercraft">Hovercraft</a>: The material is too heavy and dense for such craft but is still used occasionally</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionizing_radiation" title="Ionizing radiation">Ionizing radiation</a> shield<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Laundry detergent jugs</li> <li>Luggage transitioned from metal in India</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Last" title="Last">Lasts</a> for shoes</li> <li>Microwave telescope windows</li> <li>Milk jugs</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a> distribution pipe systems<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDPE_pipe" title="HDPE pipe">Piping for fluid, slurry and gas purposes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Plastic bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Plastic bottles</a> suitable both for recycling or re-use</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_surgery" title="Plastic surgery">Plastic surgery</a> (skeletal and facial reconstruction)<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Potable water mains<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Root_barrier" title="Root barrier">Root barrier</a></li> <li>Shampoo bottles</li> <li>Sewage mains<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowboard" title="Snowboard">Snowboard</a> rails and boxes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_paper" title="Stone paper">Stone paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed" title="Shed">Storage sheds</a></li> <li>Swimming pool installation</li> <li>Trackout control mats</li> <li>Telecom ducts<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pipe" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pipe">Water pipes</a> for domestic water supply and agricultural processes<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_plastic_composite" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood plastic composite">Wood plastic composites</a> (utilizing <a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">recycled polymers</a>)</li></ul> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T_Joint_cross_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/T_Joint_cross_section.jpg/220px-T_Joint_cross_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/T_Joint_cross_section.jpg/330px-T_Joint_cross_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/T_Joint_cross_section.jpg/440px-T_Joint_cross_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="2268" /></a><figcaption>HDPE sheet which has been extrusion welded</figcaption></figure> <p>HDPE is also used for <a href="/wiki/Landfill_liner" title="Landfill liner">cell liners</a> in United States <a href="/wiki/Resource_Conservation_and_Recovery_Act#Subtitle_D:_Non-hazardous_Solid_Wastes" title="Resource Conservation and Recovery Act">subtitle D</a> <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_landfill" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanitary landfill">sanitary landfills</a>, wherein large sheets of HDPE are either <a href="/wiki/Extrusion_welding" title="Extrusion welding">extrusion welded</a> or wedge welded to form a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homogeneous" class="extiw" title="wikt:homogeneous">homogeneous</a> chemical-resistant barrier, with the intention of preventing the <a href="/wiki/Pollution" title="Pollution">pollution</a> of <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a> by the liquid constituents of <a href="/wiki/Solid_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid waste">solid waste</a>. </p><p>HDPE is preferred by the <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">pyrotechnics</a> trade for mortars over steel or <a href="/wiki/PVC" class="mw-redirect" title="PVC">PVC</a> tubes, being more durable and safer: HDPE tends to rip or tear in a malfunction instead of shattering and becoming shrapnel like the other materials. </p><p>Milk bottles, jugs, and other hollow goods manufactured through <a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">blow molding</a> are the most important application area for HDPE, accounting for one-third of worldwide production, or more than 8 million tonnes. </p><p>Above all, China, where beverage bottles made from HDPE were first imported in 2005, is a growing market for rigid HDPE packaging as a result of its improving <a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living" title="Standard of living">standard of living</a>. In India and other highly populated, emerging nations, infrastructure expansion includes the deployment of pipes and cable insulation made from HDPE.<sup id="cite_ref-ceresana_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ceresana-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The material has benefited from discussions about possible health and environmental problems caused by PVC and <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">polycarbonate</a> associated <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a> (BPA), as well as its advantages over glass, metal, and cardboard. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-density_polyethylene&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Industrial production of HDPE from ethylene happens through either Ziegler-Natta polymerization or the Phillips slurry process. The Ziegler-Natta method uses a combination of catalysts, including titanium tetrachloride, in contact with gaseous ethylene to precipitate high-density polyethylene.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a similar way, the Phillips slurry process uses silica-based catalysts in contact with a fast-moving hydrocarbon and polyethylene slurry to precipitate high density polyethylene.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Processing will determine the properties of the HDPE. The method used to synthesize the HDPE is crucial because the micro structure of the HDPE will vary. The Phillips Slurry process results in HDPE with less branching and more precise molecular weights than the Ziegler process, but the Ziegler process provides greater flexibility in the type of polyethylene produced.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The molecular weight of HDPE refers to the length of the polyethylene chains, and helps determine properties such as flexibility, yield strength, and melt temperature. After the precipitate is formed, the temperature, pressure, and cooling time during processing will dictate the degree of crystallinity, with a higher degree of crystallinity resulting in greater rigidity and chemical resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the application, the method and processing steps can be adjusted for an ideal result. </p><p>Once the HDPE has been synthesized, it is ready to be used in commercial products. Industrial production methods for HDPE products include injection molding for complex shapes such as toys. Extrusion molding is used for constant-profile products such as pipes and films. Blow molding is intended for hollow products, specifically bottles and plastic bags. Rotational molding is used for large, seamless parts such as chemical drums and kayaks.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The method used during processing depends on the product requirements, with each having benefits for a given application. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-density_polyethylene&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-linked_polyethylene" title="Cross-linked polyethylene">Cross-linked polyethylene</a> (PEX)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/HDPE_pipe" title="HDPE pipe">HDPE pipe</a> (HDPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low-density_polyethylene" title="Low-density polyethylene">Low-density polyethylene</a> (LDPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_low-density_polyethylene" title="Linear low-density polyethylene">Linear low-density polyethylene</a> (LLDPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_polyethylene" title="Medium-density polyethylene">Medium-density polyethylene</a> (MDPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phillips_Disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Phillips Disaster">Phillips Disaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_recycling" title="Plastic recycling">Plastic recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene</a> (PE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resin_identification_code" title="Resin identification code">Resin identification code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stretch_wrap" title="Stretch wrap">Stretch wrap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-high-molecular-weight_polyethylene" title="Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene">Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene</a> (UHMWPE)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=High-density_polyethylene&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.level.org.nz/water/water-supply/system-layout-and-pipework/pipe-materials/">Pipe materials</a>. level.org.nz</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ceresana-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ceresana_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ceresana_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ceresana.com/en/market-studies/plastics/polyethylene-hdpe/">"Market Study: Polyethylene HDPE"</a>. Ceresana Research.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Market+Study%3A+Polyethylene+HDPE&rft.pub=Ceresana+Research&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceresana.com%2Fen%2Fmarket-studies%2Fplastics%2Fpolyethylene-hdpe%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHigh-density+polyethylene" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAraújoWaldmanDe_Paoli2008" class="citation journal cs1">Araújo, J. R.; Waldman, W. R.; De Paoli, M. A. 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Plastics171" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Plastics" title="Template:Plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Plastics" title="Template talk:Plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Plastics171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">Plastics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chemical <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-linked_polyethylene" title="Cross-linked polyethylene">Cross-linked polyethylene (PEX, XLPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylene-vinyl_acetate" title="Ethylene-vinyl acetate">Ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(ethyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(ethyl methacrylate)">Poly(ethyl methacrylate) (PEMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyacrylic_acid" title="Polyacrylic acid">Polyacrylic acid (PAA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyamide" title="Polyamide">Polyamide (PA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybutylene" title="Polybutylene">Polybutylene (PB)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybutylene_terephthalate" title="Polybutylene terephthalate">Polybutylene terephthalate (PBT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonate (PC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PEEK" class="mw-redirect" title="PEEK">Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyester" title="Polyester">Polyester (PEs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene" title="Polyethylene">Polyethylene (PE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate" title="Polyethylene terephthalate">Polyethylene terephthalate (PET, PETE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyimide" title="Polyimide">Polyimide (PI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">Polylactic acid (PLA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyoxymethylene" title="Polyoxymethylene">Polyoxymethylene (POM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyphenyl_ether" title="Polyphenyl ether">Polyphenyl ether (PPE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poly(p-phenylene_oxide)" title="Poly(p-phenylene oxide)">Poly(p-phenylene oxide) (PPO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polypropylene" title="Polypropylene">Polypropylene (PP)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polystyrene" title="Polystyrene">Polystyrene (PS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polysulfone" title="Polysulfone">Polysulfone (PES)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytetrafluoroethylene" title="Polytetrafluoroethylene">Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyurethane" title="Polyurethane">Polyurethane (PU)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyvinylidene_chloride" title="Polyvinylidene chloride">Polyvinylidene chloride (PVDC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrene_maleic_anhydride" title="Styrene maleic anhydride">Styrene maleic anhydride (SMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Styrene-acrylonitrile_resin" title="Styrene-acrylonitrile resin">Styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritan_copolyester" title="Tritan copolyester">Tritan copolyester</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_household_items.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/126px-Plastic_household_items.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/189px-Plastic_household_items.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Plastic_household_items.jpg/252px-Plastic_household_items.jpg 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="400" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Plastic_objects.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/126px-Plastic_objects.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/189px-Plastic_objects.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Plastic_objects.jpg/252px-Plastic_objects.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2427" data-file-height="1769" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mechanical <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">Thermoplastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermosetting_polymer" title="Thermosetting polymer">Thermosetting polymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre-reinforced_plastic" title="Fibre-reinforced plastic">Fibre-reinforced plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_plastic" title="Corrugated plastic">Corrugated plastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymeric_foam" title="Polymeric foam">Polymeric foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Additives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Additives" title="Plastic">Polymer additive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_colorant" title="Plastic colorant">Colorants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_stabilizers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymer stabilizers">Polymer stabilizers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodegradable_additives" title="Biodegradable additives">Biodegradable additives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filler_(materials)" title="Filler (materials)">Filler (materials)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plastics <br />processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_moulding" title="Injection moulding">Injection moulding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_extrusion" title="Plastic extrusion">Plastic extrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blow_molding" title="Blow molding">Blow molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film_blowing_machine" title="Film blowing machine">Film blowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">Thermoforming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compression_molding" title="Compression molding">Compression molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendering_(textiles)" title="Calendering (textiles)">Calendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfer_molding" title="Transfer molding">Transfer molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamination" title="Lamination">Laminating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberglass_molding" title="Fiberglass molding">Fiberglass molding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pultrusion" title="Pultrusion">Pultrusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">Plastic welding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filament_winding" title="Filament winding">Filament winding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solvent_bonding" title="Solvent bonding">Solvent bonding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vacuum_forming" title="Vacuum forming">Vacuum forming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotational_molding" title="Rotational molding">Rotational molding</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastics_industry" title="Plastics industry">Plastics industry</a> segments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">Commodity plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastics_in_the_construction_industry" title="Plastics in the construction industry">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_plastic" title="Engineering plastic">Engineering plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geosynthetics" title="Geosynthetics">Geosynthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-performance_plastics" title="High-performance plastics">High-performance plastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nurdle_(bead)" title="Nurdle (bead)">Nurdle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Plastics_applications" title="Category:Plastics applications">Category:Plastics applications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasticulture" title="Plasticulture">Plasticulture</a> (Agriculture)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Specific goods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blister_pack" title="Blister pack">Blister pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monobloc_(chair)" title="Monobloc (chair)">Chairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_film" title="Plastic film">Packaging film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bottle" title="Plastic bottle">Bottles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_bag" title="Plastic bag">Bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_cutlery" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic cutlery">Cutlery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_shopping_bag" title="Plastic shopping bag">Shopping bags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foam_food_container" title="Foam food container">Foam food containers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment <br />and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)228" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Template talk:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Health_issues_of_plastics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Health issues of plastics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Health_issues_of_plastics_and_polyhalogenated_compounds_(PHCs)228" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health issues of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polyhalogenated_compound" title="Polyhalogenated compound">polyhalogenated compounds</a> (PHCs)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plasticizer" title="Plasticizer">Plasticizers</a>: <a href="/wiki/Phthalate" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthalate">Phthalates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diisobutyl_phthalate" title="Diisobutyl phthalate">DIBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibutyl_phthalate" title="Dibutyl phthalate">DBP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzyl_butyl_phthalate" title="Benzyl butyl phthalate">BBP</a> (BBzP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisoheptyl_phthalate" title="Diisoheptyl phthalate">DIHP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_phthalate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate">DEHP</a> (DOP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisodecyl_phthalate" title="Diisodecyl phthalate">DIDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diisononyl_phthalate" title="Diisononyl phthalate">DINP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous plasticizers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Organophosphate" title="Organophosphate">Organophosphates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adipic_acid" title="Adipic acid">Adipates</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bis(2-ethylhexyl)_adipate" title="Bis(2-ethylhexyl) adipate">DEHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioctyl_adipate" title="Dioctyl adipate">DOA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monomer" title="Monomer">Monomers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a> (BPA, in <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate">Polycarbonates</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinyl_chloride" title="Vinyl chloride">Vinyl chloride</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Polyvinyl_chloride" title="Polyvinyl chloride">PVC</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Miscellaneous additives incl. PHCs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polybrominated_diphenyl_ethers" title="Polybrominated diphenyl ethers">PBDEs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_biphenyl" title="Polychlorinated biphenyl">PCBs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organotin" class="mw-redirect" title="Organotin">Organotins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorinated_compounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Perfluorinated compounds">PFCs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perfluorooctanoic_acid" title="Perfluorooctanoic acid">Perfluorooctanoic acid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Plastic#Toxicity" title="Plastic">Health issues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teratogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratogen">Teratogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">Carcinogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruptor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obesity" title="Obesity">Obesity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer_fume_fever" title="Polymer fume fever">Polymer fume fever</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pollution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rubber_pollution" title="Rubber pollution">Rubber pollution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polychlorinated_dibenzodioxins" title="Polychlorinated dibenzodioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" title="List of environmental health hazards">List of environmental health hazards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1986_California_Proposition_65" title="1986 California Proposition 65">California Proposition 65</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration,_Evaluation,_Authorisation_and_Restriction_of_Chemicals" title="Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals">European REACH regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashinhou" title="Kashinhou">Japan Toxic Substances Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_Substances_Control_Act_of_1976" title="Toxic Substances Control Act of 1976">Toxic Substances Control Act</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Waste</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">Plastic pollution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_patch" title="Garbage patch">Garbage patch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pacific_Garbage_Patch" title="Great Pacific Garbage Patch">Great Pacific Garbage Patch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persistent_organic_pollutant" title="Persistent organic pollutant">Persistent organic pollutant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dioxins" class="mw-redirect" title="Dioxins">Dioxins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_environmental_health_hazards" class="mw-redirect" 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