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id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_application_location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_application_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>By application location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_application_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Enteral/gastrointestinal_route" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enteral/gastrointestinal_route"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>Enteral/gastrointestinal route</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enteral/gastrointestinal_route-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parenteral_route" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parenteral_route"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>Parenteral route</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parenteral_route-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topical_route" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topical_route"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Topical route</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topical_route-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choice_of_routes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choice_of_routes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Choice of routes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Choice_of_routes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Choice of routes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Choice_of_routes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Convenience" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Convenience"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Convenience</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Convenience-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Desired_target_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Desired_target_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Desired target effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Desired_target_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Oral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral_mucosal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_mucosal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Oral mucosal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_mucosal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buccal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buccal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Buccal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buccal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sublabial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sublabial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>Sublabial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sublabial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sublingual" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sublingual"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>Sublingual</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sublingual-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intranasal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intranasal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Intranasal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intranasal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Local" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Local</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parenteral" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parenteral"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Parenteral</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parenteral-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiratory_tract" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory_tract"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Respiratory tract</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiratory_tract-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mouth_inhalation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mouth_inhalation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.1</span> <span>Mouth inhalation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mouth_inhalation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nasal_inhalation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nasal_inhalation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8.2</span> <span>Nasal inhalation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nasal_inhalation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Route of administration</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 34 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-34" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">34 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%B1%D9%82_%D8%A5%D8%B9%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="طرق إعطاء الدواء – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طرق إعطاء الدواء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%99yin_yolu" title="Təyin yolu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Təyin yolu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A7_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A5" title="ওষুধ প্রয়োগের পথ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওষুধ প্রয়োগের পথ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C4%8Dini_primjene_lijeka" title="Načini primjene lijeka – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Načini primjene lijeka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_d%27administraci%C3%B3" title="Via d'administració – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Via d'administració" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applikationsform" title="Applikationsform – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Applikationsform" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%ADas_de_administraci%C3%B3n_de_f%C3%A1rmacos" title="Vías de administración de fármacos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vías de administración de fármacos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B4_%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%81_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88" title="روش مصرف دارو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روش مصرف دارو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voie_d%27administration" title="Voie d'administration – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Voie d'administration" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruta_de_administraci%C3%B3n" title="Ruta de administración – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ruta de administración" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%BB%D5%B8%D6%81%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB_%D5%A8%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Դեղամիջոցների ընդունման եղանակներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դեղամիջոցների ընդունման եղանակներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rute_pemberian" title="Rute pemberian – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rute pemberian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somministrazione_(farmacologia)" title="Somministrazione (farmacologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Somministrazione (farmacologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%AA%D7%9F_%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA" title="דרכי מתן תרופות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דרכי מתן תרופות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%AAsepana_dermanan" title="Rêsepana dermanan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Rêsepana dermanan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%B0:%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Предлошка:Фармацевтски дозирани форми – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Предлошка:Фармацевтски дозирани форми" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaedah_pemberian" title="Kaedah pemberian – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kaedah pemberian" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toediening" title="Toediening – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Toediening" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%8A%95%E4%B8%8E%E7%B5%8C%E8%B7%AF" title="投与経路 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="投与経路" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Via_de_administra%C3%A7%C3%A3o" title="Via de administração – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Via de administração" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cale_de_administrare" title="Cale de administrare – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cale de administrare" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%B2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Способ введения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Способ введения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aplikacija_zdravila" title="Aplikacija zdravila – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Aplikacija zdravila" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C4%8Din_primene_leka" title="Način primene leka – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Način primene leka" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Na%C4%8Din_primene_leka" title="Način primene leka – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Način primene leka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4%C3%A4kkeen_antotapa" title="Lääkkeen antotapa – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lääkkeen antotapa" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Administreringsv%C3%A4g" title="Administreringsväg – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Administreringsväg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruta_ng_administrasyon" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parenteral&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral">Parenteral</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Path by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:120310-F-XC314-001_(6979611329).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/120310-F-XC314-001_%286979611329%29.jpg/220px-120310-F-XC314-001_%286979611329%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/120310-F-XC314-001_%286979611329%29.jpg/330px-120310-F-XC314-001_%286979611329%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/120310-F-XC314-001_%286979611329%29.jpg/440px-120310-F-XC314-001_%286979611329%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Oral administration of a liquid.</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Pharmacology" title="Pharmacology">pharmacology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toxicology" title="Toxicology">toxicology</a>, a <b>route of administration</b> is the way by which a <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">drug</a>, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Routes of administration are generally classified by the location at which the substance is applied. Common examples include <a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">intravenous</a> administration. Routes can also be classified based on where the target of action is. Action may be <a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical</a> (local), <a href="/wiki/Enteral_administration" title="Enteral administration">enteral</a> (system-wide effect, but delivered through the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>), or <a href="#Parenteral">parenteral</a> (systemic action, but is delivered by routes other than the GI tract). Route of administration and <a href="/wiki/Dosage_form" title="Dosage form">dosage form</a> are aspects of <a href="/wiki/Drug_delivery" title="Drug delivery">drug delivery</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Routes of administration are usually classified by application location (or exposition). </p><p>The route or course the active substance takes from application location to the location where it has its target effect is usually rather a matter of <a href="/wiki/Pharmacokinetics" title="Pharmacokinetics">pharmacokinetics</a> (concerning the processes of uptake, distribution, and elimination of drugs). Exceptions include the <a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a> or transmucosal routes, which are still commonly referred to as <i>routes of administration</i>. </p><p>The location of the target effect of active substances is usually rather a matter of <a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamics" title="Pharmacodynamics">pharmacodynamics</a> (concerning, for example, the physiological effects of drugs<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). An exception is <a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical administration</a>, which generally means that both the application location and the effect thereof is local.<sup id="cite_ref-mw-topical_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-topical-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">Topical administration</a> is sometimes defined as both a local application location and local <a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacodynamic">pharmacodynamic</a> effect,<sup id="cite_ref-mw-topical_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-topical-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and sometimes merely as a local application location regardless of location of the effects.<sup id="cite_ref-freedict-topical_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedict-topical-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dict-topical_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict-topical-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_application_location">By application location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: By application location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Enteral/gastrointestinal_route"><span id="Enteral.2Fgastrointestinal_route"></span>Enteral/gastrointestinal route</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Enteral/gastrointestinal route"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> is sometimes termed <i>enteral or enteric administration</i> (literally meaning 'through the <a href="/wiki/Intestines" class="mw-redirect" title="Intestines">intestines</a>'). <i>Enteral/enteric administration</i> usually includes <i><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">oral</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-url195_20-1-3.1.htm_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-url195_20-1-3.1.htm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (through the <a href="/wiki/Human_mouth" title="Human mouth">mouth</a>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Rectal_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal (medicine)">rectal</a></i> (into the <a href="/wiki/Rectum" title="Rectum">rectum</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-url195_20-1-3.1.htm_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-url195_20-1-3.1.htm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> administration, in the sense that these are taken up by the intestines. However, uptake of drugs administered orally may also occur already in the <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a>, and as such <i>gastrointestinal</i> (along the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>) may be a more fitting term for this route of administration. Furthermore, some application locations often classified as <i>enteral</i>, such as <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">sublingual</a><sup id="cite_ref-url195_20-1-3.1.htm_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-url195_20-1-3.1.htm-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (under the tongue) and <a href="/wiki/Sublabial_administration" title="Sublabial administration">sublabial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">buccal</a> (between the cheek and gums/<a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">gingiva</a>), are taken up in the proximal part of the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> without reaching the intestines. Strictly <a href="/wiki/Enteral_administration" title="Enteral administration">enteral administration</a> (directly into the intestines) can be used for systemic administration, as well as local (sometimes termed <a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">topical</a>), such as in a contrast <a href="/wiki/Enema" title="Enema">enema</a>, whereby contrast media are infused into the intestines for imaging. However, for the purposes of classification based on location of effects, the term enteral is reserved for substances with systemic effects. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Administering_medication_into_a_gastric_tube.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Administering_medication_into_a_gastric_tube.jpg/220px-Administering_medication_into_a_gastric_tube.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Administering_medication_into_a_gastric_tube.jpg/330px-Administering_medication_into_a_gastric_tube.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Administering_medication_into_a_gastric_tube.jpg/440px-Administering_medication_into_a_gastric_tube.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A medical professional injects medication into a gastric tube.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many drugs as <a href="/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)" title="Tablet (pharmacy)">tablets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capsule_(pharmacy)" title="Capsule (pharmacy)">capsules</a>, or drops are taken orally. Administration methods directly into the stomach include those by <a href="/wiki/Gastric_feeding_tube" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastric feeding tube">gastric feeding tube</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gastrostomy" title="Gastrostomy">gastrostomy</a>. Substances may also be placed into the <a href="/wiki/Small_intestine" title="Small intestine">small intestines</a>, as with a <a href="/wiki/Duodenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Duodenal">duodenal</a> feeding tube and <a href="/wiki/Enteral_administration" title="Enteral administration">enteral nutrition</a>. Enteric coated tablets are designed to dissolve in the intestine, not the stomach, because the drug present in the tablet causes irritation in the stomach. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Administering-med-rectally-2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Administering-med-rectally-2.png/220px-Administering-med-rectally-2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Administering-med-rectally-2.png/330px-Administering-med-rectally-2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Administering-med-rectally-2.png/440px-Administering-med-rectally-2.png 2x" data-file-width="758" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Administering medication rectally</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Rectal" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal">rectal</a> route is an effective route of administration for many medications, especially those used at the <a href="/wiki/End-of-life_care" title="End-of-life care">end of life</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The walls of the rectum absorb many medications quickly and effectively.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Medications delivered to the distal one-third of the rectum at least partially avoid the "<a href="/wiki/First_pass_effect" title="First pass effect">first pass effect</a>" through the liver, which allows for greater <a href="/wiki/Bio-availability" class="mw-redirect" title="Bio-availability">bio-availability</a> of many medications than that of the oral route. Rectal <a href="/wiki/Mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mucosa">mucosa</a> is highly <a href="/wiki/Vascularized" class="mw-redirect" title="Vascularized">vascularized</a> tissue that allows for rapid and effective absorption of medications.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Suppository" title="Suppository">suppository</a> is a solid <a href="/wiki/Dosage_form" title="Dosage form">dosage form</a> that fits for <a href="/wiki/Rectal_administration" title="Rectal administration">rectal administration</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hospice_care" class="mw-redirect" title="Hospice care">hospice care</a>, a specialized rectal <a href="/wiki/Macy_Catheter" class="mw-redirect" title="Macy Catheter">catheter</a>, designed to provide comfortable and discreet administration of ongoing medications provides a practical way to deliver and retain liquid formulations in the <a href="/wiki/Distal" class="mw-redirect" title="Distal">distal</a> rectum, giving health practitioners a way to leverage the established benefits of rectal administration. The <a href="/wiki/Murphy_drip" title="Murphy drip">Murphy drip</a> is an example of rectal infusion. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Parenteral_route">Parenteral route</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Parenteral route"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Needle-insertion-angles-1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Needle-insertion-angles-1.png/220px-Needle-insertion-angles-1.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Needle-insertion-angles-1.png/330px-Needle-insertion-angles-1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/Needle-insertion-angles-1.png 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="431" /></a><figcaption>Needle insertion angles for 4 types of parenteral administration of medication: intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intradermal injection.</figcaption></figure> <p>The parenteral route is any route that is not <a href="/wiki/Enteral_administration" title="Enteral administration">enteral</a> (<i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/para-#Etymology_1" class="extiw" title="wikt:para-">par-</a></i> + <i>enteral</i>). </p><p>Parenteral administration can be performed by <a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">injection</a>, that is, using a needle (usually a <a href="/wiki/Hypodermic_needle" title="Hypodermic needle">hypodermic needle</a>) and a <a href="/wiki/Syringe" title="Syringe">syringe</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by the insertion of an <a href="/wiki/Indwelling_catheter" class="mw-redirect" title="Indwelling catheter">indwelling catheter</a>. </p><p>Locations of application of parenteral administration include: </p> <ul><li>Central nervous system:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Epidural" class="mw-redirect" title="Epidural">Epidural</a> (synonym: peridural) (injection or infusion into the <a href="/wiki/Epidural_space" title="Epidural space">epidural space</a>), e.g. epidural anesthesia.</li> <li>Intracerebral (into the cerebrum) administration by direct injection into the brain. Used in experimental research of chemicals<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and as a treatment for malignancies of the brain.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The intracerebral route can also interrupt the blood brain barrier from holding up against subsequent routes.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracerebroventricular_injection" title="Intracerebroventricular injection">Intracerebroventricular</a> (into the cerebral ventricles) administration into the ventricular system of the brain. One use is as a last line of opioid treatment for terminal cancer patients with intractable <a href="/wiki/Cancer_pain" title="Cancer pain">cancer pain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Applying_transdermal_patch.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Applying_transdermal_patch.jpg/220px-Applying_transdermal_patch.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Applying_transdermal_patch.jpg/330px-Applying_transdermal_patch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Applying_transdermal_patch.jpg/440px-Applying_transdermal_patch.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="3655" /></a><figcaption>A transdermal patch which delivers medication is applied to the skin. The patch is labelled with the time and date of administration as well as the administrator's initials.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Instilling_nasal_medication.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Instilling_nasal_medication.jpg/220px-Instilling_nasal_medication.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Instilling_nasal_medication.jpg/330px-Instilling_nasal_medication.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Instilling_nasal_medication.jpg/440px-Instilling_nasal_medication.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A medical professional applies nose drops.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Epicutaneous (application onto the skin). It can be used both for local effect as in allergy testing and typical <a href="/wiki/Local_anesthesia" title="Local anesthesia">local anesthesia</a>, as well as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/systemic" class="extiw" title="wikt:systemic">systemic</a> effects when the active substance diffuses through skin in a <a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a> route.</li> <li><span class="anchor" id="buccal"></span>Sublingual and buccal medication administration is a way of giving someone medicine orally (by mouth). <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">Sublingual administration</a> is when medication is placed under the tongue to be absorbed by the body. The word "sublingual" means "under the tongue." Buccal administration involves placement of the drug between the gums and the cheek. These medications can come in the form of tablets, films, or sprays. Many drugs are designed for sublingual administration, including cardiovascular drugs, steroids, barbiturates, opioid analgesics with poor gastrointestinal bioavailability, enzymes and, increasingly, vitamins and minerals.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra-amniotic_administration" title="Extra-amniotic administration">Extra-amniotic administration</a>, between the <a href="/wiki/Endometrium" title="Endometrium">endometrium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fetal_membranes" title="Fetal membranes">fetal membranes</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_administration" title="Nasal administration">Nasal administration</a> (through the nose) can be used for topically acting substances, as well as for <a href="/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)" title="Insufflation (medicine)">insufflation</a> of e.g. <a href="/wiki/Decongestant" title="Decongestant">decongestant</a> nasal sprays to be taken up along the <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">respiratory tract</a>. Such substances are also called <i>inhalational</i>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Inhalational_anesthetics" class="mw-redirect" title="Inhalational anesthetics">inhalational anesthetics</a>.</li> <li>Intra-arterial (into an <a href="/wiki/Artery" title="Artery">artery</a>), e.g. <a href="/wiki/Vasodilator" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasodilator">vasodilator</a> drugs in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Vasospasm" title="Vasospasm">vasospasm</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrombolytic_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Thrombolytic drug">thrombolytic drugs</a> for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Embolism" title="Embolism">embolism</a>.</li> <li>Intra-<a href="/wiki/Joint" title="Joint">articular</a>, into a joint space. It is generally performed by <a href="/wiki/Joint_injection" title="Joint injection">joint injection</a>. It is mainly used for symptomatic relief in <a href="/wiki/Osteoarthritis" title="Osteoarthritis">osteoarthritis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracardiac" class="mw-redirect" title="Intracardiac">Intracardiac</a> (into the heart), e.g. <a href="/wiki/Adrenaline" title="Adrenaline">adrenaline</a> during <a href="/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation" title="Cardiopulmonary resuscitation">cardiopulmonary resuscitation</a> (no longer commonly performed).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracavernous_injection" title="Intracavernous injection">Intracavernous injection</a>, an injection into the base of the <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intradermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intradermal">Intradermal</a>, (into the skin itself) is used for <a href="/wiki/Skin_allergy_test" title="Skin allergy test">skin testing</a> some <a href="/wiki/Allergens" class="mw-redirect" title="Allergens">allergens</a>, and also for <a href="/wiki/Mantoux_test" title="Mantoux test">mantoux test</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a>.</li> <li>Intralesional (into a skin lesion), is used for local skin lesions, e.g. acne medication.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">Intramuscular</a> (into a <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscle</a>), e.g. many <a href="/wiki/Vaccine" title="Vaccine">vaccines</a>, antibiotics, and long-term psychoactive agents. Recreationally the colloquial term 'muscling' is used.<sup id="cite_ref-Fenway_Community_Health_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fenway_Community_Health-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Instilling_eye_medication.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Instilling_eye_medication.jpg/220px-Instilling_eye_medication.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Instilling_eye_medication.jpg/330px-Instilling_eye_medication.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Instilling_eye_medication.jpg/440px-Instilling_eye_medication.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Topical ocular administration</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Intraocular, into the eye, e.g., some medications for <a href="/wiki/Glaucoma" title="Glaucoma">glaucoma</a> or <a href="/wiki/Eye_neoplasm" title="Eye neoplasm">eye neoplasms</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraosseous_infusion" title="Intraosseous infusion">Intraosseous infusion</a> (into the <a href="/wiki/Bone" title="Bone">bone</a> marrow) is, in effect, an indirect intravenous access because the bone marrow drains directly into the venous system. This route is occasionally used for drugs and fluids in emergency medicine and pediatrics when intravenous access is difficult.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal_injection" title="Intraperitoneal injection">Intraperitoneal</a>, (infusion or injection into the <a href="/wiki/Peritoneum" title="Peritoneum">peritoneum</a>) e.g. <a href="/wiki/Peritoneal_dialysis" title="Peritoneal dialysis">peritoneal dialysis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrathecal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intrathecal">Intrathecal</a> (into the spinal canal) is most commonly used for spinal <a href="/wiki/Anesthesia" title="Anesthesia">anesthesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemotherapy" title="Chemotherapy">chemotherapy</a>.</li> <li>Intrauterine.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravaginal_administration" title="Intravaginal administration">Intravaginal administration</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Vagina" title="Vagina">vagina</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_therapy" title="Intravenous therapy">Intravenous</a> (into a <a href="/wiki/Vein" title="Vein">vein</a>), e.g. many drugs, <a href="/wiki/Parenteral_nutrition" title="Parenteral nutrition">total parenteral nutrition</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravesical_drug_delivery" title="Intravesical drug delivery">Intravesical</a> infusion is into the urinary bladder.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravitreal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravitreal">Intravitreal</a>, through the eye.</li> <li>Subcutaneous (under the skin).<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This generally takes the form of <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous injection</a>, e.g. with <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Skin_popping" title="Skin popping">Skin popping</a> is a slang term that includes subcutaneous injection, and is usually used in association with <a href="/wiki/Recreational_drugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Recreational drugs">recreational drugs</a>. In addition to injection, it is also possible to slowly infuse fluids subcutaneously in the form of <a href="/wiki/Hypodermoclysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypodermoclysis">hypodermoclysis</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Transdermal technology">Transdermal</a> (diffusion through the intact skin for systemic rather than topical distribution), e.g. <a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">transdermal patches</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Fentanyl" title="Fentanyl">fentanyl</a> in pain therapy, <a href="/wiki/Nicotine" title="Nicotine">nicotine</a> patches for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Substance_use_disorder" title="Substance use disorder">addiction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glyceryl_trinitrate_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Glyceryl trinitrate (pharmacology)">nitroglycerine</a> for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Angina_pectoris" class="mw-redirect" title="Angina pectoris">angina pectoris</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Perivascular_administration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perivascular administration (page does not exist)">Perivascular administration</a> (perivascular medical devices and perivascular drug delivery systems are conceived for local application around a blood vessel during open vascular surgery).<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Transmucosal (diffusion through a mucous membrane), e.g. <a href="/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)" title="Insufflation (medicine)">insufflation</a> (snorting) of <a href="/wiki/Cocaine" title="Cocaine">cocaine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublingual" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublingual">sublingual</a>, i.e. under the tongue, <a href="/wiki/Sublabial_route_of_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublabial route of administration">sublabial</a>, i.e. between the lips and <a href="/wiki/Gingiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Gingiva">gingiva</a>, and oral spray or vaginal suppository for <a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitroglycerine">nitroglycerine</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topical_route">Topical route</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Topical route"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Topical_drug_delivery" title="Topical drug delivery">Topical drug delivery</a></div> <p>The definition of the topical route of administration sometimes states that both the application location and the <a href="/wiki/Pharmacodynamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmacodynamic">pharmacodynamic</a> effect thereof is local.<sup id="cite_ref-mw-topical_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mw-topical-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In other cases, <i>topical</i> is defined as applied to a localized area of the body or to the surface of a body part regardless of the location of the effect.<sup id="cite_ref-freedict-topical_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freedict-topical-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dict-topical_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dict-topical-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this definition, <a href="/wiki/Topical_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical administration">topical administration</a> also includes <a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a> application, where the substance is administered onto the skin but is <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(skin)" title="Absorption (skin)">absorbed</a> into the body to attain <a href="/wiki/Systemic_administration" title="Systemic administration">systemic</a> distribution. </p><p>If defined strictly as having local effect, the topical route of administration can also include <a href="/wiki/Enteral_administration" title="Enteral administration">enteral administration</a> of medications that are poorly absorbable by the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a>. One such medication is the antibiotic <a href="/wiki/Vancomycin" title="Vancomycin">vancomycin</a>, which cannot be absorbed in the gastrointestinal tract and is used orally only as a treatment for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Clostridioides_difficile_colitis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clostridioides difficile colitis (page does not exist)"><i>Clostridioides difficile</i> colitis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AHFS2015_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AHFS2015-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Choice_of_routes">Choice of routes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Choice of routes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The reason for choice of routes of drug administration are governing by various factors: </p> <ul><li>Physical and chemical properties of the drug. The physical properties are solid, liquid and gas. The chemical properties are solubility, stability, pH, irritancy etc.</li> <li>Site of desired action: the action may be localised and approachable or generalised and not approachable.</li> <li>Rate of extent of absorption of the drug from different routes.</li> <li>Effect of digestive juices and the first pass metabolism of drugs.</li> <li>Condition of the patient.</li></ul> <p>In acute situations, in <a href="/wiki/Emergency_medicine" title="Emergency medicine">emergency medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Intensive_care_medicine" title="Intensive care medicine">intensive care medicine</a>, drugs are most often given intravenously. This is the most reliable route, as in acutely ill patients the absorption of substances from the tissues and from the digestive tract can often be unpredictable due to altered blood flow or bowel motility. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convenience">Convenience</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Convenience"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Enteral routes are generally the most convenient for the patient, as no punctures or <a href="/wiki/Sterile_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterile technique">sterile</a> procedures are necessary. Enteral medications are therefore often preferred in the treatment of chronic disease. However, some drugs can not be used enterally because their absorption in the digestive tract is low or unpredictable. Transdermal administration is a comfortable alternative; there are, however, only a few drug preparations that are suitable for transdermal administration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Desired_target_effect">Desired target effect</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Desired target effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Identical drugs can produce different results depending on the route of administration. For example, some drugs are not significantly absorbed into the bloodstream from the gastrointestinal tract and their action after enteral administration is therefore different from that after parenteral administration. This can be illustrated by the action of <a href="/wiki/Naloxone" title="Naloxone">naloxone</a> (Narcan), an antagonist of <a href="/wiki/Opiate" title="Opiate">opiates</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a>. Naloxone counteracts opiate action in the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> when given intravenously and is therefore used in the treatment of opiate overdose. The same drug, when swallowed, acts exclusively on the bowels; it is here used to treat constipation under opiate pain therapy and does not affect the pain-reducing effect of the opiate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral">Oral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Oral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The oral route is generally the most convenient and costs the least.<sup id="cite_ref-Nursing_Times_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nursing_Times-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, some drugs can cause <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tract</a> irritation.<sup id="cite_ref-DDS_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For drugs that come in <a href="/wiki/Delayed_release_(pharmacology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Delayed release (pharmacology)">delayed release</a> or <a href="/wiki/Time_Release_Capsule" class="mw-redirect" title="Time Release Capsule">time-release</a> formulations, breaking the tablets or capsules can lead to more rapid delivery of the drug than intended.<sup id="cite_ref-Nursing_Times_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nursing_Times-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The oral route is limited to <a href="/wiki/Formulation#Pharmacy" title="Formulation">formulations</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Small_molecule" title="Small molecule">small molecules</a> only while biopharmaceuticals (usually proteins) would be digested in the stomach and thereby become ineffective. Biopharmaceuticals have to be given by injection or infusion. However, recent research found various ways to improve oral bioavailability of these drugs. In particular permeation enhancers,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ionic_liquid" title="Ionic liquid">ionic liquids</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> lipid-based nanocarriers,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> enzyme inhibitors and microneedles<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have shown potential. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral administration</a> is often denoted "PO" from "per os", the Latin for "by mouth". </p><p>The bioavailability of oral administration is affected by the amount of drug that is absorbed across the <a href="/wiki/Intestinal_epithelium" title="Intestinal epithelium">intestinal epithelium</a> and <a href="/wiki/First-pass_metabolism" class="mw-redirect" title="First-pass metabolism">first-pass metabolism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hebert_2013_pp._17–39_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebert_2013_pp._17–39-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_mucosal">Oral mucosal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oral mucosal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">oral mucosa</a> is the mucous membrane lining the inside of the <a href="/wiki/Mouth" title="Mouth">mouth</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buccal">Buccal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Buccal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">Buccally administered</a> medication is achieved by placing the drug between <a href="/wiki/Gums" title="Gums">gums</a> and the inner lining of the <a href="/wiki/Cheek" title="Cheek">cheek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-LE.JENNIFER_2020_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LE.JENNIFER_2020-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kaminsky_Bostwick_Guthrie_2015_pp._808–817_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaminsky_Bostwick_Guthrie_2015_pp._808–817-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In comparison with sublingual tissue, buccal tissue is less permeable resulting in slower <a href="/wiki/Absorption_(pharmacology)" title="Absorption (pharmacology)">absorption</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaminsky_Bostwick_Guthrie_2015_pp._808–817_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaminsky_Bostwick_Guthrie_2015_pp._808–817-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sublabial">Sublabial</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sublabial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sublabial_administration" title="Sublabial administration">Sublabial administration</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sublingual">Sublingual</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sublingual"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">Sublingual administration</a> is fulfilled by placing the drug between the tongue and the lower surface of the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaminsky_Bostwick_Guthrie_2015_pp._808–817_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaminsky_Bostwick_Guthrie_2015_pp._808–817-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_mucosa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublingual mucosa">sublingual mucosa</a> is highly permeable and thereby provides access to the underlying expansive network composed of capillaries, leading to rapid drug absorption.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaminsky_Bostwick_Guthrie_2015_pp._808–817_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaminsky_Bostwick_Guthrie_2015_pp._808–817-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intranasal">Intranasal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Intranasal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Drug administration via the nasal cavity yields rapid drug absorption and therapeutic effects.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaminsky_Bostwick_Guthrie_2015_pp._808–817_33-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaminsky_Bostwick_Guthrie_2015_pp._808–817-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because drug absorption through the nasal passages does not go through the gut before entering <a href="/wiki/Capillaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Capillaries">capillaries</a> situated at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tissue_cell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tissue cell (page does not exist)">tissue cells</a> and then systemic circulation and such absorption route allows transport of drugs into the <a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">central nervous system</a> via the pathways of <a href="/wiki/Olfactory" class="mw-redirect" title="Olfactory">olfactory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trigeminal_nerve" title="Trigeminal nerve">trigeminal nerve</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaminsky_Bostwick_Guthrie_2015_pp._808–817_33-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaminsky_Bostwick_Guthrie_2015_pp._808–817-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Intranasal absorption features low lipophilicity, enzymatic degradation within the nasal cavity, large molecular size, and rapid mucociliary clearance from the nasal passages, which explains the low <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">risk of systemic exposure of the administered drug absorbed</a> via intranasal.<sup id="cite_ref-Kaminsky_Bostwick_Guthrie_2015_pp._808–817_33-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kaminsky_Bostwick_Guthrie_2015_pp._808–817-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capillaries.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Capillaries.jpg/440px-Capillaries.jpg" decoding="async" width="440" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Capillaries.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="298" /></a><figcaption>Involved subjects' positions.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local">Local</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Local"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By delivering drugs almost directly to the site of action, the risk of systemic <a href="/wiki/Adverse_effect" title="Adverse effect">side effects</a> is reduced.<sup id="cite_ref-Nursing_Times_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nursing_Times-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Skin absorption (dermal absorption), for example, is to directly deliver drug to the skin and, hopefully, to the systemic circulation.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodrigues_Oliveira_2016_pp._155–167_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodrigues_Oliveira_2016_pp._155–167-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, skin irritation may result, and for some forms such as creams or lotions, the dosage is difficult to control.<sup id="cite_ref-DDS_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon contact with the skin, the drug penetrates into the dead <a href="/wiki/Stratum_corneum" title="Stratum corneum">stratum corneum</a> and can afterwards reach the viable <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">dermis</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Blood_vessel" title="Blood vessel">blood vessels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rodrigues_Oliveira_2016_pp._155–167_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rodrigues_Oliveira_2016_pp._155–167-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parenteral">Parenteral</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Parenteral"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The term parenteral is from para-1 'beside' + Greek enteron 'intestine' + -al. This name is due to the fact that it encompasses a route of administration that is not intestinal. However, in common English the term has mostly been used to describe the four most well-known routes of injection. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intravenous_therapy_2007-SEP-13-Singapore.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Intravenous_therapy_2007-SEP-13-Singapore.JPG/220px-Intravenous_therapy_2007-SEP-13-Singapore.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Intravenous_therapy_2007-SEP-13-Singapore.JPG/330px-Intravenous_therapy_2007-SEP-13-Singapore.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Intravenous_therapy_2007-SEP-13-Singapore.JPG/440px-Intravenous_therapy_2007-SEP-13-Singapore.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A peripheral IV placed on the hand.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intradermal_injection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Intradermal_injection.jpg/220px-Intradermal_injection.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Intradermal_injection.jpg/330px-Intradermal_injection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Intradermal_injection.jpg/440px-Intradermal_injection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption>A medical professional performs an intradermal (ID) injection.</figcaption></figure> <p>The term injection encompasses <a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">intravenous</a> (IV), <a href="/wiki/Intramuscular" class="mw-redirect" title="Intramuscular">intramuscular</a> (IM), <a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">subcutaneous</a> (SC) and <a href="/wiki/Intradermal_injection" title="Intradermal injection">intradermal</a> (ID) administration.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Parenteral administration generally acts more rapidly than topical or enteral administration, with onset of action often occurring in 15–30 seconds for IV, 10–20 minutes for IM and 15–30 minutes for SC.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also have essentially 100% <a href="/wiki/Bioavailability" title="Bioavailability">bioavailability</a> and can be used for drugs that are poorly absorbed or ineffective when they are given orally.<sup id="cite_ref-Nursing_Times_25-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nursing_Times-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some medications, such as certain <a href="/wiki/Antipsychotic" title="Antipsychotic">antipsychotics</a>, can be administered as <a href="/wiki/Depot_injection" title="Depot injection">long-acting intramuscular injections</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ongoing <a href="/wiki/IV_infusion" class="mw-redirect" title="IV infusion">IV infusions</a> can be used to deliver continuous medication or <a href="/wiki/IV_fluid" class="mw-redirect" title="IV fluid">fluids</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Disadvantages of injections include potential pain or discomfort for the patient and the requirement of trained staff using <a href="/wiki/Aseptic_technique" class="mw-redirect" title="Aseptic technique">aseptic techniques</a> for administration.<sup id="cite_ref-Nursing_Times_25-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nursing_Times-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in some cases, patients are taught to self-inject, such as SC injection of insulin in patients with <a href="/wiki/Insulin-dependent_diabetes_mellitus" class="mw-redirect" title="Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus">insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus</a>. As the drug is delivered to the site of action extremely rapidly with IV injection, there is a risk of <a href="/wiki/Drug_overdose" title="Drug overdose">overdose</a> if the dose has been calculated incorrectly, and there is an increased risk of side effects if the drug is administered too rapidly.<sup id="cite_ref-Nursing_Times_25-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nursing_Times-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiratory_tract">Respiratory tract</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Respiratory tract"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mouth_inhalation">Mouth inhalation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Mouth inhalation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Administering_inhaled_medication.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Administering_inhaled_medication.jpg/220px-Administering_inhaled_medication.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Administering_inhaled_medication.jpg/330px-Administering_inhaled_medication.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Administering_inhaled_medication.jpg/440px-Administering_inhaled_medication.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>A dummy wears a nebulizer mask, used to administer inhaled medications.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg/180px-Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/df/Illu_quiz_lung05.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption><div><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Trachea" title="Trachea">trachea</a> (conducting zone)</li><li>main <a href="/wiki/Bronchus" title="Bronchus">bronchus</a> (conducting zone)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Lobar_bronchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Lobar bronchus">lobar bronchus</a> (conducting zone)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Segmental_bronchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Segmental bronchus">segmental bronchus</a> (conducting zone)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Subsegmental_bronchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Subsegmental bronchus">subsegmental bronchus</a> (conducting zone)</li><li>conducting <a href="/wiki/Bronchiole" title="Bronchiole">bronchiole</a> (conducting zone)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_bronchiole" class="mw-redirect" title="Terminal bronchiole">terminal bronchiole</a> (conducting zone)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_bronchiole" class="mw-redirect" title="Respiratory bronchiole">respiratory bronchiole</a> (transitional respiratory zone)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_duct" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar duct">alveolar duct</a> (transitional respiratory zone)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_sac" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar sac">alveolar sac</a> (transitional respiratory zone)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonary_alveolus" title="Pulmonary alveolus">alveolus</a> (transitional respiratory zone)</li></ol></div><sup id="cite_ref-Ali_2010_pp._209–246_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ali_2010_pp._209–246-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-archive.is_2020_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archive.is_2020-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GetBodySmart_2017_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GetBodySmart_2017-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Inhaled medications can be absorbed quickly and act both locally and systemically.<sup id="cite_ref-DDS_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Proper technique with <a href="/wiki/Inhaler" title="Inhaler">inhaler</a> devices is necessary to achieve the correct dose. Some medications can have an unpleasant taste or irritate the mouth.<sup id="cite_ref-DDS_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DDS-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, only 20–50% of the pulmonary-delivered dose rendered in powdery particles will be deposited in the lung upon mouth inhalation.<sup id="cite_ref-Tandel_Florence_Misra_2011_pp._429–479_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tandel_Florence_Misra_2011_pp._429–479-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remainder of 50-70% undeposited aerosolized particles are cleared out of lung as soon as <a href="/wiki/Exhalation" title="Exhalation">exhalation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tandel_Florence_Misra_2011_pp._429–479_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tandel_Florence_Misra_2011_pp._429–479-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An inhaled powdery particle that is >8 μm is structurally predisposed to depositing in the central and conducting airways (<a href="/wiki/Conducting_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Conducting zone">conducting zone</a>) by inertial impaction.<sup id="cite_ref-Tandel_Florence_Misra_2011_pp._429–479_47-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tandel_Florence_Misra_2011_pp._429–479-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An inhaled powdery particle that is between 3 and 8 μm in diameter tend to largely deposit in the <a href="/wiki/Transitional_zone" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Transitional zone">transitional zones</a> of the lung by sedimentation.<sup id="cite_ref-Tandel_Florence_Misra_2011_pp._429–479_47-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tandel_Florence_Misra_2011_pp._429–479-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An inhaled powdery particle that is <3 μm in diameter is structurally predisposed to depositing primarily in the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Respiratory_region&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Respiratory region (page does not exist)">respiratory regions</a> of the peripheral lung via diffusion.<sup id="cite_ref-Tandel_Florence_Misra_2011_pp._429–479_47-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tandel_Florence_Misra_2011_pp._429–479-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Particles that deposit in the upper and central airways are generally absorbed systemically to great extent because they are only partially removed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mucociliary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mucociliary (page does not exist)">mucociliary</a> clearance, which results in orally mediated absorption when the transported mucus is swallowed, and first pass metabolism or incomplete absorption through loss at the fecal route can sometimes reduce the bioavailability.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This should in no way suggest to clinicians or researchers that inhaled particles are not a greater threat than swallowed particles, it merely signifies that a combination of both methods may occur with some particles, no matter the size of or lipo/hydrophilicity of the different particle surfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-Tandel_Florence_Misra_2011_pp._429–479_47-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tandel_Florence_Misra_2011_pp._429–479-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/PM_2.5" class="mw-redirect" title="PM 2.5">PM 2.5</a> and <a href="/wiki/PM_10" class="mw-redirect" title="PM 10">PM 10</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nasal_inhalation">Nasal inhalation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Nasal inhalation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Inhalation by nose of a substance is almost identical to oral inhalation, except that some of the drug is absorbed intranasally instead of in the oral cavity before entering the airways. Both methods can result in varying levels of the substance to be deposited in their respective initial cavities, and the level of mucus in either of these cavities will reflect the amount of substance swallowed. The rate of inhalation will usually determine the amount of the substance which enters the lungs. Faster inhalation results in more rapid absorption because more substance finds the lungs. Substances in a form that resists absorption in the lung will likely resist absorption in the nasal passage, and the oral cavity, and are often even more resistant to absorption after they fail absorption in the former cavities and are swallowed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neural drug delivery is the next step beyond the basic addition of <a href="/wiki/Growth_factors" class="mw-redirect" title="Growth factors">growth factors</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nerve_guidance_conduits" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerve guidance conduits">nerve guidance conduits</a>. <a href="/wiki/Drug_delivery_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug delivery systems">Drug delivery systems</a> allow the rate of growth factor release to be regulated over time, which is critical for creating an environment more closely representative of in vivo development environments.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ADME" title="ADME">ADME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">Catheter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosage_form" title="Dosage form">Dosage form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drug_injection" title="Drug injection">Drug injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_instillation" title="Ear instillation">Ear instillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypodermic_needle" title="Hypodermic needle">Hypodermic needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_marijuana_syndrome" title="Intravenous marijuana syndrome">Intravenous marijuana syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants" title="List of medical inhalants">List of medical inhalants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanomedicine" title="Nanomedicine">Nanomedicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absorption_(pharmacology)" title="Absorption (pharmacology)">Absorption (pharmacology)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/route+of+administration">TheFreeDictionary.com > route of administration</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110612045450/http://medical-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/route+of+administration">Archived</a> 2011-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Citing: Jonas: Mosby's Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine. 2005, Elsevier.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output 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Vet. Pharmacol. Ther</i>. <b>27</b> (6): 397–414. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2885.2004.00620.x">10.1111/j.1365-2885.2004.00620.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15601436">15601436</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220818044753/https://researchonline.rvc.ac.uk/id/eprint/912/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-08-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster+dictionary&rft.atitle=topical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Ftopical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoute+of+administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freedict-topical-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-freedict-topical_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-freedict-topical_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreedictionary.com/topical">thefreedictionary.com > topical</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101205213439/http://www.thefreedictionary.com/topical">Archived</a> 2010-12-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Citing: The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition, 2000</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dict-topical-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dict-topical_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dict-topical_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dictionary.com/browse/topical">"topical"</a>. <i>dictionary.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730214617/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/topical">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-30</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dictionary.com&rft.atitle=topical&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dictionary.com%2Fbrowse%2Ftopical&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoute+of+administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-url195_20-1-3.1.htm-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-url195_20-1-3.1.htm_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-url195_20-1-3.1.htm_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-url195_20-1-3.1.htm_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oar.state.ok.us/viewhtml/195_20-1-3.1.htm">"Oklahoma Administrative Code and Register > 195:20-1-3.1. Pediatric conscious sedation utilizing enteral methods (oral, rectal, sublingual)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722120920/http://www.oar.state.ok.us/viewhtml/195_20-1-3.1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diagram+for+conducting+zone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getbodysmart.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F09%2FRespiratory-Conducting-Zone-770x550.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoute+of+administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getbodysmart.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Respiratory-Respiratory-Zone-770x550.png">"Diagram for respiratory zone"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200329081010/https://www.getbodysmart.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Respiratory-Respiratory-Zone-770x550.png">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diagram+for+respiratory+zone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getbodysmart.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F09%2FRespiratory-Respiratory-Zone-770x550.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoute+of+administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getbodysmart.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Respiratory-Upper-tract-770x550.png">"Diagram for upper respiratory tract"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200329081203/https://www.getbodysmart.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Respiratory-Upper-tract-770x550.png">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diagram+for+upper+respiratory+tract&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getbodysmart.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F09%2FRespiratory-Upper-tract-770x550.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoute+of+administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getbodysmart.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Respiratory-lower-tract-770x550.png">"Diagram for lower respiratory tract"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200329081254/https://www.getbodysmart.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/09/Respiratory-lower-tract-770x550.png">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diagram+for+lower+respiratory+tract&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getbodysmart.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F09%2FRespiratory-lower-tract-770x550.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoute+of+administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getbodysmart.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Test-yourself-with-answers-shown-504x550.png">"Diagram for majour zones of respiratory system"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200329081401/https://www.getbodysmart.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Test-yourself-with-answers-shown-504x550.png">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-03-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Diagram+for+majour+zones+of+respiratory+system&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.getbodysmart.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F10%2FTest-yourself-with-answers-shown-504x550.png&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoute+of+administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tandel_Florence_Misra_2011_pp._429–479-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tandel_Florence_Misra_2011_pp._429–479_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tandel_Florence_Misra_2011_pp._429–479_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tandel_Florence_Misra_2011_pp._429–479_47-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tandel_Florence_Misra_2011_pp._429–479_47-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tandel_Florence_Misra_2011_pp._429–479_47-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tandel_Florence_Misra_2011_pp._429–479_47-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTandelFlorenceMisra2011" class="citation book cs1">Tandel, Hemal; Florence, Kiruba; Misra, Ambikanandan (2011). 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Elsevier. pp. 429–479. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-384964-9.00009-8">10.1016/b978-0-12-384964-9.00009-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-384964-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-384964-9"><bdi>978-0-12-384964-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Protein+and+Peptide+Delivery+through+Respiratory+Pathway&rft.btitle=Challenges+in+Delivery+of+Therapeutic+Genomics+and+Proteomics&rft.pages=429-479&rft.pub=Elsevier&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fb978-0-12-384964-9.00009-8&rft.isbn=978-0-12-384964-9&rft.aulast=Tandel&rft.aufirst=Hemal&rft.au=Florence%2C+Kiruba&rft.au=Misra%2C+Ambikanandan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARoute+of+administration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBustamante-MarinOstrowski2017" class="citation journal cs1">Bustamante-Marin, Ximena M.; Ostrowski, Lawrence E. 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Langer, Tissue engineering; current state and perspectives. Applied Microbiology Biotechnology, 2004. 65: p. 1–8</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Route_of_administration&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090907020041/http://www.drug-delivery-systems.org/">The 10th US-Japan Symposium on Drug Delivery Systems</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/FormsSubmissionRequirements/ElectronicSubmissions/DataStandardsManualmonographs/ucm071667.htm">FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Data Standards Manual: Route of Administration.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/Drugs/DevelopmentApprovalProcess/FormsSubmissionRequirements/ElectronicSubmissions/DataStandardsManualmonographs/ucm071666.htm">FDA Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Data Standards Manual: Dosage Form.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nutritioncare.org/">A.S.P.E.N. 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href="/wiki/Template:Routes_of_administration,_dosage_forms" title="Template:Routes of administration, dosage forms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Routes_of_administration,_dosage_forms" title="Template talk:Routes of administration, dosage forms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Routes_of_administration,_dosage_forms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Routes of administration, dosage forms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Routes_of_administration,_dosage_forms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Routes of administration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dosage_form" title="Dosage form">dosage forms</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oral_administration" title="Oral administration">Oral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_gastrointestinal_tract" class="mw-redirect" title="Human gastrointestinal tract">Digestive tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enteral_administration" title="Enteral administration">enteral</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(pharmacy)" title="Tablet (pharmacy)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capsule_(pharmacy)" title="Capsule (pharmacy)">Capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pastille" title="Pastille">Pastille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_release_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Time release technology">Time release technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmotic-controlled_release_oral_delivery_system" title="Osmotic-controlled release oral delivery system">Osmotic delivery system</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FlattenedRoundPills.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FlattenedRoundPills.jpg/60px-FlattenedRoundPills.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FlattenedRoundPills.jpg/90px-FlattenedRoundPills.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/FlattenedRoundPills.jpg/120px-FlattenedRoundPills.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hexaaquatitanium(III)-solution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/60px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/90px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg/120px-Hexaaquatitanium%28III%29-solution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1619" data-file-height="1816" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decoction" title="Decoction">Decoction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elixir" title="Elixir">Elixir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electuary" title="Electuary">Electuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emulsion" title="Emulsion">Emulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effervescent_tablet" title="Effervescent tablet">Effervescent powder or tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbal_tea" title="Herbal tea">Herbal tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_encapsulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular encapsulation">Molecular encapsulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder" title="Powder">Powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Softgel" title="Softgel">Softgel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">Suspension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrup" title="Syrup">Syrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tincture" title="Tincture">Tincture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oral_mucosa" title="Oral mucosa">Oral mucosa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Buccal_administration" title="Buccal administration">buccal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublabial_administration" title="Sublabial administration">sublabial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sublingual_administration" title="Sublingual administration">sublingual</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orally_disintegrating_tablet" title="Orally disintegrating tablet">Orally disintegrating tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_film_drug_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin film drug delivery">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lollipop#Medicinal_use" title="Lollipop">Lollipop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_(liquid)" title="Drop (liquid)">Sublingual drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Throat_lozenge" title="Throat lozenge">Lozenges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effervescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Effervescent">Effervescent</a> tablet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chewing_gum" title="Chewing gum">Chewing gum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mouthwash" title="Mouthwash">Mouthwash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toothpaste" title="Toothpaste">Toothpaste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li>Spray</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Respiratory_tract" title="Respiratory tract">Respiratory tract</a> (<a href="/wiki/Inhalation" title="Inhalation">inhalation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Solid" title="Solid">Solids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dry-powder_inhaler" title="Dry-powder inhaler">Dry-powder inhaler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking" title="Smoking">Smoking</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inhaler.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Inhaler.jpg/60px-Inhaler.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Inhaler.jpg/90px-Inhaler.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Inhaler.jpg/120px-Inhaler.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="1715" /></a></span><br /><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span><br /><span style="visibility:hidden;color:transparent;">0</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">Liquids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anesthetic_vaporizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Anesthetic vaporizer">Anesthetic vaporizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heated_humidified_high-flow_therapy" title="Heated humidified high-flow therapy">Heated humidified high-flow therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants" title="List of medical inhalants">Medical inhalants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metered-dose_inhaler" title="Metered-dose inhaler">Metered-dose inhaler</a> (MDI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebulizer" title="Nebulizer">Nebulizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaporizer_(inhalation_device)" title="Vaporizer (inhalation device)">Vaporizer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gas" title="Gas">Gas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_mask" title="Oxygen mask">Oxygen mask</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_cannula" title="Nasal cannula">Nasal cannula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_concentrator" title="Oxygen concentrator">Oxygen concentrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaesthetic_machine" title="Anaesthetic machine">Anaesthetic machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_medical_inhalants" title="List of medical inhalants">Medical inhalants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_analgesia_machine" title="Relative analgesia machine">Relative analgesia machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmic_drug_administration" title="Ophthalmic drug administration">Ophthalmic</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">otic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nasal_administration" title="Nasal administration">nasal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/30px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="45" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/45px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg/60px-Action_photo_of_nasal_spray_on_a_black_background.jpg 2x" data-file-width="680" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_spray" title="Nasal spray">Nasal spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ear_drop" title="Ear drop">Ear drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_drop" title="Eye drop">Eye drops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insufflation_(medicine)" title="Insufflation (medicine)">Insufflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioadhesive" title="Bioadhesive">Mucoadhesive microdisc</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genitourinary_system" title="Genitourinary system">Urogenital</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pessary" title="Pessary">Pessary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_ring" title="Vaginal ring">Vaginal ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douche" title="Douche">Douche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrauterine_device" title="Intrauterine device">Intrauterine device</a> (IUD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extra-amniotic_administration" title="Extra-amniotic administration">Extra-amniotic infusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_bladder" class="mw-redirect" title="Urinary bladder">Intravesical infusion</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rectal_(medicine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectal (medicine)">Rectal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Enteral_administration" title="Enteral administration">enteral</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Glycerin_suppositories.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/30px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/45px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Glycerin_suppositories.jpg/60px-Glycerin_suppositories.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1623" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suppository" title="Suppository">Suppository</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enema" title="Enema">Enema</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">Solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_drip" title="Murphy drip">Murphy drip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nutrient_enema" title="Nutrient enema">Nutrient enema</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dermis" title="Dermis">Dermal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Topical_medication" title="Topical medication">topical</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SPF15SunBlock.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/40px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG" decoding="async" width="40" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/60px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/SPF15SunBlock.JPG/80px-SPF15SunBlock.JPG 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical">Ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_cream" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical cream">Topical cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topical_gel" class="mw-redirect" title="Topical gel">Topical gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liniment" title="Liniment">Liniment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paste_(rheology)" title="Paste (rheology)">Paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_film_drug_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Thin film drug delivery">Film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyl_sulfoxide" title="Dimethyl sulfoxide">DMSO</a> solution</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iontophoresis" title="Iontophoresis">Iontophoresis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrogel" title="Hydrogel">Hydrogel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liposome" title="Liposome">Liposomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfersome" title="Transfersome">Transfersome vesicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cream_(pharmaceutical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cream (pharmaceutical)">Cream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotion" title="Lotion">Lotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lip_balm" title="Lip balm">Lip balm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shampoo" title="Shampoo">Medicated shampoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dermal_patch" title="Dermal patch">Dermal patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_patch" title="Transdermal patch">Transdermal patch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_spray" title="Transdermal spray">Transdermal spray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_injector" title="Jet injector">Jet injector</a></li></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parenteral" class="mw-redirect" title="Parenteral">Parenterals</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Injection_(medicine)" title="Injection (medicine)">Injections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Infusion_pump" title="Infusion pump">infusions</a></li></ul></div><br /><small><i>(into tissue/blood)</i></small></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_skin" title="Human skin">Skin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Transdermal" title="Transdermal">transdermal</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Intradermal_injection" title="Intradermal injection">Intradermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcutaneous_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcutaneous injection">Subcutaneous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Injector_pen" title="Injector pen">Injector pen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transdermal_implant" title="Transdermal implant">Transdermal implant</a></li> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Injection_Syringe_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/60px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="60" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/90px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Injection_Syringe_01.jpg/120px-Injection_Syringe_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="1386" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy#Major_organ_systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">Organs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intracavernous_injection" title="Intracavernous injection">Intracavernous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravitreal_administration" title="Intravitreal administration">Intravitreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intra-articular_injection" class="mw-redirect" title="Intra-articular injection">Intra-articular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Central_nervous_system" title="Central nervous system">Central nervous system</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Intracerebral_injection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Intracerebral injection (page does not exist)">Intracerebral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrathecal_administration" title="Intrathecal administration">Intrathecal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidural_administration" title="Epidural administration">Epidural</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Circulatory_system" title="Circulatory system">Circulatory</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Human_musculoskeletal_system" title="Human musculoskeletal system">musculoskeletal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous">Intravenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intracardiac_injection" title="Intracardiac injection">Intracardiac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intramuscular_injection" title="Intramuscular injection">Intramuscular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraosseous_infusion" title="Intraosseous infusion">Intraosseous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intraperitoneal_injection" title="Intraperitoneal injection">Intraperitoneal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocell" title="Nanocell">Nanocell injection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patient-controlled_analgesia" title="Patient-controlled analgesia">Patient-controlled analgesia</a> pump</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PIC_line" class="mw-redirect" title="PIC line">PIC line</a></li></ul> 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