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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Establishment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 British rule </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 World wars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Post-war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Post-independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Renaissance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Renaissance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Renaissance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Renaissance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Governance and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Local governance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-State_and_national_representation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#State_and_national_representation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 State and national representation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-State_and_national_representation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judiciary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judiciary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Judiciary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judiciary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Ethnicities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Manufacturing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manufacturing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Manufacturing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manufacturing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Finance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Cityscape </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cityscape subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Parks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Healthcare" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Healthcare"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Healthcare </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Healthcare-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Media </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Media-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Media subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Newspapers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Newspapers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Newspapers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Newspapers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Film and television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Transportation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transportation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Land" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Land"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Land </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Land-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1.1 Public transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Air </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Sea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Utilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 International relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle International relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-International_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sister_and_friendship_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sister_and_friendship_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Sister and friendship cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sister_and_friendship_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">George Town, Penang</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 65 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-65" aria-hidden="true" > 65 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="George Town, Penang" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86_(%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%82)" title="جورج تاون (بينانق) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جورج تاون (بينانق)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town" title="George Town – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="George Town" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Corctaun_(Malayziya)" title="Corctaun (Malayziya) – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Corctaun (Malayziya)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86_(%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%DB%8C)" title="جورج تاون (مالزی) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جورج تاون (مالزی)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="George Town, Penang" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Malaysia" title="George Town, Malaysia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="George Town, Malaysia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Banjar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town_(Pulau_Pinang)" title="George Town (Pulau Pinang) – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="George Town (Pulau Pinang)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD_(%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3)" title="Джорджтаўн (Пінанг) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джорджтаўн (Пінанг)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town_(Penang)" title="George Town (Penang) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George Town (Penang)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town_(Malajsie)" title="George Town (Malajsie) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="George Town (Malajsie)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town_(Penang)" title="George Town (Penang) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George Town (Penang)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town" title="George Town – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="George Town" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CF%8E%CF%81%CF%84%CE%B6%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD_(%CE%A0%CE%B5%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA)" title="Τζώρτζταουν (Πενάνγκ) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζώρτζταουν (Πενάνγκ)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town" title="George Town – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Town" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%9Cor%C4%9Dta%C5%ADno_(Penango)" title="Ĝorĝtaŭno (Penango) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ĝorĝtaŭno (Penango)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town" title="George Town – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="George Town" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86_(%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF)" title="جرج تاون (پنانگ) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جرج تاون (پنانگ)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town_(Penang)" title="George Town (Penang) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George Town (Penang)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="George Town, Penang" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80%ED%83%80%EC%9A%B4_(%ED%94%BC%EB%82%AD%EC%A3%BC)" title="조지타운 (피낭주) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="조지타운 (피낭주)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97" title="जॉर्ज टाउन, पेनांग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जॉर्ज टाउन, पेनांग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="George Town, Penang" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Pulau_Pinang" title="George Town, Pulau Pinang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="George Town, Pulau Pinang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3)" title="Джорджтаун (Пинанг) – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Джорджтаун (Пинанг)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town_(Malaysia)" title="George Town (Malaysia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Town (Malaysia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%98%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F_(%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%99%D7%94)" title="ג'ורג' טאון (מלזיה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' טאון (מלזיה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="George Town, Penang" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%98)" title="ჯორჯტაუნი (პენანგი) – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯორჯტაუნი (პენანგი)" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEtauna_(Malaizija)" title="Džordžtauna (Malaizija) – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džordžtauna (Malaizija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEord%C5%BEtaunas_(Malaizija)" title="Džordžtaunas (Malaizija) – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Džordžtaunas (Malaizija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town_(Malajzia)" title="George Town (Malajzia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="George Town (Malajzia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99" title="जर्ज टाउन, पेनाङ – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="जर्ज टाउन, पेनाङ" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F_%D0%A2%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3)" title="Џорџ Таун (Пенанг) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џорџ Таун (Пенанг)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8B%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%97%E0%B5%BA,_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D" title="ജോർജ്ജ് ടൗൺ, പെനങ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജോർജ്ജ് ടൗൺ, പെനങ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="جورج تاون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جورج تاون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Pulau_Pinang" title="George Town, Pulau Pinang – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="George Town, Pulau Pinang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%80%94%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ပီနန်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပီနန်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town_(Maleisi%C3%AB)" title="George Town (Maleisië) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George Town (Maleisië)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%A8,_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%99" title="जर्ज टाउन, पेनाङ – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जर्ज टाउन, पेनाङ" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A6%E3%83%B3_(%E3%83%9A%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E5%B7%9E)" title="ジョージタウン (ペナン州) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージタウン (ペナン州)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town_(Penang)" title="George Town (Penang) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="George Town (Penang)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town_(Penang)" title="George Town (Penang) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George Town (Penang)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jorjtaun_(shahar)" title="Jorjtaun (shahar) – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Jorjtaun (shahar)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town_(Malezja)" title="George Town (Malezja) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Town (Malezja)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town_(Pen%C3%A3o)" title="George Town (Penão) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="George Town (Penão)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3)" title="Джорджтаун (Пинанг) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Джорджтаун (Пинанг)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="George Town, Penang" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="George Town, Penang" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town_(Malajzia)" title="George Town (Malajzia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="George Town (Malajzia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8E%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="جۆرج تاون، پێنانگ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جۆرج تاون، پێنانگ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%9F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Џорџтаун (Малезија) – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џорџтаун (Малезија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="George Town, Penang" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town_(Malesia)" title="George Town (Malesia) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="George Town (Malesia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Pinang" title="George Town, Pinang – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="George Town, Pinang" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9C%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9C%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D,_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81" title="ஜார்ஜ் டவுன், பினாங்கு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஜார்ஜ் டவுன், பினாங்கு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%8C_(%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87)" title="จอร์จทาวน์ (ปีนัง) – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอร์จทาวน์ (ปีนัง)" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Malezya" title="George Town, Malezya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="George Town, Malezya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BD_(%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3)" title="Джорджтаун (Пінанг) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Джорджтаун (Пінанг)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AC_%D9%B9%D8%A7%D8%A4%D9%86%D8%8C_%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="جارج ٹاؤن، پینانگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جارج ٹاؤن، پینانگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="George Town, Penang" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Town,_Penang" title="George Town, Penang – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="George Town, Penang" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%82" title="乔治市 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乔治市" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%82" title="喬治市 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="喬治市" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%E5%B8%82" title="乔治市 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乔治市" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q61092#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=George_Town,_Penang&params=05_24_52_N_100_19_45_E_region:MY_type:city(794313)">05°24′52″N 100°19′45″E / 5.41444°N 100.32917°E / 5.41444; 100.32917</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital city of the Malaysian state of Penang</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">George Town</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native" lang="ms">Bandaraya Pulau Pinang</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_Malaysia" title="List of capitals in Malaysia">State capital</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Malaysia" title="List of cities in Malaysia">city</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow ib-settlement-official"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">City of Penang Island</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other transcription(s)</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Mandarin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>乔治市 (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a>)</li><li>喬治市 (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a>)</li><li>Qiáozhì shì (<a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">Pinyin</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Hokkien</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pho-té / Kiâu-tī-tshī (<a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien#Phonology" title="Penang Hokkien">Tâi-lô</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Tamil" title="Malaysian Tamil">Tamil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">ஜார்ஜ் டவுன் Jārj Iḍavuṉ (<a href="/wiki/ISO_15919" title="ISO 15919">Transliteration</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Thai_language" title="Thai language">Thai</a></th><td class="infobox-data">จอร์จทาวน์ Chogethao (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Thai_General_System_of_Transcription" title="Royal Thai General System of Transcription">RTGS</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="border:1;;height:161px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline_of_George_Town,_Penang_at_night_Nov2024-29-17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A panoramic view of the city skyline, dominated by high-rise housing and skyscrapers, at dusk." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Skyline_of_George_Town%2C_Penang_at_night_Nov2024-29-17.jpg/288px-Skyline_of_George_Town%2C_Penang_at_night_Nov2024-29-17.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Skyline_of_George_Town%2C_Penang_at_night_Nov2024-29-17.jpg/432px-Skyline_of_George_Town%2C_Penang_at_night_Nov2024-29-17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Skyline_of_George_Town%2C_Penang_at_night_Nov2024-29-17.jpg/576px-Skyline_of_George_Town%2C_Penang_at_night_Nov2024-29-17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7994" data-file-height="4496" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">Dusk <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_George_Town,_Penang" title="List of tallest buildings in George Town, Penang">skyline</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">city centre</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="border:1;;height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Skyline_of_George_Town,_Penang_at_night_January_2025_02-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of Gurney Drive, lined with skyscrapers, at dusk" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Skyline_of_George_Town%2C_Penang_at_night_January_2025_02-01.jpg/142px-Skyline_of_George_Town%2C_Penang_at_night_January_2025_02-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Skyline_of_George_Town%2C_Penang_at_night_January_2025_02-01.jpg/213px-Skyline_of_George_Town%2C_Penang_at_night_January_2025_02-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Skyline_of_George_Town%2C_Penang_at_night_January_2025_02-01.jpg/284px-Skyline_of_George_Town%2C_Penang_at_night_January_2025_02-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7979" data-file-height="5984" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Gurney_Drive,_George_Town" title="Gurney Drive, George Town">Gurney Drive</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="border:1;;height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Butterworth_and_Penang_Scenery_(31409353540).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The two Penang bridges straddling the sea." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Butterworth_and_Penang_Scenery_%2831409353540%29.jpg/142px-Butterworth_and_Penang_Scenery_%2831409353540%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Butterworth_and_Penang_Scenery_%2831409353540%29.jpg/213px-Butterworth_and_Penang_Scenery_%2831409353540%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Butterworth_and_Penang_Scenery_%2831409353540%29.jpg/284px-Butterworth_and_Penang_Scenery_%2831409353540%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5152" data-file-height="3864" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center">The two Penang bridges</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:86px;max-width:86px"><div style="border:1;;height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Penang_Road,_July_2024_03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A city street lined with shophouses, with cars, lorries, motorcycles and a bus on the road." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Penang_Road%2C_July_2024_03.jpg/84px-Penang_Road%2C_July_2024_03.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Penang_Road%2C_July_2024_03.jpg/126px-Penang_Road%2C_July_2024_03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Penang_Road%2C_July_2024_03.jpg/168px-Penang_Road%2C_July_2024_03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3283" data-file-height="4378" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Penang_Road,_George_Town" title="Penang Road, George Town">Penang Road</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:114px;max-width:114px"><div style="border:1;;height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Penang_High_Court_(cropped2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Front façade of a white Palladian-style courthouse prominently featuring columns supporting the pediment and entablature." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Penang_High_Court_%28cropped2%29.jpg/112px-Penang_High_Court_%28cropped2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="112" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Penang_High_Court_%28cropped2%29.jpg/168px-Penang_High_Court_%28cropped2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Penang_High_Court_%28cropped2%29.jpg/224px-Penang_High_Court_%28cropped2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3407" data-file-height="3407" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Penang_High_Court" title="Penang High Court">Penang High Court</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:86px;max-width:86px"><div style="border:1;;height:111px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Komtar,_July_2024_(cropped,_3to4_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A skyscraper as seen from the ground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Komtar%2C_July_2024_%28cropped%2C_3to4_portrait%29.jpg/84px-Komtar%2C_July_2024_%28cropped%2C_3to4_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="84" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Komtar%2C_July_2024_%28cropped%2C_3to4_portrait%29.jpg/126px-Komtar%2C_July_2024_%28cropped%2C_3to4_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Komtar%2C_July_2024_%28cropped%2C_3to4_portrait%29.jpg/168px-Komtar%2C_July_2024_%28cropped%2C_3to4_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3376" data-file-height="4500" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Komtar" title="Komtar">Komtar</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="border:1;;height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Cheong_Fatt_Tze_Mansion_(I)_(closeup).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Front façade of a double-storey Oriental-style mansion, coloured in blue and with the upper floor partially concealed by wooden blinds." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cheong_Fatt_Tze_Mansion_%28I%29_%28closeup%29.jpg/142px-Cheong_Fatt_Tze_Mansion_%28I%29_%28closeup%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cheong_Fatt_Tze_Mansion_%28I%29_%28closeup%29.jpg/213px-Cheong_Fatt_Tze_Mansion_%28I%29_%28closeup%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Cheong_Fatt_Tze_Mansion_%28I%29_%28closeup%29.jpg/284px-Cheong_Fatt_Tze_Mansion_%28I%29_%28closeup%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4129" data-file-height="3097" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Cheong_Fatt_Tze_Mansion" title="Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion">Cheong Fatt Tze Mansion</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div style="border:1;;height:106px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Khoo_Kongsi_(cropped_to_4_to_3_format).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Front façade of a Chinese clan house featuring ornate carvings on the roof." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Khoo_Kongsi_%28cropped_to_4_to_3_format%29.jpg/142px-Khoo_Kongsi_%28cropped_to_4_to_3_format%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Khoo_Kongsi_%28cropped_to_4_to_3_format%29.jpg/213px-Khoo_Kongsi_%28cropped_to_4_to_3_format%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Khoo_Kongsi_%28cropped_to_4_to_3_format%29.jpg/284px-Khoo_Kongsi_%28cropped_to_4_to_3_format%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4893" data-file-height="3670" /></a></div><div class="text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Khoo_Kongsi" title="Khoo Kongsi">Khoo Kongsi</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_flag_of_the_Penang_Island_City_Council.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of George Town"><img alt="Flag of George Town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Official_flag_of_the_Penang_Island_City_Council.svg/100px-Official_flag_of_the_Penang_Island_City_Council.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Official_flag_of_the_Penang_Island_City_Council.svg/150px-Official_flag_of_the_Penang_Island_City_Council.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Official_flag_of_the_Penang_Island_City_Council.svg/200px-Official_flag_of_the_Penang_Island_City_Council.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="427" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Flag</div></div><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_George_Town.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of George Town"><img alt="Coat of arms of George Town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Seal_of_George_Town.svg/100px-Seal_of_George_Town.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Seal_of_George_Town.svg/150px-Seal_of_George_Town.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Seal_of_George_Town.svg/200px-Seal_of_George_Town.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="427" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link">Coat of arms</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Etymology: <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_British_monarchs" title="List of British monarchs">King of Great Britain and Ireland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Nickname: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Pearl of the Orient<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname">Leading We Serve<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div>(<a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: Memimpin Sambil Berkhidmat)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 300px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="300" data-height="200" data-zoom="9" data-lat="5.35563" data-lon="100.329167" data-overlays="["_05cd9b223ab3fd2a1fb725adde51046b847f6e8c"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/9/5.35563/100.329167/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,5.35563,100.329167,300x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=George_Town%2C_Penang&groups=_05cd9b223ab3fd2a1fb725adde51046b847f6e8c" width="300" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,9,5.35563,100.329167,300x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=George_Town%2C_Penang&groups=_05cd9b223ab3fd2a1fb725adde51046b847f6e8c 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_map_of_George_Town_2023.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Town is located in George Town, Penang"><img alt="George Town is located in George Town, Penang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Location_map_of_George_Town_2023.svg/300px-Location_map_of_George_Town_2023.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="372" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Location_map_of_George_Town_2023.svg/450px-Location_map_of_George_Town_2023.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Location_map_of_George_Town_2023.svg/600px-Location_map_of_George_Town_2023.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="844" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:36.992%;left:41.47%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="George Town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>George Town</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of George Town, Penang</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:Malaysia_municipal_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Town is located in Malaysia"><img alt="George Town is located in Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Malaysia_municipal_location_map.svg/300px-Malaysia_municipal_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Malaysia_municipal_location_map.svg/450px-Malaysia_municipal_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Malaysia_municipal_location_map.svg/600px-Malaysia_municipal_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="457" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:32.319%;left:6.329%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="George Town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>George Town</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Malaysia</div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:300px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:300px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:300px"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_laea_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="George Town is located in Asia"><img alt="George Town is located in Asia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/300px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/450px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Asia_laea_location_map.svg/600px-Asia_laea_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1050" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.495%;left:55.29%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><img alt="George Town" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:4px"><div>George Town</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div>Show map of Asia</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=George_Town,_Penang&params=05_24_52_N_100_19_45_E_region:MY_type:city(794313)">05°24′52″N 100°19′45″E / 5.41444°N 100.32917°E / 5.41444; 100.32917</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia_23px.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="986" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">State</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Penang_%28Malaysia%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="512" /> <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_districts_in_Malaysia" title="List of districts in Malaysia">Districts</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North-East_District_(Penang)" title="North-East District (Penang)">Northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/South-West_District_(Penang)" title="South-West District (Penang)">Southwest</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Mukim" title="Mukim">Mukims</a><a href="#cite_note-Penang_Island_City_Council-2-3">[3]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">City centre</a> and 36 subdistricts</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded<a href="#cite_note-Samuel_Wee-1992-4">[4]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">11 August 1786</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Municipality<a href="#cite_note-Koay-2014-5">[5]</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1857</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated (city)<a href="#cite_note-The_Straits_Times-1957-6">[6]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 January 1957</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Expansion<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">31 March 2015</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Light" title="Francis Light">Francis Light</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_local_governments_in_Malaysia" title="List of local governments in Malaysia">City council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" title="Penang Island City Council">Penang Island City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Penang_Island" title="Mayor of Penang Island">Mayor</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Rajendran P. Anthony</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • City Secretary<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Cheong Chee Hong</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City<a href="#cite_note-Looi-2015-10">[10]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">306 km2 (118 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">3,765 km2 (1,454 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2020)<a href="#cite_note-2020KF-11">[11]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • City<a href="#cite_note-Looi-2015-10">[10]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">794,313</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Malaysia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population">8th</a> in Malaysia</li><li>2nd in Penang</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">2,596/km2 (6,720/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_area" title="Metropolitan area">Metro</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">2,843,344 (<a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Malaysia_by_population#Largest_metropolitan_areas_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population">2nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Metro density</th><td class="infobox-data">756/km2 (1,960/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Georgetowner<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Demographics <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(2020)<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-2020KF-11">[11]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Ethnic groups</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>51.2% <a href="/wiki/Penangite_Chinese" title="Penangite Chinese">Chinese</a></li> <li>31.3% <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a> <ul><li>30.7% <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a></li> <li>0.6% <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asal" title="Orang Asal">indigenous groups</a> from <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li></ul></li> <li>8.2% <a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang">Indian</a></li> <li>0.8% Other ethnicities</li> <li>8.5% Non-citizens</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">GDP <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2020)<a href="#cite_note-GDPdistrict-13">[13]</a><div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">Total</a></th><td class="infobox-data">$12.464 billion</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Per capita</th><td class="infobox-data">$15,692</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B8" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+8">UTC+8</a> (<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Standard_Time" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Standard Time">MST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">Not observed</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postal_codes_in_Malaysia#Areas" title="Postal codes in Malaysia">Postal code</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>100xx–108xx</li><li>110xx–119xx</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Malaysia#Landline_area_codes" title="Telephone numbers in Malaysia">Area code(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4-2, 4-6, 4-8</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mbpp.gov.my/">www.mbpp.gov.my</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><div style="border:4px solid #0177D3; line-height: 1.5; text-align: center;"> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Official name</th><td class="infobox-data">Melaka and George Town, <a href="/wiki/Historic_Cities_of_the_Straits_of_Malacca" title="Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca">Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site#Selection_criteria" title="World Heritage Site">Criteria</a></th><td class="infobox-data category">Cultural: ii, iii, iv</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Reference</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1223">1223</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right:0.3em;">Inscription</th><td class="infobox-data">2008 (32nd <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Committee" title="World Heritage Committee">Session</a>)</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> George Town is the capital of the <a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">Malaysian state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>. It is the <a href="/wiki/Core_city" title="Core city">core city</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Penang_Conurbation" title="Greater Penang Conurbation">George Town Conurbation</a>, Malaysia's <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Malaysia_by_population#Largest_metropolitan_areas_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population">second largest metropolitan area</a> with a population of 2.84 million and the second largest <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_economy" title="Metropolitan economy">metropolitan economy</a> in the country. The <a href="/wiki/City_proper" title="City proper">city proper</a> spans an area of 306 km2 (118 sq mi) encompassing <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island" title="Penang Island">Penang Island</a> and surrounding islets, and had a population of 794,313 as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Town,_Penang&action=edit">[update]</a>. Classified as a <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network#Gamma_−" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">"Gamma −" city</a>, the second highest in Malaysia after <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, George Town is the commercial centre for northern Malaysia and one of the few <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income economies</a> of the cities outside the <a href="/wiki/Klang_Valley" title="Klang Valley">Klang Valley</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Euromonitor_International" title="Euromonitor International">Euromonitor International</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>, George Town has the highest potential for revenue growth among all Malaysian cities and contributed nearly 8 per cent of the country's personal disposable income in 2015, second only to Kuala Lumpur. Its technological sector, anchored by hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational companies</a>, has made George Town the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_and_municipalities_by_exports#Exports_by_city_and_municipality" title="List of Malaysian states and municipalities by exports">top exporter in the country</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Penang_International_Airport" title="Penang International Airport">Penang International Airport</a> links George Town to several regional cities, while <a href="/wiki/Penang_ferry_service" title="Penang ferry service">a ferry service</a> and two road bridges connect the city to the rest of Peninsular Malaysia. <a href="/wiki/Swettenham_Pier" title="Swettenham Pier">Swettenham Pier</a> is the busiest <a href="/wiki/Passenger_terminal_(maritime)" class="mw-redirect" title="Passenger terminal (maritime)">cruise terminal</a> in the country. Established as an <a href="/wiki/Entrep%C3%B4t" title="Entrepôt">entrepôt</a> by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Light" title="Francis Light">Francis Light</a> in 1786, George Town was the first <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British settlement</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, and its proximity to maritime routes along the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Strait of Malacca</a> attracted an influx of immigrants from various parts of Asia. It became the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> in 1826, only to lose its administrative status to <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Singapore</a> in 1832. Shortly before <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malaya</a> attained independence from Britain in 1957, George Town was declared a city by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>, making it the first city in the country's history. In 1974, George Town was <a href="/wiki/Merger_(politics)" title="Merger (politics)">merged</a> with the rest of the island, throwing its city status into doubt until 2015, when its jurisdiction was reinstated and expanded to cover the entire island and adjacent islets. The city is described by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as having a "<a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Penang" title="Architecture of Penang">unique architectural</a> and cultural townscape" that is shaped by centuries of intermingling between various cultures and religions.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-14">[14]</a> It has also gained a reputation as Malaysia's gastronomical capital for its distinct <a href="/wiki/Penang_cuisine" title="Penang cuisine">culinary scene</a>. The preservation of these cultures contributed to the designation of the <a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">city centre of George Town</a> as a UNESCO <a href="/wiki/Historic_Cities_of_the_Straits_of_Malacca#George_Town" title="Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca">World Heritage Site</a> since 2008. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> George Town was named in honour of <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a>, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a> between 1760 and 1820.<a href="#cite_note-AtoZMsia-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-ConDict-16">[16]</a> Prior to the arrival of the British, the geographical area had been known as Tanjung Penaga, due to the abundance of penaga laut trees (<a href="/wiki/Calophyllum_inophyllum" title="Calophyllum inophyllum">Calophyllum inophyllum</a>) found at the cape (tanjung) of the city.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> The city is often mistakenly spelled as "Georgetown", which was never the city's official name. This misspelling may be due to confusion with other places worldwide that share the same name.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> In common parlance, the city of George Town is also called "<a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>", which is the name of the larger state.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-2008-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_George_Town,_Penang" title="History of George Town, Penang">History of George Town, Penang</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:23em; ; font-size: 90%; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0AF;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0AF;">Historical affiliations</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_East_India_Company_%281801%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> 1786–1858</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> 1858–1867</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281925%E2%80%931946%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281925%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281925%E2%80%931946%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281925%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281925%E2%80%931946%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_British_Straits_Settlements_%281925%E2%80%931946%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> 1826–1941; 1945–1946</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> 1941–1945</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281896%E2%80%931950%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a> 1946–1948</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaya_%281950%E2%80%931963%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a> 1948–1963</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> 1963–present</li></ul></div> </blockquote> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Map_of_Early_Penang_Showing_the_Malay_Town_on_the_South_of_the_Town_Center_by_Popham_1799.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map depicting the settlement of George Town. Fort Cornwallis at the tip of the cape is prominently shown amidst a grid of streets, surrounded by plantations and a cemetery." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Map_of_Early_Penang_Showing_the_Malay_Town_on_the_South_of_the_Town_Center_by_Popham_1799.jpg/220px-The_Map_of_Early_Penang_Showing_the_Malay_Town_on_the_South_of_the_Town_Center_by_Popham_1799.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Map_of_Early_Penang_Showing_the_Malay_Town_on_the_South_of_the_Town_Center_by_Popham_1799.jpg/330px-The_Map_of_Early_Penang_Showing_the_Malay_Town_on_the_South_of_the_Town_Center_by_Popham_1799.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/The_Map_of_Early_Penang_Showing_the_Malay_Town_on_the_South_of_the_Town_Center_by_Popham_1799.jpg/440px-The_Map_of_Early_Penang_Showing_the_Malay_Town_on_the_South_of_the_Town_Center_by_Popham_1799.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="1960" /></a><figcaption>A 1799 map of George Town created by <a href="/wiki/Home_Riggs_Popham" title="Home Riggs Popham">Rear Admiral Home R. Popham</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cornwallis" title="Fort Cornwallis">Fort Cornwallis</a> at the tip of the cape is depicted in the map.</figcaption></figure> In 1771, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Light" title="Francis Light">Francis Light</a>, a former <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> captain, was instructed by the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">British East India Company</a> (EIC) to establish trade relations in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>. He arrived in <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Sultanate" title="Kedah Sultanate">Kedah</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Siamese</a> <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">vassal state</a> facing threats from the <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> of <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Samuel_Wee-1992-4">[4]</a> Kedah's ruler <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Jiwa_Zainal_Adilin_II_of_Kedah" title="Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II of Kedah">Sultan Muhammad Jiwa Zainal Adilin II</a> offered Light <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island" title="Penang Island">Penang Island</a> in exchange for British military protection. Light noted the strategic potential of the island as a "convenient magazine for trade" that could enable the British to check Dutch and French <a href="/wiki/European_colonisation_of_Southeast_Asia" title="European colonisation of Southeast Asia">territorial ambitions</a> in Southeast Asia, and tried unsuccessfully to persuade his superiors to accept the Sultan's offer.<a href="#cite_note-Samuel_Wee-1992-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis-2016-21">[21]</a> Light was finally authorised to negotiate the British acquisition of Penang Island in 1786.<a href="#cite_note-Samuel_Wee-1992-4">[4]</a> After the cession was finalised with Muhammad Jiwa's successor <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Mukarram_Shah_of_Kedah" title="Abdullah Mukarram Shah of Kedah">Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah</a>, Light and his entourage landed on the island on 17 July that year.<a href="#cite_note-Langdon-2014-22">[22]</a> They took formal possession of the island "in the name of <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III of England</a>" on 11 August.<a href="#cite_note-Samuel_Wee-1992-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hockton-2012-24">[24]</a> Penang Island was renamed Prince of Wales Island after the <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">heir to the British throne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pampus-2021-27">[27]</a> George Town was the first British colonial possession in Southeast Asia and marked the beginning of the gradual British colonisation in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pampus-2021-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> When Light first landed on the cape, it was densely covered in jungle.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-2018-29">[29]</a> After the area was cleared, Light oversaw the construction of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cornwallis" title="Fort Cornwallis">Fort Cornwallis</a>, the first structure in the newly established settlement.<a href="#cite_note-Samuel_Wee-1992-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Langdon-2014-22">[22]</a> The first roads of George Town – <a href="/wiki/Light_Street,_George_Town" title="Light Street, George Town">Light</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beach_Street,_George_Town" title="Beach Street, George Town">Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chulia_Street,_George_Town" title="Chulia Street, George Town">Chulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitt_Street,_George_Town" title="Pitt Street, George Town">Pitt</a> streets – were created in a <a href="/wiki/Grid_plan" title="Grid plan">grid-like</a> configuration.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-2018-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> This urban planning method facilitated the easy division, transaction and assessment of land, as well as efficient military deployment. The grid pattern was also <a href="/wiki/Jackson_Plan" title="Jackson Plan">replicated in Singapore</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Founding_years_of_modern_Singapore" title="Founding years of modern Singapore">acquisition of the island by Stamford Raffles</a> in 1819.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-2018-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_rule">British rule</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KITLV_-_80020_-_Kleingrothe,_C.J._-_Medan_-_Quay_in_Penang_-_circa_1910.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vessels docked along a seafronting street in the city circa 1910." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/KITLV_-_80020_-_Kleingrothe%2C_C.J._-_Medan_-_Quay_in_Penang_-_circa_1910.tif/lossy-page1-220px-KITLV_-_80020_-_Kleingrothe%2C_C.J._-_Medan_-_Quay_in_Penang_-_circa_1910.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/KITLV_-_80020_-_Kleingrothe%2C_C.J._-_Medan_-_Quay_in_Penang_-_circa_1910.tif/lossy-page1-330px-KITLV_-_80020_-_Kleingrothe%2C_C.J._-_Medan_-_Quay_in_Penang_-_circa_1910.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/KITLV_-_80020_-_Kleingrothe%2C_C.J._-_Medan_-_Quay_in_Penang_-_circa_1910.tif/lossy-page1-440px-KITLV_-_80020_-_Kleingrothe%2C_C.J._-_Medan_-_Quay_in_Penang_-_circa_1910.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4838" data-file-height="3238" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Penang" title="Port of Penang">Port of Penang</a> at <a href="/wiki/Weld_Quay,_George_Town" title="Weld Quay, George Town">Weld Quay</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1910, photo by <a href="/wiki/C.J._Kleingrothe" class="mw-redirect" title="C.J. Kleingrothe">C.J. Kleingrothe</a>. Port functions were eventually relocated to mainland <a href="/wiki/Seberang_Perai" title="Seberang Perai">Seberang Perai</a> in 1974.<a href="#cite_note-TaiwanU-31">[31]</a></figcaption></figure> As Light intended, George Town grew rapidly as a <a href="/wiki/Free_economic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Free economic zone">free port</a> and a conduit for <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a>, taking maritime commerce from <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch</a> posts in the region.<a href="#cite_note-Jackson201322-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khoo-2007-34">[34]</a> The spice trade allowed the EIC to cover the administrative costs of Penang.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The threat of French invasion in the midst of the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a> forced the British to enlarge and reinforce <a href="/wiki/Fort_Cornwallis" title="Fort Cornwallis">Fort Cornwallis</a> as the garrison for the settlement.<a href="#cite_note-Langdon-2014-22">[22]</a> Local governance committees were formed from 1796 to resolve specific matters of administration.<a href="#cite_note-Koay-2014-5">[5]</a> However, there were no unified legal systems in place to maintain order in the settlement. Light, who believed that feudal laws instituted by the newly-immigrated settlers were incompatible with <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Law of the United Kingdom">British law</a>, initially implemented a system in 1792 whereby matters of justice were partially delegated to local leaders.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> This decision was ratified by <a href="/wiki/George_Alexander_William_Leith" title="George Alexander William Leith">Lieutenant-Governor George Leith</a> in 1800. However, further legal disputes meant that under the directives of the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a>, this system was replaced by a set of regulations in 1805, drafted by Leith and revised by John Dickens, the presidency's appointed judge and magistrate for Penang.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETan1950104–105-37">[37]</a> In 1807, a Charter of Justice was granted which mandated the establishment of a "Court of Judicature" composed of the Governor, a <a href="/wiki/List_of_recorders_of_Penang,_Singapore,_and_Malacca" title="List of recorders of Penang, Singapore, and Malacca">recorder</a> and three councillors.<a href="#cite_note-Keat_Gin-2015-38">[38]</a> The high court was inaugurated at Fort Cornwallis in the following year, with <a href="/wiki/Edmond_Stanley" title="Edmond Stanley">Edmond Stanley</a> as recorder.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> With the establishment of the court, George Town became the first settlement in <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a> to possess a modern judicial system.<a href="#cite_note-Federal_Court_of_Malaysia-2016-40">[40]</a> In 1826, George Town was made the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>, which also comprised <a href="/wiki/Singapore_in_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Singapore in the Straits Settlements">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a>. In 1832, the administrative centre was relocated to Singapore, as it surpassed George Town in commercial and strategic prominence.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaime_Koh-42">[42]</a> Despite its secondary importance to Singapore, George Town continued to play a crucial role as a British entrepôt. Following the opening of the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> in 1869 and a tin mining boom in the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Penang" title="Port of Penang">Port of Penang</a> became a leading exporter of tin.<a href="#cite_note-Langdon-2014-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wong-2015-43">[43]</a> By the end of the 19th century, George Town emerged as the foremost financial centre of British Malaya, as mercantile firms and international banks were established.<a href="#cite_note-Langdon-2014-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hockton-2012-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wong-2015-43">[43]</a> Throughout the century, George Town's population grew rapidly in tandem with economic prosperity. Between 1797 and 1830, an influx of immigrants from all over Asia quadrupled its population.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-2016-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keat_Gin-2015-38">[38]</a> A cosmopolitan population emerged, comprising <a href="/wiki/Penangite_Chinese" title="Penangite Chinese">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Siamese</a> and migrants of mixed European-Asian lineage referred to as "Eurasians". The population growth also created social problems, such as inadequate health facilities and rampant crime, with the latter culminating in <a href="/wiki/1867_Penang_riots" title="1867 Penang riots">rioting in 1867</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ooi-19912-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> George Town came under direct British rule when the Straits Settlements <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Straits_Settlements" title="Transfer of the Straits Settlements">became a British crown colony</a> in 1867.<a href="#cite_note-Jaime_Koh-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> Law enforcement and immigration control were gradually strengthened to suppress <a href="/wiki/Triad_(organized_crime)" title="Triad (organized crime)">organised crime</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> More investments were also made on the settlement's health care and public transportation.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-2016-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ooi-19912-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Francis-2006-50">[50]</a> Advances in education and living standards gave rise to a non-European gentry and middle class, which in turn fostered nascent intellectual activities and political movements.<a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daniel_Goh-2014-51">[51]</a> George Town, according to historian <a href="/wiki/Mary_Turnbull" title="Mary Turnbull">Mary Turnbull</a>, emerged as "a Mecca for Asian intellectuals", who perceived it to be more intellectually receptive than Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-2016-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daniel_Goh-2014-51">[51]</a> The settlement was a centre for reformist newspapers, and attracted political and intellectual figures such as <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._Somerset_Maugham" title="W. Somerset Maugham">W. Somerset Maugham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Langdon-2014-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2007-52">[52]</a> However, political turmoil in <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a> and the influx of Chinese migrants posed security concerns among the British authorities. Sun chose George Town as the headquarters for revolutionary activities by the <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a> in Southeast Asia that eventually launched the <a href="/wiki/Wuchang_Uprising" title="Wuchang Uprising">Wuchang Uprising</a>, a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> that ushered in the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republican China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters-2007-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_wars">World wars</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Marines_Parade_in_Penang_(5316034010).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Civilians lining the city's streets to welcome British troops arriving on jeeps in 1945" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Royal_Marines_Parade_in_Penang_%285316034010%29.jpg/220px-Royal_Marines_Parade_in_Penang_%285316034010%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Royal_Marines_Parade_in_Penang_%285316034010%29.jpg/330px-Royal_Marines_Parade_in_Penang_%285316034010%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Royal_Marines_Parade_in_Penang_%285316034010%29.jpg/440px-Royal_Marines_Parade_in_Penang_%285316034010%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2496" data-file-height="1950" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">British Royal Marines</a> liberating George Town from the Japanese on 3 September 1945</figcaption></figure>George Town emerged from <a href="/wiki/Asian_and_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_I" title="Asian and Pacific theatre of World War I">World War I</a> relatively unscathed, except for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penang" title="Battle of Penang">Battle of Penang</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_German_Navy" title="Imperial German Navy">Imperial German Navy</a> cruiser <a href="/wiki/SMS_Emden" title="SMS Emden">SMS Emden</a> sank two <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allied</a> warships off the settlement.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barber-2010-55">[55]</a> <a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">World War II</a>, on the other hand, caused unprecedented social and political turmoil in George Town.<a href="#cite_note-Barber-2010-55">[55]</a> In mid-December 1941, the settlement was subjected to severe <a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Japanese aerial bombardment</a>, forcing inhabitants to flee George Town and take refuge in the jungles.<a href="#cite_note-Barber-2010-55">[55]</a> While <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island" title="Penang Island">Penang Island</a> had been designated a fortress before the outbreak of fighting, the <a href="/wiki/Malaya_Command" title="Malaya Command">British high command</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Percival" title="Arthur Percival">Lieutenant-General Arthur Percival</a> decided to abandon the island and secretly evacuate George Town's European population, leaving the settlement's Asian residents undefended against the Japanese advance.<a href="#cite_note-Barber-2010-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> According to historian Raymond Callahan, "the moral collapse of British rule in Southeast Asia came not at Singapore, but at Penang".<a href="#cite_note-Bayly-2005-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a> (IJA) seized George Town on 19 December without encountering any resistance.<a href="#cite_note-Barber-2010-55">[55]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Japanese occupation</a>, George Town was only lightly garrisoned by the IJA, while the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a> converted <a href="/wiki/Swettenham_Pier" title="Swettenham Pier">Swettenham Pier</a> into a major submarine base for the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barber-2010-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Japanese military police</a> imposed order by massacring <a href="/wiki/Penangite_Chinese" title="Penangite Chinese">Chinese civilians</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a> policy; the victims were buried in mass graves all over the island, such as at <a href="/wiki/Rifle_Range,_Penang" title="Rifle Range, Penang">Rifle Range</a>, Bukit Dumbar and <a href="/wiki/Batu_Ferringhi" title="Batu Ferringhi">Batu Ferringhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barber-2010-55">[55]</a> Poverty and wanton Japanese brutality towards the local population also forced women into <a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">sexual slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barber-2010-55">[55]</a> Between 1944 and 1945, Allied bombers based in India <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Penang" title="Air raids on Penang">targeted naval and administrative buildings in George Town</a>, damaging and destroying several colonial buildings in the process.<a href="#cite_note-Langdon-2014-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barber-2010-55">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Penang_Strait" title="Penang Strait">Penang Strait</a> was mined to constrict Japanese shipping.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Following <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japan's surrender</a>, on 3 September 1945, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">British Royal Marines</a> launched <a href="/wiki/Operation_Jurist" title="Operation Jurist">Operation Jurist</a> to retake George Town, making it the first settlement in British Malaya to be liberated from the Japanese.<a href="#cite_note-Barber-2010-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war">Post-war</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photo_of_ancient_Penang_inside_a_room.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Photo_of_ancient_Penang_inside_a_room.jpg/220px-Photo_of_ancient_Penang_inside_a_room.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Photo_of_ancient_Penang_inside_a_room.jpg/330px-Photo_of_ancient_Penang_inside_a_room.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Photo_of_ancient_Penang_inside_a_room.jpg/440px-Photo_of_ancient_Penang_inside_a_room.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Penang_Road,_George_Town" title="Penang Road, George Town">Penang Road</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1950</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Town_Padang_Kota_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of the Esplanade seafront, flanked by the City Hall to the right. The cityscape forms the backdrop." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/George_Town_Padang_Kota_2023.jpg/220px-George_Town_Padang_Kota_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/George_Town_Padang_Kota_2023.jpg/330px-George_Town_Padang_Kota_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/George_Town_Padang_Kota_2023.jpg/440px-George_Town_Padang_Kota_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8064" data-file-height="6048" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Esplanade,_Penang" title="Esplanade, Penang">Esplanade</a> was where George Town's city status was proclaimed in 1957.<a href="#cite_note-The_Straits_Times-1957-6">[6]</a></figcaption></figure> After a period of <a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Malaya)" title="British Military Administration (Malaya)">military administration</a>, the British dissolved the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> in 1946 and merged the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Colony_of_Penang" title="Crown Colony of Penang">Crown Colony of Penang</a> into the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Union" title="Malayan Union">Malayan Union</a>, which was then replaced with the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a> in 1948. At first, the impending annexation of the British colony of Penang into the vast Malay heartland proved unpopular among Penangites.<a href="#cite_note-Koay-2016b-62">[62]</a> Partly due to concerns that George Town's free port status would be at risk in the event of Penang's absorption into Malaya's customs union, the <a href="/wiki/Penang_secessionist_movement" title="Penang secessionist movement">Penang Secessionist Committee</a> was founded in 1948 and attempted to avert Penang's merger with Malaya.<a href="#cite_note-Barber-2010-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koay-2016b-62">[62]</a> A petition at the time warned that the incorporation of Penang into Malaya would "reduce it to the churn of filth of a fishing village... trade assiduously built up during the last one and a half centuries will be turned to nothing, entailing untold monetary losses and hardship to the merchants in Penang".<a href="#cite_note-Barber-2010-55">[55]</a> The secessionist movement was ultimately met with British disapproval.<a href="#cite_note-Koay-2016a-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Christie-1998-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> To assuage the concerns raised by the secessionists, the British government guaranteed George Town's free port status and promised greater decentralisation. Meanwhile, municipal elections, which had been abolished in 1913, were <a href="/wiki/1951_Malayan_local_elections#Municipal_election" title="1951 Malayan local elections">reintroduced in 1951</a>, further diminishing the secessionists' commitment to their cause.<a href="#cite_note-Koay-2014-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koay-2016a-63">[63]</a> Nine councillors were to be elected from George Town's three electoral wards, while the <a href="/wiki/List_of_high_commissioners_of_the_United_Kingdom_for_Malaya" title="List of high commissioners of the United Kingdom for Malaya">British High Commissioner</a> held the power to appoint six more.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullah-66">[66]</a> In 1957, George Town became Malaya's first fully-elected municipality and was granted city status by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_Straits_Times-1957-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abdullah-66">[66]</a> This made George Town the first city within the Malayan Federation, and by extension, Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-The_Straits_Times-1957-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wong-2013-67">[67]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-independence">Post-independence</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Komtar_at_dusk,_George_Town,_Penang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Komtar Tower, with the podium visible below and surrounded by low-rise buildings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Komtar_at_dusk%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang.jpg/220px-Komtar_at_dusk%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Komtar_at_dusk%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang.jpg/330px-Komtar_at_dusk%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Komtar_at_dusk%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang.jpg/440px-Komtar_at_dusk%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption>Completed in 1985, <a href="/wiki/Komtar" title="Komtar">Komtar</a> was for a brief period the <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_Southeast_Asia#Timeline_of_tallest_buildings_in_Southeast_Asia" title="List of tallest buildings in Southeast Asia">tallest skyscraper in Southeast Asia</a>.</figcaption></figure> During the early years of Malaya's independence, George Town retained its free port status, which had been guaranteed by the British. The <a href="/wiki/George_Town_City_Council" title="George Town City Council">George Town City Council</a> enjoyed full financial autonomy and by 1965, it was the wealthiest local government in Malaysia, with an annual revenue almost double that of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Penang" title="Government of Penang">Penang state government</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullah-66">[66]</a> This financial strength allowed the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_of_Malaya" title="Labour Party of Malaya">Labour</a>-led city government to implement progressive policies, and to take control of George Town's infrastructure and public transportation. These included the maintenance of its own public bus service, as well as the construction of public housing schemes and the <a href="/wiki/Ayer_Itam_Dam" title="Ayer Itam Dam">Ayer Itam Dam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-REFSA-2015-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> However, longstanding political differences between the George Town City Council and the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(Malaysia)" title="Alliance Party (Malaysia)">Alliance</a>-controlled state government led to allegations of maladministration against the city government.<a href="#cite_note-REFSA-2015-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Straits_Times-1966-70">[70]</a> In response, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Penang" title="Chief Minister of Penang">Chief Minister of Penang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wong_Pow_Nee" title="Wong Pow Nee">Wong Pow Nee</a>, took over the powers of the George Town City Council in 1966.<a href="#cite_note-The_Straits_Times-1966-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> Local government elections nationwide were also suspended in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a>, never to be reinstated.<a href="#cite_note-Abdullah-66">[66]</a> The period of relative prosperity vis-à-vis the rest of Malaysia came to an end in 1969, when the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Malaysian federal government</a> rescinded George Town's free port status.<a href="#cite_note-Daniel_Goh-2014-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Christie-1998-64">[64]</a> This sparked massive unemployment, <a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">brain drain</a> and urban decay within the city.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ooi-2009-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Evelyn_Teh-2016-74">[74]</a> The federal government also began channelling resources towards the development of <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Klang" title="Port Klang">Port Klang</a>, leading to George Town's protracted decline.<a href="#cite_note-Daniel_Goh-2014-51">[51]</a> To revive Penang's fortunes, newly-elected Chief Minister <a href="/wiki/Lim_Chong_Eu" title="Lim Chong Eu">Lim Chong Eu</a> launched the <a href="/wiki/Komtar" title="Komtar">Komtar</a> project in 1974 and spearheaded the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Bayan_Lepas_Free_Industrial_Zone" title="Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone">Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone</a> (Bayan Lepas FIZ) which, at the time, was outside the city.<a href="#cite_note-Daniel_Goh-2014-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Athukorala-75">[75]</a> Although these were successful in transforming Penang into a <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">tertiary-based economy</a>, they also led to the decentralisation of the urban population as residents gravitated towards newer suburban townships closer to the Bayan Lepas FIZ.<a href="#cite_note-Evelyn_Teh-2016-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Athukorala-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> The destruction of hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Shophouse" title="Shophouse">shophouses</a> and whole streets for the construction of Komtar further exacerbated the hollowing out of George Town.<a href="#cite_note-Daniel_Goh-2014-51">[51]</a> Between 1974 and 1976, the George Town City Council and the <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_Rural_District_Council" title="Penang Island Rural District Council">Penang Island Rural District Council</a> were <a href="/wiki/Merger_(politics)" title="Merger (politics)">merged</a> to form the Penang Island Municipal Council. This led to a prolonged debate over George Town's city status, in spite of Clause 3 of the Local Government (Merger of the City Council of George Town and the Rural District Council of Penang Island) Order, 1974, which stated that "the status of the City of George Town as a city shall continue to be preserved and maintained and shall remain unimpaired by the merger hereby effected".<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Renaissance">Renaissance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Panorama_of_George_Town_from_the_air,_Dec_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of the city centre of George Town, situated at a cape flanked by the sea." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Panorama_of_George_Town_from_the_air%2C_Dec_2023.jpg/220px-Panorama_of_George_Town_from_the_air%2C_Dec_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Panorama_of_George_Town_from_the_air%2C_Dec_2023.jpg/330px-Panorama_of_George_Town_from_the_air%2C_Dec_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Panorama_of_George_Town_from_the_air%2C_Dec_2023.jpg/440px-Panorama_of_George_Town_from_the_air%2C_Dec_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7896" data-file-height="5922" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">city centre of George Town</a> in 2023, with <a href="/wiki/Penang_Hill" title="Penang Hill">Penang Hill</a> in the background.</figcaption></figure> George Town had benefitted from a real estate boom towards the end of the 20th century, but in 2001, the Rent Control Act was repealed, worsening the depopulation of the city's historical core and leaving colonial-era buildings in disrepair.<a href="#cite_note-Daniel_Goh-2014-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Li-2011-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> The city also suffered from incoherent urban planning, poor traffic management and a brain drain which left it without the expertise to regulate urban development and arrest its decline.<a href="#cite_note-Jenkins-2008-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-TaiwanU-31">[31]</a> In response, George Town's civil societies banded together and galvanised public support for the conservation of historic buildings, and to restore the city to its former glory.<a href="#cite_note-Li-2011-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> Following subsequent heritage conservation efforts, a portion of the <a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">city centre</a> was <a href="/wiki/Historic_Cities_of_the_Straits_of_Malacca#George_Town" title="Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca">designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Li-2011-78">[78]</a> Widespread resentment over the city's decline also resulted in the then opposition <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Rakyat" title="Pakatan Rakyat">Pakatan Rakyat</a> bloc (now <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a>) wresting power in Penang from the incumbent <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a> (BN) administration in the <a href="/wiki/2008_Penang_state_election" title="2008 Penang state election">2008 state election</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Li-2011-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ooi-2010-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The newly-elected <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Penang" title="Government of Penang">state government</a> took a more inclusive approach to heritage conservation and sustainable urban development, while concurrently pursuing <a href="/wiki/Economic_diversity" title="Economic diversity">economic diversification</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hutchinson-2023-86">[86]</a> The city has since witnessed an economic rejuvenation, boosted by a growth in the private sector.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> George Town's jurisdiction was expanded by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Malaysian federal government</a> to encompass the entirety of <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island" title="Penang Island">Penang Island</a> and the surrounding islets in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Looi-2015-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-island-89">[89]</a> This expansion resulted in an enlargement of the city government's manpower and responsibilities, as well as enhancing the regulation of heritage conservation.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silicon_Island_in_George_Town,_Penang_Dec2024-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A patch of land being reclaimed from the sea, with an island visible in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Silicon_Island_in_George_Town%2C_Penang_Dec2024-1.jpg/220px-Silicon_Island_in_George_Town%2C_Penang_Dec2024-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Silicon_Island_in_George_Town%2C_Penang_Dec2024-1.jpg/330px-Silicon_Island_in_George_Town%2C_Penang_Dec2024-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Silicon_Island_in_George_Town%2C_Penang_Dec2024-1.jpg/440px-Silicon_Island_in_George_Town%2C_Penang_Dec2024-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7864" data-file-height="5898" /></a><figcaption>The ongoing <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Island" title="Silicon Island">Silicon Island</a> reclamation project <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2024. <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">Reclamation</a> allows the creation of valuable land for urban development, particularly in land-scarce George Town.<a href="#cite_note-Ramly-2008-92">[92]</a></figcaption></figure> The jurisdiction of George Town covers an area of approximately 306 km2 (118 sq mi), encompassing the entirety of <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island" title="Penang Island">Penang Island</a> and nine surrounding islets.<a href="#cite_note-Penang_Island_City_Council-2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Looi-2015-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-island-89">[89]</a> George Town is slightly more than two-fifths the size of <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#endnote_Alpha">α</a> The 295 km2 (114 sq mi) Penang Island has an uneven terrain with a mountainous topography down the middle.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-2018-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lim-2011-93">[93]</a> The island's coastal plains are narrow, with the most extensive plain located at the northeastern cape, where the 25.5 km2 (9.8 sq mi) <a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">city centre</a> is situated.<a href="#cite_note-Lim-2011-93">[93]</a> Over the centuries, the built-up area of George Town has expanded in three directions – along the island's northern coast, south down the eastern shoreline and towards <a href="/wiki/Penang_Hill" title="Penang Hill">Penang Hill</a> to the west.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The surrounding islets within George Town's jurisdiction are <a href="/wiki/Jerejak_Island" title="Jerejak Island">Jerejak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andaman_Island,_Penang" title="Andaman Island, Penang">Andaman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gazumbo_Island" title="Gazumbo Island">Udini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tikus_Island" title="Tikus Island">Tikus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lovers%27_Isle" title="Lovers' Isle">Lovers'</a>, <a href="/wiki/Betong_Island" title="Betong Island">Betong</a>, Betong Kecil, <a href="/wiki/Kendi_Island" title="Kendi Island">Kendi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rimau_Island" title="Rimau Island">Rimau</a> islands.<a href="#cite_note-Penang_Island_City_Council-2-3">[3]</a> The riverine systems within the city include the Kluang, Dua, Glugor and <a href="/wiki/Pinang_River_(Penang)" title="Pinang River (Penang)">Pinang</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-2018-29">[29]</a> The Pinang River, which is 3.5 km (2.2 mi) long, flows through the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Penang Hill, with a height of 833 m (2,733 ft), is the highest point in Penang, serving as a water catchment area and a green lung for the city.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2022-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Penang_Water_Supply_Corporation-97">[97]</a> In 2021, the 12,481 ha (124.81 km2) Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Penang_Botanic_Gardens" title="Penang Botanic Gardens">Penang Botanic Gardens</a> and the 2,562 ha (25.62 km2) <a href="/wiki/Penang_National_Park" title="Penang National Park">Penang National Park</a>, was inscribed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">Biosphere Reserve</a> in recognition of the area's biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2022-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kevin_Vimal-2022-98">[98]</a> As land scarcity is a pressing issue in George Town, <a href="/wiki/Land_reclamation" title="Land reclamation">land reclamation</a> has been extensively undertaken at high-demand areas, such as at <a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Tokong" title="Tanjong Tokong">Tanjong Tokong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bayan_Lepas" title="Bayan Lepas">Bayan Lepas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ramly-2008-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chee-2017-99">[99]</a> Between 1960 and 2015, George Town expanded by more than 9 km2 (3.5 sq mi) due to land reclamation that altered much of the city's eastern shoreline.<a href="#cite_note-Chee-2017-99">[99]</a> In 2023, a massive reclamation project commenced off <a href="/wiki/Bayan_Lepas" title="Bayan Lepas">Bayan Lepas</a> to build the 920 ha (9.2 km2) <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Island" title="Silicon Island">Silicon Island</a>, envisioned as a new hub for high-tech manufacturing and commerce.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Reclamation projects to create <a href="/wiki/Gurney_Bay" title="Gurney Bay">Gurney Bay</a> and the nearby mixed-use precinct of Andaman Island are also ongoing.<a href="#cite_note-Opalyn_Mok-2016-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="center"><div class="thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 600px;"><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px; height: 800px; width: 600px;"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 600px; height: 800px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm" data-width="600" data-height="800" data-zoom="12" data-lat="5.358" data-lon="100.26" data-overlays="["_2e9ccf49398f3b21f69851734e5381972af8fe92"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/12/5.358/100.26/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,12,5.358,100.26,600x800.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=George_Town%2C_Penang&groups=_2e9ccf49398f3b21f69851734e5381972af8fe92" width="600" height="800" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,12,5.358,100.26,600x800@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=George_Town%2C_Penang&groups=_2e9ccf49398f3b21f69851734e5381972af8fe92 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 782px; left: 587px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"><img alt="About OpenStreetMaps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 782px; left: 490px; width: 12px; height: 12px; background-color: transparent;color:inherit;"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use" title="Maps: terms of use"><img alt="Maps: terms of use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/12px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/18px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/24px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: blue; top: 756px; left: 538.5px; background-color:transparent; color:inherit; transform: rotate(0deg);"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/52px-Mapscaleline.svg.png" decoding="async" width="52" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/78px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Mapscaleline.svg/104px-Mapscaleline.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="18" /></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 755.875px; left: 584px; transform: translateX(-100%) rotate(0deg); text-align: right; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> 4km 2.5miles</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 689.44284438416px; left: 327.56277395965px; width: 9px; height: 9px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 689.44284438416px; left: 301.56277395965px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Island" title="Silicon Island">Silicon I.</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 686.44284438416px; left: 331.56277395965px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">18</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 689.44284438416px; left: 327.56277395965px; width: 9px; height: 9px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Island" title="Silicon Island"><img alt="Silicon Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/11px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/17px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/22px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 603.58102261723px; left: 233.0893821692px; width: 9px; height: 9px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 615.58102261723px; left: 237.0893821692px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Teluk_Kumbar" title="Teluk Kumbar">Teluk Kumbar</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 600.58102261723px; left: 237.0893821692px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">17</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 603.58102261723px; left: 233.0893821692px; width: 9px; height: 9px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Kumbar" title="Teluk Kumbar"><img alt="Teluk Kumbar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/11px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/17px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/22px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 106.83636382609px; left: 158.03811879223px; width: 9px; height: 9px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 106.83636382609px; left: 122.03811879223px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Teluk_Bahang" title="Teluk Bahang">Teluk Bahang</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 103.83636382609px; left: 162.03811879223px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">16</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 106.83636382609px; left: 158.03811879223px; width: 9px; height: 9px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Bahang" title="Teluk Bahang"><img alt="Teluk Bahang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/11px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/17px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/22px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 123.50792948758px; left: 428.03678146742px; width: 9px; height: 9px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 123.50792948758px; left: 387.03678146742px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Tokong" title="Tanjong Tokong">Tanjong Tokong</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 120.50792948758px; left: 432.03678146742px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">15</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 123.50792948758px; left: 428.03678146742px; width: 9px; height: 9px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Tokong" title="Tanjong Tokong"><img alt="Tanjong Tokong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/11px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/17px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/22px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 102.20891125129px; left: 443.63373519556px; width: 9px; height: 9px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 102.20891125129px; left: 497.63373519556px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Pinang" title="Tanjong Pinang">Tanjong Pinang</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 99.20891125129px; left: 447.63373519556px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">14</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 102.20891125129px; left: 443.63373519556px; width: 9px; height: 9px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Pinang" title="Tanjong Pinang"><img alt="Tanjong Pinang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/11px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/17px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/22px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 82.07672412009px; left: 365.70705576812px; width: 9px; height: 9px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 72.07672412009px; left: 369.70705576812px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Bungah" title="Tanjong Bungah">Tanjong Bungah</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 79.07672412009px; left: 369.70705576812px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">13</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 82.07672412009px; left: 365.70705576812px; width: 9px; height: 9px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Bungah" title="Tanjong Bungah"><img alt="Tanjong Bungah" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/11px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/17px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/22px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 466.73676992501px; left: 329.73531053109px; width: 9px; height: 9px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 466.73676992501px; left: 313.73531053109px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Relau" title="Relau">Relau</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 463.73676992501px; left: 333.73531053109px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">12</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 466.73676992501px; left: 329.73531053109px; width: 9px; height: 9px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Relau" title="Relau"><img alt="Relau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/11px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/17px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/22px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 201.67019237985px; left: 321.89907567848px; width: 9px; height: 9px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 186.67019237985px; left: 325.89907567848px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Penang_Hill" title="Penang Hill">Penang Hill</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 198.67019237985px; left: 325.89907567848px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">11</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 201.67019237985px; left: 321.89907567848px; width: 9px; height: 9px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hill" title="Penang Hill"><img alt="Penang Hill" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/11px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/17px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/22px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 352.38899509167px; left: 353.28177307744px; width: 9px; height: 9px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 352.38899509167px; left: 312.28177307744px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Paya_Terubong" title="Paya Terubong">Paya Terubong</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 349.38899509167px; left: 357.28177307744px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">10</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 352.38899509167px; left: 353.28177307744px; width: 9px; height: 9px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Paya_Terubong" title="Paya Terubong"><img alt="Paya Terubong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/11px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/17px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/22px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 220.45896038217px; left: 111.17174163075px; width: 9px; height: 9px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 220.45896038217px; left: 75.17174163075px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Pantai_Acheh" title="Pantai Acheh">Pantai Acheh</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 217.45896038217px; left: 115.17174163075px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">9</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 220.45896038217px; left: 111.17174163075px; width: 9px; height: 9px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Pantai_Acheh" title="Pantai Acheh"><img alt="Pantai Acheh" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/11px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/17px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/22px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 300.77577080124px; left: 450.0177397197px; width: 9px; height: 9px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 300.77577080124px; left: 484.0177397197px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Jelutong,_Penang" title="Jelutong, Penang">Jelutong</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 297.77577080124px; left: 454.0177397197px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">8</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 300.77577080124px; left: 450.0177397197px; width: 9px; height: 9px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Jelutong,_Penang" title="Jelutong, Penang"><img alt="Jelutong" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/11px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/17px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/22px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 615.95433655202px; left: 104.21846281788px; width: 9px; height: 9px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 615.95433655202px; left: 58.21846281788px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Gertak_Sanggul" title="Gertak Sanggul">Gertak Sanggul</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 612.95433655202px; left: 108.21846281788px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">7</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 615.95433655202px; left: 104.21846281788px; width: 9px; height: 9px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Gertak_Sanggul" title="Gertak Sanggul"><img alt="Gertak Sanggul" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/11px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/17px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/22px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 363.80718266639px; left: 430.15703774707px; width: 9px; height: 9px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 363.80718266639px; left: 464.15703774707px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Gelugor" title="Gelugor">Gelugor</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 360.80718266639px; left: 434.15703774707px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">6</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 363.80718266639px; left: 430.15703774707px; width: 9px; height: 9px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Gelugor" title="Gelugor"><img alt="Gelugor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/11px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/17px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/22px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 613.30583612285px; left: 315.3640392002px; width: 9px; height: 9px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 613.30583612285px; left: 359.3640392002px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Bayan_Lepas" title="Bayan Lepas">Bayan Lepas</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 610.30583612285px; left: 319.3640392002px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">5</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 613.30583612285px; left: 315.3640392002px; width: 9px; height: 9px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Bayan_Lepas" title="Bayan Lepas"><img alt="Bayan Lepas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/11px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/17px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/22px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 73.70283306297px; left: 243.71970817385px; width: 9px; height: 9px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 63.70283306297px; left: 207.71970817385px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Batu_Ferringhi" title="Batu Ferringhi">Batu Ferringhi</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 70.70283306297px; left: 247.71970817385px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">4</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 73.70283306297px; left: 243.71970817385px; width: 9px; height: 9px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Batu_Ferringhi" title="Batu Ferringhi"><img alt="Batu Ferringhi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/11px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/17px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/22px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 418.83750215917px; left: 218.5467476596px; width: 9px; height: 9px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 418.83750215917px; left: 187.5467476596px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Balik_Pulau" title="Balik Pulau">Balik Pulau</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 415.83750215917px; left: 222.5467476596px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">3</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 418.83750215917px; left: 218.5467476596px; width: 9px; height: 9px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Balik_Pulau" title="Balik Pulau"><img alt="Balik Pulau" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/11px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/17px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/22px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 268.15935881121px; left: 348.71596092461px; width: 9px; height: 9px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 268.15935881121px; left: 322.71596092461px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Ayer_Itam" title="Ayer Itam">Ayer Itam</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 265.15935881121px; left: 352.71596092461px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">2</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 268.15935881121px; left: 348.71596092461px; width: 9px; height: 9px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ayer_Itam" title="Ayer Itam"><img alt="Ayer Itam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/11px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/17px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/22px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div> <div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; outline-style: solid; outline-color: #FFFFFFFF; top: 230.67016331559px; left: 496.40778533336px; width: 9px; height: 9px; border-radius: 50%; background-color: #000000; color:inherit;"></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; line-height: 0.98; white-space: nowrap; top: 225.67016331559px; left: 480.40778533336px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) rotate(0deg); background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"> <a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">City centre</a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; top: 227.67016331559px; left: 500.40778533336px; width: fit-content; text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%); background-color:transparent; color:inherit; line-height: 1.2;">1</div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; outline-width: 0px; top: 230.67016331559px; left: 496.40778533336px; width: 9px; height: 9px; background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang"><img alt="City centre" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/11px-Invisible_Square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/17px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Invisible_Square.svg/22px-Invisible_Square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 564px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/12/5.358/100.26/en" data-zoom="12" data-lat="5.358" data-lon="100.26" data-overlays="["_08d6b103f8297e6c2978ecf2a52129c137dabac9"]"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style> </a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption">Map of subdistricts within George Town. Click link at the top right corner to zoom in.<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 11em;"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#000000">1</div> <a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">City centre</a> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#000000">2</div> <a href="/wiki/Ayer_Itam" title="Ayer Itam">Ayer Itam</a> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#000000">3</div> <a href="/wiki/Balik_Pulau" title="Balik Pulau">Balik Pulau</a> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#000000">4</div> <a href="/wiki/Batu_Ferringhi" title="Batu Ferringhi">Batu Ferringhi</a> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#000000">5</div> <a href="/wiki/Bayan_Lepas" title="Bayan Lepas">Bayan Lepas</a> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#000000">6</div> <a href="/wiki/Gelugor" title="Gelugor">Gelugor</a> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#000000">7</div> <a href="/wiki/Gertak_Sanggul" title="Gertak Sanggul">Gertak Sanggul</a> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#000000">8</div> <a href="/wiki/Jelutong,_Penang" title="Jelutong, Penang">Jelutong</a> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#000000">9</div> <a href="/wiki/Pantai_Acheh" title="Pantai Acheh">Pantai Acheh</a> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#000000">10</div> <a href="/wiki/Paya_Terubong" title="Paya Terubong">Paya Terubong</a> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#000000">11</div> <a href="/wiki/Penang_Hill" title="Penang Hill">Penang Hill</a> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#000000">12</div> <a href="/wiki/Relau" title="Relau">Relau</a> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#000000">13</div> <a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Bungah" title="Tanjong Bungah">Tanjong Bungah</a> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#000000">14</div> <a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Pinang" title="Tanjong Pinang">Tanjong Pinang</a> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#000000">15</div> <a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Tokong" title="Tanjong Tokong">Tanjong Tokong</a> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#000000">16</div> <a href="/wiki/Teluk_Bahang" title="Teluk Bahang">Teluk Bahang</a> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#000000">17</div> <a href="/wiki/Teluk_Kumbar" title="Teluk Kumbar">Teluk Kumbar</a> <div style="display:inline-block;line-height:95%;padding:0px 3px;border-radius:8px;background-color:#000000">18</div> <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Island" title="Silicon Island">Silicon Island</a> </div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> George Town features a <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">tropical rainforest climate</a>, under the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> (Af). Weather forecast in George Town is served by the Penang Meteorological Office at <a href="/wiki/Bayan_Lepas" title="Bayan Lepas">Bayan Lepas</a>, which acts as the primary weather forecast facility for northwestern Peninsular Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> The city experiences relatively consistent temperatures throughout the course of the year, with an average high of about 32 °C and an average low of 24°C.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> It sees on average about 2,477 millimetres (97.5 in) of precipitation annually.<a href="#cite_note-NeutensMaeyer2009-105">[105]</a> Its proximity to the island of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> makes George Town susceptible to dust particles carried by wind from transient forest fires that cause the perennial <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_haze" title="Southeast Asian haze">Southeast Asian haze</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for George Town (<a href="/wiki/Penang_International_Airport" title="Penang International Airport">Penang International Airport</a>) (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1934–present) </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF2B00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.2 (95.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">35.8 (96.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.2 (97.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0 (96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">36.0 (96.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.7 (94.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF2E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.8 (94.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF3100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.3 (93.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1 (93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.5 (94.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF3300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.0 (93.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF3200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">34.1 (93.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF2400; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">36.2 (97.2) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF4200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.9 (89.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF3E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.4 (90.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF3D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.6 (90.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF3F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.3 (90.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF4000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.1 (89.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">32.0 (89.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF4400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.6 (88.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF4500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.4 (88.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1 (88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.0 (87.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF4700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.1 (88.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF4600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">31.3 (88.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF4300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">31.7 (89.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.8 (82.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.4 (83.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF5A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.3 (82.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF5D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.9 (82.2) </td> <td style="background: #FF5F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.7 (81.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2 (81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.2 (81.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF6100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">27.4 (81.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF5E00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">27.8 (82.0) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF7400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.6 (76.3) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7 (76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7100; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.0 (77.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF6F00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.3 (77.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.2 (77.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF7200; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.9 (76.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.7 (76.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.3 (75.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.4 (75.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF7500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">24.5 (76.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF7300; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">24.8 (76.6) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FF9B37; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.0 (66.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000;" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF860D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.0 (71.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF8D1B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">21.0 (69.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF9429; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.0 (68.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FF9730; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.5 (67.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFA144; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">18.0 (64.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #87FF87; color:#000000;" class="notheme">80.3 (3.16) </td> <td style="background: #72FF72; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.8 (3.38) </td> <td style="background: #26FF26; color:#000000;" class="notheme">145.5 (5.73) </td> <td style="background: #00DB00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">188.4 (7.42) </td> <td style="background: #00A800; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">229.1 (9.02) </td> <td style="background: #03FF03; color:#000000;" class="notheme">163.5 (6.44) </td> <td style="background: #00E300; color:#000000;" class="notheme">189.8 (7.47) </td> <td style="background: #008E00; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">246.3 (9.70) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">316.4 (12.46) </td> <td style="background: #003000; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">336.6 (13.25) </td> <td style="background: #009700; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">232.8 (9.17) </td> <td style="background: #51FF51; color:#000000;" class="notheme">116.5 (4.59) </td> <td style="background: #00D700; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,331 (91.77) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #ABABFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 </td> <td style="background: #ADADFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.0 </td> <td style="background: #8686FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.8 </td> <td style="background: #5151FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.6 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #8080FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.9 </td> <td style="background: #8383FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.0 </td> <td style="background: #5C5CFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.2 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.5 </td> <td style="background: #1D1DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">18.3 </td> <td style="background: #3636FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.7 </td> <td style="background: #7979FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.8 </td> <td style="background: #6969FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">142.6 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">relative humidity</a> (%) </th> <td style="background: #0000DF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">75 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000C8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">81 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000BC; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">84 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000B5; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">86 </td> <td style="background: #0000B1; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">87 </td> <td style="background: #0000B8; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">85 </td> <td style="background: #0000D3; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">78 </td> <td style="background: #0000C0; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">83 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #D5D500; color:#000000;" class="notheme">191 </td> <td style="background: #DDDD00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">204 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">201 </td> <td style="background: #D7D700; color:#000000;" class="notheme">191 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">178 </td> <td style="background: #D0D000; color:#000000;" class="notheme">171 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">172 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">169 </td> <td style="background: #CECE00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">167 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">161 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">164 </td> <td style="background: #CCCC00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">169 </td> <td style="background: #D2D200; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">2,138 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/World_Meteorological_Organization" title="World Meteorological Organization">World Meteorological Organization</a><a href="#cite_note-WMOCLINO-107">[107]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Ogimet<a href="#cite_note-ogimet-108">[108]</a><a href="/wiki/Deutscher_Wetterdienst" title="Deutscher Wetterdienst">Deutscher Wetterdienst</a> (humidity),<a href="#cite_note-DWD-109">[109]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance_and_politics">Governance and politics</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_governance">Local governance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" title="Penang Island City Council">Penang Island City Council</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_flag_of_the_Penang_Island_City_Council.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Flag of the Penang Island City Council, depicting the city's coat of arms within a white disc on top of a yellowish field." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Official_flag_of_the_Penang_Island_City_Council.svg/238px-Official_flag_of_the_Penang_Island_City_Council.svg.png" decoding="async" width="238" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Official_flag_of_the_Penang_Island_City_Council.svg/357px-Official_flag_of_the_Penang_Island_City_Council.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Official_flag_of_the_Penang_Island_City_Council.svg/476px-Official_flag_of_the_Penang_Island_City_Council.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="853" data-file-height="427" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:240px;max-width:240px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:178px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Penang_City_Hall_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Front façade of the City Hall in George Town, featuring the portico with Edwardian and Baroque architectural styles." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Penang_City_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg/238px-Penang_City_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="238" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Penang_City_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg/357px-Penang_City_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Penang_City_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg/476px-Penang_City_Hall_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4575" data-file-height="3431" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Above: Flag of the <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" title="Penang Island City Council">Penang Island City Council</a> Below: The <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_George_Town" title="City Hall, George Town">City Hall</a>, built in 1903 as a combination of <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_architecture" title="Edwardian architecture">Edwardian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque_architecture" title="Baroque architecture">Baroque</a> architectural styles, has been listed as a national monument since 1982.<a href="#cite_note-Hockton-2012-24">[24]</a></div></div></div></div></div> In 1796, a committee was formed to record trade revenue, and another committee responsible for property valuation was established in 1800. The latter committee was assembled through an election of ratepaying representatives, making it the first political election ever held in the settlement.<a href="#cite_note-Koay-2014-5">[5]</a> Although the committees were organised ad hoc and lacked regulatory power, these early measures marked the beginning of a systematic approach to municipal governance in Penang.<a href="#cite_note-Koay-2014-5">[5]</a> In 1856, the <a href="/wiki/India_Board" title="India Board">India Board</a>, an administrative body of <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">British India</a>, passed Act No. XXVII, which mandated the appointment of Municipal Commissioners and taxation of the <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> A Municipal Commission for George Town came into being the following year.<a href="#cite_note-Koay-2014-5">[5]</a> In 1957, prior to <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Malaya's independence</a>, Queen Elizabeth II granted George Town city status, making it the first city in the new nation.<a href="#cite_note-The_Straits_Times-1957-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wong-2013-67">[67]</a> By then, George Town had also become the first municipality in Malaya to have a fully-elected local government.<a href="#cite_note-Wong-2013-67">[67]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" title="Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a>, local government elections across the country have been suspended since 1965.<a href="#cite_note-Koay-2014-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abdullah-66">[66]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" title="Penang Island City Council">Penang Island City Council</a> (MBPP), headquartered in the <a href="/wiki/City_Hall,_George_Town" title="City Hall, George Town">City Hall</a>, carries out the official administrative and legislative duties of the city. One of the two city governments in Penang, MBPP is led by a <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Penang_Island" title="Mayor of Penang Island">mayor</a>, assisted by a secretary and 24 councillors who perform oversight responsibilities over 19 departments.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Penang_Island_City_Council-112">[112]</a> Each councillor is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Penang" title="Government of Penang">Penang state government</a> under an extendable one-year term.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Town,_Penang&action=edit">[update]</a>, one of the 24 councillor positions has been allocated to the city's non-governmental organisations (NGOs), while the remaining 23 are occupied by component parties of the ruling state government.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> The mayor since 2023 is Rajendran P. Anthony, the second mayor of <a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang">Indian</a> descent in the city's history after <a href="/wiki/D._S._Ramanathan" title="D. S. Ramanathan">D. S. Ramanathan</a> and the first since 2015.<a href="#cite_note-Penang_Island_City_Council-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> MBPP's current <a href="/wiki/Urban_planning" title="Urban planning">urban planning</a> strategy is set out in the Penang Island Local Plan 2030, first published in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Penang_Island_City_Council-2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The city government is responsible for municipal services including waste management, public maintenance and community service.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> It is also involved in major infrastructural projects such as the <a href="/wiki/Jalan_Bukit_Kukus_Paired_Road" title="Jalan Bukit Kukus Paired Road">Jalan Bukit Kukus Paired Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Since 2009, it has operated the Central Area Transit (CAT) bus service in collaboration with <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Penang" title="Rapid Penang">Rapid Penang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In 2025, MBPP projected its estimated revenue at RM433.3 million and an estimated expenditure of RM466.3 million, which included allocations for smart city projects, economic growth, cleanliness, sustainability and urban mobility.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#endnote_Gamma">γ</a> After <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Rakyat" title="Pakatan Rakyat">Pakatan Rakyat</a> (predecessor to the incumbent <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a>) was <a href="/wiki/2008_Penang_state_election" title="2008 Penang state election">voted into power in 2008</a>, the newly-elected state government attempted to reinstate local government elections within Penang.<a href="#cite_note-Gooi_Hsiao_Leung-121">[121]</a> Backed by strong support from George Town's NGOs, the Local Government Elections (Penang Island and Province Wellesley) Enactment was passed in 2012, which would have allowed city government elections for the first time since the 1960s. However, the <a href="/wiki/Barisan_Nasional" title="Barisan Nasional">Barisan Nasional</a>-controlled <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">federal government</a> objected to the move and the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Court of Malaysia">Federal Court</a> later ruled that local government elections are not within the purview of state governments.<a href="#cite_note-Gooi_Hsiao_Leung-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_and_national_representation">State and national representation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Penang" title="Government of Penang">Government of Penang</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_districts_in_Penang" title="List of electoral districts in Penang">List of electoral districts in Penang</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dewan_Undangan_Negeri_Penang_Dec_2006_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The front façade of the Penang State Assembly Building features columns supporting the pediment atop the portico." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dewan_Undangan_Negeri_Penang_Dec_2006_003.jpg/220px-Dewan_Undangan_Negeri_Penang_Dec_2006_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dewan_Undangan_Negeri_Penang_Dec_2006_003.jpg/330px-Dewan_Undangan_Negeri_Penang_Dec_2006_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Dewan_Undangan_Negeri_Penang_Dec_2006_003.jpg/440px-Dewan_Undangan_Negeri_Penang_Dec_2006_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Penang_State_Assembly_Building" title="Penang State Assembly Building">State Assembly Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Light_Street,_George_Town" title="Light Street, George Town">Light Street</a> houses <a href="/wiki/Penang_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Penang State Legislative Assembly">Penang's legislature</a>.</figcaption></figure> George Town is the administrative capital of Penang. The offices of the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Penang" title="Chief Minister of Penang">Chief Minister of Penang</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Penang" title="Government of Penang">Penang state government</a> are located in <a href="/wiki/Komtar" title="Komtar">Komtar</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/The_Residency,_Penang" title="The Residency, Penang">official residence</a> of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Penang" title="List of governors of Penang">Governor of Penang</a> is located in Scotland Road.<a href="#cite_note-Khoo-2007-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Penang_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Penang State Legislative Assembly">Penang's legislature</a> has been convened in the <a href="/wiki/Penang_State_Assembly_Building" title="Penang State Assembly Building">State Assembly Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Light_Street,_George_Town" title="Light Street, George Town">Light Street</a> since 1959.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> George Town is represented by <a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_electoral_districts#Penang" title="List of Malaysian electoral districts">six Members of Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_districts_in_Penang#George_Town" title="List of electoral districts in Penang">19 state constituencies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hutchinson-2023-86">[86]</a> Prior to 2023, state elections had been conducted simultaneously with <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Malaysia" title="Elections in Malaysia">nationwide general elections</a> every five years.<a href="#cite_note-Hutchinson-2023-86">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tanjong_(federal_constituency)" title="Tanjong (federal constituency)">Tanjong</a> is the smallest parliamentary constituency in Malaysia by area.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Padang_Kota_(state_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Padang Kota (state constituency)">Padang Kota</a> is the least populated state constituency by population, while <a href="/wiki/Pengkalan_Kota_(state_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengkalan Kota (state constituency)">Pengkalan Kota</a> is the densest in the country.<a href="#cite_note-The_Star-2023-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Batu_Lancang_(state_constituency)" title="Batu Lancang (state constituency)">Batu Lancang</a> has the largest proportion of <a href="/wiki/Penangite_Chinese" title="Penangite Chinese">Chinese residents</a> in any state constituency.<a href="#cite_note-The_Star-2023-126">[126]</a> Due to George Town's predominantly Chinese population and the longstanding political consciousness, the city has been regarded as a stronghold for the incumbent <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Harapan" title="Pakatan Harapan">Pakatan Harapan</a> (PH) coalition.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Town,_Penang&action=edit">[update]</a>, non-Malays formed the majority in 15 out of the 19 state constituencies in George Town, particularly around the <a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">city centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hutchinson-2023-86">[86]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2023_Penang_state_election" title="2023 Penang state election">2023 state election</a>, PH retained 17 of George Town's state constituencies, with the <a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">far-right</a> <a href="/wiki/Perikatan_Nasional" title="Perikatan Nasional">Perikatan Nasional</a> (PN) opposition bloc seizing two of the Malay-majority seats at the western edge of the city.<a href="#cite_note-Hutchinson-2023-86">[86]</a> Parliamentary constituencies<a href="#cite_note-Hutchinson-2023-86">[86]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Bendera_(federal_constituency)" title="Bukit Bendera (federal constituency)">Bukit Bendera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjong_(federal_constituency)" title="Tanjong (federal constituency)">Tanjong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelutong_(federal_constituency)" title="Jelutong (federal constituency)">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Gelugor_(federal_constituency)" title="Bukit Gelugor (federal constituency)">Bukit Gelugor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_Baru_(federal_constituency)" title="Bayan Baru (federal constituency)">Bayan Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balik_Pulau_(federal_constituency)" title="Balik Pulau (federal constituency)">Balik Pulau</a></li></ul></div>State constituencies<a href="#cite_note-Hutchinson-2023-86">[86]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 10em;"> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_Kota_(state_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Padang Kota (state constituency)">Padang Kota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengkalan_Kota_(state_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pengkalan Kota (state constituency)">Pengkalan Kota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komtar_(state_constituency)" title="Komtar (state constituency)">Komtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kebun_Bunga_(state_constituency)" title="Kebun Bunga (state constituency)">Kebun Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulau_Tikus_(state_constituency)" title="Pulau Tikus (state constituency)">Pulau Tikus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Bunga_(state_constituency)" title="Tanjong Bunga (state constituency)">Tanjong Bunga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Putih_(Penang_state_constituency)" title="Air Putih (Penang state constituency)">Air Putih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Itam_(Penang_state_constituency)" title="Air Itam (Penang state constituency)">Air Itam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paya_Terubong_(state_constituency)" title="Paya Terubong (state constituency)">Paya Terubong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_Delima_(state_constituency)" title="Seri Delima (state constituency)">Seri Delima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Datok_Keramat_(state_constituency)" title="Datok Keramat (state constituency)">Datok Keramat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Pinang_(Penang_state_constituency)" title="Sungai Pinang (Penang state constituency)">Sungai Pinang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Lancang_(state_constituency)" title="Batu Lancang (state constituency)">Batu Lancang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Uban_(state_constituency)" title="Batu Uban (state constituency)">Batu Uban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantai_Jerejak_(state_constituency)" title="Pantai Jerejak (state constituency)">Pantai Jerejak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Maung_(state_constituency)" title="Batu Maung (state constituency)">Batu Maung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_Lepas_(state_constituency)" title="Bayan Lepas (state constituency)">Bayan Lepas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulau_Betong_(state_constituency)" title="Pulau Betong (state constituency)">Pulau Betong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telok_Bahang_(state_constituency)" title="Telok Bahang (state constituency)">Telok Bahang</a> </li></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judiciary">Judiciary</h3></div> George Town is the judicial capital of Penang. The city's judicial system consists of the magistrate, sessions and the <a href="/wiki/High_court_(Malaysia)" title="High court (Malaysia)">high court</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Penang_High_Court" title="Penang High Court">Penang High Court</a>, the state's supreme judicial authority, is located in Light Street. Established in 1808, the high court is regarded as the birthplace of the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Malaysia" title="Judiciary of Malaysia">modern Malaysian judiciary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Langdon-2014-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Federal_Court_of_Malaysia-2016-40">[40]</a> Notable lawyers who served the Penang High Court include <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman">Tunku Abdul Rahman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Rajendra" title="Cecil Rajendra">Cecil Rajendra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karpal_Singh" title="Karpal Singh">Karpal Singh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hockton-2012-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> The city also has two magistrate and sessions courts serving the <a href="/wiki/North-East_District_(Penang)" title="North-East District (Penang)">Northeast</a> and <a href="/wiki/South-West_District_(Penang)" title="South-West District (Penang)">Southwest</a> districts respectively, with the former located in Light Street and the latter housed in <a href="/wiki/Balik_Pulau" title="Balik Pulau">Balik Pulau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Malaysia_Police" title="Royal Malaysia Police">Royal Malaysia Police</a> is responsible for law enforcement within George Town, establishing a total of 22 police stations throughout the city as of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Town,_Penang&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia-2023c-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia-2023b-132">[132]</a> Traffic law enforcement is augmented by MBPP's traffic warden unit, the first unit of its kind outside Kuala Lumpur.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1261442011">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Percent change" class="abbr-header">±%</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1890</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">86,900</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">94,409</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+8.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">101,182</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+7.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1921</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">123,069</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1931</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">149,408</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+21.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1947</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">189,068</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+26.5%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1957</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">234,903</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+24.2%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1970</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">269,247</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+14.6%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1980</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">250,578</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−6.9%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">219,603</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−12.4%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2000</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">180,573</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−17.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2010</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">198,298</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+9.8%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2020<a href="#endnote_Beta">β</a></th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">794,313</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+300.6%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">Source: <a href="#cite_note-2020KF-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-GTCC-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ninety_Years-135">[135]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Penang" title="Demographics of Penang">Demographics of Penang</a></div> According to the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Census_in_Malaysia" title="Census in Malaysia">Malaysian census</a>, George Town's population was 794,313, out of which 158,336 – or almost 20% – resided within the <a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">city centre</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2020KF-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia-2024-136">[136]</a> With a population density of approximately 2,595.8/km2 (6,723/sq mi), George Town is also one of the most densely populated <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Malaysia" title="List of cities in Malaysia">cities in Malaysia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2020KF-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Chee-2017-99">[99]</a> The city's identity has been largely shaped by centuries of intermingling between the various cultures on its shores.<a href="#cite_note-Keat_Gin-2015-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barber-2010-55">[55]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Greater_Penang_Conurbation" title="Greater Penang Conurbation">George Town Conurbation</a>, which also covers <a href="/wiki/Seberang_Perai" title="Seberang Perai">Seberang Perai</a>, and parts of neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a>, was home to 2,843,344 residents as of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Town,_Penang&action=edit">[update]</a>, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Malaysia_by_population#Largest_metropolitan_areas_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population">second largest metropolitan area in Malaysia</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Klang_Valley" title="Klang Valley">Klang Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2020KF-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-World_Bank-2015-137">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicities">Ethnicities</h3></div> <div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:none"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">Ethnicities of George Town in 2020<a href="#cite_note-2020KF-11">[11]</a></th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Ethnicities / Nationality</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Percentage</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Penangite_Chinese" title="Penangite Chinese">Chinese</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Red; width:51.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">51.2%</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malays</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Green; width:30.7%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">30.7%</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asal" title="Orang Asal">Other Bumiputeras</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Teal; width:0.6%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.6%</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang">Indians</a></td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Orange; width:8.2%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8.2%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Others</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkGray; width:0.8%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">0.8%</td> </tr><tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Non-Malaysians</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Purple; width:8.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">8.5%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_George_Town_by_ethnic_proportions_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map depicting the distribution of Chinese and Malay populations in George Town by subdivisions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_of_George_Town_by_ethnic_proportions_2020.svg/220px-Map_of_George_Town_by_ethnic_proportions_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_of_George_Town_by_ethnic_proportions_2020.svg/330px-Map_of_George_Town_by_ethnic_proportions_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Map_of_George_Town_by_ethnic_proportions_2020.svg/440px-Map_of_George_Town_by_ethnic_proportions_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="681" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of ethnic <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>   Chinese and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959">   Malays in George Town, derived from the 2020 Malaysian census<a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia-2024-136">[136]</a></figcaption></figure> Historically, George Town has been a predominantly <a href="/wiki/Penangite_Chinese" title="Penangite Chinese">Chinese</a> city. According to the 1891 <a href="/wiki/Straits_Settlements" title="Straits Settlements">Straits Settlements</a> census, about 68% of George Town's population of 51,627 were ethnic Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-M._Merewether-1892-138">[138]</a> As of 2020<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Town,_Penang&action=edit">[update]</a>, Chinese formed more than half of the city's population.<a href="#cite_note-2020KF-11">[11]</a> During British rule, the Chinese in George Town were categorised based on their dialects, such as <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainanese" title="Hainanese">Hainanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teochew_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew dialect">Teochew</a>, as well as place of birth.<a href="#cite_note-M._Merewether-1892-138">[138]</a> In contrast to newer arrivals known colloquially as sinkheh, the <a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan Chinese</a>, descendants of mixed Malay and Chinese ancestries who had inhabited the Straits Settlements for generations, formed an influential group within the Chinese community.<a href="#cite_note-Keat_Gin-2015-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koay-2016b-62">[62]</a> They generally preferred Western education, and held leadership positions in some of George Town's commercial and community associations.<a href="#cite_note-Koay-2016b-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jaime_Koh-2-139">[139]</a> As the Peranakan Chinese tended to be more loyal to the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">British Crown</a> than to China, they were also known as the "King's Chinese".<a href="#cite_note-Jaime_Koh-2-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Although Malaysia's ethnic policies have effectively forced the Peranakan Chinese to identify themselves with the larger Chinese community, Peranakan Chinese culture still thrives in the city, visible in Straits Chinese architectural styles and dishes like <a href="/wiki/Laksa" title="Laksa">asam laksa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputeras</a>, which include <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">ethnic Malays</a> and <a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysian</a> <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asal" title="Orang Asal">indigenous races</a> like the <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayaks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kadazan_people" title="Kadazan people">Kadazans</a>, collectively made up 31% of the city's population in 2020.<a href="#cite_note-2020KF-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Town,_Penang&action=edit">[update]</a>, George Town has seen growing arrivals of Sabahan and Sarawakian natives migrating to the city for employment opportunities in sectors like manufacturing, healthcare and the civil service.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang">Ethnic Indians</a> comprised another 8% of George Town's population.<a href="#cite_note-2020KF-11">[11]</a> Additionally, there are small but prominent Eurasian and <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Siamese</a> enclaves such as <a href="/wiki/Kampung_Siam,_Penang" title="Kampung Siam, Penang">Kampung Siam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kampong_Serani" title="Kampong Serani">Kampong Serani</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keat_Gin-2015-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> Close to 8.5% of the city's population consisted of non-Malaysian citizens.<a href="#cite_note-2020KF-11">[11]</a> George Town's affordable living costs, natural destinations, advanced healthcare infrastructure, its established ecosystem of <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational companies</a> (MNCs) and the widespread use of English have been cited as factors that made the city attractive to expatriates.<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Town,_Penang&action=edit">[update]</a>, George Town was ranked second in Malaysia after <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> and 122nd globally for liveability by <a href="/wiki/ECA_International" title="ECA International">ECA International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> It has also been described by news outlets such as <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> as one of the best cities for retirement in the world.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> Throughout George Town's history as a cosmopolitan port of clearance and departure, it attracted a polyglot society consisting of various other communities such as <a href="/wiki/Bamar_people" title="Bamar people">Burmese</a>, Acehnese, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keat_Gin-2015-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barber-2010-55">[55]</a> While most of these other communities no longer exist, they left their legacy to several landmarks and street names such as the <a href="/wiki/Dhammikarama_Burmese_Temple" title="Dhammikarama Burmese Temple">Dhammikarama Burmese Temple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Street,_George_Town" title="Armenian Street, George Town">Armenian Street</a> and the Jewish Cemetery.<a href="#cite_note-Keat_Gin-2015-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_St,_George_Town,_Penang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A bilingual street sign in George Town depicting the street's Malay and English names" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Victoria_St%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang.jpg/220px-Victoria_St%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Victoria_St%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang.jpg/330px-Victoria_St%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Victoria_St%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang.jpg/440px-Victoria_St%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="868" /></a><figcaption>Bilingual street signs that display either <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> or <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> names, such as this at Victoria Street, have been installed throughout the city since 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Ng-2008-152">[152]</a></figcaption></figure> Major languages in common use by George Town's multilingual, cosmopolitan society are <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hokkien" title="Hokkien">Hokkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Mandarin" title="Malaysian Mandarin">Mandarin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keat_Gin-2015-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teresa_Wai-2022-153">[153]</a> <a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a>, a local variant of the Hokkien dialect, is widely used as the unofficial <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> between the various ethnic groups in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Think_City-2021-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Opalyn_Mok-2016-1-155">[155]</a> During British rule, English was the official language in Penang, and was used as the medium of instruction in secular and <a href="/wiki/Mission_school" title="Mission school">mission schools</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keat_Gin-2015-38">[38]</a> The combination of Western education and the importance of English for global trade has created distinct English-speaking groups within the <a href="/wiki/Penangite_Chinese" title="Penangite Chinese">Chinese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang">Indian</a> communities, in contrast to those who have received vernacular education.<a href="#cite_note-Keat_Gin-2015-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teresa_Wai-2022-153">[153]</a> Like in the rest of Malaysia, Malay is currently Penang's official language. The Malays and <a href="/wiki/Jawi_Peranakan" title="Jawi Peranakan">Jawi Peranakans</a> in the city often use Bahasa Tanjong, a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Kedah_Malay" title="Kedah Malay">Kedah Malay</a> dialect that is slightly modified to suit the conditions of a cosmopolitan society.<a href="#cite_note-Rahim-2015-156">[156]</a> Meanwhile, the Tamils form the bulk of George Town's Indian community.<a href="#cite_note-Keat_Gin-2015-38">[38]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> is used as the medium of instruction in Tamil-medium primary schools.<a href="#cite_note-Teresa_Wai-2022-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> Other Indian languages that are spoken in the city include <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keat_Gin-2015-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> George Town's Chinese community uses a variety of Chinese dialects, including <a href="/wiki/Teochew_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Teochew Chinese">Teochew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hakka_Chinese" title="Hakka Chinese">Hakka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Cantonese</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keat_Gin-2015-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Teresa_Wai-2022-153">[153]</a> Mandarin is the medium of instruction in Chinese schools, contributing to its more prevalent use among youths.<a href="#cite_note-Ooi_Kok_Hin-159">[159]</a> Originally a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Min" title="Southern Min">Southern Min</a> group of languages, Penang Hokkien has absorbed numerous loanwords from Malay and English, yet another legacy of the <a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan Chinese</a> culture.<a href="#cite_note-Ooi_Kok_Hin-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Although Penang Hokkien is still widely spoken within the <a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">city centre</a>, its use has been waning in recent years in the face of the increasing prevalence of Mandarin and English.<a href="#cite_note-Think_City-2021-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ooi_Kok_Hin-159">[159]</a> In 2008, the newly-elected <a href="/wiki/Pakatan_Rakyat" title="Pakatan Rakyat">Pakatan Rakyat</a> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Penang" title="Government of Penang">state government</a> introduced bilingual street signs throughout George Town.<a href="#cite_note-Ng-2008-152">[152]</a> These street signs display the names of streets in either English, Chinese, Tamil or Arabic alongside the official Malay language, highlighting the city's multilingual character.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> However, this move was not without controversy, as the street signs occasionally became targets of vandalism by political extremists opposing the city's cosmopolitanism.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1987.7609902728px; border-left-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:yellow"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:yellow"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1987.7609902728px; border-left-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:orange"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:orange"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1057.8894993406px; border-left-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 379.55753557188px; border-left-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:green"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:green"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:12.53332335643px 99.211470131448px 0 0; border-top-color:red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:red"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> Economic sectors in George Town by GDP share (2020)<a href="#cite_note-GDPdistrict-13">[13]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Services (52.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Manufacturing (43.9%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Construction (2.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Mining (0.7%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Agriculture (0%)</div> </div> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Penang" title="Economy of Penang">Economy of Penang</a></div> As the capital city of <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, one of the only four high-income territories in Malaysia, George Town has a diversified <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">service sector</a>. The city's economy is largely driven by services and manufacturing, particularly <a href="/wiki/Electronics_industry" title="Electronics industry">electronics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Optical_manufacturing_and_testing" title="Optical manufacturing and testing">optical manufacturing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hospitality_industry" title="Hospitality industry">hospitality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wholesaling" title="Wholesaling">wholesale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Retail" title="Retail">retail</a> trade, <a href="/wiki/Logistics" title="Logistics">logistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">finance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GDPdistrict-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Stats-Malaysia-2018-165">[165]</a> In 2020, George Town's <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> was RM51.935 billion (US$12.464 billion), accounting for 53.5% of Penang's total GDP.<a href="#cite_note-GDPdistrict-13">[13]</a> George Town's GDP per capita was RM65,383 (US$15,692), surpassing the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>'s threshold of US$12,696 to be considered a <a href="/wiki/World_Bank_high-income_economy" title="World Bank high-income economy">high-income economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GDPdistrict-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> With at least 300 <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational companies</a> (MNCs), the robust manufacturing sector has contributed to George Town emerging as <a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_and_municipalities_by_exports#Exports_by_city_and_municipality" title="List of Malaysian states and municipalities by exports">Malaysia's leading exporter</a> and one of the major destinations for <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> (FDI) in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia-2023c-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Malaysiakini-2022-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia-2023a-168">[168]</a> George Town is the <a href="/wiki/Core_city" title="Core city">core city</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Penang_Conurbation" title="Greater Penang Conurbation">George Town Conurbation</a>, which had a GDP worth US$30.2 billion in 2020, the second largest economy in Malaysia after the <a href="/wiki/Klang_Valley" title="Klang Valley">Klang Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-GDPdistrict-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Euromonitor_International" title="Euromonitor International">Euromonitor International</a> in 2023, George Town exhibits the greatest potential among Malaysian cities for revenue growth.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a> had also reported that in 2015, the city contributed US$12,044 – or almost 8% – of Malaysia's personal disposable income in 2015, second only to <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> <a href="/wiki/Knight_Frank" title="Knight Frank">Knight Frank</a>'s 2016 rankings positioned George Town as Malaysia's most attractive destination for commercial property investment, surpassing even the federal capital.<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> George Town was rated a "Gamma −" level <a href="/wiki/Global_city" title="Global city">global city</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_World_Cities_Research_Network#Gamma_−" title="Globalization and World Cities Research Network">Globalization and World Cities Research Network</a> in 2020, due to its capacity in "advanced producer services" – namely finance and insurance.<a href="#cite_note-GaWC_2020-174">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> In 2024, George Town ranked 351st in the Oxford Economics Global Cities Index, the eighth highest within the <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> region and the second in Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> Additionally, the city has developed extensive logistical connections through the <a href="/wiki/Penang_International_Airport" title="Penang International Airport">Penang International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swettenham_Pier" title="Swettenham Pier">Swettenham Pier</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing">Manufacturing</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bayan_Lepas_Free_Industrial_Zone_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of factories at an industrial zone in the city. An expressway lines the shore to the left of the zone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bayan_Lepas_Free_Industrial_Zone_2023.jpg/220px-Bayan_Lepas_Free_Industrial_Zone_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bayan_Lepas_Free_Industrial_Zone_2023.jpg/330px-Bayan_Lepas_Free_Industrial_Zone_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Bayan_Lepas_Free_Industrial_Zone_2023.jpg/440px-Bayan_Lepas_Free_Industrial_Zone_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8064" data-file-height="6048" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of the <a href="/wiki/Bayan_Lepas_Free_Industrial_Zone" title="Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone">Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone</a>. In the foreground is a facility owned by <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, one of the first <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational companies</a> to establish a presence within the zone in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Nikkeiindustries-177">[177]</a></figcaption></figure> Following the revocation of George Town's free port status and the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_(Malaysia)" title="Alliance Party (Malaysia)">Alliance</a>-led state government in <a href="/wiki/1969_Malaysian_general_election" title="1969 Malaysian general election">1969</a>, newly-elected <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Penang" title="Chief Minister of Penang">Chief Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Lim_Chong_Eu" title="Lim Chong Eu">Lim Chong Eu</a> sought to revamp Penang's economy and commissioned <a href="/wiki/Robert_R._Nathan" title="Robert R. Nathan">Robert R. Nathan Associates</a> to formulate strategies.<a href="#cite_note-Ooi-2009-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Athukorala-75">[75]</a> The resulting Nathan Report of 1970 recommended an export-led growth strategy and the strengthening of linkages with the global economy.<a href="#cite_note-Athukorala-75">[75]</a> As a part of this economic transformation, the <a href="/wiki/Bayan_Lepas_Free_Industrial_Zone" title="Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone">Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone</a> (Bayan Lepas FIZ) was established in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-Athukorala-75">[75]</a> The zone has played a significant role in Penang's economic growth over the decades since.<a href="#cite_note-Ooi-2009-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ooi-2010-82">[82]</a> It is regarded as the Silicon Valley of the East, home to more than 300 multinational companies (MNCs) including 39 <a href="/wiki/Fortune_1000" title="Fortune 1000">Fortune 1000</a> companies.<a href="#cite_note-Malaysiakini-2022-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-BBCsilicon-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nikkeiindustries-177">[177]</a> Among the MNCs within the Bayan Lepas FIZ are <a href="/wiki/Technology_company" title="Technology company">technology firms</a> such as <a href="/wiki/AMD" title="AMD">AMD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosch_(company)" title="Bosch (company)">Bosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/HP_Inc." title="HP Inc.">HP Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorola" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osram_Opto_Semiconductors_GmbH" title="Osram Opto Semiconductors GmbH">Osram</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renesas_Electronics" title="Renesas Electronics">Renesas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> The electronics ecosystem and supply chain comprising both MNCs and large local companies (LLCs) have solidified George Town's position as a major destination for <a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment" title="Foreign direct investment">foreign direct investment</a> (FDI) and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_and_municipalities_by_exports#Exports_by_city_and_municipality" title="List of Malaysian states and municipalities by exports">Malaysia's top exporter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia-2023a-168">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia-2023c-131">[131]</a> In 2021, Penang captured RM74.4 billion in inbound FDI, with the Bayan Lepas FIZ contributing over 95%.<a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia-2023c-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Penang_International_Airport" title="Penang International Airport">Penang International Airport</a> (PIA), which lies adjacent to the zone, saw an estimated RM385 billion worth of exports, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_and_municipalities_by_exports#Exports_by_city_and_municipality" title="List of Malaysian states and municipalities by exports">largest exporter of all ports of entry in Malaysia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia-2023a-168">[168]</a> The successful electronics manufacturing sector has also encouraged a growth in <a href="/wiki/Startup_company" title="Startup company">start-ups</a>, driven by home-grown companies like <a href="/wiki/Piktochart" title="Piktochart">Piktochart</a> and DeliverEat.<a href="#cite_note-Chia-2017-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finance">Finance</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northam_Road,_George_Town,_Penang_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of skyscrapers along a tree-lined street in the city," src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Northam_Road%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang_2023.jpg/170px-Northam_Road%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Northam_Road%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang_2023.jpg/256px-Northam_Road%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Northam_Road%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang_2023.jpg/340px-Northam_Road%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="8064" /></a><figcaption>Skyscrapers along <a href="/wiki/Northam_Road,_George_Town" title="Northam Road, George Town">Northam Road</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/George_Town_Central_Business_District,_Penang" title="George Town Central Business District, Penang">the city's Central Business District</a> (CBD).</figcaption></figure>George Town was once the financial centre of <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">British Malaya</a>. During the late 19th century, many international banks such as <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chartered" title="Standard Chartered">Standard Chartered</a>, <a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Bank_of_Scotland" title="Royal Bank of Scotland">Royal Bank of Scotland</a> established themselves in the city, leading to the clustering of mercantile trade around the northern end of <a href="/wiki/Beach_Street,_George_Town" title="Beach Street, George Town">Beach Street</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Langdon-2014-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-Khoo-2007-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cheah2013-183">[183]</a> Post-independence, George Town continues to function as the financial hub of northern Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> The city's financial and commercial precincts expanded around <a href="/wiki/Northam_Road,_George_Town" title="Northam Road, George Town">Northam Road</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pulau_Tikus" title="Pulau Tikus">Pulau Tikus</a> by the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" title="Penang Island City Council">Penang Island City Council</a> formally proposed the <a href="/wiki/George_Town_Central_Business_District,_Penang" title="George Town Central Business District, Penang">Central Business District</a> (CBD) as one of the city's four economic zones in its Local Plan 2030, along with the <a href="/wiki/Bayan_Baru" title="Bayan Baru">Bayan Baru</a>–<a href="/wiki/Bayan_Lepas" title="Bayan Lepas">Bayan Lepas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Tokong" title="Tanjong Tokong">Tanjong Tokong</a>–<a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Bungah" title="Tanjong Bungah">Tanjong Bungah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batu_Ferringhi" title="Batu Ferringhi">Batu Ferringhi</a>–<a href="/wiki/Teluk_Bahang" title="Teluk Bahang">Teluk Bahang</a> corridors.<a href="#cite_note-Penang_Island_City_Council-2-3">[3]</a> Designated as a financial and banking district, the CBD covers a significant portion within the <a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">city centre</a> up to the northern bank of the <a href="/wiki/Pinang_River_(Penang)" title="Pinang River (Penang)">Pinang River</a>, including existing financial precincts of Beach Street, Northam Road and Pulau Tikus, as well as a Business Improvement District (BIDS) around <a href="/wiki/Komtar" title="Komtar">Komtar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Penang_Island_City_Council-2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> Apart from banking and ancillary services, the CBD is home to federal financial institutions like <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malaysia" title="Central Bank of Malaysia">Bank Negara</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Employees_Provident_Fund_(Malaysia)" title="Employees Provident Fund (Malaysia)">Employees Provident Fund</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Think_City-2021-154">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> In 2022, finance and ancillary services contributed 9.1% of Penang's GDP.<a href="#cite_note-Stats-Malaysia-2018-165">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Services">Services</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Batu_Ferringhi,_George_Town,_Penang_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of a beach in the city, flanked by buildings and hills forming the backdrop." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Batu_Ferringhi%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang_2023.jpg/220px-Batu_Ferringhi%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Batu_Ferringhi%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang_2023.jpg/330px-Batu_Ferringhi%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Batu_Ferringhi%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang_2023.jpg/440px-Batu_Ferringhi%2C_George_Town%2C_Penang_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8064" data-file-height="6048" /></a><figcaption>The beaches of <a href="/wiki/Batu_Ferringhi" title="Batu Ferringhi">Batu Ferringhi</a> were among the top five destinations in Penang among domestic tourists in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-Stats-Malaysia-2018-165">[165]</a></figcaption></figure> George Town has traditionally been one of Malaysia's most popular tourist destinations. It has attracted influential personalities like <a href="/wiki/Somerset_Maugham" class="mw-redirect" title="Somerset Maugham">Somerset Maugham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>, <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lee_Kuan_Yew" title="Lee Kuan Yew">Lee Kuan Yew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> The city is recognised for its architecture and diverse cultures, natural attractions like beaches and hills, and <a href="/wiki/Penang_cuisine" title="Penang cuisine">its culinary scene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> Unlike most cities in Malaysia, George Town is not solely dependent on air transportation for tourist arrivals. <a href="/wiki/Swettenham_Pier" title="Swettenham Pier">Swettenham Pier</a>, the busiest port-of-call in Malaysia for cruise shipping, serves as a major entry point into the city along with PIA.<a href="#cite_note-The_Sun-2017-194">[194]</a> In addition to its role as a freight exporter, the PIA ranks as the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Malaysia" title="List of the busiest airports in Malaysia">third busiest airport in the country in passenger volume</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ministry_of_Transport-195">[195]</a> Measures to promote <a href="/wiki/Economic_diversity" title="Economic diversity">economic diversification</a> have led to George Town expanding tourism offerings in specific areas such as <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">healthcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/MICE_tourism" title="MICE tourism">business events</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> and cruise arrivals.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The city is home to several private hospitals, contributing to Penang's emergence as the leading destination in Malaysia for <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mulyanto-2023-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cheryl_Poo-2023-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hilmy-2014-199">[199]</a> George Town is the country's second most popular destination for meetings, incentives, conferences and exhibitions (MICE) after <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, with the industry had an economic impact of about RM1.3 billion throughout Penang in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Some of the major venues for business events within the city are <a href="/wiki/SPICE_Arena" title="SPICE Arena">SPICE Arena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Straits_Quay" title="Straits Quay">Straits Quay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prangin_Mall" title="Prangin Mall">Prangin Mall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Penang_Convention_&_Exhibition_Bureau-202">[202]</a> As the main shopping destination of northwestern Malaysia, George Town's retail scene includes shopping malls like <a href="/wiki/Gurney_Plaza" title="Gurney Plaza">Gurney Plaza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurney_Paragon" title="Gurney Paragon">Gurney Paragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/1st_Avenue_Mall" title="1st Avenue Mall">1st Avenue Mall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Straits_Quay" title="Straits Quay">Straits Quay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Central" title="Sunshine Central">Sunshine Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queensbay_Mall" title="Queensbay Mall">Queensbay Mall</a>. The city's traditional shophouses and markets continue to thrive, offering various local products unique to Penang such as <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmegs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heong_Peng" title="Heong Peng">Heong Peng</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tambun_biscuit" title="Tambun biscuit">Tambun biscuits</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mui-2003-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ng-2006-204">[204]</a> In 2004, the Bayan Lepas FIZ and the adjacent township of Bayan Baru were accorded <a href="/wiki/MSC_Malaysia" title="MSC Malaysia">Multimedia Super Corridor</a> Cyber City status, paving the way for George Town's growth as a <a href="/wiki/Outsourcing" title="Outsourcing">shared services and outsourcing</a> (SSO) hub.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> By 2016, Penang attracted the second largest share of investments for global business services (GBS) within Malaysia after Kuala Lumpur, creating over 8,000 high-income jobs in the process.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Newer office spaces at Bayan Baru have attracted multinational companies including <a href="/wiki/Cisco" title="Cisco">Cisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citigroup</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarivate" title="Clarivate">Clarivate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swarovski" title="Swarovski">Swarovski</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teleperformance" title="Teleperformance">Teleperformance</a> to establish GBS offices at the area.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2></div> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:658px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Town_skyline_at_dusk_Nov_2024-6-cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Skyline within the city centre c. 2024"><img alt="A panoramic view of the cityscape, dominated by skyscrapers and apartment blocks, at dusk." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/George_Town_skyline_at_dusk_Nov_2024-6-cropped.jpg/650px-George_Town_skyline_at_dusk_Nov_2024-6-cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="650" height="366" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/George_Town_skyline_at_dusk_Nov_2024-6-cropped.jpg/975px-George_Town_skyline_at_dusk_Nov_2024-6-cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/George_Town_skyline_at_dusk_Nov_2024-6-cropped.jpg/1300px-George_Town_skyline_at_dusk_Nov_2024-6-cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6445" data-file-height="3625" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Town_skyline_at_dusk_Nov_2024-6-cropped.jpg" title="File:George Town skyline at dusk Nov 2024-6-cropped.jpg"> </a></div>Skyline within the <a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">city centre</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2024</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penang_Malaysia_Wat-Chaiya-Mangkalaram-Temple-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A pagoda and golden-coloured stupas at a Siamese temple." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Penang_Malaysia_Wat-Chaiya-Mangkalaram-Temple-01.jpg/220px-Penang_Malaysia_Wat-Chaiya-Mangkalaram-Temple-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Penang_Malaysia_Wat-Chaiya-Mangkalaram-Temple-01.jpg/330px-Penang_Malaysia_Wat-Chaiya-Mangkalaram-Temple-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Penang_Malaysia_Wat-Chaiya-Mangkalaram-Temple-01.jpg/440px-Penang_Malaysia_Wat-Chaiya-Mangkalaram-Temple-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4208" data-file-height="3555" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wat_Chayamangkalaram" title="Wat Chayamangkalaram">Wat Chayamangkalaram</a> was constructed in 1845 by <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">ethnic Siamese</a> on a plot of land granted by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a></figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Penang" title="Architecture of Penang">Architecture of Penang</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_George_Town,_Penang" title="List of tallest buildings in George Town, Penang">List of tallest buildings in George Town, Penang</a></div> In 2008, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> designated nearly 260 ha (2.6 km2) within the <a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">city centre</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Historic_Cities_of_the_Straits_of_Malacca#George_Town" title="Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca">World Heritage Site</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-14">[14]</a> Recognised for the British-era cityscape, the city centre is notable for its "unique architectural and cultural townscape without parallel anywhere in East and Southeast Asia", according to UNESCO.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-14">[14]</a> Largely bounded by Transfer Road to the west and <a href="/wiki/Prangin_Road,_George_Town" title="Prangin Road, George Town">Prangin Road</a> to the south, the UNESCO-protected site is further demarcated into a 109.38 ha (270.3-acre) core zone surrounded by a 150.04 ha (370.8-acre) buffer zone.<a href="#cite_note-Penang_Island_City_Council-2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" title="Penang Island City Council">Penang Island City Council</a> has officially identified 3,642 heritage buildings inside the UNESCO-demarcated zone.<a href="#cite_note-Penang_Island_City_Council-2-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shophouse" title="Shophouse">Shophouses</a> sit alongside Anglo-Indian bungalows, mosques, temples, churches, and European-style administrative and commercial complexes, shaping the city's multicultural framework.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Among the landmarks within the zone that feature various Asian architectural styles are the <a href="/wiki/Khoo_Kongsi" title="Khoo Kongsi">Khoo Kongsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kapitan_Keling_Mosque" title="Kapitan Keling Mosque">Kapitan Keling Mosque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sri_Mahamariamman_Temple,_Penang" title="Sri Mahamariamman Temple, Penang">Sri Mahamariamman Temple</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hockton-2012-24">[24]</a> Elsewhere in the city, the influence of Siamese and Burmese cultures can be seen at places of worship like <a href="/wiki/Wat_Chayamangkalaram" title="Wat Chayamangkalaram">Wat Chayamangkalaram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhammikarama_Burmese_Temple" title="Dhammikarama Burmese Temple">Dhammikarama Burmese Temple</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kek_Lok_Si" title="Kek Lok Si">Kek Lok Si</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> Apart from the colonial-era architecture, George Town is also home to most of Penang's skyscrapers. The tallest skyscrapers in the city include the <a href="/wiki/Komtar" title="Komtar">Komtar Tower</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marriott_Residences_Penang" title="Marriott Residences Penang">Marriott Residences</a> and <a href="/wiki/Muze_@_PICC" title="Muze @ PICC">Muze @ PICC</a>. There has been a surge in demand for residential high-rises at the suburbs since 2015, driven by the growing need for strata housing and the city's thriving economy.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks">Parks</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gurney_Bay_in_George_Town,_Penang_at_dusk_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of a seafront park, with skyscrapers forming the backdrop." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gurney_Bay_in_George_Town%2C_Penang_at_dusk_2024.jpg/220px-Gurney_Bay_in_George_Town%2C_Penang_at_dusk_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gurney_Bay_in_George_Town%2C_Penang_at_dusk_2024.jpg/330px-Gurney_Bay_in_George_Town%2C_Penang_at_dusk_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Gurney_Bay_in_George_Town%2C_Penang_at_dusk_2024.jpg/440px-Gurney_Bay_in_George_Town%2C_Penang_at_dusk_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8064" data-file-height="6048" /></a><figcaption>The first phase of <a href="/wiki/Gurney_Bay" title="Gurney Bay">Gurney Bay</a> features recreational amenities and a seafront promenade.<a href="#cite_note-Lo-2024-216">[216]</a></figcaption></figure> Established in 1884 by botanist <a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Cantley" title="Nathaniel Cantley">Nathaniel Cantley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Penang_Botanic_Gardens" title="Penang Botanic Gardens">Penang Botanic Gardens</a> was Malaysia's first botanical garden.<a href="#cite_note-Hockton-2012-24">[24]</a> It is dedicated to botanical and horticultural research, as well as wildlife conservation within the area.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> The botanical garden forms part of the Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve, recognised as a <a href="/wiki/World_Network_of_Biosphere_Reserves" title="World Network of Biosphere Reserves">UNESCO Biosphere Reserve</a> since 2021.<a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-2022-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kevin_Vimal-2022-98">[98]</a> Nearby, the <a href="/wiki/City_Park,_Penang" title="City Park, Penang">City Park</a> was opened in 1972 as a public recreational space in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/13_May_incident" title="13 May incident">1969 race riots in Kuala Lumpur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> Spanning 2,562 ha (25.62 km2) within the Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve, the <a href="/wiki/Penang_National_Park" title="Penang National Park">Penang National Park</a> covers 1,266 ha (12.66 km2) of coastal hills, <a href="/wiki/Meromictic_lake" title="Meromictic lake">meromictic lakes</a>, mangroves, coral reefs, and turtle-nesting beaches like Pantai Kerachut, Pantai Mas, Teluk Kampi and Teluk Ketapang.<a href="#cite_note-Hong-2010-219">[219]</a> Gazetted by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Wildlife_and_National_Parks_Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Department of Wildlife and National Parks Peninsular Malaysia">Department of Wildlife and National Parks</a> in 2003, this forest reserve has been earmarked by the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Penang" title="Government of Penang">Penang state government</a> as a key eco-tourism destination within the city.<a href="#cite_note-Hong-2010-219">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> Described as "a new iconic waterfront destination for Penang" by then <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_Penang" title="Chief Minister of Penang">Chief Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Lim_Guan_Eng" title="Lim Guan Eng">Lim Guan Eng</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurney_Bay" title="Gurney Bay">Gurney Bay</a> is a 24.28 ha (0.2428 km2) park being built on reclaimed land off <a href="/wiki/Gurney_Drive,_George_Town" title="Gurney Drive, George Town">Gurney Drive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Opalyn_Mok-2016-101">[101]</a> It is divided into four sections featuring a food and beverage (F&B) area, water gardens, a man-made beach and a coastal grove.<a href="#cite_note-Opalyn_Mok-2016-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> The first phase of Gurney Bay was opened to public in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-Lo-2024-216">[216]</a> As part of efforts to create accessible green spaces and counter climate change within George Town, the <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" title="Penang Island City Council">Penang Island City Council</a> is developing 18,000 ha (180 km2) of interconnecting parks and waterways throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-Penang_Island_City_Council-2-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Opalyn_Mok-2019-222">[222]</a> The Penang Green Connectors Project envisions ecological corridors that include 50 km (31 mi) of coastal parks and 65 km (40 mi) of riverine systems designated as "blue corridors", in addition to the construction of pedestrian and cycling paths in the city.<a href="#cite_note-Opalyn_Mok-2019-222">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts">Arts</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Motion_And_Stillness_(243518115).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A mural depicting two children riding a bicycle." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Motion_And_Stillness_%28243518115%29.jpeg/220px-Motion_And_Stillness_%28243518115%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Motion_And_Stillness_%28243518115%29.jpeg/330px-Motion_And_Stillness_%28243518115%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Motion_And_Stillness_%28243518115%29.jpeg/440px-Motion_And_Stillness_%28243518115%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1363" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Zacharevic" title="Ernest Zacharevic">Ernest Zacharevic</a>'s Children on a Bicycle at <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Street,_George_Town" title="Armenian Street, George Town">Armenian Street</a>. This mural was featured in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>'s compilation of graffiti destinations worldwide in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-Chang-2014-223">[223]</a></figcaption></figure> The Penang variant of the <a href="/wiki/Chingay_parade" title="Chingay parade">Chingay procession</a> was introduced in George Town in 1919. It is characterised by the act of balancing gigantic flags on one's head or hands.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> Formerly infused with rituals from the Chinese underworld, Chingay parades are now held annually in the city as a tourist attraction by itself and continue to be a major expression of the <a href="/wiki/Penangite_Chinese" title="Penangite Chinese">Penang Chinese</a> identity.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> George Town was also the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Bangsawan" title="Bangsawan">Bangsawan</a>, a form of Malay theatre that incorporates Indian, Western, Islamic, Chinese and Indonesian influences.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boria_(theatre)" title="Boria (theatre)">Boria</a>, another unique form of theatre that features singing accompanied by violin, maracas and <a href="/wiki/Tabla" title="Tabla">tabla</a>, was first performed in the city in the mid-19th century.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> Apart from these, George Town has emerged as a hub for the arts and culture scene in Malaysia. The designation of parts of the <a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">city centre</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Historic_Cities_of_the_Straits_of_Malacca#George_Town" title="Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a> has enhanced cultural and creative industries within the area.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> Since its inception in 2010, the <a href="/wiki/George_Town_Festival" title="George Town Festival">George Town Festival</a> is one of the major yearly arts events in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> Held annually since 2011, the <a href="/wiki/George_Town_Literary_Festival" title="George Town Literary Festival">George Town Literary Festival</a> won the International Literary Festival Award at the <a href="/wiki/London_Book_Fair" title="London Book Fair">London Book Fair</a> in 2018, the first such event from Southeast Asia to receive this honour.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> In 2012, Lithuanian artist <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Zacharevic" title="Ernest Zacharevic">Ernest Zacharevic</a> created a series of murals showcasing local culture, inhabitants and lifestyles. The city is also adorned with 52 wrought iron caricatures and 18 wall murals that depict its history and the daily lives of the local community.<a href="#cite_note-Chang-2014-223">[223]</a> Additionally, art exhibitions are held at event spaces like the <a href="/wiki/Hin_Bus_Depot" title="Hin Bus Depot">Hin Bus Depot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sia_Boey_Urban_Archaeological_Park" title="Sia Boey Urban Archaeological Park">Sia Boey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penang_cuisine" title="Penang cuisine">Penang cuisine</a></div> George Town's culinary scene incorporates <a href="/wiki/Malay_cuisine" title="Malay cuisine">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_cuisine" title="Chinese cuisine">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_cuisine" title="Indian cuisine">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peranakan_cuisine" title="Peranakan cuisine">Peranakan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thai_cuisine" title="Thai cuisine">Thai</a> influences, evident in the range of available street food that includes <a href="/wiki/Char_kway_teow" title="Char kway teow">char kway teow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laksa" title="Laksa">asam laksa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasi_kandar" title="Nasi kandar">nasi kandar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Cripps-2017-234">[234]</a> Described by <a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a> as "the food capital of Malaysia", the city was also listed by <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a> as one of the best in Asia for street food.<a href="#cite_note-Cripps-2017-234">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatrick-20042-235">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barton-2014-236">[236]</a> According to Time in 2004, only in the city "could food this good be this cheap".<a href="#cite_note-Fitzpatrick-20042-235">[235]</a> Robin Barton of the Lonely Planet described George Town as the "culinary epicentre of the many cultures that arrived after it was set up as a trading port in 1786, from Malays to Indians, Acehenese to Chinese, Burmese to Thais".<a href="#cite_note-Barton-2014-236">[236]</a> Over the years, the city's culinary scene has expanded to include fine dining establishments, adding to its already diverse array of street food options.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> In 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Michelin_Guide" title="Michelin Guide">Michelin Guide</a> made its debut in Penang, in recognition of the state's "small-scale restaurants and street food that embodies Malaysia's distinctive streetside dining culture".<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> The 2025 edition of the Michelin Guide features 63 eateries throughout the city.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SPICE_Arena_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of a lit-up convention centre at dusk, with high-rises as the backdrop." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/SPICE_Arena_2023.jpg/170px-SPICE_Arena_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/SPICE_Arena_2023.jpg/256px-SPICE_Arena_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/SPICE_Arena_2023.jpg/340px-SPICE_Arena_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6048" data-file-height="8064" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/SPICE_Arena" title="SPICE Arena">SPICE Arena</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bayan_Baru" title="Bayan Baru">Bayan Baru</a> is a major venue for <a href="/wiki/MICE_tourism" title="MICE tourism">business events</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Penang_Convention_&_Exhibition_Bureau-202">[202]</a></figcaption></figure> George Town is home to a variety of sports facilities. The 20,000-seater <a href="/wiki/City_Stadium,_Penang" title="City Stadium, Penang">City Stadium</a> serves as the home ground for <a href="/wiki/Penang_F.C." title="Penang F.C.">Penang FC</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/SPICE_Arena" title="SPICE Arena">SPICE Arena</a> features an indoor arena and an aquatics centre.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Malaysia's oldest equestrian centre, the <a href="/wiki/Penang_Turf_Club" title="Penang Turf Club">Penang Turf Club</a>, is located within the city.<a href="#cite_note-Hockton-2012-24">[24]</a> Additionally, investments have also been made on dedicated training facilities for badminton and squash.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> George Town has played host to regional and international sports tournaments like the <a href="/wiki/2001_SEA_Games" title="2001 SEA Games">2001 SEA Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_Women%27s_World_Open_Squash_Championship" title="2013 Women's World Open Squash Championship">2013 Women's World Open Squash Championship</a> and <a href="/wiki/2018_Asia_Pacific_Masters_Games" title="2018 Asia Pacific Masters Games">Asia's first Masters Games in 2018</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> Some of the more significant annual sporting events in the city include the Penang International Dragon Boat Festival and the <a href="/wiki/Penang_Bridge_International_Marathon" title="Penang Bridge International Marathon">Penang Bridge International Marathon</a>. The Penang International Dragon Boat Festival takes place every December and attracts participants from abroad.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Penang_Bridge_International_Marathon" title="Penang Bridge International Marathon">Penang Bridge International Marathon</a>, which features the iconic <a href="/wiki/Penang_Bridge" title="Penang Bridge">Penang Bridge</a> as its route, has also gained international recognition and attracted about 20,000 participants from 61 countries in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2></div> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Town,_Penang&action=edit">[update]</a>, George Town is home to 111 primary schools and 49 secondary schools.<a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia-2023c-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia-2023b-132">[132]</a> British colonial rule had encouraged the growth of <a href="/wiki/Mission_school" title="Mission school">mission schools</a> throughout the city, including <a href="/wiki/St._Xavier%27s_Institution" title="St. Xavier's Institution">St. Xavier's Institution</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s_Girls%27_School" title="St. George's Girls' School">St. George's Girls' School</a> and <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Boys%27_School,_Penang" title="Methodist Boys' School, Penang">Methodist Boys' School</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Keat_Gin-2015-38">[38]</a> Founded in 1816, <a href="/wiki/Penang_Free_School" title="Penang Free School">Penang Free School</a> (PFS) is the oldest English school in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> In 1819, the first Chinese school in George Town was established, marking the start of Malaysia's modern Chinese education system.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> While Chinese, English and mission schools have since been brought under the jurisdiction of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Malaysia)" title="Ministry of Education (Malaysia)">Malaysian Ministry of Education</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Penang" title="Government of Penang">Penang state government</a> also provides annual financial assistance to aid in the maintenance of these schools.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> George Town is also home to 12 international and expatriate schools that offer either British, American or <a href="/wiki/International_Baccalaureate" title="International Baccalaureate">International Baccalaureate</a> syllabuses.<a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia-2023c-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia-2023b-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> In 1969, Universiti Pulau Pinang was established as Malaysia's second university and the first public tertiary institution in George Town.<a href="#cite_note-Wong-2013-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> It was renamed <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Sains_Malaysia" title="Universiti Sains Malaysia">Universiti Sains Malaysia</a> (USM) in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> As of 2025<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Town,_Penang&action=edit">[update]</a>, the university is ranked 146th in the <a href="/wiki/QS_World_University_Rankings" title="QS World University Rankings">QS World University Rankings</a>, third in Malaysia after <a href="/wiki/University_of_Malaya" title="University of Malaya">Universiti Malaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Malaysia" title="National University of Malaysia">Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> Most of the other tertiary institutions within the city are privately-run, including <a href="/wiki/Wawasan_Open_University" title="Wawasan Open University">Wawasan Open University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Han_Chiang_University_College_of_Communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Chiang University College of Communication">Han Chiang University College of Communication</a>, <a href="/wiki/DISTED_College" title="DISTED College">DISTED College</a> and <a href="/wiki/RCSI_%26_UCD_Malaysia_Campus" title="RCSI & UCD Malaysia Campus">RCSI & UCD Malaysia Campus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-InvestPenang-2011-258">[258]</a> Headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Gelugor" title="Gelugor">Gelugor</a>, <a href="/wiki/RECSAM" title="RECSAM">RECSAM</a> is one of the 26 specialist institutions of the <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Ministers_of_Education_Organization" title="Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization">Southeast Asian Ministers of Education Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> In 2016, the state government launched Malaysia's first <a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">digital library</a> within the grounds of PFS.<a href="#cite_note-Francis-2016-260">[260]</a> Conceptualised as a "library in a park" and a community space, the Penang Digital Library provides structured access to over 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">ebook</a> titles.<a href="#cite_note-Francis-2016-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> Following the success of the Penang Digital Library, similar libraries have been built at other locations within both the city and Seberang Perai.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Healthcare">Healthcare</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penang_General_Hospital_(2011).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A hospital building with cars parked nearby and trees to the right." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Penang_General_Hospital_%282011%29.jpg/220px-Penang_General_Hospital_%282011%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Penang_General_Hospital_%282011%29.jpg/330px-Penang_General_Hospital_%282011%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Penang_General_Hospital_%282011%29.jpg/440px-Penang_General_Hospital_%282011%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Penang_General_Hospital" title="Penang General Hospital">Penang General Hospital</a> serves as the <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_referral_hospital" title="Tertiary referral hospital">tertiary referral hospital</a> of northwestern Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-Kelvin_Voon-2020-263">[263]</a></figcaption></figure> Healthcare in Penang is provided by a <a href="/wiki/Two-tier_healthcare" title="Two-tier healthcare">two-tier system</a> made up of public and private hospitals. Administered and funded by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_(Malaysia)" title="Ministry of Health (Malaysia)">Malaysian Ministry of Health</a> (MOH), the 1,100-bed <a href="/wiki/Penang_General_Hospital" title="Penang General Hospital">Penang General Hospital</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">city centre</a> is the main <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_referral_hospital" title="Tertiary referral hospital">tertiary referral hospital</a> of northwestern Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-Kelvin_Voon-2020-263">[263]</a> It is supported by the 81-bed Balik Pulau Hospital that serves the western part of the city.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> In addition, 13 private hospitals are scattered throughout George Town.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> Operating independently of the MOH, private hospitals such as <a href="/wiki/Penang_Adventist_Hospital" title="Penang Adventist Hospital">Penang Adventist Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loh_Guan_Lye_Specialists_Centre" title="Loh Guan Lye Specialists Centre">Loh Guan Lye Specialists Centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Island_Hospital" title="Island Hospital">Island Hospital</a> have played a significant role in making Penang the top destination for medical tourists in Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-Mulyanto-2023-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cheryl_Poo-2023-198">[198]</a> While public and private hospitals typically operate separately, there have been instances of public-private cooperation, such as during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a> which saw private hospitals sharing equipment and taking in non-COVID-19 patients in need of urgent medical procedures.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3></div> George Town was once the centre of Malaysia's print media. The country's first newspaper was the Prince of Wales Island Gazette, founded in the city in 1806.<a href="#cite_note-Wong2-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nambiar-2021-268">[268]</a> The paper was shut down 21 years later, a victim of the stringent censorship that was prevalent in the early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-Nambiar-2021-268">[268]</a> Greater press freedom eventually emerged by the middle of the century, concurrent with the perceived political freedom in Penang which stood in contrast to the stronger government apparatus in Singapore.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis-2016-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daniel_Goh-2014-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nambiar-2021-268">[268]</a> Following Malaya's independence in 1957, several major dailies moved to <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> due to its importance as the country's administrative capital.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a>, one of Malaysia's top English dailies, started as a regional newspaper that was first published in George Town in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> In addition, George Town is home to the nation's oldest Chinese newspaper, <a href="/wiki/Kwong_Wah_Yit_Poh" title="Kwong Wah Yit Poh">Kwong Wah Yit Poh</a>, which was established in 1910.<a href="#cite_note-mcy-271">[271]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3></div> George Town's well-preserved colonial-era architecture has made the city a popular <a href="/wiki/Filming_location" title="Filming location">filming location</a> for movies and television series that depict Asian culture.<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> Films and series that were shot within the city include <a href="/wiki/Crazy_Rich_Asians" title="Crazy Rich Asians">Crazy Rich Asians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anna_and_the_King" title="Anna and the King">Anna and the King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lust,_Caution" title="Lust, Caution">Lust, Caution</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Little_Nyonya" title="The Little Nyonya">The Little Nyonya</a> and <a href="/wiki/You_Mean_the_World_to_Me_(film)" title="You Mean the World to Me (film)">You Mean the World to Me</a>; the latter was the first movie to be produced entirely in <a href="/wiki/Penang_Hokkien" title="Penang Hokkien">Penang Hokkien</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> Additionally, George Town was featured as a pit-stop in <a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_16" title="The Amazing Race 16">The Amazing Race 16</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_Asia_5" title="The Amazing Race Asia 5">The Amazing Race Asia 5</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Amazing_Race_Australia_7" title="The Amazing Race Australia 7">The Amazing Race Australia 7</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transportation">Transportation</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Penang" title="Transport in Penang">Transport in Penang</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cmglee_Penang_Second_Bridge_aerial2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An aerial view of the Second Penang Bridge main span, a dual pylon cable-stayed structure with concrete edge girders and deck slab." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cmglee_Penang_Second_Bridge_aerial2.jpg/220px-Cmglee_Penang_Second_Bridge_aerial2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cmglee_Penang_Second_Bridge_aerial2.jpg/330px-Cmglee_Penang_Second_Bridge_aerial2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Cmglee_Penang_Second_Bridge_aerial2.jpg/440px-Cmglee_Penang_Second_Bridge_aerial2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="892" data-file-height="808" /></a><figcaption>Opened in 2014, the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_Muadzam_Shah_Bridge" title="Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge">Second Penang Bridge</a> has been credited with reducing traffic congestion on the <a href="/wiki/Penang_Bridge" title="Penang Bridge">Penang Bridge</a> by 20%.<a href="#cite_note-Institution_of_Civil_Engineers-277">[277]</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Land">Land</h3></div> George Town's oldest roads – <a href="/wiki/Light_Street,_George_Town" title="Light Street, George Town">Light</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beach_Street,_George_Town" title="Beach Street, George Town">Beach</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chulia_Street,_George_Town" title="Chulia Street, George Town">Chulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitt_Street,_George_Town" title="Pitt Street, George Town">Pitt</a> streets – were arranged nearly at right angles to each other in a grid pattern.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-2018-29">[29]</a> Rapid urbanisation throughout the 20th century led to a gradual expansion of the city's road network.<a href="#cite_note-Zhao-2018-29">[29]</a> George Town is physically connected to mainland <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> by two road bridges – the 13.5 km (8.4 mi) <a href="/wiki/Penang_Bridge" title="Penang Bridge">Penang Bridge</a> and the 24 km (15 mi) <a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_Muadzam_Shah_Bridge" title="Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge">Second Penang Bridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Institution_of_Civil_Engineers-277">[277]</a> Within the city, the <a href="/wiki/Tun_Dr_Lim_Chong_Eu_Expressway" title="Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu Expressway">Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu Expressway</a> is an important thoroughfare that runs along its eastern seaboard, connecting the <a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">city centre</a> with the two bridges and the <a href="/wiki/Bayan_Lepas_Free_Industrial_Zone" title="Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone">Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Federal_Route_6" title="Malaysia Federal Route 6">Federal Route 6</a> is a pan-island trunk road that circles the city, while the <a href="/wiki/George_Town_Inner_Ring_Road" title="George Town Inner Ring Road">George Town Inner Ring Road</a> functions as the main artery within the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-jkr-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_transportation">Public transportation</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cycling_in_Penang_Island" title="Cycling in Penang Island">Cycling in Penang Island</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_bus_routes_in_Penang" title="List of bus routes in Penang">List of bus routes in Penang</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Trolleybuses_in_George_Town,_Penang" title="Trolleybuses in George Town, Penang">Trolleybuses in George Town, Penang</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penang_Hill_funicular_railway.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A funicular along a rail line flanked by trees at Penang Hill, with the cityscape visible in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Penang_Hill_funicular_railway.jpg/170px-Penang_Hill_funicular_railway.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Penang_Hill_funicular_railway.jpg/256px-Penang_Hill_funicular_railway.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Penang_Hill_funicular_railway.jpg/340px-Penang_Hill_funicular_railway.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="4096" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hill_Railway" title="Penang Hill Railway">Penang Hill Railway</a>'s present-day funicular trains, introduced in 2011, climb some of the world's steepest slopes at an angle of 27.9°.<a href="#cite_note-281">[281]</a></figcaption></figure> George Town was formerly at the forefront of public transportation in Malaya. The first trams, originally powered by steam, were launched in the 1880s and gradually expanded throughout the settlement.<a href="#cite_note-Francis-2006-50">[50]</a> Although trams became obsolete by 1936, another colonial legacy, the <a href="/wiki/Cycle_rickshaw" title="Cycle rickshaw">trishaw</a>, remains in use primarily for tourists.<a href="#cite_note-Francis-2006-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[282]</a> <a href="/wiki/Transit_bus" title="Transit bus">Public buses</a> form the backbone of the city's public transportation system. Since 2007, <a href="/wiki/Rapid_Penang" title="Rapid Penang">Rapid Penang</a> has been the primary public bus operator in the city.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Town,_Penang&action=edit">[update]</a>, it runs 25 routes throughout George Town, and two cross-strait routes between the city and <a href="/wiki/Seberang_Perai" title="Seberang Perai">Seberang Perai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a> <a href="/wiki/Penang_Hill_Railway" title="Penang Hill Railway">Penang Hill Railway</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Funicular" title="Funicular">funicular railway</a> to the peak of <a href="/wiki/Penang_Hill" title="Penang Hill">Penang Hill</a>, is the only rail-based transportation system within the city. A <a href="/wiki/Penang_Hill_cable_car" title="Penang Hill cable car">cable car system is being built</a> as of 2025<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Town,_Penang&action=edit">[update]</a> to reduce overreliance on the railway.<a href="#cite_note-:0-285">[285]</a> To further alleviate traffic congestion, which saw average daily traffic reaching 64,144 vehicles in 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Penang" title="Government of Penang">Penang state government</a> embarked on the <a href="/wiki/Penang_Transport_Master_Plan" title="Penang Transport Master Plan">Penang Transport Master Plan</a>, which envisions the introduction of <a href="/wiki/Urban_rail_transit" title="Urban rail transit">urban rail systems</a> throughout George Town.<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> In 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Malaysia" title="Government of Malaysia">Malaysian federal government</a> announced a takeover of the <a href="/wiki/Mutiara_line" title="Mutiara line">Mutiara LRT line</a> from the state government. The first domestic <a href="/wiki/Light_rail" title="Light rail">light rail system</a> outside the <a href="/wiki/Klang_Valley" title="Klang Valley">Klang Valley</a>, the 29.5 km (18.3 mi) line will connect the <a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">city centre</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Penang_International_Airport" title="Penang International Airport">Penang International Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seberang_Perai" title="Seberang Perai">Seberang Perai</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a> Construction began in 2025 and is expected to be completed by 2031.<a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a> Efforts are also being undertaken to promote urban mobility by implementing pedestrianisation and providing cycling infrastructure.<a href="#cite_note-289">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lilian_Chan-2017-290">[290]</a> George Town became the first city in Malaysia to operate a <a href="/wiki/Bicycle-sharing_system" title="Bicycle-sharing system">public bicycle-sharing service</a>, with the inauguration of <a href="/wiki/LinkBike" title="LinkBike">LinkBike</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Lilian_Chan-2017-290">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air">Air</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Penang_International_Airport" title="Penang International Airport">Penang International Airport</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Penang_International_Airport_Dec2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial view of an airport, with factories at the foreground. More buildings and hills form the backdrop." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Penang_International_Airport_Dec2024.jpg/220px-Penang_International_Airport_Dec2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Penang_International_Airport_Dec2024.jpg/330px-Penang_International_Airport_Dec2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Penang_International_Airport_Dec2024.jpg/440px-Penang_International_Airport_Dec2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5677" data-file-height="4258" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Penang_International_Airport" title="Penang International Airport">Penang International Airport</a> has an annual capacity of 6.5 million passengers, but passenger traffic had already exceeded its capacity even before the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Penang_International_Airport" title="Penang International Airport">Penang International Airport</a> (PIA) is located 16 km (9.9 mi) south of the <a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">city centre</a>. It serves as the primary airport for northwestern Malaysia. PIA is Malaysia's <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Malaysia" title="List of the busiest airports in Malaysia">third busiest airport</a> for passenger traffic, recording nearly 6.8 million passengers in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-Ministry_of_Transport-195">[195]</a> Within that same year, exports worth RM385 billion passed through PIA, making the airport the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysian_states_and_municipalities_by_exports#Exports_by_city_and_municipality" title="List of Malaysian states and municipalities by exports">top contributor to Malaysia's export value</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia-2023a-168">[168]</a> As of 2025<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Town,_Penang&action=edit">[update]</a>, the airport is undergoing upgrades aimed at raising its annual capacity from 6.5 million passengers to 12 million by 2028.<a href="#cite_note-:0-285">[285]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea">Sea</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Swettenham_Pier" title="Swettenham Pier">Swettenham Pier</a> is one of the major entry points into George Town. In 2017, the pier saw 125 port calls by cruise ships, surpassing <a href="/wiki/Port_Klang" title="Port Klang">Port Klang</a> as the busiest cruise shipping terminal in Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-The_Sun-2017-194">[194]</a> It has attracted some of the world's largest cruise liners such as the <a href="/wiki/Queen_Mary_2" title="Queen Mary 2">Queen Mary 2</a> and also sees occasional port visits by warships.<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[294]</a> Prior to the completion of the Penang Bridge in 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Penang_ferry_service" title="Penang ferry service">Penang ferry service</a> was the only transportation link between George Town and mainland Seberang Perai.<a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> At present, four ferries ply the <a href="/wiki/Penang_Strait" title="Penang Strait">Penang Strait</a> between both cities daily, with the <a href="/wiki/Raja_Tun_Uda_Ferry_Terminal" title="Raja Tun Uda Ferry Terminal">Raja Tun Uda Ferry Terminal</a> serving as the dedicated docking facility in George Town.<a href="#cite_note-296">[296]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Utilities">Utilities</h2></div> George Town relies heavily on the <a href="/wiki/Muda_River" title="Muda River">Muda River</a>, which forms the northern boundary between mainland <a href="/wiki/Seberang_Perai" title="Seberang Perai">Seberang Perai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a>, as its primary source of water. Treated water is delivered from the mainland to the island city via three sets of <a href="/wiki/Submarine_pipeline" title="Submarine pipeline">submarine pipelines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Penang_Water_Supply_Corporation" title="Penang Water Supply Corporation">Penang Water Supply Corporation</a> (PBAPP) is also responsible for managing the 11 reservoirs in George Town, including two at <a href="/wiki/Ayer_Itam_Dam" title="Ayer Itam Dam">Ayer Itam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teluk_Bahang" title="Teluk Bahang">Teluk Bahang</a> that act as strategic reserves for the surrounding suburbs in the event of dry weather and supply disruptions from the mainland.<a href="#cite_note-Penang_Water_Supply_Corporation-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a> Electricity in George Town is supplied by <a href="/wiki/Tenaga_Nasional" title="Tenaga Nasional">Tenaga Nasional</a> (TNB), the national power company. George Town's power supply is drawn from the mainland via a RM500 million overhead power grid across the <a href="/wiki/Penang_Strait" title="Penang Strait">Penang Strait</a> which replaced the older 330 MW <a href="/wiki/Gelugor" title="Gelugor">Gelugor</a> <a href="/wiki/Combined_cycle_power_plant" title="Combined cycle power plant">Combined Cycle Gas Turbine</a> (CCGT) plant in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-The_Star-2022a-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Star-2022b-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> To reduce energy consumption, the <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" title="Penang Island City Council">Penang Island City Council</a> and TNB replaced all 33,101 street lights throughout George Town with <a href="/wiki/LED_street_light" title="LED street light">LED street lighting</a> by 2023.<a href="#cite_note-304">[304]</a> In 2020, Penang had become the first Malaysian state to make the installation of <a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">fibre-optic communication infrastructure</a> mandatory for all development projects.<a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a> In 2022, George Town saw the implementation of <a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a>, with the installation of the supporting spectrum infrastructure at 151 sites within the city.<a href="#cite_note-306">[306]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Penang_International_Airport" title="Penang International Airport">Penang International Airport</a> became the first airport in Malaysia to offer public 5G services that year.<a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a> In 2024, <a href="/wiki/DE-CIX" title="DE-CIX">DE-CIX</a> inaugurated the Penang Internet Exchange (PIX), with internet traffic being routed through a <a href="/wiki/Data_center" title="Data center">data centre</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bayan_Baru" title="Bayan Baru">Bayan Baru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_relations">International relations</h2></div> George Town is home to a substantial contingent of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Malaysia" title="Foreign relations of Malaysia">foreign diplomatic missions</a>. As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Town,_Penang&action=edit">[update]</a>, a total of 23 countries have either established <a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">consulates</a> or appointed honorary consuls within the city. This list is based on information from the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Malaysia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)">Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>, unless otherwise cited.<a href="#cite_note-Okt-310">[310]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="307" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /> <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Tunisia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sister_and_friendship_cities">Sister and friendship cities</h3></div> George Town is also <a href="/wiki/Sister_city" title="Sister city">twinned</a> with the following sister and friendship cities. Sister cities <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Adelaide" title="City of Adelaide">Adelaide</a>, Australia<a href="#cite_note-Michelmann2009-313">[313]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a>, China<a href="#cite_note-Michelmann2009-313">[313]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>, Indonesia<a href="#cite_note-Michelmann2009-313">[313]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand<a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Phuket_(city)" title="Phuket (city)">Phuket</a>, Thailand<a href="#cite_note-sister_cities-315">[315]</a></li></ul></div> Friendship cities <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>, China<a href="#cite_note-:CN-316">[316]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sanya" title="Sanya">Sanya</a>, China<a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Zhongshan" title="Zhongshan">Zhongshan</a>, China<a href="#cite_note-:CN-316">[316]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan"><img alt="Japan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Katsushika" title="Katsushika">Katsushika</a>, Japan<a href="#cite_note-318">[318]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea"><img alt="South Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Flag_of_South_Korea.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Korea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Changwon" title="Changwon">Changwon</a>, South Korea<a href="#cite_note-319">[319]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan"><img alt="Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, Taiwan<a href="#cite_note-320">[320]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2></div> George Town was the birthplace of prominent Malaysian and Singaporean personalities and professionals, including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Lien-teh" title="Wu Lien-teh">Wu Lien-teh</a> (1879–1960), physician and inventor of the respiratory mask<a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hon_Sui_Sen" title="Hon Sui Sen">Hon Sui Sen</a> (1916–1983), former <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Finance_(Singapore)" title="Ministry of Finance (Singapore)">cabinet minister in Singapore</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[322]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wee_Chong_Jin" title="Wee Chong Jin">Wee Chong Jin</a> (1917–2005), first <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Singapore" title="Chief Justice of Singapore">Chief Justice of Singapore</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[323]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Ramlee" title="P. Ramlee">P. Ramlee</a> (1929–1973), actor, filmmaker, musician, composer and icon of Malay-language entertainment<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Ahmad_Badawi" title="Abdullah Ahmad Badawi">Abdullah Ahmad Badawi</a> (born 1939), fifth <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Malaysia" title="Prime Minister of Malaysia">Prime Minister of Malaysia</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karpal_Singh" title="Karpal Singh">Karpal Singh</a> (1940–2014), lawyer, politician and former national chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Action_Party" title="Democratic Action Party">Democratic Action Party</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[326]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Choo" title="Jimmy Choo">Jimmy Choo</a> (born 1948), fashion designer knighted with the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">Order of the British Empire</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Arumugam" title="David Arumugam">David Arumugam</a> (born 1950), singer and founder of the pop band <a href="/wiki/Alleycats_(Malaysian_band)" title="Alleycats (Malaysian band)">Alleycats</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaw_Boon_Wan" title="Khaw Boon Wan">Khaw Boon Wan</a> (born 1952), former <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Singapore" title="Cabinet of Singapore">cabinet minister in Singapore</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazrin_Shah_of_Perak" title="Nazrin Shah of Perak">Sultan Nazrin Shah</a> (born 1956), reigning monarch of the neighbouring state of <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a><a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keat_Gin_Ooi" title="Keat Gin Ooi">Ooi Keat Gin</a> (born 1959), academician and historian<a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw_Teong_Hin" title="Saw Teong Hin">Saw Teong Hin</a> (born 1962), film director<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol_David" title="Nicol David">Nicol David</a> (born 1983), former world number one female <a href="/wiki/Squash_(sport)" title="Squash (sport)">squash</a> player<a href="#cite_note-333">[333]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Peng_Soon" title="Chan Peng Soon">Chan Peng Soon</a> (born 1988), Malaysian <a href="/wiki/Badminton" title="Badminton">badminton</a> player and <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Olympic</a> silver medallist<a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loh_Kean_Yew" title="Loh Kean Yew">Loh Kean Yew</a> (born 1997), Singaporean badminton player<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <dl><dd><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#ref_Alpha">^α</a> Singapore's land mass is approximately 734 km2 (283 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Beta">^β</a> The massive jump in population is attributable to the expansion of George Town's jurisdiction to its present-day city limits in 2015. See <a href="#Renaissance">#Renaissance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Looi-2015-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-island-89">[89]</a></dd> <dd><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_Gamma">^γ</a> As of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=George_Town,_Penang&action=edit">[update]</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_ringgit" title="Malaysian ringgit">Malaysian ringgit</a> was equivalent to 0.24 <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US dollar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMike_Aquino2012" class="citation web cs1">Mike Aquino (30 August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160101125054/http://asiancorrespondent.com/2012/08/exploring-georgetown-penang/">"Exploring Georgetown, Penang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asian_Correspondent" title="Asian Correspondent">Asian Correspondent</a>. 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Retrieved 26 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Edge&rft.atitle=George+Town+A+City+Again&rft.date=2015-03-25&rft.aulast=Looi&rft.aufirst=Sue+Chern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheedgemalaysia.com%2Farticle%2Fgeorge-town-city-again&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2020KF-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-2020KF_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020KF_11-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020KF_11-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020KF_11-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020KF_11-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020KF_11-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020KF_11-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020KF_11-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020KF_11-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020KF_11-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-2020KF_11-10">k</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dosm.gov.my/uploads/publications/20221020150523.pdf">"Key Findings of Population and Housing Census of Malaysia 2020"</a> (pdf) (in Malay and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-2000-85-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-2000-85-3"><bdi>978-967-2000-85-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+Findings+of+Population+and+Housing+Census+of+Malaysia+2020&rft.pub=Department+of+Statistics%2C+Malaysia&rft.isbn=978-967-2000-85-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dosm.gov.my%2Fuploads%2Fpublications%2F20221020150523.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJessica_Chan2000" class="citation news cs1">Jessica Chan (30 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/ASIANOW/asiaweek/96/1025/cs2.html">"Asiaweek's Top Ten Cities of Asia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Asiaweek" title="Asiaweek">Asiaweek</a>. Retrieved 2 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asiaweek&rft.atitle=Asiaweek%27s+Top+Ten+Cities+of+Asia&rft.date=2000-11-30&rft.au=Jessica+Chan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2FASIANOW%2Fasiaweek%2F96%2F1025%2Fcs2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GDPdistrict-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GDPdistrict_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GDPdistrict_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GDPdistrict_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GDPdistrict_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GDPdistrict_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GDPdistrict_13-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Gross Domestic Product by Administrative District: Timur Laut, Pulau Pinang 2015–2020". <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Statistics_Malaysia" title="Department of Statistics Malaysia">Department of Statistics Malaysia</a>. November 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-253-792-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-253-792-2"><bdi>978-967-253-792-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Statistics+Malaysia&rft.atitle=Gross+Domestic+Product+by+Administrative+District%3A+Timur+Laut%2C+Pulau+Pinang+2015%E2%80%932020&rft.date=2024-11&rft.isbn=978-967-253-792-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO_14-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1223">"Melaka and George Town, Historic Cities of the Straits of Malacca"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180708191734/https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1223">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2018. Retrieved 13 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Melaka+and+George+Town%2C+Historic+Cities+of+the+Straits+of+Malacca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F1223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AtoZMsia-15"><a href="#cite_ref-AtoZMsia_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoi2010" class="citation book cs1">Ooi, Keat Gin (2010). The A to Z of Malaysia. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810876415" title="Special:BookSources/9780810876415"><bdi>9780810876415</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+Malaysia&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780810876415&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Keat+Gin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ConDict-16"><a href="#cite_ref-ConDict_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett-Heath2017" class="citation book cs1">Everett-Heath, John (2017). The Concise Dictionary of World Place Names. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192556462" title="Special:BookSources/9780192556462"><bdi>9780192556462</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Concise+Dictionary+of+World+Place+Names&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780192556462&rft.aulast=Everett-Heath&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2008/07/28/penaga-laut-trees-are-back-in-george-town">"Penaga Laut trees are Back in George Town"</a>. The Star. 28 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407060054/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2008/07/28/penaga-laut-trees-are-back-in-george-town">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Penaga+Laut+trees+are+Back+in+George+Town&rft.date=2008-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fcommunity%2F2008%2F07%2F28%2Fpenaga-laut-trees-are-back-in-george-town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanjay,_CS2015" class="citation web cs1">Sanjay, CS (16 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Letters/2015/07/16/The-right-spelling-is-George-Town">"The Right Spelling is George Town"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230222025510/https://www.thestar.com.my/Opinion/Letters/2015/07/16/The-right-spelling-is-George-Town">Archived</a> from the original on 22 February 2023. Retrieved 21 February 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=The+Right+Spelling+is+George+Town&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft.au=Sanjay%2C+CS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2FOpinion%2FLetters%2F2015%2F07%2F16%2FThe-right-spelling-is-George-Town&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTennant1973" class="citation journal cs1">Tennant, Paul (March 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/abs/abolition-of-elective-local-government-in-penang/56E67B1A7D00189AC8E6546C959D382A">"The Abolition of Elective Local Government in Penang"</a>. Journal of Southeast Asian Studies. 4 (1): 72–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0022463400016428">10.1017/S0022463400016428</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1474-0680">1474-0680</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159521756">159521756</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231107203409/https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-southeast-asian-studies/article/abs/abolition-of-elective-local-government-in-penang/56E67B1A7D00189AC8E6546C959D382A">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2023. Retrieved 18 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Abolition+of+Elective+Local+Government+in+Penang&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=1973-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159521756%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1474-0680&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022463400016428&rft.aulast=Tennant&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-southeast-asian-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fabolition-of-elective-local-government-in-penang%2F56E67B1A7D00189AC8E6546C959D382A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jenkins-2008-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins-2008_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jenkins-2008_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2008" class="citation book cs1">Jenkins, Gwynn (2008). Contested Space: Cultural Heritage and Identity Reconstructions : Conservation Strategies Within a Developing Asian City. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783825813666" title="Special:BookSources/9783825813666"><bdi>9783825813666</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contested+Space%3A+Cultural+Heritage+and+Identity+Reconstructions+%3A+Conservation+Strategies+Within+a+Developing+Asian+City&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783825813666&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Gwynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis-2016-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-2016_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-2016_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-2016_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-2016_21-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lewis-2016_21-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2016" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Su Lin (2016). 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Bonney's Kedah 1771–1821"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Sains_Malaysia" title="Universiti Sains Malaysia">Universiti Sains Malaysia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231017050928/http://web.usm.my/kajh/vol28_2_2021/kajh28022021_08.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2023. 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Retrieved 22 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kajian+Malaysia+%E2%80%93+Journal+of+Malaysian+Studies&rft.atitle=Disparate+Identities%3A+Penang+from+a+Historical+Perspective%2C+1780%E2%80%931941&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E27-%3C%2Fspan%3E52&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Keat+Gin&rft.aufirst=Ooi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.usm.my%2Fkm%2F33%28Supp.2%292015%2Fkm33s22015_03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyshe1885" class="citation book cs1">Kyshe, Norton (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eservice.nlb.gov.sg/flipviewer/data/booksg_publish/1/1d705815-ea3f-4bd3-be62-038443bb230f/web/html5/index.html?opf=tablet/BOOKSG.xml&launchlogo=tablet/BOOKSG_BrandingLogo_.png&pn=49">Cases Heard and Determined in Her Majesty's Supreme Court of the Straits Settlements, 1808–1884. Vol. I, Civil Cases</a>. Vol. 1. Singapore and Straits Print. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316153049/https://eservice.nlb.gov.sg/flipviewer/data/booksg_publish/1/1d705815-ea3f-4bd3-be62-038443bb230f/web/html5/index.html?opf=tablet/BOOKSG.xml&launchlogo=tablet/BOOKSG_BrandingLogo_.png&pn=49">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cases+Heard+and+Determined+in+Her+Majesty%27s+Supreme+Court+of+the+Straits+Settlements%2C+1808%E2%80%931884.+Vol.+I%2C+Civil+Cases&rft.pub=Singapore+and+Straits+Print&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Kyshe&rft.aufirst=Norton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feservice.nlb.gov.sg%2Fflipviewer%2Fdata%2Fbooksg_publish%2F1%2F1d705815-ea3f-4bd3-be62-038443bb230f%2Fweb%2Fhtml5%2Findex.html%3Fopf%3Dtablet%2FBOOKSG.xml%26launchlogo%3Dtablet%2FBOOKSG_BrandingLogo_.png%26pn%3D49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Federal_Court_of_Malaysia-2016-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Federal_Court_of_Malaysia-2016_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Federal_Court_of_Malaysia-2016_40-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kehakiman.gov.my/sites/default/files/documents/Laporan_Tahunan/YearBook2016.pdf">The Malaysian Judiciary: Yearbook 2016</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Malaysia" title="Federal Court of Malaysia">Federal Court of Malaysia</a>. 2016. p. XV. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230082715/https://www.kehakiman.gov.my/sites/default/files/documents/Laporan_Tahunan/YearBook2016.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 December 2023. Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Malaysian+Judiciary%3A+Yearbook+2016&rft.pages=XV&rft.pub=Federal+Court+of+Malaysia&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kehakiman.gov.my%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2FLaporan_Tahunan%2FYearBook2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=e9600931-19db-4a18-8366-8ae5aea35464">"Singapore Becomes Admin Centre of the Straits Settlements"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Board" title="National Library Board">National Library Board</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240113125241/https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=e9600931-19db-4a18-8366-8ae5aea35464">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+Board&rft.atitle=Singapore+Becomes+Admin+Centre+of+the+Straits+Settlements&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlb.gov.sg%2Fmain%2Farticle-detail%3Fcmsuuid%3De9600931-19db-4a18-8366-8ae5aea35464&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jaime_Koh-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jaime_Koh_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jaime_Koh_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaime_Koh" class="citation web cs1">Jaime Koh. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=b0d91ecc-3de3-4e79-a132-b2d0d886bb98#:~:text=The%20Straits%20Settlements%2C%20comprising%20Penang,East%20India%20Company%20in%20India.">"Straits Settlements"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Board" title="National Library Board">National Library Board</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240113125242/https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=b0d91ecc-3de3-4e79-a132-b2d0d886bb98#:~:text=The%20Straits%20Settlements%2C%20comprising%20Penang,East%20India%20Company%20in%20India.">Archived</a> from the original on 13 January 2024. Retrieved 13 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+Board&rft.atitle=Straits+Settlements&rft.au=Jaime+Koh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlb.gov.sg%2Fmain%2Farticle-detail%3Fcmsuuid%3Db0d91ecc-3de3-4e79-a132-b2d0d886bb98%23%3A~%3Atext%3DThe%2520Straits%2520Settlements%252C%2520comprising%2520Penang%2CEast%2520India%2520Company%2520in%2520India.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wong-2015-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wong-2015_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wong-2015_43-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2015" class="citation book cs1">Wong, Yee Tuan (2015). Penang Chinese Commerce in the 19th Century: The Rise and Fall of the Big Five. 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Retrieved 14 February 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Kyoto_University" title="Kyoto University">Kyoto University</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+University+of+Singapore&rft.atitle=British+Colonial+Health+Care+Development+and+the+Persistence+of+Ethnic+Medicine+in+Peninsular+Malaysia+and+Singapore&rft.date=1991-09-02&rft.aulast=Ooi&rft.aufirst=Giok+Ling&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fkyoto-seas.org%2Fpdf%2F29%2F2%2F290202.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article28607543">"The Disturbances at Penang"</a>. The Sydney Morning Herald. 16 September 1867. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316153058/https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/28607543">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 25 May 2017 – via Trove.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sydney+Morning+Herald&rft.atitle=The+Disturbances+at+Penang&rft.date=1867-09-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnla.gov.au%2Fnla.news-article28607543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2013" class="citation news cs1">Wong, Chun Wai (20 April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/04/20/a-cowboy-town-that-was-old-penang_1/">"A cowboy town that was old Penang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920001924/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/04/20/a-cowboy-town-that-was-old-penang_1/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 September 2017. Retrieved 30 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=A+cowboy+town+that+was+old+Penang&rft.date=2013-04-20&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Chun+Wai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fcommunity%2F2013%2F04%2F20%2Fa-cowboy-town-that-was-old-penang_1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2014-07-30_084623.html">"Straits Settlements"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Board" title="National Library Board">National Library Board</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928044501/http://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/infopedia/articles/SIP_2014-07-30_084623.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 25 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Straits+Settlements&rft.pub=National+Library+Board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Finfopedia%2Farticles%2FSIP_2014-07-30_084623.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turnbull-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull_48-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull_48-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Turnbull_48-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Turnbull" title="Mary Turnbull">Turnbull, C. M.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tsnra.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/the-pg-story.pdf">"The Penang Story"</a> (PDF). Penang's Changing Role in the Straits Settlements, 1826–1946. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240206142055/https://tsnra.files.wordpress.com/2012/03/the-pg-story.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 6 February 2024. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Penang%27s+Changing+Role+in+the+Straits+Settlements%2C+1826%E2%80%931946&rft.atitle=The+Penang+Story&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=C.+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftsnra.files.wordpress.com%2F2012%2F03%2Fthe-pg-story.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"Asian Studies". Government Legislation for Chinese Secret Societies in the Straits Settlements in the Late 19th. 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Reuters. 21 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231015020205/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-malaysia-china-revolutionary-idUSKLR3439920070103">Archived</a> from the original on 15 October 2023. 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Retrieved 19 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=REFSA&rft.atitle=REFSA+Quarterly+issue+1+2015&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frefsa.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F09%2FREFSA-Quarterly-2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openjicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/10766954.pdf">"Urban Transport Study in Greater Metropolitan Areas of George Town, Butterworth and Bukit Mertajam"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Japan_International_Cooperation_Agency" title="Japan International Cooperation Agency">Japan International Cooperation Agency</a>. 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Retrieved 20 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Minister+to+Take+Over+City+Council&rft.date=1966-06-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2Fdigitised%2Farticle%2Fstraitstimes19660610-1.2.39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhor1966" class="citation news cs1">Khor, Cheang Kee (3 August 1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19660803-1.2.4">"City Hall Drama"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231220055404/https://eresources.nlb.gov.sg/newspapers/digitised/article/straitstimes19660803-1.2.4">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=City+Hall+Drama&rft.date=1966-08-03&rft.aulast=Khor&rft.aufirst=Cheang+Kee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feresources.nlb.gov.sg%2Fnewspapers%2Fdigitised%2Farticle%2Fstraitstimes19660803-1.2.4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghRasiahWong2019" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Chet; Rasiah, Rajah; Wong, Yee Tuan (2019). From Free Port to Modern Economy: Economic Development and Social Change in Penang, 1969 to 1990. 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Retrieved 10 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Penang+Losing+Its+Tourism+Lustre&rft.date=2004-11-07&rft.aulast=Ng&rft.aufirst=Su-Ann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2004%2F11%2F07%2Fpenang-losing-its-tourism-lustre%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/32226">"Penang – Who Should Stop the Rot?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malaysiakini" title="Malaysiakini">Malaysiakini</a>. 16 December 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171206162017/https://www.malaysiakini.com/letters/32226">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2017. 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March 8: Eclipsing May 13. <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Southeast_Asian_Studies" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of Southeast Asian Studies">Institute of Southeast Asian Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789812308962" title="Special:BookSources/9789812308962"><bdi>9789812308962</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=March+8%3A+Eclipsing+May+13&rft.pub=Institute+of+Southeast+Asian+Studies&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789812308962&rft.aulast=Saravanamuttu+Jayaratnam%2C+Lee+Hock+Guan&rft.aufirst=Ooi+Kee+Beng&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/canopy/georgetown-2/">"From Port City to World Heritage Site: Case Study of George Town (Malaysia)"</a>. UNESCO World Heritage Centre. 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219160945/https://whc.unesco.org/en/canopy/georgetown-2/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft.atitle=From+Port+City+to+World+Heritage+Site%3A+Case+Study+of+George+Town+%28Malaysia%29&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fcanopy%2Fgeorgetown-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTricia_Yeoh2022" class="citation journal cs1">Tricia Yeoh, Su-Wern (January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/69483/1/FINAL%20PHD%20THESIS%20SUBMISSION%20POST-VIVA%20June2022_Yeoh%20Su%20Wern.pdf">"Opposition Subnational Strongholds in Dominant Party Authoritarian Regimes (DPARs): The Pakatan Coalition in Selangor and Penang from 2008 to 2018"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231227060034/https://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/69483/1/FINAL%20PHD%20THESIS%20SUBMISSION%20POST-VIVA%20June2022_Yeoh%20Su%20Wern.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 December 2023. Retrieved 27 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Nottingham&rft.atitle=Opposition+Subnational+Strongholds+in+Dominant+Party+Authoritarian+Regimes+%28DPARs%29%3A+The+Pakatan+Coalition+in+Selangor+and+Penang+from+2008+to+2018&rft.date=2022-01&rft.aulast=Tricia+Yeoh&rft.aufirst=Su-Wern&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feprints.nottingham.ac.uk%2F69483%2F1%2FFINAL%2520PHD%2520THESIS%2520SUBMISSION%2520POST-VIVA%2520June2022_Yeoh%2520Su%2520Wern.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hutchinson-2023-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hutchinson-2023_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutchinson-2023_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutchinson-2023_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutchinson-2023_86-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutchinson-2023_86-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutchinson-2023_86-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hutchinson-2023_86-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutchinson2023" class="citation journal cs1">Hutchinson, Francis (23 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ISEAS_Perspective_2023_93.pdf">"The August Poll in Penang: A Perspective on Pakatan, its Partners and its Prospects"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/ISEAS_%E2%80%93_Yusof_Ishak_Institute" title="ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute">ISEAS – Yusof Ishak Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231124081938/https://www.iseas.edu.sg/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/ISEAS_Perspective_2023_93.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ISEAS+%E2%80%93+Yusof+Ishak+Institute&rft.atitle=The+August+Poll+in+Penang%3A+A+Perspective+on+Pakatan%2C+its+Partners+and+its+Prospects&rft.date=2023-11-23&rft.aulast=Hutchinson&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iseas.edu.sg%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2023%2F10%2FISEAS_Perspective_2023_93.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEileen_Ng2016" class="citation news cs1">Eileen Ng (14 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/big-read-penang-takes-leaf-spore-and-bids-become-competitor">"The Big Read: Penang Takes a Leaf from S'pore, and Bids to Become a Competitor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Today_(Singapore_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Today (Singapore newspaper)">Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231219160945/https://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/big-read-penang-takes-leaf-spore-and-bids-become-competitor">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2023. Retrieved 19 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Today&rft.atitle=The+Big+Read%3A+Penang+Takes+a+Leaf+from+S%27pore%2C+and+Bids+to+Become+a+Competitor&rft.date=2016-05-14&rft.au=Eileen+Ng&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.todayonline.com%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Fbig-read-penang-takes-leaf-spore-and-bids-become-competitor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/singapore-investors-invading-pre-war-properties-in-penang">"Singapore Investors 'Invading' Pre-War Properties in Penang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Straits_Times" title="The Straits Times">The Straits Times</a>. 12 June 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171004141840/http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/singapore-investors-invading-pre-war-properties-in-penang">Archived</a> from the original on 4 October 2017. Retrieved 28 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Singapore+Investors+%27Invading%27+Pre-War+Properties+in+Penang&rft.date=2016-06-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.straitstimes.com%2Fasia%2Fse-asia%2Fsingapore-investors-invading-pre-war-properties-in-penang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-island-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-island_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-island_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-island_89-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.buletinmutiara.com/download/2015/BuletinMutiaraMay12015-BM.pdf">"George Town Meliputi 'Pulau', Jelas Datuk Bandar"</a> (PDF). Buletin Mutiara (in Malay). 1 May 2015. p. 24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180622140339/http://www.buletinmutiara.com/download/2015/BuletinMutiaraMay12015-BM.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 22 June 2018. Retrieved 22 June 2018. <q>Dari segi sejarah, pengiktirafan George Town sebagai 'bandar raya' oleh Ratu Elizabeth II pada 1 Januari 1957 tidak pernah ditarik balik hingga kini. Bagaimanapun, Majlis Perbandaran Pulau Pinang (MPPP) pula ditubuhkan semula pada 15 Disember 1976 berdasarkan Akta Kerajaan Tempatan, 1976. Justeru, sempadan sebenar George Town meliputi seluruh bahagian 'pulau', sebagaimana kekal dipertanggungjawabkan ke atas MBPP.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buletin+Mutiara&rft.atitle=George+Town+Meliputi+%27Pulau%27%2C+Jelas+Datuk+Bandar&rft.pages=24&rft.date=2015-05-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.buletinmutiara.com%2Fdownload%2F2015%2FBuletinMutiaraMay12015-BM.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatahenggam" class="citation journal cs1">Katahenggam, Nagathisen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.usm.my/40851/1/ART_68.pdf">"Fiscal Analysis and Governance of the City Council of Penang Island 2002–2011"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Taylor%27s_University" title="Taylor's University">Taylor's University</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240204031830/http://eprints.usm.my/40851/1/ART_68.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 4 February 2024. Retrieved 4 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Taylor%27s+University&rft.atitle=Fiscal+Analysis+and+Governance+of+the+City+Council+of+Penang+Island+2002%E2%80%932011&rft.aulast=Katahenggam&rft.aufirst=Nagathisen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.usm.my%2F40851%2F1%2FART_68.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpalyn_Mok2015" class="citation news cs1">Opalyn Mok (31 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2015/03/31/council-president-now-penangs-first-mayor/869717">"Council president now Penang's first mayor"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malay_Mail" title="Malay Mail">Malay Mail</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231003072509/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2015/03/31/council-president-now-penangs-first-mayor/869717">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2023. 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Retrieved 12 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lund+University&rft.atitle=Impact+on+the+Coastal+Areas+of+the+Tanjung+Tokong+Land+Reclamation+Project%2C+Penang%2C+Malaysia&rft.date=2008-01&rft.aulast=Ramly&rft.aufirst=Salwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flup.lub.lu.se%2Fluur%2Fdownload%3Ffunc%3DdownloadFile%26recordOId%3D1317634%26fileOId%3D1317635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lim-2011-93">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lim-2011_93-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lim-2011_93-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLim2011" class="citation journal cs1">Lim, H. S. (2011). 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Techne Press. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107063817/http://eprints.utm.my/6177/1/Chau_5SSS_FAB.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Techne+Press&rft.atitle=Probing+Different+Centralities+in+City+Regions%3A+A+Space-Syntactic+Approach&rft.volume=1&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Chau&rft.aufirst=Loon+Wai&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feprints.utm.my%2F6177%2F1%2FChau_5SSS_FAB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHilmy2023" class="citation news cs1">Hilmy, Imran (5 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/10/05/long-road-to-improved-water-from-a-clean-sg-pinang">"Long Road to Improved Water from a Clean Sg Pinang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231220142905/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/10/05/long-road-to-improved-water-from-a-clean-sg-pinang">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Long+Road+to+Improved+Water+from+a+Clean+Sg+Pinang&rft.date=2023-10-05&rft.aulast=Hilmy&rft.aufirst=Imran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2023%2F10%2F05%2Flong-road-to-improved-water-from-a-clean-sg-pinang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNESCO-2022-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO-2022_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO-2022_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UNESCO-2022_96-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/aspac/penang-hill">"Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>. June 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231206144838/https://en.unesco.org/biosphere/aspac/penang-hill">Archived</a> from the original on 6 December 2023. 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Retrieved 29 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penang+Water+Supply+Corporation&rft.atitle=Statistics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpba.com.my%2Fpenang-water-supply-statistics-infrastructure%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kevin_Vimal-2022-98">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kevin_Vimal-2022_98-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kevin_Vimal-2022_98-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Vimal2022" class="citation news cs1">Kevin Vimal (11 June 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-hill-biosphere-reserve-officially-receives-its-recognition-certificate/">"Penang Hill Biosphere Reserve Officially Receives Its Recognition Certificate"</a>. Buletin Mutiara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231220142906/https://www.buletinmutiara.com/penang-hill-biosphere-reserve-officially-receives-its-recognition-certificate/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buletin+Mutiara&rft.atitle=Penang+Hill+Biosphere+Reserve+Officially+Receives+Its+Recognition+Certificate&rft.date=2022-06-11&rft.au=Kevin+Vimal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buletinmutiara.com%2Fpenang-hill-biosphere-reserve-officially-receives-its-recognition-certificate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chee-2017-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chee-2017_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chee-2017_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chee-2017_99-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChee2017" class="citation journal cs1">Chee, Su Yin (13 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/131015356.pdf">"Land Reclamation and Artificial Islands: Walking the Tightrope Between Development and Conservation"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Universiti_Sains_Malaysia" title="Universiti Sains Malaysia">Universiti Sains Malaysia</a>. 12: 80. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017GEcoC..12...80C">2017GEcoC..12...80C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.gecco.2017.08.005">10.1016/j.gecco.2017.08.005</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217135426/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/131015356.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Universiti+Sains+Malaysia&rft.atitle=Land+Reclamation+and+Artificial+Islands%3A+Walking+the+Tightrope+Between+Development+and+Conservation&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=80&rft.date=2017-08-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.gecco.2017.08.005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017GEcoC..12...80C&rft.aulast=Chee&rft.aufirst=Su+Yin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F131015356.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpalyn_Mok2023" class="citation web cs1">Opalyn Mok (1 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/09/01/penang-cm-preliminary-works-on-man-made-silicon-island-starts-today/88405">"Penang CM: Preliminary Works on Man-Made Silicon Island Starts Today"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malay_Mail" title="Malay Mail">Malay Mail</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231208095356/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2023/09/01/penang-cm-preliminary-works-on-man-made-silicon-island-starts-today/88405">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2023. Retrieved 26 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Malay+Mail&rft.atitle=Penang+CM%3A+Preliminary+Works+on+Man-Made+Silicon+Island+Starts+Today&rft.date=2023-09-01&rft.au=Opalyn+Mok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaymail.com%2Fnews%2Fmalaysia%2F2023%2F09%2F01%2Fpenang-cm-preliminary-works-on-man-made-silicon-island-starts-today%2F88405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Opalyn_Mok-2016-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Opalyn_Mok-2016_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opalyn_Mok-2016_101-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Opalyn_Mok-2016_101-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpalyn_Mok2016" class="citation news cs1">Opalyn Mok (23 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2016/02/23/gurney-wharf-penangs-new-waterfront-park-in-the-city/1066141">"Gurney Wharf, Penang's New Waterfront Park-in-the-City"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malay_Mail" title="Malay Mail">Malay Mail</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215151224/https://www.malaymail.com/news/malaysia/2016/02/23/gurney-wharf-penangs-new-waterfront-park-in-the-city/1066141">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 15 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malay+Mail&rft.atitle=Gurney+Wharf%2C+Penang%27s+New+Waterfront+Park-in-the-City&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft.au=Opalyn+Mok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaymail.com%2Fnews%2Fmalaysia%2F2016%2F02%2F23%2Fgurney-wharf-penangs-new-waterfront-park-in-the-city%2F1066141&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_Vimal2023" class="citation news cs1">Kevin Vimal (26 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/eos-andaman-island-project-a-great-push-for-penang-green-agenda-says-cm-chow/">"E&O's Andaman Island Project a Great Push for Penang Green Agenda, Says CM Chow"</a>. Buletin Mutiara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231220142906/https://www.buletinmutiara.com/eos-andaman-island-project-a-great-push-for-penang-green-agenda-says-cm-chow/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buletin+Mutiara&rft.atitle=E%26O%27s+Andaman+Island+Project+a+Great+Push+for+Penang+Green+Agenda%2C+Says+CM+Chow&rft.date=2023-05-26&rft.au=Kevin+Vimal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buletinmutiara.com%2Feos-andaman-island-project-a-great-push-for-penang-green-agenda-says-cm-chow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewInstitutionRecord&institutionID=18555">"Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission"</a>. UNESCO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180928044221/http://ioc-unesco.org/index.php?option=com_oe&task=viewInstitutionRecord&institutionID=18555">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2018. Retrieved 28 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intergovernmental+Oceanographic+Commission&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fioc-unesco.org%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_oe%26task%3DviewInstitutionRecord%26institutionID%3D18555&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h17MWNlkEcwC&pg=PA400">The Penny Cyclopaedia of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge</a>. Charles Knight. 1840. p. 400. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316153053/https://books.google.com/books?id=h17MWNlkEcwC&pg=PA400#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2024. Retrieved 21 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penny+Cyclopaedia+of+the+Society+for+the+Diffusion+of+Useful+Knowledge&rft.pages=400&rft.pub=Charles+Knight&rft.date=1840&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh17MWNlkEcwC%26pg%3DPA400&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NeutensMaeyer2009-105"><a href="#cite_ref-NeutensMaeyer2009_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTijs_NeutensPhilippe_de_Maeyer2009" class="citation book cs1">Tijs Neutens; Philippe de Maeyer (16 October 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9Xl-QL8qJTIC&pg=PA206">Developments in 3D Geo-Information Sciences</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-04791-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-04791-6"><bdi>978-3-642-04791-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developments+in+3D+Geo-Information+Sciences&rft.pages=206&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2009-10-16&rft.isbn=978-3-642-04791-6&rft.au=Tijs+Neutens&rft.au=Philippe+de+Maeyer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9Xl-QL8qJTIC%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/07/economist-explains-3">"Why is South-East Asia's Annual Haze So Hard to Deal with?"</a>. The Economist. 7 July 2013. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0613">0013-0613</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180423200401/https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/07/economist-explains-3">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2018. Retrieved 15 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Why+is+South-East+Asia%27s+Annual+Haze+So+Hard+to+Deal+with%3F&rft.date=2013-07-07&rft.issn=0013-0613&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fblogs%2Feconomist-explains%2F2013%2F07%2Feconomist-explains-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WMOCLINO-107"><a href="#cite_ref-WMOCLINO_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-5-WMO-Normals-9120/Malaysia/CSV/BayanLepas_48601.csv">"World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020"</a>. World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved 19 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Meteorological+Organization+Climate+Normals+for+1991%E2%80%932020&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nodc.noaa.gov%2Farchive%2Farc0216%2F0253808%2F1.1%2Fdata%2F0-data%2FRegion-5-WMO-Normals-9120%2FMalaysia%2FCSV%2FBayanLepas_48601.csv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ogimet-108"><a href="#cite_ref-ogimet_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gclimat?lang=en&mode=0&ind=48601&ord=DIR&year=2020&mes=12&months=12">"CLIMAT summary for 48601: Penang/Bayan Lepas (Malaysia) – Section 2: Monthly Normals"</a>. CLIMAT monthly weather summaries. Ogimet. Retrieved 21 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CLIMAT+monthly+weather+summaries&rft.atitle=CLIMAT+summary+for+48601%3A+Penang%2FBayan+Lepas+%28Malaysia%29+%E2%80%93+Section+2%3A+Monthly+Normals&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ogimet.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fgclimat%3Flang%3Den%26mode%3D0%26ind%3D48601%26ord%3DDIR%26year%3D2020%26mes%3D12%26months%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DWD-109"><a href="#cite_ref-DWD_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dwd.de/DWD/klima/beratung/ak/ak_486010_kt.pdf">"Klimatafel von Penang (George Town) / Malaysia"</a> (PDF). Baseline climate means (1961–1990) from stations all over the world (in German). Deutscher Wetterdienst. Retrieved 23 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Baseline+climate+means+%281961%E2%80%931990%29+from+stations+all+over+the+world&rft.atitle=Klimatafel+von+Penang+%28George+Town%29+%2F+Malaysia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwd.de%2FDWD%2Fklima%2Fberatung%2Fak%2Fak_486010_kt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.indiacode.nic.in/repealed-act/repealed_act_documents/A1856-27.pdf">Act No. XXVII of 1856</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Legislative_Council" title="Imperial Legislative Council">Legislative Council of India</a>. 1856. pp. 1–9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230124220138/https://www.indiacode.nic.in/repealed-act/repealed_act_documents/A1856-27.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2023. <q>An Act to comprise in one Act the provisions necessary for the assessment and collection of Municipal rates and taxes in the Towns of Calcutta, Madras, and Bombay, and the several stations of the Settlement of Prince of Wales' Island, Singapore, and Malacca, is incorporated with this act.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Act+No.+XXVII+of+1856&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.pub=Legislative+Council+of+India&rft.date=1856&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.indiacode.nic.in%2Frepealed-act%2Frepealed_act_documents%2FA1856-27.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mbpp.gov.my/ms/korporat/pengurusan/carta-organisasi">"Carta Organisasi"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" title="Penang Island City Council">Penang Island City Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230084213/https://www.mbpp.gov.my/ms/korporat/pengurusan/carta-organisasi">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. 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Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penang+Island+City+Council&rft.atitle=Councillor%27s+Profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mbpp.gov.my%2Fen%2Fcorporate%2Fpengurusan%2Fpengurusan-tertinggi%2Fprofil-ahli-majlis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mbpp.gov.my/en/corporate/background">"Background"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" title="Penang Island City Council">Penang Island City Council</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231230082711/https://www.mbpp.gov.my/en/corporate/background">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2023. 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Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Rajendran+Sworn+In+as+Fourth+Mayor+of+Penang+Island+City+Council&rft.date=2023-05-09&rft.aulast=Trisha&rft.aufirst=N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2023%2F05%2F09%2Frajendran-sworn-in-as-fourth-mayor-of-penang-island-city-council&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcIntyre2022" class="citation news cs1">McIntyre, Ian (20 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thevibes.com/articles/news/74769/penang-unveils-islands-draft-local-plan-after-long-delay">"Penang Unveils Island's Draft Local Plan after Long Delay"</a>. 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Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Vibes&rft.atitle=Penang+Unveils+Island%27s+Draft+Local+Plan+after+Long+Delay&rft.date=2022-10-20&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thevibes.com%2Farticles%2Fnews%2F74769%2Fpenang-unveils-islands-draft-local-plan-after-long-delay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mbpp.gov.my/en/corporate/function">"Function"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" title="Penang Island City Council">Penang Island City Council</a>. 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Retrieved 30 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Interactive%3A+Interesting+Facts+on+Malaysia%27s+Parliamentary+Seats&rft.date=2022-11-01&rft.aulast=Ahmad&rft.aufirst=Razak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2022%2F11%2F01%2Finteractive-interesting-facts-on-malaysias-parliamentary-seats&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Star-2023-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Star-2023_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Star-2023_126-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/05/23/pengkalan-kota-is-state-constituency-with-highest-population-density-says-stats-dept">"Pengkalan Kota is State Constituency with Highest Population Density, Says Stats Dept"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a>. 23 May 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240112065437/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2023/05/23/pengkalan-kota-is-state-constituency-with-highest-population-density-says-stats-dept">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2024. 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International Journal of Advanced and Applied Sciences. 4 (1): 114. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.21833%2Fijaas.2017.01.016">10.21833/ijaas.2017.01.016</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240316153620/https://www.academia.edu/35786800">Archived</a> from the original on 16 March 2024. 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InvestPenang. 9 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231205164413/https://investpenang.gov.my/press-release-penangs-2021-approved-manufacturing-investments-hit-all-time-high-of-rm76-2-billion/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 December 2023. Retrieved 5 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InvestPenang&rft.atitle=Penang%27s+2021+Approved+Manufacturing+Investments+Hit+All-Time+High+of+RM76.2+Billion&rft.date=2022-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Finvestpenang.gov.my%2Fpress-release-penangs-2021-approved-manufacturing-investments-hit-all-time-high-of-rm76-2-billion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chia-2017-182"><a href="#cite_ref-Chia-2017_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLianne_Chia2017" class="citation news cs1">Lianne Chia (26 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180129141207/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/a-silicon-valley-of-the-east-penang-s-thriving-start-up-communit-7576346">"A Silicon Valley of the East: Penang's Thriving Start-Up Community"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Channel_NewsAsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel NewsAsia">Channel NewsAsia</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/a-silicon-valley-of-the-east-penang-s-thriving-start-up-communit-7576346">the original</a> on 29 January 2018. 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Editions Didier Millet. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-10617-1-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-10617-1-8"><bdi>978-967-10617-1-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penang+500+Early+Postcards&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Editions+Didier+Millet&rft.date=2013-02-19&rft.isbn=978-967-10617-1-8&rft.au=Jin+Seng+Cheah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ftEFcwwx20C%26pg%3DPT71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeap1998" class="citation journal cs1">Yeap, Soon Lye (November 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/11940/1/FRSB_1998_1_A.pdf">"Urban Revitalization of Historical Town Centre: A Case Study of the Cultural Heritage Zone of George Town, Penang"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Putra_Malaysia" title="University of Putra Malaysia">University of Putra Malaysia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191124055140/http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/11940/1/FRSB_1998_1_A.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 November 2019. 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Retrieved 26 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medical+Journal+of+Malaysia&rft.atitle=How+Do+Surgeons+Weather+the+Storm+of+COVID-19+Pandemic%3F&rft.date=2020-11-06&rft.au=Kelvin+Voon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-mjm.org%2F2020%2Fv75n6%2FCOVID-19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChong2018" class="citation news cs1">Chong, Kah Yuan (23 June 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2018/06/23/balik-pulau-in-need-of-new-hospital-mp-working-to-get-a-12ha-state-plot-in-jalan-pondok-upeh-earmark">"Balik Pulau in Need of New Hospital"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231226161457/https://www.thestar.com.my/metro/metro-news/2018/06/23/balik-pulau-in-need-of-new-hospital-mp-working-to-get-a-12ha-state-plot-in-jalan-pondok-upeh-earmark">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2023. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Balik+Pulau+in+Need+of+New+Hospital&rft.date=2018-06-23&rft.aulast=Chong&rft.aufirst=Kah+Yuan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fmetro%2Fmetro-news%2F2018%2F06%2F23%2Fbalik-pulau-in-need-of-new-hospital-mp-working-to-get-a-12ha-state-plot-in-jalan-pondok-upeh-earmark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penanginstitute.org/resources/key-penang-statistics/visualisations-of-key-indicators/penang-healthcare/">"Penang's Healthcare Facilities"</a>. 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Retrieved 10 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Penang+Institute&rft.atitle=Penang%27s+Healthcare+Facilities&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenanginstitute.org%2Fresources%2Fkey-penang-statistics%2Fvisualisations-of-key-indicators%2Fpenang-healthcare%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeong2021" class="citation journal cs1">Yeong, Pey Jung (13 July 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penanginstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/07/how-has-the-pandemic-affected-Penangs-health-landscape.pdf">"How Has the Pandemic Affected Penang's Health Landscape? A Preliminary Study"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 26 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Penang+Institute&rft.atitle=How+Has+the+Pandemic+Affected+Penang%27s+Health+Landscape%3F+A+Preliminary+Study&rft.date=2021-07-13&rft.aulast=Yeong&rft.aufirst=Pey+Jung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenanginstitute.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2021%2F07%2Fhow-has-the-pandemic-affected-Penangs-health-landscape.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wong2-267"><a href="#cite_ref-Wong2_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWong2013" class="citation news cs1">Wong, Chun Wai (7 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171231051605/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/community/2013/12/07/extra-extra-read-all-about-it-penang-is-home-to-many-of-the-countrys-earliest-english-newspapers/">"Penang is Home to Many of Malaysia's Earliest English Newspapers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Star_(Malaysia)" title="The Star (Malaysia)">The Star</a>. 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Retrieved 8 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Penang+is+Home+to+Many+of+Malaysia%27s+Earliest+English+Newspapers&rft.date=2013-12-07&rft.aulast=Wong&rft.aufirst=Chun+Wai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fcommunity%2F2013%2F12%2F07%2Fextra-extra-read-all-about-it-penang-is-home-to-many-of-the-countrys-earliest-english-newspapers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nambiar-2021-268">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nambiar-2021_268-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nambiar-2021_268-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nambiar-2021_268-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNambiar2021" class="citation news cs1">Nambiar, Predeep (3 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/05/03/tale-of-a-tiger-that-caused-a-penang-paper-to-close/">"Tale of a Tiger that Caused a Penang Paper to Close"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Free_Malaysia_Today" title="Free Malaysia Today">Free Malaysia Today</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231227060034/https://www.freemalaysiatoday.com/category/nation/2021/05/03/tale-of-a-tiger-that-caused-a-penang-paper-to-close/">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2023. 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Jurnal Komunikasi. 8. <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Malaysia" title="National University of Malaysia">National University of Malaysia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181101124906/http://journalarticle.ukm.my/4885/1/9(1).pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 21 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jurnal+Komunikasi&rft.atitle=Malaysian+Press%3A+A+Brief+Account+of+Newspapers+Published+in+British+Malaya&rft.volume=8&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Othman&rft.aufirst=Mohd.+Dhari&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournalarticle.ukm.my%2F4885%2F1%2F9%25281%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://issuu.com/starmediagroup/docs/the_star_first_issue_9_sept_1971">"The Star Malaysia's First Issue (9 Sept 1971)"</a>. 9 September 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231229055900/https://issuu.com/starmediagroup/docs/the_star_first_issue_9_sept_1971">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2023. 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Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SAYS&rft.atitle=%27The+Amazing+Race%27+Celeb+Contestants+Believed+To+Be+Spotted+In+Penang+Filming+New+Season&rft.date=2023-06-19&rft.aulast=Jayne&rft.aufirst=Tamara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsays.com%2Fmy%2Fentertainment%2Famazing-race-contestants-believed-to-be-spotted-in-penang-filming-new-season&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Institution_of_Civil_Engineers-277">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Institution_of_Civil_Engineers_277-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Institution_of_Civil_Engineers_277-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ice.org.uk/what-is-civil-engineering/what-do-civil-engineers-do/penang-bridges">"Penang Bridges"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Civil_Engineers" title="Institution of Civil Engineers">Institution of Civil Engineers</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231217100646/https://www.ice.org.uk/what-is-civil-engineering/what-do-civil-engineers-do/penang-bridges">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2023. 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Retrieved 27 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SRS+Consortium&rft.atitle=The+Proposed+Pan+Island+Link+1+Highway+Project%2C+Penang&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fenviro2.doe.gov.my%2Fekmc%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F07%2FWSB-SRS-CHAPTER-10-PIL1-Rev05-STUDY-FINDINGS-19-4-18-SRS.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jkr-279"><a href="#cite_ref-jkr_279-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Statistik Jalan (Edisi 2013). <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Public_Works_Department" title="Malaysian Public Works Department">Malaysian Public Works Department</a>. 2013. pp. 16–64. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1985-9619">1985-9619</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statistik+Jalan+%28Edisi+2013%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E16-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.pub=Malaysian+Public+Works+Department&rft.date=2013&rft.issn=1985-9619&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMak_Hoy_Ken2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mak Hoy Ken, Tan Ee Zhio (3 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn1.i3investor.com/my/files/dfgs88n/2014/12/03/1481920274--1115941318.pdf">"Penang Transport Master Plan: Convergence of Connectivity and Rising Land Values"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 29 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buletin+Mutiara&rft.atitle=Third+Submarine+Pipeline+Project+is+Forward+Thinking%2C+Says+CM+Chow&rft.date=2019-11-23&rft.aulast=Ong&rft.aufirst=K.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buletinmutiara.com%2Fthird-submarine-pipeline-project-is-forward-thinking-says-cm-chow%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pba.com.my/penang-dams-effective-capacity/">"Penang Dams & Effective Capacity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penang_Water_Supply_Corporation" title="Penang Water Supply Corporation">Penang Water Supply Corporation</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231229154620/https://pba.com.my/penang-dams-effective-capacity/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2023. 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Retrieved 29 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Penang+Supply+Booster+Project+to+Develop+National+Grid&rft.date=2022-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fbusiness%2Fbusiness-news%2F2022%2F10%2F14%2Fpenang-supply-booster-project-to-develop-national-grid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkmal2024" class="citation news cs1">Akmal, Riadz (30 August 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/pdc-and-tnb-genco-partner-for-redevelopment-of-gelugor-power-station/">"PDC and TNB Genco Partner for Redevelopment of Gelugor Power Station"</a>. Buletin Mutiara. 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The Vibes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231229154618/https://www.thevibes.com/articles/business/71280/penang-airport-set-to-be-first-in-msia-with-public-5g-network">Archived</a> from the original on 29 December 2023. Retrieved 29 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Vibes&rft.atitle=Penang+Airport+Set+to+be+First+in+M%27sia+with+Public+5G+Network&rft.date=2022-09-13&rft.aulast=McIntyre&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thevibes.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F71280%2Fpenang-airport-set-to-be-first-in-msia-with-public-5g-network&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpalyn_Mok2024" class="citation news cs1">Opalyn Mok (5 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/money/2024/01/05/de-cix-partners-digital-penang-to-launch-pix-as-central-hub-for-data-exchange/110771">"DE-CIX Partners Digital Penang to Launch PIX as Central Hub for Data Exchange"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malay_Mail" title="Malay Mail">Malay Mail</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107063816/https://www.malaymail.com/news/money/2024/01/05/de-cix-partners-digital-penang-to-launch-pix-as-central-hub-for-data-exchange/110771">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malay+Mail&rft.atitle=DE-CIX+Partners+Digital+Penang+to+Launch+PIX+as+Central+Hub+for+Data+Exchange&rft.date=2024-01-05&rft.au=Opalyn+Mok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaymail.com%2Fnews%2Fmoney%2F2024%2F01%2F05%2Fde-cix-partners-digital-penang-to-launch-pix-as-central-hub-for-data-exchange%2F110771&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.de-cix.net/en/services/where-to-connect#Location_Penang">"Where to Connect"</a>. <a href="/wiki/DE-CIX" title="DE-CIX">DE-CIX</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240107063818/https://www.de-cix.net/en/services/where-to-connect#Location_Penang">Archived</a> from the original on 7 January 2024. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DE-CIX&rft.atitle=Where+to+Connect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.de-cix.net%2Fen%2Fservices%2Fwhere-to-connect%23Location_Penang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Okt-310"><a href="#cite_ref-Okt_310-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kln.gov.my/documents/8390448/8439172/Diplomatic+and+Consular+List/609dd90b-5710-4de9-9764-0c7adf145caa">"Diplomatic and Consular List November 2023"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Malaysia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Malaysia</a>. November 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230215095736/https://www.kln.gov.my/documents/8390448/8439172/Diplomatic+and+Consular+List/609dd90b-5710-4de9-9764-0c7adf145caa">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2023. Retrieved 2 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs%2C+Malaysia&rft.atitle=Diplomatic+and+Consular+List+November+2023&rft.date=2023-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kln.gov.my%2Fdocuments%2F8390448%2F8439172%2FDiplomatic%2Band%2BConsular%2BList%2F609dd90b-5710-4de9-9764-0c7adf145caa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thesun.my/local_news/kazakhstan-opens-consulate-in-penang-HD11565507">"Kazakhstan opens consulate in Penang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(Malaysia)" title="The Sun (Malaysia)">The Sun</a>. 2 October 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231215151224/https://thesun.my/local_news/kazakhstan-opens-consulate-in-penang-HD11565507">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2023. Retrieved 13 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun&rft.atitle=Kazakhstan+opens+consulate+in+Penang&rft.date=2023-10-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesun.my%2Flocal_news%2Fkazakhstan-opens-consulate-in-penang-HD11565507&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://idirektori.penang.gov.my/papar_konsulat.php?idkonsulat=10">"Konsul Kehormat Denmark/Norway"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Penang" title="Government of Penang">Penang state government</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231226161500/https://idirektori.penang.gov.my/papar_konsulat.php?idkonsulat=10">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2023. 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Retrieved 23 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+Board&rft.atitle=Hon+Sui+Sen&rft.date=2016-03-29&rft.au=Cheryl+Sim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nlb.gov.sg%2Fmain%2Farticle-detail%3Fcmsuuid%3D18078256-1e32-4f97-b776-c6dc62bdb7b2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOmar" class="citation web cs1">Omar, Marsita. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nlb.gov.sg/main/article-detail?cmsuuid=3a2c79d1-da4d-41f6-9691-24b6bbd89f61">"Wee Chong Jin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_Board" title="National Library Board">National Library Board</a>. 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Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Repair+Work+on+P.+Ramlee%27s+Penang+House+to+Start+Sept+28&rft.date=2023-09-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2023%2F09%2F27%2Frepair-work-on-p-ramlee039s-penang-house-to-start-sept-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ptab.jpm.gov.my/index.php/biografi/">"Biodata Peribadi"</a>. Secretariat Office of Tun Abdullah Haji Ahmad Badawi, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister%27s_Department_(Malaysia)" title="Prime Minister's Department (Malaysia)">Prime Minister's Department</a>. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Secretariat+Office+of+Tun+Abdullah+Haji+Ahmad+Badawi%2C+Prime+Minister%27s+Department&rft.atitle=Biodata+Peribadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fptab.jpm.gov.my%2Findex.php%2Fbiografi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.todayonline.com/world/asia/tiger-jelutong-went-down-while-battling-clients-lawsuit">"Tiger of Jelutong Went Down While Battling Client's Lawsuit"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Today_(Singapore_newspaper)" class="mw-redirect" title="Today (Singapore newspaper)">Today</a>. 18 April 2014. 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Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun&rft.atitle=Diamonds+on+the+Feet%3A+Jimmy+Choo+Tribute&rft.date=2022-08-19&rft.aulast=Zairill&rft.aufirst=Hazique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthesun.my%2Fstyle-life%2Fdiamonds-on-the-feet-jimmy-choo-tribute-FB9641557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/nation/2022/01/767270/alleycats-david-helps-raise-penangs-profile-through-new-compilation-album">"Alleycats' David Helps Raise Penang's Profile Through New Compilation Album"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a>. 29 January 2022. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Alleycats%27+David+Helps+Raise+Penang%27s+Profile+Through+New+Compilation+Album&rft.date=2022-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2022%2F01%2F767270%2Falleycats-david-helps-raise-penangs-profile-through-new-compilation-album&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorfield2010" class="citation book cs1">Corfield, Justin (2010). Historical Dictionary of Singapore. Scarecrow Press. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810873872" title="Special:BookSources/9780810873872"><bdi>9780810873872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Singapore&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780810873872&rft.aulast=Corfield&rft.aufirst=Justin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/throwback-thursday-hrh-sultan-dr-nazrin-muizzuddin-shah">"Throwback Thursday: HRH Sultan Dr Nazrin Muizzuddin Shah"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a>. 7 May 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Throwback+Thursday%3A+HRH+Sultan+Dr+Nazrin+Muizzuddin+Shah&rft.date=2015-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fnews%2F2015%2F09%2Fthrowback-thursday-hrh-sultan-dr-nazrin-muizzuddin-shah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2007" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Amy Elisabeth (September 2007). Contemporary Authors. Cengage Gale. p. 267. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-7887-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7876-7887-6"><bdi>978-0-7876-7887-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Authors&rft.pages=267&rft.pub=Cengage+Gale&rft.date=2007-09&rft.isbn=978-0-7876-7887-6&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Amy+Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOpalyn_Mok2014" class="citation news cs1">Opalyn Mok (14 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.malaymail.com/news/showbiz/2014/09/14/10-things-about-saw-teong-hin-award-winning-producer-director-and-son-of-pe/745535">"10 Things About: Saw Teong Hin, Award-winning Producer/Director and Son of Penang"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Malay_Mail" title="Malay Mail">Malay Mail</a>. Retrieved 23 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Malay+Mail&rft.atitle=10+Things+About%3A+Saw+Teong+Hin%2C+Award-winning+Producer%2FDirector+and+Son+of+Penang&rft.date=2014-09-14&rft.au=Opalyn+Mok&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.malaymail.com%2Fnews%2Fshowbiz%2F2014%2F09%2F14%2F10-things-about-saw-teong-hin-award-winning-producer-director-and-son-of-pe%2F745535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennis_Chua2014" class="citation news cs1">Dennis Chua (15 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nst.com.my/news/2015/09/close-nicol-david">"Up Close with Nicol David"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Straits_Times" title="New Straits Times">New Straits Times</a>. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Up+Close+with+Nicol+David&rft.date=2014-08-15&rft.au=Dennis+Chua&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nst.com.my%2Fnews%2F2015%2F09%2Fclose-nicol-david&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bwfworldtourfinals.bwfbadminton.com/zh-cn/player/53142/chan-peng-soon">"Chan Peng Soon Profile"</a>. <a href="/wiki/BWF_World_Tour_Finals" title="BWF World Tour Finals">BWF World Tour Finals</a>. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BWF+World+Tour+Finals&rft.atitle=Chan+Peng+Soon+Profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbwfworldtourfinals.bwfbadminton.com%2Fzh-cn%2Fplayer%2F53142%2Fchan-peng-soon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOng2021" class="citation news cs1">Ong, K.H. (20 December 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.buletinmutiara.com/a-super-happy-day-for-the-loh-family-after-kean-yew-becomes-world-badminton-champion/">"A Super Happy day for the Loh Family After Kean Yew Becomes World Badminton Champion"</a>. Buletin Mutiara. Retrieved 7 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Buletin+Mutiara&rft.atitle=A+Super+Happy+day+for+the+Loh+Family+After+Kean+Yew+Becomes+World+Badminton+Champion&rft.date=2021-12-20&rft.aulast=Ong&rft.aufirst=K.H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.buletinmutiara.com%2Fa-super-happy-day-for-the-loh-family-after-kean-yew-becomes-world-badminton-champion%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/find-data/search-by-theme/society/environment/latest-data">"Environment"</a>. Department of Statistics Singapore. Retrieved 29 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Statistics+Singapore&rft.atitle=Environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Ffind-data%2Fsearch-by-theme%2Fsociety%2Fenvironment%2Flatest-data&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnm.gov.my/exchange-rates?p_p_id=bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet&p_p_lifecycle=0&p_p_state=normal&p_p_mode=view&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_monthStart=0&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_yearStart=2021&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_monthEnd=11&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_yearEnd=2021&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_sessionTime=0900&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_rateType=MR&_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_quotation=fx">"Exchange Rates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Malaysia" title="Central Bank of Malaysia">Central Bank of Malaysia</a>. Retrieved 21 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Central+Bank+of+Malaysia&rft.atitle=Exchange+Rates&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnm.gov.my%2Fexchange-rates%3Fp_p_id%3Dbnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet%26p_p_lifecycle%3D0%26p_p_state%3Dnormal%26p_p_mode%3Dview%26_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_monthStart%3D0%26_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_yearStart%3D2021%26_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_monthEnd%3D11%26_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_yearEnd%3D2021%26_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_sessionTime%3D0900%26_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_rateType%3DMR%26_bnm_exchange_rate_display_portlet_quotation%3Dfx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Town%2C+Penang" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Suet Leng Khoo; Narimah Samat; Nurwati Badarulzaman; Sharifah Rohayah Sheikh Dawood The Promise and Perils of the Island City of George Town (Penang) as a Creative City. Urban Island Studies. (2015).</li> <li>Francis, Ric; Ganley, Colin. Penang Trams, Trolleybuses & Railways: Municipal Transport History 1880s–1963. Penang: Areca Books. (2006, 2nd ed. 2012) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/983-42834-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/983-42834-0-7">983-42834-0-7</a>.</li> <li>Khoo Salma Nasution. More Than Merchants: A History of the German-speaking Community in Penang, 1800s–1940s. Areca Books. (2006). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-983-42834-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-983-42834-1-4">978-983-42834-1-4</a></li> <li>Ooi Cheng Ghee. Portraits of Penang: Little India. Areca Books. (2011). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-967-5719-05-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-967-5719-05-9">978-967-5719-05-9</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:George_Town,_Penang" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:George Town, Penang">George Town, Penang</a>.</div></div> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Adjacent_communities" title="Template talk:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent_communities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Adjacent communities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Places_adjacent_to_George_Town,_Penang38" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Places adjacent to George Town, Penang</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table role="presentation" style="width:100%; margin:0; text-align:center;"><tbody><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/14px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/21px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pfeil_oben.svg/28px-Pfeil_oben.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Malacca Strait</a></td> <td style="width:33%;"> <div style="white-space:nowrap;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/17px-Pfeil_links.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/25px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Pfeil_links.svg/34px-Pfeil_links.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" />George Town<img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/17px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/25px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Pfeil_rechts.svg/34px-Pfeil_rechts.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="500" /></div> </td> <td style="width:33%"><a href="/wiki/Penang_Strait" title="Penang Strait">Penang Strait</a></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/14px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/21px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pfeil_unten.svg/28px-Pfeil_unten.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="600" /></td> <td></td> </tr><tr> <td></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Malacca Strait</a></td> <td></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15px_State_of_Penang584" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Penang" title="Template:Penang"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Penang" title="Template talk:Penang"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Penang" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Penang"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="15px_State_of_Penang584" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Penang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coat_of_arms_of_Penang.svg/15px-Coat_of_arms_of_Penang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coat_of_arms_of_Penang.svg/23px-Coat_of_arms_of_Penang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coat_of_arms_of_Penang.svg/30px-Coat_of_arms_of_Penang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="540" /></a> <a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">State</a> of <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Town</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_State_of_Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the State of Penang">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Penang" title="Elections in Penang">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Penang_state_election" title="2008 Penang state election">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Penang_state_election" title="2013 Penang state election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Penang_state_election" title="2018 Penang state election">2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Penang_state_election" title="2023 Penang state election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_electoral_districts_in_Penang" title="List of electoral districts in Penang">Constituencies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Penang" title="Government of Penang">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_State_Executive_Council" title="Penang State Executive Council">Executive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Penang" title="List of governors of Penang">Governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chief_Ministers_of_Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Chief Ministers of Penang">Chief Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chief_Minister_of_Penang" title="Deputy Chief Minister of Penang">Deputy Chief Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Penang State Legislative Assembly">Legislature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Penang_State_Legislative_Assembly" title="Speaker of the Penang State Legislative Assembly">Speaker</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Geography_of_Penang" title="Template:Geography of Penang">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Penang" title="History of Penang">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_George_Town,_Penang" title="History of George Town, Penang">George Town</a></li></ul></li> <li>Symbols <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Untuk_Negeri_Kita" title="Untuk Negeri Kita">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Penang" title="Coat of arms of Penang">Coats of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Penang" title="Flag of Penang">Flag</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Penang" title="Architecture of Penang">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tallest_buildings_in_George_Town,_Penang" title="List of tallest buildings in George Town, Penang">Tallest skyscrapers in George Town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of Penang">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Penang" title="Demographics of Penang">Demographics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penangite_Chinese" title="Penangite Chinese">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang">Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Penang" title="Economy of Penang">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Penang" title="Education in Penang">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_schools_in_Penang" title="List of schools in Penang">List of schools</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Penang" title="Transport in Penang">Transportation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_streets_in_George_Town,_Penang" title="List of streets in George Town, Penang">Streets in George Town</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_tourist_attractions_in_Penang" title="List of tourist attractions in Penang">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Administrative divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metropolitan area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Penang_Conurbation" title="Greater Penang Conurbation">George Town Conurbation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_George_Town.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Seal_of_George_Town.svg/20px-Seal_of_George_Town.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Seal_of_George_Town.svg/30px-Seal_of_George_Town.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Seal_of_George_Town.svg/40px-Seal_of_George_Town.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="452" data-file-height="427" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Local government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" title="Penang Island City Council">Penang Island City Council</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Downtown and suburbs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayer_Itam" title="Ayer Itam">Ayer Itam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balik_Pulau" title="Balik Pulau">Balik Pulau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Ferringhi" title="Batu Ferringhi">Batu Ferringhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_Lepas" title="Bayan Lepas">Bayan Lepas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_Lepas_Free_Industrial_Zone" title="Bayan Lepas Free Industrial Zone">FIZ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_George_Town,_Penang" title="Central George Town, Penang">Downtown George Town</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Town_Central_Business_District,_Penang" title="George Town Central Business District, Penang">CBD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelugor" title="Gelugor">Gelugor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertak_Sanggul" title="Gertak Sanggul">Gertak Sanggul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelutong,_Penang" title="Jelutong, Penang">Jelutong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantai_Acheh" title="Pantai Acheh">Pantai Acheh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paya_Terubong" title="Paya Terubong">Paya Terubong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Hill" title="Penang Hill">Penang Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relau" title="Relau">Relau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Bungah" title="Tanjong Bungah">Tanjong Bungah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Pinang" title="Tanjong Pinang">Tanjong Pinang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanjong_Tokong" title="Tanjong Tokong">Tanjong Tokong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Bahang" title="Teluk Bahang">Teluk Bahang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Kumbar" title="Teluk Kumbar">Teluk Kumbar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Residential neighbourhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ayer_Rajah,_Penang" title="Ayer Rajah, Penang">Ayer Rajah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farlim" title="Farlim">Bandar Baru Air Itam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Sri_Pinang" title="Bandar Sri Pinang">Bandar Sri Pinang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Lanchang" title="Batu Lanchang">Batu Lanchang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Maung" title="Batu Maung">Batu Maung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Uban" title="Batu Uban">Batu Uban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_Baru" title="Bayan Baru">Bayan Baru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Jambul" title="Bukit Jambul">Bukit Jambul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clan_Jetties" title="Clan Jetties">Clan Jetties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampong_Serani" title="Kampong Serani">Kampong Serani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampung_Siam,_Penang" title="Kampung Siam, Penang">Kampung Siam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macallum_Street_Ghaut" title="Macallum Street Ghaut">Macallum Street Ghaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minden_Heights" title="Minden Heights">Minden Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Erskine" title="Mount Erskine">Mount Erskine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Court,_Penang" title="People's Court, Penang">People's Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulau_Tikus" title="Pulau Tikus">Pulau Tikus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rifle_Range,_Penang" title="Rifle Range, Penang">Rifle Range</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Ara" title="Sungai Ara">Sungai Ara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Dua" title="Sungai Dua">Sungai Dua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Nibong" title="Sungai Nibong">Sungai Nibong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Pinang" title="Sungai Pinang">Sungai Pinang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_Free_School" title="Taman Free School">Taman Free School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taman_Tun_Sardon" title="Taman Tun Sardon">Taman Tun Sardon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Light_Waterfront" title="The Light Waterfront">The Light</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kampung_Buah_Pala" title="Kampung Buah Pala">Kampung Buah Pala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampung_Seronok" title="Kampung Seronok">Kampung Seronok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permatang_Damar_Laut" title="Permatang Damar Laut">Permatang Damar Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Tempoyak" title="Teluk Tempoyak">Teluk Tempoyak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Island,_Penang" title="Andaman Island, Penang">Andaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betong_Island" title="Betong Island">Betong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazumbo_Island" title="Gazumbo Island">Gazumbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerejak_Island" title="Jerejak Island">Jerejak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kendi_Island" title="Kendi Island">Kendi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lovers%27_Isle" title="Lovers' Isle">Lovers'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Island" title="Penang Island">Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimau_Island" title="Rimau Island">Rimau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Island" title="Silicon Island">Silicon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikus_Island" title="Tikus Island">Tikus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North-East_District_(Penang)" title="North-East District (Penang)">Northeast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-West_District_(Penang)" title="South-West District (Penang)">Southwest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/File:Seberang_Perai_City_Council_(MBSP_-_Majlis_Bandaraya_Seberang_Perai)_Logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Seberang_Perai_City_Council_%28MBSP_-_Majlis_Bandaraya_Seberang_Perai%29_Logo.png/20px-Seberang_Perai_City_Council_%28MBSP_-_Majlis_Bandaraya_Seberang_Perai%29_Logo.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Seberang_Perai_City_Council_%28MBSP_-_Majlis_Bandaraya_Seberang_Perai%29_Logo.png/30px-Seberang_Perai_City_Council_%28MBSP_-_Majlis_Bandaraya_Seberang_Perai%29_Logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Seberang_Perai_City_Council_%28MBSP_-_Majlis_Bandaraya_Seberang_Perai%29_Logo.png/40px-Seberang_Perai_City_Council_%28MBSP_-_Majlis_Bandaraya_Seberang_Perai%29_Logo.png 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1250" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Seberang_Perai" title="Seberang Perai">Seberang Perai</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Local government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Seberang_Perai_City_Council" title="Seberang Perai City Council">Seberang Perai City Council</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Downtown and suburbs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batu_Kawan" title="Batu Kawan">Batu Kawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Mertajam" title="Bukit Mertajam">Bukit Mertajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Minyak" title="Bukit Minyak">Bukit Minyak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Tambun" title="Bukit Tambun">Bukit Tambun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Tengah" title="Bukit Tengah">Bukit Tengah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterworth,_Seberang_Perai" title="Butterworth, Seberang Perai">Butterworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juru,_Malaysia" title="Juru, Malaysia">Juru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kepala_Batas,_Seberang_Perai" title="Kepala Batas, Seberang Perai">Kepala Batas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mak_Mandin" title="Mak Mandin">Mak Mandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibong_Tebal" title="Nibong Tebal">Nibong Tebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perai" title="Perai">Perai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perai_Free_Industrial_Zone" title="Perai Free Industrial Zone">FIZ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permatang_Pauh" title="Permatang Pauh">Permatang Pauh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seberang_Jaya" title="Seberang Jaya">Seberang Jaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Bakap" title="Sungai Bakap">Sungai Bakap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Jawi" title="Sungai Jawi">Sungai Jawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasek_Gelugor" title="Tasek Gelugor">Tasek Gelugor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teluk_Air_Tawar" title="Teluk Air Tawar">Teluk Air Tawar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Residential neighbourhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alma,_Bukit_Mertajam" title="Alma, Bukit Mertajam">Alma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_Ajam" title="Bagan Ajam">Bagan Ajam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_Dalam" title="Bagan Dalam">Bagan Dalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_Jermal,_Butterworth" title="Bagan Jermal, Butterworth">Bagan Jermal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_Luar" title="Bagan Luar">Bagan Luar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherok_Tok_Kun" title="Cherok Tok Kun">Cherok Tok Kun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penanti" title="Penanti">Penanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinang_Tunggal" title="Pinang Tunggal">Pinang Tunggal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simpang_Ampat,_Seberang_Perai" title="Simpang Ampat, Seberang Perai">Simpang Ampat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Dua,_Butterworth" title="Sungai Dua, Butterworth">Sungai Dua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_d%27Or,_Penang" title="Val d'Or, Penang">Val d'Or</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Machang_Bubok" title="Machang Bubok">Machang Bubok New Village</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengkuang_Titi" title="Mengkuang Titi">Mengkuang Titi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permatang_Pasir" title="Permatang Pasir">Permatang Pasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permatang_Rambai" title="Permatang Rambai">Permatang Rambai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permatang_Tinggi" title="Permatang Tinggi">Permatang Tinggi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Islands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aman_Island" title="Aman Island">Aman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gedung_Island" title="Gedung Island">Gedung</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: right;">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Seberang_Perai_District" title="North Seberang Perai District">North Seberang Perai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Seberang_Perai_District" title="Central Seberang Perai District">Central Seberang Perai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seberang_Perai_District" title="South Seberang Perai District">South Seberang Perai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Penang" class="extiw" title="commons:Penang">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikisource page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/15px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/23px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/30px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Portal:Penang" class="extiw" title="s:Portal:Penang">Wikisource</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Penang" title="Category:Penang">Category</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_Penang" title="Category:Tourist attractions in Penang">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="George_Town_Conurbation181" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Greater_Penang_Conurbation" title="Template:Greater Penang Conurbation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Greater_Penang_Conurbation" title="Template talk:Greater Penang Conurbation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Greater_Penang_Conurbation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Greater Penang Conurbation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="George_Town_Conurbation181" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Penang_Conurbation" title="Greater Penang Conurbation">George Town Conurbation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cities and municipalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seberang_Perai" title="Seberang Perai">Seberang Perai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Petani" title="Sungai Petani">Sungai Petani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulim_District" title="Kulim District">Kulim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Baharu_District" title="Bandar Baharu District">Bandar Baharu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yan_District" title="Yan District">Yan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_Serai" title="Bagan Serai">Bagan Serai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Merah,_Perak" title="Bukit Merah, Perak">Bukit Merah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parit_Buntar" title="Parit Buntar">Parit Buntar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larut,_Matang_and_Selama_District" title="Larut, Matang and Selama District">Selama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Local authorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Island_City_Council" title="Penang Island City Council">Penang Island City Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seberang_Perai_City_Council" title="Seberang Perai City Council">Seberang Perai City Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Petani_Municipal_Council" title="Sungai Petani Municipal Council">Sungai Petani Municipal Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulim_Municipal_Council" title="Kulim Municipal Council">Kulim Municipal Council</a></li> <li>Bandar Baharu District Council</li> <li>Yan District Council</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kerian District Council</li> <li>Selama District Council</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infrastructure</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_International_Airport" title="Penang International Airport">Penang International Airport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Seaports</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Penang" title="Port of Penang">Port of Penang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rail stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Petani_railway_station" title="Sungai Petani railway station">Sungai Petani</a></li> <li>Tasek Gelugor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Mertajam_railway_station" title="Bukit Mertajam railway station">Bukit Mertajam</a></li> <li>Bukit Tengah</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterworth_railway_station" title="Butterworth railway station">Butterworth</a></li> <li>Simpang Ampat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nibong_Tebal_railway_station" title="Nibong Tebal railway station">Nibong Tebal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parit_Buntar_railway_station" title="Parit Buntar railway station">Parit Buntar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagan_Serai_railway_station" title="Bagan Serai railway station">Bagan Serai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Intercity bus terminals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sentral" title="Penang Sentral">Penang Sentral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Nibong_Bus_Terminal" title="Sungai Nibong Bus Terminal">Sungai Nibong</a></li> <li>UTC Sungai Petani</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bridges</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Bridge" title="Penang Bridge">Penang Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_Muadzam_Shah_Bridge" title="Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge">Second Penang Bridge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roads</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_Expressway_Northern_Route" title="North–South Expressway Northern Route">North-South Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterworth%E2%80%93Kulim_Expressway" title="Butterworth–Kulim Expressway">Butterworth–Kulim Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterworth_Outer_Ring_Road" title="Butterworth Outer Ring Road">Butterworth Outer Ring Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterworth%E2%80%93Seberang_Jaya_Toll_Road" title="Butterworth–Seberang Jaya Toll Road">Butterworth–Seberang Jaya Toll Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Federal_Route_6" title="Malaysia Federal Route 6">Federal Route 6</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gelugor_Highway" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelugor Highway">Gelugor Highway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Town_Inner_Ring_Road" title="George Town Inner Ring Road">George Town Inner Ring Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tun_Dr_Lim_Chong_Eu_Expressway" title="Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu Expressway">Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu Expressway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tertiary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Science,_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Science, Malaysia">Universiti Sains Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wawasan_Open_University" title="Wawasan Open University">Wawasan Open University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_College_of_Surgeons_in_Ireland_and_University_College_Dublin_Malaysia_Campus" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and University College Dublin Malaysia Campus">Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland and University College Dublin Malaysia Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEGi_College_Penang" title="SEGi College Penang">SEGi College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chiang_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Chiang College">Han Chiang College</a></li> <li>Equator Academy of Arts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lam_Wah_Ee_Nursing_College" title="Lam Wah Ee Nursing College">Lam Wah Ee Nursing College</a></li> <li>Penang International Dental College</li> <li>Penang Skills and Development Centre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunku_Abdul_Rahman_University_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunku Abdul Rahman University College">Tunku Abdul Rahman University College</a></li> <li>INTI International College</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DISTED_College" title="DISTED College">DISTED College</a></li> <li>The One Academy</li> <li>PTPL College</li> <li>Cosmopoint College</li> <li><a href="/wiki/AIMST_University" title="AIMST University">AIMST University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universiti_Teknologi_MARA" title="Universiti Teknologi MARA">Universiti Teknologi MARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_University_Malaysia" title="Open University Malaysia">Open University Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolej_Universiti_Insaniah" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolej Universiti Insaniah">Kolej Universiti Insaniah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9A%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E4%BA%BA%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1" class="extiw" title="ja:ペナン日本人学校">Penang Japanese School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taipei_School_Penang" title="Chinese Taipei School Penang">Chinese Taipei School Penang</a></li> <li>Prince of Wales International School</li> <li>St. Christopher's International Primary School</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_International_School_of_Penang_(Uplands)" title="The International School of Penang (Uplands)">Uplands International School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalat_International_School" title="Dalat International School">Dalat International School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenby_Schools_Penang" title="Tenby Schools Penang">Tenby International School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairview_International_School" title="Fairview International School">Fairview International School</a></li> <li>Straits International School</li> <li>Pelita International School</li> <li>XCL International School</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shopping</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Avenue_Mall" title="1st Avenue Mall">1st Avenue Mall</a></li> <li>AEON Bukit Mertajam</li> <li>All Seasons Place</li> <li>Auto-City Penang</li> <li>Bukit Jambul Complex</li> <li>Bukit Mertajam Wholesale City</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Residence" title="City Residence">City Junction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Design_Village" title="Design Village">Design Village</a></li> <li>D'Piazza Mall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GAMA_Supermarket_%26_Departmental_Store" title="GAMA Supermarket & Departmental Store">GAMA</a></li> <li>GBS@Mayang</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_Paragon" title="Gurney Paragon">Gurney Paragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurney_Plaza" title="Gurney Plaza">Gurney Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komtar" title="Komtar">ICT Digital Mall</a></li> <li>IKEA Batu Kawan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_88" title="Island 88">Island 88</a></li> <li>Klippa Shopping Centre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M_Mall_O2O" title="M Mall O2O">M Mall O2O</a></li> <li>Megamal Pinang</li> <li>One Precinct</li> <li>Pearl City Mall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Plaza" title="Penang Plaza">Penang Plaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Times_Square" title="Penang Times Square">Penang Times Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prangin_Mall" title="Prangin Mall">Prangin Mall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensbay_Mall" title="Queensbay Mall">Queensbay Mall</a></li> <li>Southbay Plaza</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straits_Quay" title="Straits Quay">Straits Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Central" title="Sunshine Central">Sunshine Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunshine_Square" title="Sunshine Square">Sunshine Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunway_Carnival_Mall" title="Sunway Carnival Mall">Sunway Carnival Mall</a></li> <li>Udini Square</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Amanjaya Mall</li> <li>Central Square</li> <li>Kulim Landmark Central</li> <li>Petani Parade</li> <li>SP Plaza</li> <li>Village Mall</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Kerian Sentral Mall</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>italics indicates an ongoing construction project.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_George_Town,_Penang106" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_George_Town,_Penang106" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to George Town, Penang</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Malaysia49" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Cities in Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Cities in Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Malaysia49" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Malaysia" title="List of cities in Malaysia">Cities in Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alor_Setar" title="Alor Setar">Alor Setar</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri" title="Iskandar Puteri">Iskandar Puteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru" title="Johor Bahru">Johor Bahru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klang_(city)" title="Klang (city)">Klang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu" title="Kota Kinabalu">Kota Kinabalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Terengganu" title="Kuala Terengganu">Kuala Terengganu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuantan" title="Kuantan">Kuantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_City" title="Malacca City">Malacca City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miri" title="Miri">Miri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasir_Gudang" title="Pasir Gudang">Pasir Gudang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petaling_Jaya" title="Petaling Jaya">Petaling Jaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seberang_Perai" title="Seberang Perai">Seberang Perai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seremban" title="Seremban">Seremban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam" title="Shah Alam">Shah Alam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subang_Jaya" title="Subang Jaya">Subang Jaya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Malaysia&#124;link=Malaysia_Malaysian_cities_with_a_population_of_more_than_200,000286" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Most populous cities in Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Most_populous_cities_in_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Most populous cities in Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Most_populous_cities_in_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Most populous cities in Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Malaysia&#124;link=Malaysia_Malaysian_cities_with_a_population_of_more_than_200,000286" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Malaysia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population">Malaysian cities with a population of more than 200,000</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000,000–1,999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> (capital)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">500,000–999,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru" title="Johor Bahru">Johor Bahru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu" title="Kota Kinabalu">Kota Kinabalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuantan" title="Kuantan">Kuantan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petaling_Jaya" title="Petaling Jaya">Petaling Jaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam" title="Shah Alam">Shah Alam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subang_Jaya" title="Subang Jaya">Subang Jaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri" title="Iskandar Puteri">Iskandar Puteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seremban" title="Seremban">Seremban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seberang_Perai" title="Seberang Perai">Seberang Perai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">200,000–499,999</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_City" title="Malacca City">Malacca City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alor_Setar" title="Alor Setar">Alor Setar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Terengganu" title="Kuala Terengganu">Kuala Terengganu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuching" title="Kuching">Kuching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasir_Gudang" title="Pasir Gudang">Pasir Gudang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miri" title="Miri">Miri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Largest_cities_and_municipalities_in_MalaysiaDepartment_of_Statistics,_Malaysia_(2020)552" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Malaysia" title="Template:Largest cities of Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Largest_cities_and_municipalities_in_MalaysiaDepartment_of_Statistics,_Malaysia_(2020)552" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Largest <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Malaysia_by_population#Classification" title="List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population">cities and municipalities</a> in Malaysia <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;font-size:90%;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tableau.dosm.gov.my/t/BPPD-BahagianperangkaanpendudukdanDemografi/views/MyCenDashEnglish/LOCALAUTORITY?%3Adisplay_count=n&%3Aembed=y&%3AisGuestRedirectFromVizportal=y&%3Aorigin=viz_share_link&%3AshowAppBanner=false&%3AshowVizHome=n">Department of Statistics, Malaysia</a> (2020)</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Malaysia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Malaysia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">State</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Malaysia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Malaysia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Malaysia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/States_and_federal_territories_of_Malaysia" title="States and federal territories of Malaysia">State</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Malaysia_by_population" title="List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuala_Lumpur_at_dawn_(18794580599).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kuala Lumpur"><img alt="Kuala Lumpur" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kuala_Lumpur_at_dawn_%2818794580599%29.jpg/120px-Kuala_Lumpur_at_dawn_%2818794580599%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kuala_Lumpur_at_dawn_%2818794580599%29.jpg/180px-Kuala_Lumpur_at_dawn_%2818794580599%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kuala_Lumpur_at_dawn_%2818794580599%29.jpg/240px-Kuala_Lumpur_at_dawn_%2818794580599%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7360" data-file-height="4912" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Bandar_Kajang,_Hulu_Langat_District_20230618_120509.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kajang"><img alt="Kajang" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bandar_Kajang%2C_Hulu_Langat_District_20230618_120509.jpg/120px-Bandar_Kajang%2C_Hulu_Langat_District_20230618_120509.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bandar_Kajang%2C_Hulu_Langat_District_20230618_120509.jpg/180px-Bandar_Kajang%2C_Hulu_Langat_District_20230618_120509.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Bandar_Kajang%2C_Hulu_Langat_District_20230618_120509.jpg/240px-Bandar_Kajang%2C_Hulu_Langat_District_20230618_120509.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2340" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kajang" title="Kajang">Kajang</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Territories_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Territories (Malaysia)">Federal Territory</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,982,112</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ipoh" title="Ipoh">Ipoh</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">759,952 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Butterworth,_Seberang_Perai,_Penang_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seberang Perai"><img alt="Seberang Perai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Butterworth%2C_Seberang_Perai%2C_Penang_2024.jpg/120px-Butterworth%2C_Seberang_Perai%2C_Penang_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Butterworth%2C_Seberang_Perai%2C_Penang_2024.jpg/180px-Butterworth%2C_Seberang_Perai%2C_Penang_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Butterworth%2C_Seberang_Perai%2C_Penang_2024.jpg/240px-Butterworth%2C_Seberang_Perai%2C_Penang_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7789" data-file-height="5842" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Seberang_Perai" title="Seberang Perai">Seberang Perai</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Subang_Jaya_at_Dusk.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Subang Jaya"><img alt="Subang Jaya" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Subang_Jaya_at_Dusk.jpg/120px-Subang_Jaya_at_Dusk.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Subang_Jaya_at_Dusk.jpg/180px-Subang_Jaya_at_Dusk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Subang_Jaya_at_Dusk.jpg/240px-Subang_Jaya_at_Dusk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Subang_Jaya" title="Subang Jaya">Subang Jaya</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kajang" title="Kajang">Kajang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,047,356</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Seremban" title="Seremban">Seremban</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">681,541 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Seberang_Perai" title="Seberang Perai">Seberang Perai</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">946,092</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Iskandar_Puteri" title="Iskandar Puteri">Iskandar Puteri</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">575,977 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Subang_Jaya" title="Subang Jaya">Subang Jaya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">902,086</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kuantan" title="Kuantan">Kuantan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pahang" title="Pahang">Pahang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">548,014 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Klang_(city)" title="Klang (city)">Klang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">902,025</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Petani" title="Sungai Petani">Sungai Petani</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">545,053 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru" title="Johor Bahru">Johor Bahru</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">858,118</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ampang_Jaya" title="Ampang Jaya">Ampang Jaya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">531,904 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam" title="Shah Alam">Shah Alam</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">812,327</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kota_Kinabalu" title="Kota Kinabalu">Kota Kinabalu</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">500,425 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Town</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">794,313</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Malacca_City" title="Malacca City">Malacca City</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Malacca" title="Malacca">Malacca</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">453,904 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Petaling_Jaya" title="Petaling Jaya">Petaling Jaya</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">771,687</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sandakan" title="Sandakan">Sandakan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">439,050 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Selayang" title="Selayang">Selayang</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">764,327</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alor_Setar" title="Alor Setar">Alor Setar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">423,868 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northern_Corridor_Economic_Region95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_Corridor_Economic_Region" title="Template:Northern Corridor Economic Region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northern_Corridor_Economic_Region" title="Template talk:Northern Corridor Economic Region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northern_Corridor_Economic_Region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northern Corridor Economic Region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northern_Corridor_Economic_Region95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Corridor_Economic_Region" title="Northern Corridor Economic Region">Northern Corridor Economic Region</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NCER <a href="/wiki/Perlis" title="Perlis">Perlis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangar" title="Kangar">Kangar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padang_Besar,_Malaysia" title="Padang Besar, Malaysia"> Padang Besar</a></li> <li>Perlis Seed Centre</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NCER <a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alor_Setar" title="Alor Setar">Alor Setar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anak_Bukit" title="Anak Bukit">Anak Bukit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkawi" title="Langkawi">Langkawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukit_Kayu_Hitam" title="Bukit Kayu Hitam">Bukit Kayu Hitam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universiti_Utara_Malaysia" title="Universiti Utara Malaysia">Universiti Utara Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_Airport" title="Sultan Abdul Halim Airport">Sultan Abdul Halim Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alor_Setar_Tower" title="Alor Setar Tower">Alor Setar Tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_Eastern_Kedah_Interland_Highway" title="Trans Eastern Kedah Interland Highway">Trans Eastern Kedah Interland Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddy_Museum" title="Paddy Museum">Paddy Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurun,_Kedah" title="Gurun, Kedah"> Gurun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sungai_Petani" title="Sungai Petani"> Sungai Petani Halal Hub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulim_Hi-Tech_Park" title="Kulim Hi-Tech Park">Kulim Hi-Tech Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Kedah_Expressway" title="South Kedah Expressway">South Kedah Expressway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NCER <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayan_Lepas_LRT" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayan Lepas LRT">Bayan Lepas LRT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterworth,_Penang" class="mw-redirect" title="Butterworth, Penang">Butterworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterworth_Outer_Ring_Road" title="Butterworth Outer Ring Road">Butterworth Outer Ring Road</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tun_Dr_Lim_Chong_Eu_Expressway" title="Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu Expressway">Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu Expressway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tun_Dr_Lim_Chong_Eu_Expressway" title="Tun Dr Lim Chong Eu Expressway">Jelutong Expressway</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KOMTAR" class="mw-redirect" title="KOMTAR">KOMTAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Bridge" title="Penang Bridge">Penang Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_Muadzam_Shah_Bridge" title="Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge">Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sultan_Abdul_Halim_Muadzam_Shah_Bridge" title="Sultan Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah Bridge">Penang Second Bridge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Sentral" title="Penang Sentral">Penang Sentral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_International_Airport" title="Penang International Airport">Penang International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Global_City_Centre" title="Penang Global City Centre">Penang Global City Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Outer_Ring_Road" title="Penang Outer Ring Road">Penang Outer Ring Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penang_Undersea_Tunnel" title="Penang Undersea Tunnel">Penang Undersea Tunnel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Penang" title="Port of Penang">Port of Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapid Ferry">Rapid Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_Penang" title="Rapid Penang">Rapid Penang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universiti_Sains_Malaysia" title="Universiti Sains Malaysia">Universiti Sains Malaysia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">NCER <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belum-Temengor" title="Belum-Temengor">Belum-Temengor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Temenggor_Lake" title="Temenggor Lake">Temenggor Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temenggor_Dam" title="Temenggor Dam">Temenggor Dam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banding_Island" title="Banding Island">Banding Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Temenggor_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake Temenggor Bridge">Lake Temenggor Bridge</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East-West_Highway_(Malaysia)" class="mw-redirect" title="East-West Highway (Malaysia)">East-West Highway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerik" title="Gerik">Gerik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pengkalan_Hulu" title="Pengkalan Hulu">Pengkalan Hulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenggong" title="Lenggong">Lenggong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universiti_Teknologi_Petronas" title="Universiti Teknologi Petronas">Universiti Teknologi Petronas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jelas_Expressway" title="Jelas Expressway">Jelas Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Expressway" title="West Coast Expressway">West Coast Expressway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Malaysia94" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Malaysia" title="Template:World Heritage Sites in Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Malaysia" title="Template talk:World Heritage Sites in Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_Heritage_Sites_in_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World Heritage Sites in Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_Heritage_Sites_in_Malaysia94" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">West Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malacca_City" title="Malacca City">Malacca City</a> (2008)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">George Town, Penang</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenggong" title="Lenggong">Archaeological Heritage of the Lenggong Valley</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Malaysia" title="East Malaysia">East Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kinabalu_Park" title="Kinabalu Park">Kinabalu Park</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunung_Mulu_National_Park" title="Gunung Mulu National Park">Gunung Mulu National Park</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niah_National_Park" title="Niah National Park">Niah National Park</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q61092#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1297" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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[\"CITEREFAnn_Tan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnwar_Fazal2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnold_Loh2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAshley_Jackson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAthukorala\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFB._Frank2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBalakrishnan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarber2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarton2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBayly2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeh2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrian_Cheong,_KatelynTan2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCHRISTOPHER_TAN2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChang2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChau2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChee2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheryl_Poo2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheryl_Sim2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChong2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChong2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristie1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristina_Chin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher_Tan2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristopher_Tan2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorfield2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCripps2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniel_Goh2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniel_Goh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDanny_Ooi2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Tan2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDennis_Chua2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDermawan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdmund_Lee2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEileen_Ng2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEugene_Quah2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEvelyn_Teh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEverett-Heath2017\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFadzlin_Bakri2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerrarese2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilmer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFilmer2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitzpatrick2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancis2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranich2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuller2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhaderiSomHenderson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoh2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoh2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGooi_Hsiao_Leung\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHans_Michelmann2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeaver2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilmy2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHilmy2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHilmy2025\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHockton2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHon2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHong2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHutchinson2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJaime_Koh\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJason_Ng,_Yimie_Yong2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJayne2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJenkins2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJennifer_Choo2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeremy_Tan2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJessica_Chan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJessie_Lee2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJin_Seng_Cheah2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson_Lee2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoshua_Woo_Sze_Zeng2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaree_Chan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKatahenggam\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeat_Gin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKelvin_Voon2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_Tan2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_Vimal2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_Vimal2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoo2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoo2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhoo_Salma_Nasution2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhor1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoay2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKoay2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKoay_Su_Lin2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKyshe1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLangdon2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLianne_Chia2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiew2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLilian_Chan2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLim2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLim_Yoke_MuiNurwati_BadarulzamanA._Ghafar_Ahmad2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLin2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLiu2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLo2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLo2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLo2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLobosco2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLooi2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudher2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLum2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFM._Merewether1892\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMahmud2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMak_Hoy_Ken2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonnell2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntyre2022\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntyre2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerican2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMike_Aquino2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMulyanto2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNambiar2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNambiar2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNancy_Duxbury,_W.F._Garrett-Petts2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNg2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNg2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNicole_Chang2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOmar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOng2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOng2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOng2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOng2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOoi1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi2010\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFOoi2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOoi_Kok_Hin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpalyn_Mok2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpalyn_Mok2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpalyn_Mok2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOpalyn_Mok2016\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOpalyn_Mok2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOpalyn_Mok2018\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOpalyn_Mok2019\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOpalyn_Mok2023\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOpalyn_Mok2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOthman1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPampus2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParker2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_H._Kratoska1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRamly2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRananawa2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoughneen2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaieed2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamuel_Wee1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSanjay,_CS2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaravanamuttu_Jayaratnam,_Lee_Hock_Guan2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSee2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSekaran2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShamsuddin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShennan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinghRasiahWong2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSofia_Nasir2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSopiee2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevens\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSue-Ching_Jou,_Hsin-Huang_Michael_Hsiao2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTan1950\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTennant1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeresa_Ong2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeresa_Wai2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTijs_NeutensPhilippe_de_Maeyer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTricia_Yeoh2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrisha2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnbull\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUsman_YaakobTarmiji_MasronFujimaki_Masami\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaghefi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVelloo2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVivien_Wong2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWong2013\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFWong2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeap1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYeong2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZairill2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZhao2018\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 15,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar box\"] = 1,\n [\"Bar percent\"] = 6,\n [\"Circa\"] = 5,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 37,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 81,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 128,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 84,\n [\"Cities in Malaysia\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 26,\n [\"Coord\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 5,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 2,\n [\"Endash\"] = 5,\n [\"EngvarB\"] = 1,\n [\"Featured article\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 28,\n [\"Flagdeco\"] = 3,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 11,\n [\"Geographic Location\"] = 1,\n [\"George Town weatherbox\"] = 1,\n [\"Greater Penang Conurbation\"] = 1,\n [\"Historical populations\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 3,\n [\"Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox settlement\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 7,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Largest cities of Malaysia\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend inline\"] = 2,\n [\"MYS\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 6,\n [\"Map of subdivisions in George Town, Penang\"] = 1,\n [\"Maplink\"] = 1,\n [\"Most populous cities in Malaysia\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 2,\n [\"My10\"] = 11,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 1,\n [\"Ndash\"] = 10,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 2,\n [\"Northern Corridor Economic Region\"] = 1,\n [\"Note\"] = 3,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"Pb\"] = 1,\n [\"Penang\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 1,\n [\"Ref\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"To USD\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Ubl\"] = 4,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Wide image\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n [\"World Heritage Sites in Malaysia\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 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type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"George Town, Penang","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/George_Town,_Penang","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q61092","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q61092","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-12-22T19:02:54Z","dateModified":"2025-02-17T00:46:32Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/65\/Skyline_of_George_Town%2C_Penang_at_night_Nov2024-29-17.jpg","headline":"capital city of the Malaysian state of Penang"}</script> </body> </html>