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<li id="toc-Theodosia_(Greek_colony)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theodosia_(Greek_colony)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Theodosia (Greek colony)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theodosia_(Greek_colony)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kaffa_(Genoese_colony)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kaffa_(Genoese_colony)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Kaffa (Genoese colony)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kaffa_(Genoese_colony)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kefe_(Ottoman)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kefe_(Ottoman)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Kefe (Ottoman)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kefe_(Ottoman)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Feodosia_(Russian_Empire)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Feodosia_(Russian_Empire)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Feodosia (Russian Empire)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Feodosia_(Russian_Empire)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Soviet Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-WWII_and_Holocaust" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#WWII_and_Holocaust"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5.1</span> <span>WWII and Holocaust</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-WWII_and_Holocaust-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>Ukraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian_occupation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian_occupation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Russian occupation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian_occupation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_Feodosia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_Feodosia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Modern Feodosia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_Feodosia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns—sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns—sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Twin towns—sister cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns—sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-People_from_Feodosia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#People_from_Feodosia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>People from Feodosia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-People_from_Feodosia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">71 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eeodosiaburg" title="Þeodosiaburg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Þeodosiaburg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="فيودوسيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيودوسيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosiya" title="Feodosiya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Feodosiya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="فئودوسیا – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="فئودوسیا" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Феодосия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Феодосия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Феадосія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Феадосія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Тэадосія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэадосія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Феодосия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Феодосия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feod%C3%B2ssia" title="Feodòssia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Feodòssia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodosiia" title="Teodosiia – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Teodosiia" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosija" title="Feodosija – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Feodosija" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosija" title="Feodosija – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Feodosija" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodossija" title="Feodossija – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Feodossija" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodossija" title="Feodossija – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Feodossija" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1_(%CF%80%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7)" title="Θεοδοσία (πόλη) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θεοδοσία (πόλη)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Feodosia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodozio_(Krimeo)" title="Teodozio (Krimeo) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teodozio (Krimeo)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Feodosia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="فئودوسیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فئودوسیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9odosie" title="Théodosie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Théodosie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EC%98%A4%EB%8F%84%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%BC" title="페오도시야 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페오도시야" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%A5%D5%B8%D5%A4%D5%B8%D5%BD%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Թեոդոսիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թեոդոսիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosija" title="Feodosija – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Feodosija" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosija" title="Feodosija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Feodosija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosiya" title="Feodosiya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Feodosiya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8" title="Феодоси – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Феодоси" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Feodosia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94" title="פאודוסיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאודוסיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ფეოდოსია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფეოდოსია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Feodosia" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theodosia_(urbs)" title="Theodosia (urbs) – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Theodosia (urbs)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosija" title="Feodosija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Feodosija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosija" title="Feodosija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Feodosija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffa" title="Caffa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Caffa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodoszija" title="Feodoszija – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Feodoszija" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Феодосија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Феодосија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B0" title="Кафа – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Кафа" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosija" title="Feodosija – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Feodosija" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%AA%E3%83%89%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A4" title="フェオドシヤ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェオドシヤ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosia_(Ukraina)" title="Feodosia (Ukraina) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Feodosia (Ukraina)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Feodosia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B9_(%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0)" title="Феодосий (ола) – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Феодосий (ола)" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kafa" title="Kafa – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kafa" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teodozja_(miasto)" title="Teodozja (miasto) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Teodozja (miasto)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CE%BF%CE%B4%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Θεοδοσία – Pontic" lang="pnt" hreflang="pnt" data-title="Θεοδοσία" data-language-autonym="Ποντιακά" data-language-local-name="Pontic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ποντιακά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teod%C3%B3sia_(Crimeia)" title="Teodósia (Crimeia) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teodósia (Crimeia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosiya" title="Feodosiya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Feodosiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefe" title="Kefe – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Kefe" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Feodosia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Феодосія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Феодосія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Феодосия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Феодосия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Feodosia" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosija" title="Feodosija – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Feodosija" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodozija" title="Feodozija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Feodozija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%8C%DB%86%D8%AF%DB%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="فیۆدۆسیا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فیۆدۆسیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Феодосија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Феодосија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosija" title="Feodosija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Feodosija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosija" title="Feodosija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Feodosija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosija" title="Feodosija – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Feodosija" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பெடோசியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெடோசியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%99%D1%84%D3%99" title="Кәфә – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кәфә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2" title="ฟีโอโดซียา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟีโอโดซียา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefe" title="Kefe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kefe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Феодосия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Феодосия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Феодосія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Феодосія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosii" title="Feodosii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Feodosii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Feodosia" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="费奥多西亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="费奥多西亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%A5%A7%E5%A4%9A%E5%A3%AB%E4%BA%9E" title="菲奧多士亞 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="菲奧多士亞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kefe" title="Kefe – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kefe" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9A" title="费奥多西亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="费奥多西亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q158491#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Feodosia&params=45_02_03_N_35_22_45_E_region:RU_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°02′03″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°22′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.03417°N 35.37917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.03417; 35.37917</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caffa&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Caffa">Caffa</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Port town in Crimea</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Caffa" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Caffa_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Caffa (disambiguation)">Caffa (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the steamship, see <a href="/wiki/SS_Feodosia" class="mw-redirect" title="SS Feodosia">SS Feodosia</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Crimea, Ukraine</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Feodosia</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Феодосія, Теодосія</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Феодосия</span><br /><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a>: <i lang="crh">Kefe</i><br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کفه</span>‎</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:THEODOSIA_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Genoese fortress of Caffa"><img alt="Genoese fortress of Caffa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/THEODOSIA_01.jpg/250px-THEODOSIA_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/THEODOSIA_01.jpg/375px-THEODOSIA_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/THEODOSIA_01.jpg/500px-THEODOSIA_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2244" data-file-height="1476" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Genoese fortress of Caffa</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Feodosia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Feodosia"><img alt="Flag of Feodosia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Feodosia.svg/100px-Flag_of_Feodosia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Feodosia.svg/150px-Flag_of_Feodosia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Feodosia.svg/200px-Flag_of_Feodosia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="706" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feodosiya_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Feodosia"><img alt="Coat of arms of Feodosia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Feodosiya_coat_of_arms.svg/82px-Feodosiya_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="82" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Feodosiya_coat_of_arms.svg/124px-Feodosiya_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Feodosiya_coat_of_arms.svg/165px-Feodosiya_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="326" /></a></span><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crimea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Feodosia is located in Crimea"><img alt="Feodosia is located in Crimea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Crimea_location_map.svg/250px-Crimea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Crimea_location_map.svg/375px-Crimea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Crimea_location_map.svg/500px-Crimea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="377" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:60.278%;left:67.708%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Feodosia"><img alt="Feodosia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Feodosia</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location of Feodosia within Crimea</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Feodosia&params=45_02_03_N_35_22_45_E_region:RU_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">45°02′03″N</span> <span class="longitude">35°22′45″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">45.03417°N 35.37917°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">45.03417; 35.37917</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (occupied by <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic" title="Autonomous republic">Autonomous republic</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_republic_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous republic of Crimea">Crimea</a> (<i>de jure</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Raions_of_Ukraine" title="Raions of Ukraine">Raion</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Feodosia_Raion" title="Feodosia Raion">Feodosia Raion</a> (<i>de jure</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Federal subject</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Crimea_(Russia)" title="Republic of Crimea (Russia)">Crimea</a> (<i>de facto</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">Municipality</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Feodosia_Municipality" title="Feodosia Municipality">Feodosia Municipality</a> (<i>de facto</i>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Elevation<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">50 m (160 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><span class="nowrap"> </span>(2015)</div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">69,145</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B3" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+3">UTC+3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Moscow_Time" title="Moscow Time">MSK</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_code" title="Postal code">Postal codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code">298100–298175</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbering_plan" title="Telephone numbering plan">Area code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">+7-36562</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_renamed_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of renamed cities in Ukraine">Former names</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Kefe (until 1784), Caffa (until the 15th century)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Climate</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">Cfa</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://feo.rk.gov.ru/">feo<wbr />.rk<wbr />.gov<wbr />.ru</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 250px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="250" data-zoom="11" data-overlays="["_2f68695ab29bbb515841fe1fc9e3171227d83349"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,270x250.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Feodosia&revid=1258549290&groups=_2f68695ab29bbb515841fe1fc9e3171227d83349" width="270" height="250" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,11,a,a,270x250@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Feodosia&revid=1258549290&groups=_2f68695ab29bbb515841fe1fc9e3171227d83349 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Feodosia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>: <span lang="uk">Феодосія, Теодосія</span>, <i>Feodosiia, Teodosiia</i>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Феодосия</span>, <i>Feodosiya</i><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), also called in English <b>Theodosia</b> (from <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Θεοδοσία</span>), is a city on the <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimean</a> coast of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>. Feodosia serves as the administrative center of <a href="/wiki/Feodosia_Municipality" title="Feodosia Municipality">Feodosia Municipality</a>, one of the regions into which Crimea is divided. During much of its history, the city was a significant settlement known as <b>Caffa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ligurian_language" title="Ligurian language">Ligurian</a>: <i lang="lij">Cafà</i>) or <b>Kaffa</b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Crimean_Tatar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Crimean Tatar (page does not exist)">Old Crimean Tatar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish" title="Ottoman Turkish">Ottoman Turkish</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1227789315"><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">کفه</span>‎; <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatar_language" title="Crimean Tatar language">Crimean Tatar</a>/<a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Kefe</i>). According to the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Federal_District_Census_(2014)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean Federal District Census (2014)">2014 census</a>, its population was 69,145. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Feodosia" title="Special:EditPage/Feodosia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Feodosia%22">"Feodosia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Feodosia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Feodosia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Feodosia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Feodosia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Feodosia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theodosia_(Greek_colony)"><span id="Theodosia_.28Greek_colony.29"></span>Theodosia (Greek colony)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greek_colonies_of_the_Northern_Euxine_Sea_(Black_Sea).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_colonies_of_the_Northern_Euxine_Sea_%28Black_Sea%29.svg/310px-Greek_colonies_of_the_Northern_Euxine_Sea_%28Black_Sea%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_colonies_of_the_Northern_Euxine_Sea_%28Black_Sea%29.svg/465px-Greek_colonies_of_the_Northern_Euxine_Sea_%28Black_Sea%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Greek_colonies_of_the_Northern_Euxine_Sea_%28Black_Sea%29.svg/620px-Greek_colonies_of_the_Northern_Euxine_Sea_%28Black_Sea%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1142" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Theodosia and other Greek colonies along the north coast of the Black Sea from the 8th to the 3rd century BC</figcaption></figure> <p>The city was <a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Crimea">founded</a> as <i>Theodosia</i> (Θεοδοσία) by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Greek</a> colonists from <a href="/wiki/Miletos" class="mw-redirect" title="Miletos">Miletos</a> in the 6th century BC. Noted for its rich agricultural lands, on which its trade depended, the city was destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> in the 4th century AD. </p><p>Theodosia remained a minor village for much of the next nine hundred years. It was at times part of the <a href="/wiki/Sphere_of_influence" title="Sphere of influence">sphere of influence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Khazars" title="Khazars">Khazars</a> (excavations have revealed Khazar artifacts dating back to the 9th century) and of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. </p><p>Like the rest of <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>, this place (village) fell under the domination of the <a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchaks</a> and was conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a> in the 1230s. </p><p>A settlement named <i>Kaphâs</i> (alternate romanized spelling <i>Cafâs</i>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Καφᾶς</span>) existed surrounding Theodosia prior to the penetration of Genoese into the Black Sea. The archaeological evidence indicates that during the Middle Ages the population about Theodosia never decreased to zero; several medieval churches are found in the area dating from the times of <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a>/<a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a>. However, the population had become completely agrarian. A small local Greek population must have existed <i>in situ</i> and in the neighboring settlements. Likely, from the 9th century there were <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cumans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> living alongside the Greeks, and by 1270s, perhaps some Tatars and Armenians as well.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kaffa_(Genoese_colony)"><span id="Kaffa_.28Genoese_colony.29"></span>Kaffa (Genoese colony)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Satellite_picture_of_Crimea,_Terra-MODIS,_05-16-2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg/290px-Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg/435px-Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg/580px-Satellite_picture_of_Crimea%2C_Terra-MODIS%2C_05-16-2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1817" data-file-height="1198" /></a><figcaption>The Genoese ports and later Turkish-controlled area were south of the mountains, shown here in a satellite image</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 13th century, traders from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a> arrived and purchased the city from the ruling <a href="/wiki/Golden_Horde" title="Golden Horde">Golden Horde</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>They established a flourishing trading settlement called <i>Kaffa (</i>also recorded as <i>Caffa)</i>, which virtually monopolized trade in the Black Sea region and served as a major port and administrative center for the <a href="/wiki/Genoese_colonies" title="Genoese colonies">Genoese settlements</a> around the Sea. The city thrived despite the tenuous politics of the region and Genoa's <a href="/wiki/Genoese%E2%80%93Mongol_Wars" title="Genoese–Mongol Wars">series of wars</a> with the Mongol successor states.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It came to house one of Europe's biggest <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">slave markets</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_slave_trade" title="Black Sea slave trade">Black Sea slave trade</a>, and served as a terminus for the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a> also adds that the city of Caffa was established during the times when the area was ruled by the Khan of the Golden Horde <a href="/wiki/Mengu-Timur" title="Mengu-Timur">Mengu-Timur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Battuta" title="Ibn Battuta">Ibn Battuta</a> visited the city, noting it was a "great city along the sea coast inhabited by Christians, most of them Genoese." He further stated, "We went down to its port, where we saw a wonderful harbor with about two hundred vessels in it, both ships of war and trading vessels, small and large, for it is one of the world's celebrated ports."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1318, <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXII" title="Pope John XXII">Pope John XXII</a> established a <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a> of Kaffa, as a <a href="/wiki/Suffragan" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffragan">suffragan</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Genoa" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Genoa">Genoa</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Papal_bull" title="Papal bull">papal bull</a> of appointment of the first bishop attributed to him a vast territory: "a villa de <a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Varna</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> usque <a href="/wiki/Sarai_(city)" title="Sarai (city)">Sarey</a> inclusive in longitudinem et a <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">mari Pontico</a> usque ad <a href="/wiki/Ruthenia" title="Ruthenia">terram Ruthenorum</a> in latitudinem" ("from the city of Varna in Bulgaria to Sarey inclusive in longitude, and from the Black Sea to the land of the Ruthenians in latitude"). The first bishop was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fra%27_Gerolamo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fra' Gerolamo (page does not exist)">Fra' Gerolamo</a>, who had already been consecrated seven years before as a missionary bishop <i>ad partes Tartarorum</i>. The diocese ended as a residential bishopric with the capture of the city by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottomans</a> in 1475.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accordingly, Kaffa is today listed by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Titular_see" title="Titular see">titular see</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new diocese effectively broke up the diocese of <a href="/wiki/Khanbaliq" title="Khanbaliq">Khanbaliq</a>, which functioned as one diocese for all Mongol territory from the Balkans to China.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is believed that the devastating <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> entered Europe for the first time via Kaffa in 1347. After <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Caffa" title="Siege of Caffa">a protracted siege</a> during which the Mongol army under <a href="/wiki/Janibeg" class="mw-redirect" title="Janibeg">Janibeg</a> was reportedly withering from the disease, they catapulted the infected corpses over the city walls, infecting the inhabitants, in one of the first cases of <a href="/wiki/Biological_warfare" title="Biological warfare">biological warfare</a>. Fleeing inhabitants may have carried the disease back to Italy, causing its spread across Europe. However, the plague appears to have spread in a stepwise fashion, taking over a year to reach <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> from <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a>. Also, there were a number of Crimean ports under <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongol</a> control, so it is unlikely that Kaffa was the only source of plague-infested ships heading to Europe. Additionally, there were overland caravan routes from the East that would have been carrying the disease into Europe as well.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaffa eventually recovered. The thriving, culturally diverse city and its thronged slave market have been described by the Spanish traveler <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Tafur" title="Pedro Tafur">Pedro Tafur</a>, who was there in the 1430s.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The port was also visited by German traveler <a href="/wiki/Johann_Schiltberger" title="Johann Schiltberger">Johann Schiltberger</a> in the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1462, Caffa placed itself under the protection of King <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Casimir IV of Poland">Casimir IV of Poland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Poland did not offer significant help due to reinforcements sent being massacred in Bar fortress (modern day Ukraine) by Duke Czartoryski after a quarrel with locals.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kefe_(Ottoman)"><span id="Kefe_.28Ottoman.29"></span>Kefe (Ottoman)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caffa_and_Theodoro_2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Caffa_and_Theodoro_2.svg/220px-Caffa_and_Theodoro_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Caffa_and_Theodoro_2.svg/330px-Caffa_and_Theodoro_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Caffa_and_Theodoro_2.svg/440px-Caffa_and_Theodoro_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption>Feodosia and territorial demarcations in the 15th century</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ukrainian_cossacks_conquer_Feodosia.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ukrainian_cossacks_conquer_Feodosia.png/220px-Ukrainian_cossacks_conquer_Feodosia.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ukrainian_cossacks_conquer_Feodosia.png/330px-Ukrainian_cossacks_conquer_Feodosia.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Ukrainian_cossacks_conquer_Feodosia.png/440px-Ukrainian_cossacks_conquer_Feodosia.png 2x" data-file-width="1778" data-file-height="1780" /></a><figcaption>17th-century woodcut showing <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chaika_(boat)" title="Chaika (boat)">"chaika" boats</a>, destroying the Turkish fleet and capturing Caffa</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">fall of Constantinople</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Amasra</a>, and lastly <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Trebizond" title="Empire of Trebizond">Trebizond</a>, the position of Caffa had become untenable and attracted the attention of <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>. He was at no loss for a pretext to extinguish this last Genoese colony on the Black Sea. In 1473, the <i>tudun</i> (or governor) of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a> died and a fight developed over the appointment of his successor. The Genoese involved themselves in the dispute, and the Tatar notables who favored the losing candidate finally asked Mehmed to settle the dispute. </p><p>Mehmed dispatched a fleet under the Ottoman commander <a href="/wiki/Gedik_Ahmet_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gedik Ahmet Pasha">Gedik Ahmet Pasha</a>, which left <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> 19 May 1475. It anchored before the walls of the city on 1 June, started the bombardment the next day, and on 6 June the inhabitants capitulated. Over the next few days the Ottomans proceeded to extract the wealth of the inhabitants, and abduct 1,500 youths for service in the Sultan's palace.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:BALANCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:BALANCE"><span title="The material near this tag seems to express a non-neutral point of view. (April 2020)">unbalanced opinion?</span></a></i>]</sup> On 8 July, the final blow was struck when all inhabitants of Latin origin were ordered to relocate to Istanbul, where they founded a quarter (<i>Kefeli Mahalle</i>) which was named after the town they had been forced to leave.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Renamed <i>Kefe</i>, Caffa became one of the most important Turkish ports on the Black Sea. It was a major center of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_slave_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Crimean slave trade">Crimean slave trade</a> until the late 18th-century, referred to by the Lithuanian <a href="/wiki/Michalon_Litvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Michalon Litvin">Mikhalon Litvin</a> as: "not a town, but an abyss into which our blood is pouring".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1616, <a href="/wiki/Zaporozhian_Cossacks" title="Zaporozhian Cossacks">Zaporozhian Cossacks</a> under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Petro_Konashevych-Sahaidachny" title="Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny">Petro Konashevych-Sahaidachny</a> destroyed the Turkish fleet and captured Caffa. Having conquered the city, the Cossacks released the men, women and children who were slaves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Feodosia_(Russian_Empire)"><span id="Feodosia_.28Russian_Empire.29"></span>Feodosia (Russian Empire)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_Feodosia_city_ruins.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/View_Feodosia_city_ruins.jpg/220px-View_Feodosia_city_ruins.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/View_Feodosia_city_ruins.jpg/330px-View_Feodosia_city_ruins.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/View_Feodosia_city_ruins.jpg/440px-View_Feodosia_city_ruins.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3064" data-file-height="1452" /></a><figcaption>View by C. G. H. Geissler, 1794</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8._%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8._%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/220px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8._%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8._%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/330px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8._%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8._%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg/440px-%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8._%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6241" data-file-height="4757" /></a><figcaption><i>Feodosia</i>, painting by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Bossoli" title="Carlo Bossoli">Carlo Bossoli</a>, 1856</figcaption></figure> <p>Ottoman control ceased when the expanding <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> took over Crimea between 1774 and 1783. It was renamed Feodosia (Russian Ѳеодосія; <a href="/wiki/Reforms_of_Russian_orthography#Post-revolution_reform" title="Reforms of Russian orthography">reformed spelling</a> Феодосия), after the traditional Russian reading of its ancient Greek name. In 1900, Zibold constructed the first <a href="/wiki/Air_well_(condenser)#Zibold.27s_collector" title="Air well (condenser)">air well</a> (dew condenser) on mount Tepe-Oba near Feodosia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:671px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D1%8B).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama of the fortress of Feodosia (Kaffa) by Mikhail Ivanov (1783)"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D1%8B%29.jpg/663px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D1%8B%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="663" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D1%8B%29.jpg/995px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D1%8B%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D1%8B%29.jpg/1326px-%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_%28%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D1%8B%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1830" data-file-height="635" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8_(%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%84%D1%8B).jpg" title="File:Панорама крепости Феодосии (Каффы).jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><i>Panorama of the fortress of Feodosia (Kaffa)</i> by <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Matveevich_Ivanov" title="Mikhail Matveevich Ivanov">Mikhail Ivanov</a> (1783)</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="WWII_and_Holocaust">WWII and Holocaust</h4></div><p> The city was occupied by the forces of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, sustaining significant damage in the process. The Jewish population numbering 3,248 before the German occupation was murdered by SD-<a href="/wiki/Einsatzgruppe" class="mw-redirect" title="Einsatzgruppe">Einsatzgruppe</a> D between November 16 and December 15, 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A witness interviewed by the <a href="/wiki/Extraordinary_State_Commission" title="Extraordinary State Commission">Soviet Extraordinary Commission</a> in 1944 and quoted on the website of the French organization <a href="/wiki/Yahad-In_Unum" title="Yahad-In Unum">Yahad-In Unum</a> described how the Jews were rounded-up in the city: </p><blockquote><p>[A]ll the Jews were gathered. The Germans told them they would be displaced somewhere in Ukraine. On December 4, 1941, in the morning, all the Jews, including my father, my mother and my sister were taken to an anti-tank trench where they were executed by German shooters. 1,500-1,700 people were shot that day.<sup id="cite_ref-Dora_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dora-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> A monument commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> victims is situated at the crossroads of Kerchensky and Symferopolsky highways. On <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Passover</a> eve, 7 April 2012, unknown persons desecrated the monument for the sixth time in what was allegedly an <a href="/wiki/Anti-Semitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Semitic">anti-Semitic</a> act.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All native Tatar inhabitants were arrested by Soviet forces as several thousand Tatars had fought side-by-side with the Nazis against Soviet forces and had participated in the Jewish genocide.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following Stalin's orders, all Tatars were sent to <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Central_Asian" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Asian">Central Asian</a> republics of the <a href="/wiki/USSR" class="mw-redirect" title="USSR">USSR</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h3></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian_occupation">Russian occupation</h4></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the Russian <a href="/wiki/Novocherkassk_(vessel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Novocherkassk (vessel)">warship Novocherkassk</a>, a landing ship likely used to transport drones, was hit in the early morning hours of 26 December 2023 in the harbour of Feodosia. There was a large fire and explosion. Russia reported that two missiles that were fired from <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-24" title="Sukhoi Su-24">Sukhoi Su-24</a> jets were shot down.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <p>The climate is warm and dry and could be described as <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Humid subtropical">humid subtropical</a>, but not as <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_climate" title="Mediterranean climate">Mediterranean</a>, because the drying summer trend is not pronounced enough. </p> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Feodosia (1991–2020, extremes 1881–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9A35; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.1<br />(66.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9D3C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.6<br />(65.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2<br />(81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.5<br />(81.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9<br />(89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.0<br />(95.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF1200; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.8<br />(101.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">38.9<br />(102.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF3800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33.3<br />(91.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.0<br />(84.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF6400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.9<br />(80.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF8710; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.8<br />(71.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF1100; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">38.9<br />(102.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFCF9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.9<br />(40.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6<br />(42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFDCBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.5<br />(49.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.1<br />(59.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF8B17; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.3<br />(70.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">26.5<br />(79.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.7<br />(85.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF5200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">29.6<br />(85.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.9<br />(75.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA54B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.5<br />(63.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD1A4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.1<br />(52.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9<br />(44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA55; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">16.8<br />(62.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0<br />(35.6) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.4<br />(36.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF6ED; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.8<br />(42.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD2A6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.9<br />(51.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFAA56; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.7<br />(62.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF870F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.9<br />(71.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.8<br />(76.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6<br />(76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF9932; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.3<br />(66.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5<br />(56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE7D0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.9<br />(46.2) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.1<br />(39.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.7<br />(30.7) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.4<br />(31.3) </td> <td style="background: #F5F5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.8<br />(37.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4<br />(45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8<br />(55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFA44A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.6<br />(63.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9123; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.4<br />(68.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9226; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.2<br />(68.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFB46A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.3<br />(59.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFD8B1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.1<br />(50.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5<br />(34.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBC; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.3<br />(48.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.0<br />(−13.0) </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">−25.1<br />(−13.2) </td> <td style="background: #9B9BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.0<br />(6.8) </td> <td style="background: #C9C9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.5<br />(22.1) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.1<br />(34.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFBF8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.0<br />(41.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFDFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.1<br />(48.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFDDBB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.4<br />(48.9) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.4<br />(34.5) </td> <td style="background: #AAAAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−11.2<br />(11.8) </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.9<br />(5.2) </td> <td style="background: #8282FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.6<br />(−1.5) </td> <td style="background: #5F5FFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−25.1<br />(−13.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #BEFFBE; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #C4FFC4; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36<br />(1.4) </td> <td style="background: #C6FFC6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">38<br />(1.5) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #CDFFCD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">33<br />(1.3) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #BCFFBC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">43<br />(1.7) </td> <td style="background: #C1FFC1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #BFFFBF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">41<br />(1.6) </td> <td style="background: #BAFFBA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">46<br />(1.8) </td> <td style="background: #C2FFC2; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">478<br />(18.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average extreme snow depth cm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2<br />(0.8) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0<br />(0) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1<br />(0.4) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2<br />(0.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average rainy days </th> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10 </td> <td style="background: #7272FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11 </td> <td style="background: #8F8FFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #A5A5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #8C8CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9 </td> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #6666FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #6A6AFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12 </td> <td style="background: #8A8AFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">111 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average snowy days </th> <td style="background: #9C9CFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #9292FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.3 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FFFFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0 </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.1 </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2 </td> <td style="background: #B4B4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6 </td> <td style="background: #DEDEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000C7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000CF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">79.2 </td> <td style="background: #0000D7; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">77.1 </td> <td style="background: #0000E5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">73.4 </td> <td style="background: #0000F0; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000F8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">68.3 </td> <td style="background: #0C0CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63.5 </td> <td style="background: #0909FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">64.3 </td> <td style="background: #0000F2; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">70.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000D9; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">76.5 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">80.8 </td> <td style="background: #0000C4; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">82.0 </td> <td style="background: #0000E3; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">73.9 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #737373; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">63 </td> <td style="background: #909090; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">72 </td> <td style="background: #BABA47; color:#000000;" class="notheme">129 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">182 </td> <td style="background: #E3E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">252 </td> <td style="background: #ECEC07; color:#000000;" class="notheme">283 </td> <td style="background: #F0F00F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">308 </td> <td style="background: #EBEB04; color:#000000;" class="notheme">287 </td> <td style="background: #E4E400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">246 </td> <td style="background: #CBCB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">166 </td> <td style="background: #A0A0A0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #5D5D5D; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">51 </td> <td style="background: #D1D100; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,124 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net,<sup id="cite_ref-pogoda_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pogoda-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/NCEI" class="mw-redirect" title="NCEI">NOAA NCEI</a> (humidity 1981–2010)<sup id="cite_ref-WMOCLINO_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: <a href="/wiki/NOAA" class="mw-redirect" title="NOAA">NOAA</a> (sun, 1961−1990)<sup id="cite_ref-NOAA_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NOAA-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_Feodosia">Modern Feodosia</h2></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1349px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PanoramaFeo2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Panorama Feodosia seen from the mountain Tepe Oba.I"><img alt="Panorama Feodosia seen from the mountain Tepe Oba." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PanoramaFeo2.jpg/1341px-PanoramaFeo2.jpg" decoding="async" width="1341" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PanoramaFeo2.jpg/2012px-PanoramaFeo2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/PanoramaFeo2.jpg/2682px-PanoramaFeo2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5830" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:PanoramaFeo2.jpg" title="File:PanoramaFeo2.jpg"> </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Panorama Feodosia seen from the mountain Tepe Oba.I</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feodosia_embankment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Feodosia_embankment.jpg/220px-Feodosia_embankment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Feodosia_embankment.jpg/330px-Feodosia_embankment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e8/Feodosia_embankment.jpg/440px-Feodosia_embankment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="375" /></a><figcaption>Feodosia embankment.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tepe_Oba._Theodosia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tepe_Oba._Theodosia.jpg/220px-Tepe_Oba._Theodosia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tepe_Oba._Theodosia.jpg/330px-Tepe_Oba._Theodosia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tepe_Oba._Theodosia.jpg/440px-Tepe_Oba._Theodosia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>View from Tepe-Oba over Ordzhonikidze (Urban-type settlement under the town's jurisdiction)</figcaption></figure> <p>Modern Feodosia is a resort city with a population of about 69,000 people. It has beaches, mineral springs, and mud baths, sanatoria, and rest homes. Apart from tourism, its economy rests on agriculture and fisheries. Local industries include fishing, brewing and canning. As with much of the Crimea, most of its population is ethnically <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russian</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a> is infrequently used. In June 2006, Feodosia made the news with the <a href="/wiki/2006_anti-NATO_protests_in_Feodosia" title="2006 anti-NATO protests in Feodosia">2006 anti-NATO protests</a>. </p><p>While most beaches in the Crimea are made of pebbles, in the Feodosia area there is a unique Golden Beach (<i>Zolotoy Plyazh</i>) made of small seashells which stretches for some 15 km. </p><p>The city is sparsely populated during the winter months and most cafes and restaurants are closed. Business and tourism increase in mid-June and peak during July and August. As in the other <a href="/wiki/Resort_town" title="Resort town">resort towns</a> of the Crimea, the tourists come mostly from the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a> countries of the former Soviet Union. </p><p>Feodosia was the city where the seascape painter <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Ivan Aivazovsky</a> lived and worked all his life, and where general <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kotlyarevsky" title="Pyotr Kotlyarevsky">Pyotr Kotlyarevsky</a> and the writer <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Grin" title="Alexander Grin">Alexander Grin</a> spent their declining years. Popular tourist locations include the <a href="/wiki/Aivazovsky_National_Art_Gallery" title="Aivazovsky National Art Gallery">Aivazovsky National Art Gallery</a> and the Genoese fortress. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 174.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 172.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_03.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="View from Tepe-Oba"><img alt="View from Tepe-Oba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_03.JPG/259px-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_03.JPG" decoding="async" width="173" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_03.JPG/388px-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_03.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_03.JPG/517px-%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_03.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="2012" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">View from Tepe-Oba</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Ancient Karaites cemetery"><img alt="Ancient Karaites cemetery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_01.JPG/240px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_01.JPG/360px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_01.JPG/480px-%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Ancient <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Karaites</a> cemetery</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodosia_castle.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Genoese castle Caffa"><img alt="Genoese castle Caffa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Theodosia_castle.JPG/240px-Theodosia_castle.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Theodosia_castle.JPG/360px-Theodosia_castle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Theodosia_castle.JPG/480px-Theodosia_castle.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Genoese castle Caffa</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B7_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Port and Tepe-Oba"><img alt="Port and Tepe-Oba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B7_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0.JPG/240px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B7_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B7_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0.JPG/360px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B7_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B7_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0.JPG/480px-%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B4_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B7_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Port and Tepe-Oba</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96-%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lighthouse on Tepe-Oba"><img alt="Lighthouse on Tepe-Oba" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96-%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0.jpg/240px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96-%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96-%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0.jpg/360px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96-%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96-%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0.jpg/480px-%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%8F%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%96_%D0%86%D0%BB%D0%BB%D1%96-%D0%BF%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C_%D1%85%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Lighthouse on Tepe-Oba</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Feodosia city centre"><img alt="Feodosia city centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F-001.jpg/240px-%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F-001.jpg/360px-%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F-001.jpg/480px-%D0%A4%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%8F-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Feodosia city centre</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/More_(Feodosiya)" title="More (Feodosiya)">More PO</a> (Primorsk)</li> <li>Sudokompozit - ship design R&D naval hardware</li></ul> <dl><dd>Kasatka TsNII Gp NPO Uran (Gagra Pitsunda) - ship design R&D naval hardware</dd></dl> <ul><li>Gidropribor FeOMMZ, torpedo manufacturing and ship yard (Ordzhonikidze)</li></ul> <dl><dd>NPO Uran TsNII Gp "Kasatka" (Lab N°5 NII400) torpedoes (Gagra Pitsunda)</dd></dl> <ul><li>Russia Black Sea Fleet Navy Ship repair Yards</li> <li>FOMZ Opto Mechanical Plant FKOZ</li> <li>Feodosia Economic Industrial Zone FPZ (west)</li> <li>Feodosia FMZ Engineering/Machine-building Plant</li> <li>Feodosia FPZ (Priborostroeni Priladobudivni) Instrument-making Plant</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns—sister_cities"><span id="Twin_towns.E2.80.94sister_cities"></span>Twin towns—sister cities</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia"><img alt="Armenia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Armavir,_Armenia" title="Armavir, Armenia">Armavir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azov" title="Azov">Azov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li>and others</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="People_from_Feodosia">People from Feodosia</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Aivazovsky" title="Ivan Aivazovsky">Ivan Aivazovsky</a> (1817-1900), Russian painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuriy_Barashian" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuriy Barashian">Yuriy Barashian</a> (born 1979), Ukrainian boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serhiy_Derevyanchenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Serhiy Derevyanchenko">Serhiy Derevyanchenko</a> (born 1985), Ukrainian boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kapitonenko" title="Roman Kapitonenko">Roman Kapitonenko</a> (born 1981), Ukrainian boxer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetyana_Kozyrenko" title="Tetyana Kozyrenko">Tetyana Kozyrenko</a> (born 1996), Ukrainian football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolff_Kostakowsky" title="Wolff Kostakowsky">Wolff Kostakowsky</a> (1879-1944), American <a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">klezmer</a> violinist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Liczik" title="Andrzej Liczik">Andrzej Liczik</a> (born 1977), Ukrainian-Polish boxer</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p>The late-medieval city of Caffa is the location of a section of the novel <i>Caprice and Rondo</i> by the Scottish novelist <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dunnett" title="Dorothy Dunnett">Dorothy Dunnett</a>. </p><p>An early 14th-century bishop of Caffa appears in <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a>'s novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Name_of_the_Rose" title="The Name of the Rose">The Name of the Rose</a></i>, making several sharp replies in a long, tempestuous debate within a group of monks and clerics; he is portrayed as aggressive and somewhat narrow-minded. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_Greek_place_names" class="mw-redirect" title="List of traditional Greek place names">List of traditional Greek place names</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zakon1.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=55-2010-%EF">Про впорядкування транслітерації українського алфавіту... | від 27.01.2010 № 55</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Khvalkov, Ievgen Alexandrovitch, The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region: Evolution and Transformation, European University Institute, Department of History and Civilization, Florence, vol. 1, pg. 83, September 2015,</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/40744/2015_AlexandrovitchKhvalkov_Vol_I.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=n">Khvalkov, I.E., The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region: Evolution and Transformation,European University Institute</a>, Department of History and Civilization,Florence, 8 September 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSlater2006" class="citation journal cs1">Slater, Eric (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40241665">"Caffa: Early Western Expansion in the Late Medieval World, 1261-1475"</a>. <i>Review (Fernand Braudel Center)</i>. <b>29</b> (3): 271–283. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0147-9032">0147-9032</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40241665">40241665</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+%28Fernand+Braudel+Center%29&rft.atitle=Caffa%3A+Early+Western+Expansion+in+the+Late+Medieval+World%2C+1261-1475&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=271-283&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40241665%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0147-9032&rft.aulast=Slater&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40241665&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeodosia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article075451.html">Mengu-Timur (Менгу-Тимур)</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a></i>. Accessed 26 February 2024.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBattutah2002" class="citation book cs1">Battutah, Ibn (2002). <i>The Travels of Ibn Battutah</i>. London: Picador. pp. 120–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780330418799" title="Special:BookSources/9780330418799"><bdi>9780330418799</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Travels+of+Ibn+Battutah&rft.place=London&rft.pages=120-121&rft.pub=Picador&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780330418799&rft.aulast=Battutah&rft.aufirst=Ibn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeodosia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pius Bonifacius Gams, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbc.poznan.pl/dlibra/doccontent?id=65154&dirids=1"><i>Series episcoporum Ecclesiae Catholicae</i></a>, Leipzig 1931, pg. 432</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Konrad Eubel, <i>Hierarchia Catholica Medii Aevi</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002716&mediaType=application/pdf">vol. 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190709140633/http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002716&mediaType=application%2Fpdf">Archived</a> 9 July 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 154–155; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002717&mediaType=application/pdf">vol. 2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181004040657/http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002717&mediaType=application%2Fpdf">Archived</a> 2018-10-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. XVIII e 117; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002718&mediaType=application/pdf">vol. 3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190321112249/http://sul-derivatives.stanford.edu/derivative?CSNID=00002718&mediaType=application%2Fpdf">Archived</a> 21 March 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pg. 145; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/hierarchiacathol05eubeuoft#page/134/mode/1up">vol. 5</a>, p. 134</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gasparo Luigi Oderico, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lettereligustic00massgoog"><i>Lettere ligustiche ossia Osservazioni critiche sullo stato geografico della Liguria fino ai Tempi di Ottone il Grande, con le Memorie storiche di Caffa ed altri luoghi della Crimea posseduti un tempo da' Genovesi</i></a>, Bassano 1792 (especially p. 166 ff.)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Annuario Pontificio 2013</i> (Libreria Editrice Vaticana 2013; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-209-9070-1">978-88-209-9070-1</a>), p. 855</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhvalkov2017" class="citation book cs1">Khvalkov, Evgeny (2017). <i>The colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea region : evolution and transformation</i>. New York. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-351-62306-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-351-62306-3"><bdi>978-1-351-62306-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/994262849">994262849</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+colonies+of+Genoa+in+the+Black+Sea+region+%3A+evolution+and+transformation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=69&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F994262849&rft.isbn=978-1-351-62306-3&rft.aulast=Khvalkov&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeodosia" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheelis2002" class="citation journal cs1">Wheelis, Mark (September 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732530">"Biological Warfare at the 1346 Siege of Kaffa"</a>. <i>Emerging Infectious Diseases</i>. <b>8</b> (9): 971–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid0809.010536">10.3201/eid0809.010536</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2732530">2732530</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12194776">12194776</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Biological+Warfare+at+the+1346+Siege+of+Kaffa&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=971-75&rft.date=2002-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2732530%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12194776&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid0809.010536&rft.aulast=Wheelis&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2732530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeodosia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankopan" class="citation book cs1">Frankopan, Peter. <i>The Silk Roads</i>. p. 183. <q>A Mongol army laying siege to the Genoese trading post of Caffa following a dispute about trade terms was annihilated by illness that killed 'thousands and thousands every day,' according to one commentator. Before withdrawing, however, 'they ordered corpses to be placed in catapults and lobbed into the city in the hope that the intolerable stench would kill everyone inside.' Rather than being overwhelmed by the smell, it was the highly contagious disease that caught hold. Unknowingly, the Mongols had turned to biological warfare to defeat their enemy. The trading routes that connected Europe to the rest of the world now became lethal highways for the transmission of the Black Death. In 1347, the disease reached Constantinople and then Genoa, Venice and the Mediterranean, brought by traders and merchants fleeing home.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Silk+Roads&rft.pages=183&rft.aulast=Frankopan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeodosia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/silkroad/texts/tafur.html#ch16">Tafur, <i> Andanças e viajes</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Kołodziejczyk, <i>The Crimean Khanate and Poland-Lithuania. International Diplomacy on the European Periphery (15th–18th Century) A Study of Peace Treaties Followed by Annotated Documents</i>, Leiden - Boston 2011, p. 62; ISSN 1380-6076 / <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978%2B90%2B04%2B19190%2B7" title="Special:BookSources/978+90+04+19190+7">978 90 04 19190 7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Franz Babinger, <i>Mehmed the Conqueror and his Time</i> (Princeton: University Press, 1978).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Davies, Brian (2014). Warfare, State and Society on the Black Sea Steppe, 1500–1700. Routledge; ISBN 978-1-134-55283-2. pp. 24-25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin Gilbert, <i>The Routledge Atlas of the Holocaust</i>, 2002, pp.64, 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dora-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dora_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yahadmap.org/#village/feodosiya-feodosia-crimea-ukraine.69">"Execution of Jews in Feodosiya"</a>. <i>The Map of Holocaust by Bullets (interactive map)</i>. Yahad-In Unum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Map+of+Holocaust+by+Bullets+%28interactive+map%29&rft.atitle=Execution+of+Jews+in+Feodosiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.yahadmap.org%2F%23village%2Ffeodosiya-feodosia-crimea-ukraine.69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeodosia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131014121849/http://jewish.kiev.ua/news/5617/">"ФЕОДОСИЯ. Осквернен памятник жертвам Холокоста"</a>. Всеукраинский Еврейский Конгресс. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewish.kiev.ua/news/5617/">the original</a> on 14 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A4%D0%95%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%98%D0%AF.+%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BC+%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%92%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewish.kiev.ua%2Fnews%2F5617%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeodosia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://a-pesni.org/ww2/oficial/krym/a-partizkrym.php">"РУКОВОДСТВО ПАРТИЗАНСКИМ ДВИЖЕНИЕМ КРЫМА В 1941—1942 ГОДАХ И "ТАТАРСКИЙ ВОПРОС"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%A3%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%A1%D0%A2%D0%92%D0%9E+%D0%9F%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A2%D0%98%D0%97%D0%90%D0%9D%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%9C+%D0%94%D0%92%D0%98%D0%96%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%98%D0%95%D0%9C+%D0%9A%D0%A0%D0%AB%D0%9C%D0%90+%D0%92+1941%E2%80%941942+%D0%93%D0%9E%D0%94%D0%90%D0%A5+%D0%98+%22%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98%D0%99+%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%A1%22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fa-pesni.org%2Fww2%2Foficial%2Fkrym%2Fa-partizkrym.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeodosia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orf.at/stories/3343958/">Russisches Kriegsschiff vor Krim getroffen</a> orf.at, 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023 (German).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pogoda-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pogoda_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214154907/http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33976.htm">"Weather and Climate-The Climate of Feodosia"</a> (in Russian). Weather and Climate. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/33976.htm">the original</a> on 14 December 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Weather+and+Climate-The+Climate+of+Feodosia&rft.pub=Weather+and+Climate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pogodaiklimat.ru%2Fclimate%2F33976.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeodosia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMOCLINO-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-WMOCLINO_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210717143555/https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20%282%29.xls">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1981–2010"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(CAV)</span>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1981-2010/RA-VI/Ukraine/12.6.%20WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%20(2).xls">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(CSV)</span> on 17 July 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 July</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1981%E2%80%932010&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2FWMO%2F1981-2010%2FRA-VI%2FUkraine%2F12.6.%2520WMO_Normals_Excel_Template%2520%282%29.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeodosia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NOAA-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NOAA_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/normals/WMO/1961-1990/TABLES/REG_VI/UP/33976.TXT">"Feodosija Climate Normals 1961–1990"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Oceanic_and_Atmospheric_Administration" title="National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration">National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Feodosija+Climate+Normals+1961%E2%80%931990&rft.pub=National+Oceanic+and+Atmospheric+Administration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncei.noaa.gov%2Fpub%2Fdata%2Fnormals%2FWMO%2F1961-1990%2FTABLES%2FREG_VI%2FUP%2F33976.TXT&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeodosia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnnette_M._B._Meakin1906" class="citation book cs1">Annette M. B. Meakin (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028397929#page/n415/mode/2up">"Theodosia"</a>. <i>Russia, Travels and Studies</i>. London: Hurst and Blackett. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3664651">3664651</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL24181315M">24181315M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theodosia&rft.btitle=Russia%2C+Travels+and+Studies&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hurst+and+Blackett&rft.date=1906&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3664651&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL24181315M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.au=Annette+M.+B.+Meakin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924028397929%23page%2Fn415%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeodosia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Theodosia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Theodosia">"Theodosia" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 26 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Theodosia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeodosia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Гавриленко О. А., Сівальньов О. М., Цибулькін В. В. Генуезька спадщина на теренах України; етнодержавознавчий вимір. — Харків: Точка, 2017.— 260 с. — <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-617-669-209-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-617-669-209-6">978-617-669-209-6</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evgeny_Alexandrovitch_Khvalkov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evgeny Alexandrovitch Khvalkov (page does not exist)">Khvalkov E.</a> The colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea region: evolution and transformation. L., New York : Routledge, 2017<sup id="cite_ref-:0_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Khvalkov E. Evoluzione della struttura della migrazione dei liguri e dei corsi nelle colonie genovesi tra Trecento e Quattrocento. In: Atti della Società Ligure di Storia Patria, Nuova Serie'. 2017. Vol. 57 / 131 . -pp. 67–79.</li> <li>Khvalkov E. I piemontesi nelle colonie genovesi sul Mar Nero: popolazione del Piemonte a Caffa secondo i dati delle Massariae Caffae ad annum del 1423 e del 1461. In: Studi Piemontesi. 2017. No. 2. pp. 623–628.</li> <li>Khvalkov E. Campania, Puglia e Basilicata nella colonizzazione genovese dell'Oltremare nei secoli XIV – XV: Caffa genovese secondo i dati dei libri contabili. In: Rassegna Storica Salernitana. 2016. Vol. 65. pp. 11–16.</li> <li>Khvalkov E. Italia settentrionale e centrale nel progetto coloniale genovese sul Mar Nero: gente di Padania e Toscana a Caffa genovese nei secoli XIII – XV secondo i dati delle Massariae Caffae ad annum 1423 e 1461. In: Studi veneziani. Vol. LXXIII, 2016. - pp. 237–240.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Khvalkov E. Il progetto coloniale genovese sul Mar Nero, la dinamica della migrazione latina a Caffa e la gente catalanoaragonese, siciliana e sarda nel Medio Evo. In: Archivio Storico Sardo. 2015. Vol. 50. No. 1. pp. 265–279.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.societamessinesedistoriapatria.it/archivio/96/KHVALKOV.pdf">Khvalkov E. Il Mezzogiorno italiano nella colonizzazione genovese del Mar Nero a Caffa genovese nei secoli XIII – XV (secondo i dati delle Massariae Caffae)</a> (pdf). In: Archivio Storico Messinese. 2015. Vol. 96 . - pp. 7–11.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Feodosia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Feodosia">Feodosia</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> The dictionary definition of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/feodosia" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/feodosia"><i>feodosia</i></a> at Wiktionary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Ukraine.html#Kaffa">WorldStatesmen- Ukraine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.com.ua/en/istor/sev-vost/feodos/feodos.htm">Ancient Theodosia and its Coinage</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://otiumportal.com/solnechnye-berega-feodosii?lang=en">Tourist Theodosius</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=667">The murder of the Jews of Feodosia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150519151457/http://www.yadvashem.org/untoldstories/database/index.asp?cid=667">Archived</a> 2015-05-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Yad_Vashem" title="Yad Vashem">Yad Vashem</a> website.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feodosia_Municipality" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feodosia Municipality"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="border&#124;22px&#124;Flag_of_Feodosia_Municipality&#124;link=Feodosia_Municipality_Feodosia_Municipality" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Feodosia_Municipality" title="Flag of Feodosia Municipality"><img alt="Flag of Feodosia Municipality" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Feodosia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Feodosia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Feodosia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Feodosia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Feodosia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Feodosia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="706" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Feodosia_Municipality" title="Feodosia Municipality">Feodosia Municipality</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Administrative_centre" title="Administrative centre">Administrative center</a>: <b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Feodosia</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Ukraine" title="List of cities in Ukraine"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Cities in Feodosia Municipality">Cities</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Feodosia</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Feodosia_Municipality" title="Coat of arms of Feodosia Municipality"><img alt="Coat of arms of Feodosia Municipality" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Feodosiya_coat_of_arms.svg/40px-Feodosiya_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Feodosiya_coat_of_arms.svg/60px-Feodosiya_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Feodosiya_coat_of_arms.svg/80px-Feodosiya_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="269" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of Feodosia Municipality</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Ukraine#Villages" title="Populated places in Ukraine"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Villages in Feodosia Municipality">Villages</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berehove,_Feodosia_Municipality,_Crimea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berehove, Feodosia Municipality, Crimea (page does not exist)">Berehove</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Blyzhnie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Blyzhnie (page does not exist)">Blyzhnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnokamianka_(village)" title="Krasnokamianka (village)">Krasnokamianka</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanikove&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanikove (page does not exist)">Nanikove</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasypne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasypne (page does not exist)">Nasypne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pidhirne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pidhirne (page does not exist)">Pidhirne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pionerske&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pionerske (page does not exist)">Pionerske</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soniachne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Soniachne (page does not exist)">Soniachne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stepove,_Saky_Raion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stepove, Saky Raion (page does not exist)">Stepove</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vynohradne,_Feodosia_Municipality,_Crimea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vynohradne, Feodosia Municipality, Crimea (page does not exist)">Vynohradne</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuzhne,_Crimea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuzhne, Crimea (page does not exist)">Yuzhne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea&#124;link=Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea_Administrative_divisions_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea_(before_2020)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Subdivisions_of_Crimea_before_2020" title="Template:Subdivisions of Crimea before 2020"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Subdivisions_of_Crimea_before_2020" title="Template talk:Subdivisions of Crimea before 2020"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions_of_Crimea_before_2020" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions of Crimea before 2020"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea&#124;link=Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea_Administrative_divisions_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea_(before_2020)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea"><img alt="Autonomous Republic of Crimea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Crimea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Crimea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Crimea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Crimea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Crimea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Crimea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Crimea" title="Administrative divisions of Crimea">Administrative divisions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a> (before 2020)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Raions_of_Crimea" title="Category:Raions of Crimea"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Raions of Crimea">Raions</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakhchysarai_Raion" title="Bakhchysarai Raion">Bakhchysarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilohirsk_Raion" title="Bilohirsk Raion">Bilohirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chornomorske_Raion" title="Chornomorske Raion">Chornomorske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzhankoi_Raion" title="Dzhankoi Raion">Dzhankoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirovske_Raion" title="Kirovske Raion">Kirovske / Isliam Terek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnohvardiiske_Raion" title="Krasnohvardiiske Raion">Krasnohvardiiske / Kurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnoperekopsk_Raion" title="Krasnoperekopsk Raion">Krasnoperekopsk / Perekop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenine_Raion" title="Lenine Raion">Lenine / Yedy-Kuiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyzhniohirskyi_Raion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyzhniohirskyi Raion">Nyzhniohirskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervomaiske_Raion" title="Pervomaiske Raion">Pervomaiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozdolne_Raion" title="Rozdolne Raion">Rozdolne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saky_Raion" title="Saky Raion">Saky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol_Raion" title="Simferopol Raion">Simferopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietskyi_Raion" title="Sovietskyi Raion">Sovietskyi / Ichki</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Crimea.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Crimea"><img alt="Coat of arms of Crimea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Emblem_of_Crimea.svg/40px-Emblem_of_Crimea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Emblem_of_Crimea.svg/60px-Emblem_of_Crimea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Emblem_of_Crimea.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Crimea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="451" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Municipalities_of_Crimea" title="Category:Municipalities of Crimea"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Municipalities of Crimea">Municipalities</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alushta_Municipality" title="Alushta Municipality">Alushta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armiansk_Municipality" title="Armiansk Municipality">Armiansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzhankoi" title="Dzhankoi">Dzhankoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia_Municipality" title="Feodosia Municipality">Feodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%B1%C4%B1_Qap%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Yañı Qapı">Krasnoperekopsk / Yany Kapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saky_Municipality" title="Saky Municipality">Saky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol_Municipality" title="Simferopol Municipality">Simferopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudak_Municipality" title="Sudak Municipality">Sudak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Municipality" title="Yalta Municipality">Yalta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria_Municipality" title="Yevpatoria Municipality">Yevpatoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Crimea" title="Category:Cities in Crimea"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Cities in Crimea">Cities</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/City_of_regional_significance_(Ukraine)" title="City of regional significance (Ukraine)"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Cities of regional significance">Regional</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alushta" title="Alushta">Alushta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armiansk" title="Armiansk">Armiansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzhankoi" title="Dzhankoi">Dzhankoi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Feodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnoperekopsk" title="Krasnoperekopsk">Krasnoperekopsk / Yany Kapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saky" title="Saky">Saky</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudak" title="Sudak">Sudak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Yevpatoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/City_of_district_significance_(Ukraine)" title="City of district significance (Ukraine)"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Cities of district significance">District</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alupka" title="Alupka">Alupka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhchysarai" title="Bakhchysarai">Bakhchysarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilohirsk" title="Bilohirsk">Bilohirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shcholkine" title="Shcholkine">Shcholkine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staryi_Krym" title="Staryi Krym">Staryi Krym</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_urban-type_settlements_in_Ukraine_by_subdivision#Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of urban-type settlements in Ukraine by subdivision">Urban-type settlements</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Category:Crimea" title="Category:Crimea">Category:Crimea</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea&#124;link=Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea_Administrative_divisions_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea_(since_2020)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Subdivisions_of_Crimea_since_2020" title="Template:Subdivisions of Crimea since 2020"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Subdivisions_of_Crimea_since_2020" title="Template talk:Subdivisions of Crimea since 2020"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions_of_Crimea_since_2020" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Subdivisions of Crimea since 2020"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea&#124;link=Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea_Administrative_divisions_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea_(since_2020)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea"><img alt="Autonomous Republic of Crimea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Crimea.svg/23px-Flag_of_Crimea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Crimea.svg/35px-Flag_of_Crimea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Crimea.svg/46px-Flag_of_Crimea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Crimea" title="Administrative divisions of Crimea">Administrative divisions</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Republic_of_Crimea" title="Autonomous Republic of Crimea">Autonomous Republic of Crimea</a> (since 2020)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital</a>: <b><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Raions_of_Crimea" title="Category:Raions of Crimea"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip" title="Raions of Crimea">Raions</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakhchysarai_Raion" title="Bakhchysarai Raion">Bakhchysarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilohirsk_Raion" title="Bilohirsk Raion">Bilohirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzhankoi_Raion" title="Dzhankoi Raion">Dzhankoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria_Raion" title="Yevpatoria Raion">Yevpatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch_Raion" title="Kerch Raion">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnohvardiiske_Raion" title="Krasnohvardiiske Raion">Kurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnoperekopsk_Raion" title="Krasnoperekopsk Raion">Perekop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol_Raion" title="Simferopol Raion">Simferopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia_Raion" title="Feodosia Raion">Feodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Raion" title="Yalta Raion">Yalta</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Crimea.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Emblem_of_Crimea.svg/80px-Emblem_of_Crimea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Emblem_of_Crimea.svg/120px-Emblem_of_Crimea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Emblem_of_Crimea.svg/160px-Emblem_of_Crimea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="451" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and rural settlements <br />under the hromadas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cities_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cities of Ukraine">Cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alupka" title="Alupka">Alupka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alushta" title="Alushta">Alushta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armiansk" title="Armiansk">Armiansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilohirsk" title="Bilohirsk">Bilohirsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakhchysarai" title="Bakhchysarai">Bakhchysarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzhankoi" title="Dzhankoi">Dzhankoi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Feodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inkerman" title="Inkerman">Inkerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerch" title="Kerch">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnoperekopsk" title="Krasnoperekopsk">Krasnoperekopsk / Yany Kapu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saky" title="Saky">Saky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shcholkine" title="Shcholkine">Shcholkine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staryi_Krym" title="Staryi Krym">Staryi Krym</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudak" title="Sudak">Sudak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalta" title="Yalta">Yalta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Yevpatoria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Populated_places_in_Ukraine#Rural_settlements" title="Populated places in Ukraine">Rural settlements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeroflotskyi" title="Aeroflotskyi">Aeroflotskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahrarne" title="Ahrarne">Ahrarne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azovske" title="Azovske">Azovske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baherove" title="Baherove">Baherove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berehove,_Yalta_municipality" class="mw-redirect" title="Berehove, Yalta municipality">Berehove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chornomorske" title="Chornomorske">Chornomorske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foros,_Crimea" title="Foros, Crimea">Foros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspra" title="Gaspra">Haspra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hurzuf" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurzuf">Hurzuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holuba_Zatoka" title="Holuba Zatoka">Holuba Zatoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hresivskyi" title="Hresivskyi">Hresivskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hvardiiske,_Simferopol_Raion" title="Hvardiiske, Simferopol Raion">Hvardiiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katsiveli" title="Katsiveli">Katsiveli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirovske,_Crimea" title="Kirovske, Crimea">Kirovske / Isliam-Terek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koktebel" title="Koktebel">Koktebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komsomolske,_Crimea" title="Komsomolske, Crimea">Komsomolske / Bakachyk-Kyiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreiz" title="Koreiz">Koreiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnohvardiiske" title="Krasnohvardiiske">Krasnohvardiiske / Kurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnokamianka_(urban-type_settlement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Krasnokamianka (urban-type settlement)">Krasnokamianka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albat" class="mw-redirect" title="Albat">Kuibysheve / Albat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurortne,_Feodosia_Municipality,_Crimea" title="Kurortne, Feodosia Municipality, Crimea">Kurortne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurpaty" title="Kurpaty">Kurpaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenine,_Crimea" title="Lenine, Crimea">Lenine / Yedy-Kuiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livadiya,_Crimea" title="Livadiya, Crimea">Livadiia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Masandra">Masandra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodizhne,_Simferopol_Raion" title="Molodizhne, Simferopol Raion">Molodizhne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykolaivka,_Simferopol_Raion" title="Mykolaivka, Simferopol Raion">Mykolaivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrnyi" title="Myrnyi">Myrnyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauchnyi" title="Nauchnyi">Nauchnyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita,_Crimea" title="Nikita, Crimea">Nikita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novofedorivka" title="Novofedorivka">Novofedorivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novoozerne" title="Novoozerne">Novoozerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novoselivske" title="Novoselivske">Novoselivske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novyi_Svit" title="Novyi Svit">Novyi Svit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyzhnohirskyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyzhnohirskyi">Nyzhnohirskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oktiabrske" title="Oktiabrske">Oktiabrske / Biiuk-Onlar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordzhonikidze,_Crimea" title="Ordzhonikidze, Crimea">Ordzhonikidze / Kaihador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oreanda" title="Oreanda">Oreanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parkove" title="Parkove">Parkove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partenit" title="Partenit">Partenit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervomaiske,_Crimea" title="Pervomaiske, Crimea">Pervomaiske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponyzivka" title="Ponyzivka">Ponyzivka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poshtove,_Crimea" title="Poshtove, Crimea">Poshtove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prymorskyi" title="Prymorskyi">Prymorskyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozdolne" title="Rozdolne">Rozdolne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanatorne" title="Sanatorne">Sanatorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shchebetovka" title="Shchebetovka">Shchebetovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeiz" title="Simeiz">Simeiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokolyne" title="Sokolyne">Sokolyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietske" title="Sovietske">Sovietske / Dolossy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovietskyi" title="Sovietskyi">Sovietskyi / Ichki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidradne_(urban-type_settlement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vidradne (urban-type settlement)">Vidradne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilne,_Dzhankoi_Raion" title="Vilne, Dzhankoi Raion">Vilne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voskhod,_Yalta_Municipality" title="Voskhod, Yalta Municipality">Voskhod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vynohradne" title="Vynohradne">Vynohradne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaozerne" title="Zaozerne">Zaozerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuya,_Crimea" title="Zuya, Crimea">Zuia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup>1</sup>Due to <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Crimea" title="Russian occupation of Crimea">continued occupation</a>, not yet implemented</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Catherinian_pseudo-Hellenization" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Catherinian_pseudo-Hellenization" title="Template:Catherinian pseudo-Hellenization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Catherinian_pseudo-Hellenization" title="Template talk:Catherinian pseudo-Hellenization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Catherinian_pseudo-Hellenization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Catherinian pseudo-Hellenization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Catherinian_pseudo-Hellenization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Catherinian pseudo-Hellenization</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ovidiopol" title="Ovidiopol">Ovidiopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odesa" title="Odesa">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariupol" title="Mariupol">Mariupol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melitopol" title="Melitopol">Melitopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kherson" title="Kherson">Kherson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigoriopol" title="Grigoriopol">Grigoriopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olhopil,_Vinnytsia_Oblast" title="Olhopil, Vinnytsia Oblast">Olgopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pervomaisk,_Mykolaiv_Oblast" title="Pervomaisk, Mykolaiv Oblast">Olviopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikopol,_Ukraine" title="Nikopol, Ukraine">Nikopol</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Feodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Yevpatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_Greece" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Template talk:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_Greece_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient Greece topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_Greece" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Timeline of ancient Greece">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="HistoryGeography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Greece" title="History of Greece">History</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cycladic_culture" title="Cycladic culture">Cycladic civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Dark_Ages" title="Greek Dark Ages">Greek Dark Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Greece" title="Hellenistic Greece">Hellenistic Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece_in_the_Roman_era" title="Greece in the Roman era">Roman Greece</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_ancient_Greece" title="Regions of ancient Greece">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolis" title="Aeolis">Aeolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionia" title="Ionia">Ionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(region)" title="Macedonia (region)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_(region)" title="Pontus (region)">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonies_in_antiquity" title="Colonies in antiquity">Ancient Greek colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="City_statesPoliticsMilitary" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">City states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Argos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Argos">Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcis" title="Chalcis">Chalcis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Corinth" title="Ancient Corinth">Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergamon" title="Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corfu" title="Corfu">Kerkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larissa" title="Larissa">Larissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes" title="Rhodes">Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lissus_(Crete)" title="Lissus (Crete)">Lissus (Crete)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Kingdoms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bithynia" title="Kingdom of Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_(ancient_state)" title="Epirus (ancient state)">Epirus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greek Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pergamon" title="Kingdom of Pergamon">Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemaic Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">Federations</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Confederation" title="Confederation">Confederations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Hexapolis" title="Doric Hexapolis">Doric Hexapolis</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1100</span> – c.<span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 560 BC</span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italiotes#Italiote_League" title="Italiotes">Italiote League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 800</span>–389 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_League" title="Ionian League">Ionian League</a> (c. 650–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peloponnesian_League" title="Peloponnesian League">Peloponnesian League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 550</span>–366 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amphictyonic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Amphictyonic League">Amphictyonic League</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 595</span>–279 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acarnanian_League" title="Acarnanian League">Acarnanian League</a> (c. 500–31 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Persian_Wars" title="Greco-Persian Wars">Hellenic League</a> (499–449 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delian_League" title="Delian League">Delian League</a> (478–404 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcidian_League" title="Chalcidian League">Chalcidian League</a> (430–348 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boeotia#Boeotian_League" title="Boeotia">Boeotian League</a> (c. 424–c. 395 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolian League</a> (c. 400–188 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Athenian_League" title="Second Athenian League">Second Athenian League</a> (378–355 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalian_League" title="Thessalian League">Thessalian League</a> (374–196 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadian_League" title="Arcadian League">Arcadian League</a> (370–c. 230 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_League" title="Epirote League">Epirote League</a> (370–168 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Corinth" title="League of Corinth">League of Corinth</a> (338–322 BC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euboean_League" title="Euboean League">Euboean League</a> (c. 300 BC–c. 300 AD)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a> (280–146 BC)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boule_(ancient_Greece)" title="Boule (ancient Greece)">Boule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_city_(classical_antiquity)" title="Free city (classical antiquity)">Free city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon" title="Koinon">Koinon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxeny" title="Proxeny">Proxeny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stasis_(ancient_Greece)" title="Stasis (ancient Greece)">Stasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagus_(title)" title="Tagus (title)">Tagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">Tyrant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Athenian_democracy" title="Athenian democracy">Athenian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agora" title="Agora">Agora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areopagus" title="Areopagus">Areopagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(ancient_Athens)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesia (ancient Athens)">Ecclesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphe_paranomon" title="Graphe paranomon">Graphe paranomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliaia" title="Heliaia">Heliaia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostracism" title="Ostracism">Ostracism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spartan_Constitution" title="Spartan Constitution">Spartan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesia_(Sparta)" title="Ecclesia (Sparta)">Ekklesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ephor" title="Ephor">Ephor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerousia" title="Gerousia">Gerousia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synedrion" title="Synedrion">Synedrion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koinon_of_Macedonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Koinon of Macedonians">Koinon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Greece" title="List of wars involving Greece">Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_military" title="Athenian military">Athenian military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Scythian_archers" title="Scythian archers">Scythian archers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_Macedonian_army" title="Antigonid Macedonian army">Antigonid Macedonian army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Army of Macedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_archers" title="Cretan archers">Cretan archers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies" title="Hellenistic armies">Hellenistic armies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippeis" title="Hippeis">Hippeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">Hoplite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_cavalry" title="Companion cavalry">Hetairoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_phalanx" title="Macedonian phalanx">Macedonian phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_Mycenaean_Greece" title="Military of Mycenaean Greece">Military of Mycenaean Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phalanx" title="Phalanx">Phalanx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peltast" title="Peltast">Peltast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pezhetairos" title="Pezhetairos">Pezhetairos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarissa" title="Sarissa">Sarissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Band_of_Thebes" title="Sacred Band of Thebes">Sacred Band of Thebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciritae" title="Sciritae">Sciritae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_army" title="Seleucid army">Seleucid army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartan_army" title="Spartan army">Spartan army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategos" title="Strategos">Strategos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxotai" title="Toxotai">Toxotai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiphos" title="Xiphos">Xiphos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xyston" title="Xyston">Xyston</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="People" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greeks" title="Category:Ancient Greeks">People</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="List_of_ancient_Greeks"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">List of ancient Greeks</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rulers_of_Greece#Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lists of rulers of Greece">Rulers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Argos" title="List of kings of Argos">Kings of Argos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponymous_archon" title="Eponymous archon">Archons of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Athens" title="List of kings of Athens">Kings of Athens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Kings of Commagene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Thrace_and_Dacia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Thrace and Dacia">Kings of Paionia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalid kings of Pergamon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Kings of Pontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_dynasty" title="Ptolemaic dynasty">Ptolemaic dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_dynasty" title="Seleucid dynasty">Seleucid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Sparta" title="List of kings of Sparta">Kings of Sparta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tyrants_of_Syracuse" title="List of tyrants of Syracuse">Tyrants of Syracuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_astronomers" title="List of ancient Greek astronomers">Astronomers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Graeco-Roman_geographers" title="List of Graeco-Roman geographers">Geographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_historians" title="List of ancient Greek historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_mathematicians" title="List of ancient Greek mathematicians">Mathematicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_philosophers" title="List of ancient Greek philosophers">Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_playwrights" title="List of ancient Greek playwrights">Playwrights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_poets" title="List of ancient Greek poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_Greece" title="Seven Sages of Greece">Seven Sages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_writers" title="List of ancient Greek writers">Writers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximander" title="Anaximander">Anaximander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaximenes_of_Miletus" title="Anaximenes of Miletus">Anaximenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antisthenes" title="Antisthenes">Antisthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democritus" title="Democritus">Democritus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diogenes" title="Diogenes">Diogenes of Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empedocles" title="Empedocles">Empedocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epicurus" title="Epicurus">Epicurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorgias" title="Gorgias">Gorgias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclitus" title="Heraclitus">Heraclitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypatia" title="Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leucippus" title="Leucippus">Leucippus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parmenides" title="Parmenides">Parmenides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato" title="Plato">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protagoras" title="Protagoras">Protagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythagoras" title="Pythagoras">Pythagoras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates" title="Socrates">Socrates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thales_of_Miletus" title="Thales of Miletus">Thales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Elea" title="Zeno of Elea">Zeno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Authors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesop" title="Aesop">Aesop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcaeus_of_Mytilene" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcaeus of Mytilene">Alcaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archilochus" title="Archilochus">Archilochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacchylides" title="Bacchylides">Bacchylides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hesiod" title="Hesiod">Hesiod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hipponax" title="Hipponax">Hipponax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibycus" title="Ibycus">Ibycus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian" title="Lucian">Lucian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander" title="Menander">Menander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimnermus" title="Mimnermus">Mimnermus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panyassis" title="Panyassis">Panyassis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philocles" title="Philocles">Philocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pindar" title="Pindar">Pindar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sappho" title="Sappho">Sappho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simonides_of_Ceos" title="Simonides of Ceos">Simonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophocles" title="Sophocles">Sophocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stesichorus" title="Stesichorus">Stesichorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theognis_of_Megara" title="Theognis of Megara">Theognis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timocreon" title="Timocreon">Timocreon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrtaeus" title="Tyrtaeus">Tyrtaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Athenian_statesmen" class="mw-redirect" title="List of ancient Athenian statesmen">Athenian statesmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_lawgivers" title="List of ancient Greek lawgivers">Lawgivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Olympic_victors" title="List of ancient Olympic victors">Olympic victors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">Tyrants</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tribes" title="List of ancient Greek tribes">Ancient Greek tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Thracian_Greeks" title="List of Thracian Greeks">Thracian Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Macedonians" title="List of ancient Macedonians">Ancient Macedonians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="SocietyCulture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Greece" title="Culture of Greece">Culture</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece#Politics_and_society" title="Ancient Greece">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_ancient_Greece" title="Agriculture in ancient Greece">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clothing_in_ancient_Greece" title="Clothing in ancient Greece">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_cuisine" title="Ancient Greek cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emporium_(antiquity)" title="Emporium (antiquity)">Emporium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euergetism" title="Euergetism">Euergetism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_festivals" title="Athenian festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_folklore" title="Ancient Greek folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homosexuality_in_ancient_Greece" title="Homosexuality in ancient Greece">Homosexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_law" title="Ancient Greek law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Olympic_Games" title="Ancient Olympic Games">Olympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pederasty_in_ancient_Greece" title="Pederasty in ancient Greece">Pederasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_philosophy" title="Ancient Greek philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_ancient_Greece" title="Prostitution in ancient Greece">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Greece" title="Slavery in ancient Greece">Slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_ancient_Greece" title="Marriage in ancient Greece">Wedding customs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece_and_wine" title="Ancient Greece and wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_art" title="Ancient Greek art">Arts</a> and science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_architecture" title="Ancient Greek architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Revival_architecture" title="Greek Revival architecture">Greek Revival architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_astronomy" title="Ancient Greek astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_literature" title="Ancient Greek literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mathematics" title="Greek mathematics">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_medicine" title="Ancient Greek medicine">Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_ancient_Greece" title="Music of ancient Greece">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Musical_system_of_ancient_Greece" title="Musical system of ancient Greece">Musical system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_sculpture" title="Ancient Greek sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_technology" title="Ancient Greek technology">Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Greece" title="Theatre of ancient Greece">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_religion" title="Ancient Greek religion">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_funeral_and_burial_practices" title="Ancient Greek funeral and burial practices">Funeral and burial practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Mythology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_mythological_figures" title="List of Greek mythological figures">mythological figures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelve_Olympians" title="Twelve Olympians">Twelve Olympians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_underworld" title="Greek underworld">Underworld</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;text-align:left;">Sacred places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleusis" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleusis">Eleusis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delos" title="Delos">Delos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dodona" title="Dodona">Dodona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Olympus" title="Mount Olympus">Mount Olympus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athenian_Treasury" title="Athenian Treasury">Athenian Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lion_Gate" title="Lion Gate">Lion Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Walls" title="Long Walls">Long Walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippeion" title="Philippeion">Philippeion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Dionysus" title="Theatre of Dionysus">Theatre of Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunnel_of_Eupalinos" title="Tunnel of Eupalinos">Tunnel of Eupalinos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_temple" title="Ancient Greek temple">Temples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Aphaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Aphaea">Aphaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Artemis" title="Temple of Artemis">Artemis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Athena_Nike" title="Temple of Athena Nike">Athena Nike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erechtheion" title="Erechtheion">Erechtheion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hephaestus" title="Temple of Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Hera,_Olympia" title="Temple of Hera, Olympia">Hera, Olympia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthenon" title="Parthenon">Parthenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Zeus,_Olympia" title="Temple of Zeus, Olympia">Zeus, Olympia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Language</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Greek_language" title="Proto-Greek language">Proto-Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greek" title="Mycenaean Greek">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeric_Greek" title="Homeric Greek">Homeric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_dialects" title="Ancient Greek dialects">Dialects</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadocypriot_Greek" title="Arcadocypriot Greek">Arcadocypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirote_Greek" title="Epirote Greek">Epirote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionic_Greek" title="Ionic Greek">Ionic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locrian_Greek" title="Locrian Greek">Locrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_language" title="Ancient Macedonian language">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylian_Greek" title="Pamphylian Greek">Pamphylian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Greek_alphabet" title="History of the Greek alphabet">Writing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_A" title="Linear A">Linear A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot syllabary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_numerals" title="Greek numerals">Greek numerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Greek_colonisation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greek_colonisation" title="Greek colonisation">Greek colonisation</a></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mainland<br />Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Alision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brindisi" title="Brindisi">Brentesion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caulonia_(ancient_city)" title="Caulonia (ancient city)">Caulonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casabona" title="Casabona">Chone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotone" title="Crotone">Croton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumae" title="Cumae">Cumae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velia" title="Velia">Elea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Lucania" title="Heraclea Lucania">Heraclea Lucania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Hipponion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Hydrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krimisa" title="Krimisa">Krimisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%BCs" title="Laüs">Laüs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locri" title="Locri">Locri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medma" title="Medma">Medma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metauros" title="Metauros">Metauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metapontum" title="Metapontum">Metapontion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Neápolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandosia_(Lucania)" title="Pandosia (Lucania)">Pandosia (Lucania)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Poseidonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policastro_Bussentino" title="Policastro Bussentino">Pixous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Rhegion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scylletium" title="Scylletium">Scylletium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siris_(Magna_Graecia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siris (Magna Graecia)">Siris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris" title="Sybaris">Sybaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sybaris_on_the_Traeis" title="Sybaris on the Traeis">Sybaris on the Traeis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Taras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terina_(ancient_city)" title="Terina (ancient city)">Terina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurii" title="Thurii">Thurii</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Akragas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrai" title="Akrai">Akrai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrillai" title="Akrillai">Akrillai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Sicily)" title="Apollonia (Sicily)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caronia" title="Caronia">Calacte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casmenae" title="Casmenae">Casmenae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catania" title="Catania">Catana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gela" title="Gela">Gela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helorus" title="Helorus">Helorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enna" title="Enna">Henna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Minoa" title="Heraclea Minoa">Heraclea Minoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himera" title="Himera">Himera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Gereatis" title="Hybla Gereatis">Hybla Gereatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hybla_Heraea" title="Hybla Heraea">Hybla Heraea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamarina,_Sicily" title="Kamarina, Sicily">Kamarina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentini" title="Lentini">Leontinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megara_Hyblaea" title="Megara Hyblaea">Megara Hyblaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naxos_(Sicily)" title="Naxos (Sicily)">Naxos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segesta" title="Segesta">Segesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selinunte" title="Selinunte">Selinous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taormina" title="Taormina">Tauromenion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciacca" title="Sciacca">Thermae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindari" title="Tindari">Tyndaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salina,_Sicily" title="Salina, Sicily">Didyme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panarea" title="Panarea">Euonymos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alicudi" title="Alicudi">Ereikousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiluzzo" title="Basiluzzo">Hycesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipari" title="Lipari">Lipara/Meligounis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filicudi" title="Filicudi">Phoenicusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Strongyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Therassía</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayda,_Libya" title="Bayda, Libya">Balagrae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barca_(ancient_city)" title="Barca (ancient city)">Barca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Berenice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apollonia,_Cyrenaica" class="mw-redirect" title="Apollonia, Cyrenaica">Apollonia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais,_Cyrenaica" title="Ptolemais, Cyrenaica">Ptolemais</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberian Peninsula</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucentum" title="Lucentum">Akra Leuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villajoyosa" title="Villajoyosa">Alonis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emp%C3%BAries" title="Empúries">Emporion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elche" title="Elche">Helike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9nia" title="Dénia">Hemeroscopion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aljaraque" title="Aljaraque">Kalathousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mart%C3%AD_d%27Emp%C3%BAries" title="Sant Martí d'Empúries">Kypsela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainake_(Greek_settlement)" title="Mainake (Greek settlement)">Mainake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Puerto_de_Santa_Mar%C3%ADa" title="El Puerto de Santa María">Menestheus's Limin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Pola" title="Santa Pola">Illicitanus Limin/Portus Illicitanus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roses,_Girona" class="mw-redirect" title="Roses, Girona">Rhode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salou" title="Salou">Salauris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagunto" title="Sagunto">Zacynthos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspalathos" class="mw-redirect" title="Aspalathos">Aspalathos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollonia_(Illyria)" title="Apollonia (Illyria)">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlor%C3%AB#Early_history" title="Vlorë">Aulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidamnos" title="Epidamnos">Epidamnos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epidaurum" title="Epidaurum">Epidauros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issa_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Issa (polis)">Issa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melaina_Korkyra" class="mw-redirect" title="Melaina Korkyra">Melaina Korkyra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum_(Illyria)" title="Nymphaeum (Illyria)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oricum" title="Oricum">Orikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharos_(polis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharos (polis)">Pharos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragurion" class="mw-redirect" title="Tragurion">Tragurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thronion_(Illyria)" title="Thronion (Illyria)">Thronion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a><br />basin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akra_(Crimmerian_Bosporus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Akra (Crimmerian Bosporus)">Akra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berezan_Island" title="Berezan Island">Borysthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charax,_Crimea" title="Charax, Crimea">Charax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chersonesus" title="Chersonesus">Chersonesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Dioscurias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa" title="Anapa">Gorgippia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tmutarakan" title="Tmutarakan">Hermonassa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalos_Limen" title="Kalos Limen">Kalos Limen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepoi" title="Kepoi">Kepoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevpatoria" title="Yevpatoria">Kerkinitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimmerikon" title="Kimmerikon">Kimmerikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrmekion" class="mw-redirect" title="Myrmekion">Myrmekion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikonion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikonion">Nikonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaion_(Crimea)" title="Nymphaion (Crimea)">Nymphaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olbia_(Pontic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olbia (Pontic)">Olbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantikapaion" title="Pantikapaion">Pantikapaion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanagoria" title="Phanagoria">Phanagoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitsunda" title="Pitsunda">Pityus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanais" title="Tanais">Tanais</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theodosia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyras" title="Tyras">Tyras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyritake" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyritake">Tyritake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South<br />coast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abonoteichos" title="Abonoteichos">Abonoteichos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsun" title="Samsun">Amisos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomorie" title="Pomorie">Anchialos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sozopol" title="Sozopol">Apollonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pazar,_Rize" title="Pazar, Rize">Athina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Bathus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balchik" title="Balchik">Dionysopolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordu" title="Ordu">Cotyora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cytorus" title="Cytorus">Cytorus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupatoria_(Pontus)" title="Eupatoria (Pontus)">Eupatoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclea_Pontica" title="Heraclea Pontica">Heraclea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giresun" title="Giresun">Kerasous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nesebar" title="Nesebar">Mesambria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna,_Bulgaria" title="Varna, Bulgaria">Odessos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Cnye" title="Ünye">Oinòe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phasis_(town)" title="Phasis (town)">Phasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatsa" title="Fatsa">Polemonion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rize" title="Rize">Rhizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1k%C3%B6y" title="Kıyıköy">Salmydessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amasra" title="Amasra">Sesamus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinop,_Turkey" title="Sinop, Turkey">Sinope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terme" title="Terme">Thèrmae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tium" title="Tium">Tium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trabzon" title="Trabzon">Trapezous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolis_(Pontus)" title="Tripolis (Pontus)">Tripolis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaliche" title="Zaliche">Zaliche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Lists" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Lists</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_cities" title="List of ancient Greek cities">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ancient_Epirus" title="List of cities in ancient Epirus">in Epirus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greeks" title="List of ancient Greeks">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_place_names" title="List of Greek place names">Place names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stoae" title="List of stoae">Stoae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ancient_Greek_temples" title="List of Ancient Greek temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_theatres" title="List of ancient Greek theatres">Theatres</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greece" title="Category:Ancient Greece">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ancient_Greece" title="Portal:Ancient Greece">Portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_ancient_Greece" title="Outline of ancient Greece">Outline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158491#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158491#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q158491#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/146645300">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Théodosie (Russie ; région)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/167148570709124312337">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1233947/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJkp43W3DxHvrJhvxX9Yyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4016745-8">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n85132058">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15106159d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb15106159d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Feodosija (Ukrajina)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge292504&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562487305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pleiades.stoa.org/places/854743">Pleiades</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/196303117">IdRef</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Théodosie (Russie ; région)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/192455435">2</a></span></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/kefe">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?linkpath=pages\T\E\Teodosiia">Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhvalkov2017" class="citation book cs1">Khvalkov, Evgeny (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.routledge.com/The-Colonies-of-Genoa-in-the-Black-Sea-Region-Evolution-and-Transformation/Khvalkov/p/book/9781138081604"><i>The Colonies of Genoa in the Black Sea Region: Evolution and Transformation</i></a>. Routledge Research in Medieval Studies. L, NY: Routledge Taylor & Francis Group. p. 444. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781138081604" title="Special:BookSources/9781138081604"><bdi>9781138081604</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2017028228">2017028228</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonies+of+Genoa+in+the+Black+Sea+Region%3A+Evolution+and+Transformation&rft.place=L%2C+NY&rft.series=Routledge+Research+in+Medieval+Studies&rft.pages=444&rft.pub=Routledge+Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2017028228&rft.isbn=9781138081604&rft.aulast=Khvalkov&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledge.com%2FThe-Colonies-of-Genoa-in-the-Black-Sea-Region-Evolution-and-Transformation%2FKhvalkov%2Fp%2Fbook%2F9781138081604&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeodosia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhvalkov2019" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Khvalkov, Evgeny (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.hse.ru/articles/197382228">"Italia settentrionale e centrale nel progetto coloniale genovese sul Mar Nero: gente di Padania e Toscana a Caffa genovese nei secoli XIII – XV secondo i dati delle Massariae Caffae ad annum 1423 e 1461. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SPb+HSE&rft.atitle=Italia+settentrionale+e+centrale+nel+progetto+coloniale+genovese+sul+Mar+Nero%3A+gente+di+Padania+e+Toscana+a+Caffa+genovese+nei+secoli+XIII+%E2%80%93+XV+secondo+i+dati+delle+Massariae+Caffae+ad+annum+1423+e+1461.+In%3A+Studi+veneziani.+2016.+Vol.+73.+P.+237-240.+Khvalkov+E.&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Khvalkov&rft.aufirst=Evgeny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.hse.ru%2Farticles%2F197382228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeodosia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhvalkov2015" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Khvalkov, Evgeny A. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.deputazionestoriapatriasardegna.it/public/files/637/default/ass-vol-l-2015.pdf">"Il progetto coloniale genovese sul Mar Nero, la dinamica della migrazione latina a Caffa e la gente catalanoaragonese, siciliana e sarda nel Medio Evo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Archivio Storico Sardo</i> (in Italian). <b>50</b> (1). Deputazione di Storia Patria per la Sardegna. www.deputazionestoriapatriasardegna.it: 265–279. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2037-5514">2037-5514</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archivio+Storico+Sardo&rft.atitle=Il+progetto+coloniale+genovese+sul+Mar+Nero%2C+la+dinamica+della+migrazione+latina+a+Caffa+e+la+gente+catalanoaragonese%2C+siciliana+e+sarda+nel+Medio+Evo&rft.volume=50&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=265-279&rft.date=2015&rft.issn=2037-5514&rft.aulast=Khvalkov&rft.aufirst=Evgeny+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.deputazionestoriapatriasardegna.it%2Fpublic%2Ffiles%2F637%2Fdefault%2Fass-vol-l-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeodosia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kvk.bibliothek.kit.edu/view-title/index.php?katalog=BVB&url=https://www.gateway-bayern.de/BV043649653&signature=zLbLzN_QPACAfKtgX0q8ColSKkSkDRw7tAgfQe1GGbE&showCoverImg=1">"KVK-Volltitel"</a>. <i>kvk.bibliothek.kit.edu</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kvk.bibliothek.kit.edu&rft.atitle=KVK-Volltitel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkvk.bibliothek.kit.edu%2Fview-title%2Findex.php%3Fkatalog%3DBVB%26url%3Dhttps%3A%2F%2Fwww.gateway-bayern.de%2FBV043649653%26signature%3DzLbLzN_QPACAfKtgX0q8ColSKkSkDRw7tAgfQe1GGbE%26showCoverImg%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeodosia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.societamessinesedistoriapatria.it/archivio/96/96.html">"Società Messinese di Storia Patria. Archivio Storico Messinese, Volume 96"</a>. <i>www.societamessinesedistoriapatria.it</i>. 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-10-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.societamessinesedistoriapatria.it&rft.atitle=Societ%C3%A0+Messinese+di+Storia+Patria.+Archivio+Storico+Messinese%2C+Volume+96&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.societamessinesedistoriapatria.it%2Farchivio%2F96%2F96.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFeodosia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feodosia&oldid=1258549290#Kaffa_(Genoese_colony)">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Feodosia&oldid=1258549290#Kaffa_(Genoese_colony)</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" 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