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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_army#Archers" title="Ancient Macedonian army">Ancient Macedonian army § Archers</a></div> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Cretan</a> archers</b> were a well known class of warrior whose specialist skills were extensively utilized in both <a href="/wiki/Ancient_warfare" title="Ancient warfare">ancient</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medieval_warfare" title="Medieval warfare">medieval warfare</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were especially valued in armies, such as those of the Greek <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a>, (notably <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eretria" title="Eretria">Eretria</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedonia</a>) and those of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, which could not draw upon substantial numbers of skilled archers from their native populations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_archers&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The use of bows and arrows by Cretan hunters is indicated as early as 2200 BC, in a <a href="/wiki/Minoan_civilization" title="Minoan civilization">Minoan</a> seal. A mosaic discovered in <a href="/wiki/Knossos" title="Knossos">Knossos</a> and dated about 1700 BC portrays warriors armed with bows of both simple and double-convex designs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Classical_Greek" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Greek">classical Greek</a> era Cretan archers carried <a href="/wiki/Composite_bow" title="Composite bow">composite bows</a>, consisting of a wooden core with laminated layers of sinew and horn. These weapons, while difficult to string and use, gave the professional Cretan archers greater range than the simple wooden bows of the citizen levies of mainland Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Though Cretan archers could be theoretically outranged by Rhodian <a href="/wiki/Sling_(weapon)" title="Sling (weapon)">slingers</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they were widely recognized as being amongst the best light missile troops in the ancient world, and as such found employment as mercenaries in many armies, including <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>'s and those of many of the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Ten_Thousand" title="Ten Thousand">Retreat of the Ten thousand</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cunaxa" title="Battle of Cunaxa">Battle of Cunaxa</a> in 401 BC <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hoplite" title="Hoplite">hoplites</a> were able to hold off pursuing Persian troops, with the aid of the Cretan archers who formed part of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_mercenaries" title="Ancient Greek mercenaries">Greek mercenary</a> army. On this occasion the Cretans, cut off from supplies, were able to gather and reuse the spent Persian arrows while seizing bowstrings from local peasantry.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xenophon records that Cretan archers were outranged by their Persian counterparts and suffered losses because they wore no armour. <a href="/wiki/Eurybotas" title="Eurybotas">Eurybotas</a> was the toxarch (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">τοξάρχης</span></span>), meaning captain of the archers, in the army of Alexander the Great. </p><p>Following the conquest of Macedonia and of the independent Greek city-states, Cretan archers served as <a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries" title="Auxiliaries">auxiliaries</a> in the Roman army as reformed by <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a>. Mediterranean light archers in Roman service from the 3rd through the 5th centuries A.D. might wear leather caps or be bare-headed. The chain-mail of earlier periods was replaced by leather jerkins or long-sleeved tunics, in favor of increased mobility and economy. Secondary weapons for use at close quarters included light axes and small round shields slung from a belt and suitable for parrying.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An auxiliary unit of mounted Cretan archers: <i><a href="/wiki/Cohors_I_Cretum_sagittaria" title="Cohors I Cretum sagittaria">Cohors I Cretum Sagittariorum</a> Equitata</i>; fought in the <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Dacian Wars</a> of 102–105 AD and continued to serve in that province until at least 161 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the Roman archers of the late-Republican era had been mainly recruited from Crete,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> those of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Roman_army" title="Imperial Roman army">Imperial Roman army</a> were increasingly drawn from more thickly populated provinces such as Syria, Anatolia and Thrace. By the middle of the 2nd century AD 32, auxiliary units designated as <i>sagittarii</i> (archers) had Syrian titles and only one Cretan.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Crete remained part of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> until seized by Venice in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a>. During much of this period the island was a <a href="/wiki/Theme_(Byzantine_district)" title="Theme (Byzantine district)">theme</a> (military province), providing both archers and sailors for the Byzantine forces.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1452, Venice granted specific permission for Byzantium to resume recruitment of Cretans.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the last occasions on which Cretan archers are known to have played a significant role was as part of the garrison defending <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Constantinople</a> against the Turkish army of <a href="/wiki/Mehmet_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mehmet II">Mehmet II</a> in May 1453.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defensive_armour_and_equipment">Defensive armour and equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_archers&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Defensive armour and equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Normally Greek archers fought unarmored, yet some sources show archers wearing <a href="/wiki/Linothorax" title="Linothorax">Linothorax</a> or leather armor (like on the <a href="/wiki/Nereid_Monument" title="Nereid Monument">Nereid Monument</a>), <a href="/wiki/Helmet" title="Helmet">helmets</a>, or even a cuirass. Ancient Cretan archers were said to also wear small shields, which implies, that they were capable of defending themselves in close combat. This also implies that they were probably also equipped with swords. Due to the mass of Cretan archers in use during the Hellenistic era it is possible, that at least in some cases, "Cretan" means "in the Cretan fashion", like "Tarantine" in <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_armies#Tarantine_cavalry" title="Hellenistic armies">Tarantine cavalry</a> often denotes a type of tactics and equipment, rather than actual cavalry from <a href="/wiki/Taranto" title="Taranto">Tarantas</a>. At least some other Hellenes tried to imitate Cretan archers, as some sources talk about archers "armed in the Cretan style".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_archers&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cretan archers are included in the video games <i><a href="/wiki/Rome:_Total_War" title="Rome: Total War">Rome: Total War</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Total_War:_Rome_II" title="Total War: Rome II">Total War: Rome II</a></i> & <i><a href="/wiki/Total_War:_Arena" title="Total War: Arena">Total War: Arena</a></i>, where they are available to be hired as mercenaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_archers&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bigwood, "Ctesias as Historian of the Persian Wars," 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFD'Amato" class="citation book cs1">D'Amato, Raffaele. <i>Early Aegean Warrior 5000-1450 BC</i>. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-858-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78096-858-2"><bdi>978-1-78096-858-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Aegean+Warrior+5000-1450+BC&rft.pages=37&rft.isbn=978-1-78096-858-2&rft.aulast=D%27Amato&rft.aufirst=Raffaele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+archers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFields" class="citation book cs1">Fields, Nic. <i>Syracuse 415-413 BC</i>. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-258-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-258-5"><bdi>978-1-84603-258-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Syracuse+415-413+BC&rft.pages=35&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-258-5&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=Nic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+archers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Echols, "The Ancient Slinger," 228.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWary" class="citation book cs1">Wary, John. <i>Warfare in the Classical World</i>. pp. 56–57. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86101-034-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86101-034-5"><bdi>0-86101-034-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+in+the+Classical+World&rft.pages=56-57&rft.isbn=0-86101-034-5&rft.aulast=Wary&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+archers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFields2011" class="citation book cs1">Fields, Nic (2011). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boudiccasrebelli00fiel"><i>Boudicca's Rebellion AD 60-61</i></a></span>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/boudiccasrebelli00fiel/page/n39">38</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-313-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84908-313-3"><bdi>978-1-84908-313-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boudicca%27s+Rebellion+AD+60-61&rft.pages=38&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84908-313-3&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=Nic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fboudiccasrebelli00fiel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+archers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Phil Barker, page 41 "The Armies and Enemies of Imperial Rome 150 BC to 600 AD"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWary" class="citation book cs1">Wary, Raffaele D'Amato. <i>Roman Army Units in the Eastern Provinces (1)</i>. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-2176-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-2176-8"><bdi>978-1-4728-2176-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+Army+Units+in+the+Eastern+Provinces+%281%29&rft.pages=13&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-2176-8&rft.aulast=Wary&rft.aufirst=Raffaele+D%27Amato&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+archers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFields" class="citation book cs1">Fields, Nic. <i>Carrhae 53 BC</i>. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-4904-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-4904-5"><bdi>978-1-4728-4904-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carrhae+53+BC&rft.pages=16&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-4904-5&rft.aulast=Fields&rft.aufirst=Nic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+archers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito" class="citation book cs1">Esposito, Gabriele. <i>The Late Roman Army</i>. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9963657-9-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9963657-9-6"><bdi>978-0-9963657-9-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Late+Roman+Army&rft.pages=39&rft.isbn=978-0-9963657-9-6&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=Gabriele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+archers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWary" class="citation book cs1">Wary, John. <i>Byzantine Armies 886-1118</i>. pp. 18 & 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85045-306-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-85045-306-2"><bdi>0-85045-306-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Armies+886-1118&rft.pages=18+%26+23&rft.isbn=0-85045-306-2&rft.aulast=Wary&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+archers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Ian. <i>Byzantine Armies 1118-1461 AD</i>. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-347-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-347-8"><bdi>1-85532-347-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Byzantine+Armies+1118-1461+AD&rft.pages=23&rft.isbn=1-85532-347-8&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+archers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD'Amato" class="citation book cs1">D'Amato, Raffaele. <i>The Eastern Romans 330-1461 AD</i>. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-361-089-0" title="Special:BookSources/962-361-089-0"><bdi>962-361-089-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Romans+330-1461+AD&rft.pages=42&rft.isbn=962-361-089-0&rft.aulast=D%27Amato&rft.aufirst=Raffaele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+archers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHead2016" class="citation book cs1">Head, Duncan (2016). <i>Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars 359 BC to 146 BC</i>. p. 208 f. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781326256562" title="Special:BookSources/9781326256562"><bdi>9781326256562</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armies+of+the+Macedonian+and+Punic+Wars+359+BC+to+146+BC&rft.pages=208+f.&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781326256562&rft.aulast=Head&rft.aufirst=Duncan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+archers" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_archers&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bigwood, J.M. "Ctesias as Historian of the Persian Wars." <i>Phoenix</i> 32, no. 1: 19–41.</li> <li>Echols, Edward C. "The Ancient Slinger." <i>The Classical Weekly</i> 43, no. 15: 227–230.</li> <li>Head, Duncan. "Armies of the Macedonian and Punic Wars 359 BC to 146 BC": 100</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_archers&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>McLeod, W. "The Ancient Cretan Bow." <i>Journal of the Society of Archer-Antiquaries</i> 11 (1968): 30-31.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cretan_archers&oldid=1227771538">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cretan_archers&oldid=1227771538</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Crete" title="Category:Ancient Crete">Ancient Crete</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ancient_Greek_archers" title="Category:Ancient Greek archers">Ancient Greek archers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_the_Hellenistic_world" title="Category:Military units and formations of the Hellenistic world">Military units and formations of the Hellenistic world</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_of_ancient_Greece" title="Category:Military units and formations of ancient Greece">Military units and formations of ancient Greece</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 7 June 2024, at 18:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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