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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Applications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Applications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commercial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Commercial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Military</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civilian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civilian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Civilian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civilian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Safety" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Safety"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Safety</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Safety-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chemical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Chemical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decomposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decomposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Decomposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decomposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Deflagration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Deflagration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Deflagration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Deflagration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detonation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detonation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Detonation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detonation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exotic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exotic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Exotic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exotic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Properties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Properties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Properties</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Properties-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Properties subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Properties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sensitivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensitivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Sensitivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensitivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sensitivity_to_initiation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sensitivity_to_initiation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sensitivity to initiation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sensitivity_to_initiation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Velocity_of_detonation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Velocity_of_detonation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Velocity of detonation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Velocity_of_detonation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Stability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Power,_performance,_and_strength" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Power,_performance,_and_strength"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Power, performance, and strength</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Power,_performance,_and_strength-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brisance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brisance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Brisance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brisance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Density" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Density"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Density</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Density-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volatility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volatility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Volatility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volatility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hygroscopicity_and_water_resistance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hygroscopicity_and_water_resistance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Hygroscopicity and water resistance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hygroscopicity_and_water_resistance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Toxicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Toxicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Toxicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Toxicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explosive_train" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explosive_train"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Explosive train</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explosive_train-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Volume_of_products_of_explosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volume_of_products_of_explosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Volume of products of explosion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volume_of_products_of_explosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxygen_balance_(OB%_or_Ω)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxygen_balance_(OB%_or_Ω)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.13</span> <span>Oxygen balance (OB% or <i>Ω</i>)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxygen_balance_(OB%_or_Ω)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chemical_composition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chemical_composition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14</span> <span>Chemical composition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chemical_composition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pure_compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pure_compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14.1</span> <span>Pure compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pure_compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxidized_fuel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxidized_fuel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.14.2</span> <span>Oxidized fuel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxidized_fuel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Availability_and_cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Availability_and_cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.15</span> <span>Availability and cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Availability_and_cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Classification-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Classification subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_sensitivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_sensitivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>By sensitivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_sensitivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Primary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Secondary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tertiary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tertiary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Tertiary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tertiary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_velocity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_velocity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>By velocity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_velocity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Low" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Low"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Low</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Low-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>High</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_physical_form" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_physical_form"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>By physical form</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_physical_form-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipping_label_classifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipping_label_classifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Shipping label classifications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipping_label_classifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_Nations_(UN)_GHS_Hazard_Class_and_Division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Nations_(UN)_GHS_Hazard_Class_and_Division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>United Nations (UN) GHS Hazard Class and Division</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Nations_(UN)_GHS_Hazard_Class_and_Division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Class_1_Compatibility_Group" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Class_1_Compatibility_Group"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Class 1 Compatibility Group</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Class_1_Compatibility_Group-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_explosives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_explosives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>List of explosives</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-List_of_explosives-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle List of explosives subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-List_of_explosives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Compounds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Compounds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Compounds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Compounds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Acetylides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acetylides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.1</span> <span>Acetylides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acetylides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fulminates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fulminates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.2</span> <span>Fulminates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fulminates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nitro" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitro"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.3</span> <span>Nitro</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitro-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nitrates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nitrates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.4</span> <span>Nitrates</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nitrates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.5</span> <span>Amines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peroxides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peroxides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.6</span> <span>Peroxides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peroxides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oxides" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oxides"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.7</span> <span>Oxides</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oxides-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unsorted" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unsorted"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1.8</span> <span>Unsorted</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unsorted-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mixtures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mixtures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Mixtures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mixtures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elements_and_isotopes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elements_and_isotopes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Elements and isotopes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elements_and_isotopes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-U.S._Government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>U.S. Government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Institute_of_Makers_of_Explosives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Institute_of_Makers_of_Explosives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Institute of Makers of Explosives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Institute_of_Makers_of_Explosives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_historical" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_historical"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Other historical</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_historical-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Explosive</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 99 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-99" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">99 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Springstof" title="Springstof – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Springstof" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprengstoff" title="Sprengstoff – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Sprengstoff" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95" title="विस्फोटक – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="विस्फोटक" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C8%B3rspringend" title="Fȳrspringend – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fȳrspringend" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="متفجرات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="متفجرات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosivo" title="Explosivo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Explosivo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplosivu" title="Esplosivu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Esplosivu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1_madd%C9%99l%C9%99r" title="Partlayıcı maddələr – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Partlayıcı maddələr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="پارتلاییجی ماده‌لر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پارتلاییجی ماده‌لر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AB%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%95" title="বিস্ফোরক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিস্ফোরক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%CC%8Dk-ch%C3%A0-bu%CC%8Dt" title="Po̍k-chà-bu̍t – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Po̍k-chà-bu̍t" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%8B_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B4%D3%99%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Шартлаусы матдәләр – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Шартлаусы матдәләр" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Выбуховае рэчыва – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Выбуховае рэчыва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8B%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D1%80%D1%8D%D1%87%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Выбуховае рэчыва – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Выбуховае рэчыва" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Взривно вещество – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Взривно вещество" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksploziv" title="Eksploziv – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Eksploziv" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Danvez-tarzh" title="Danvez-tarzh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Danvez-tarzh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosiu" title="Explosiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Explosiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDbu%C5%A1nina" title="Výbušnina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Výbušnina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffrwydryn" title="Ffrwydryn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffrwydryn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A6ngstof" title="Sprængstof – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sprængstof" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprengstoff" title="Sprengstoff – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sprengstoff" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B5hkeaine" title="Lõhkeaine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lõhkeaine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AD%CF%82_%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Εκρηκτικές ύλες – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Εκρηκτικές ύλες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosivo" title="Explosivo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Explosivo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksploda%C4%B5o" title="Eksplodaĵo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Eksplodaĵo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehergai" title="Lehergai – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lehergai" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF_%D9%85%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%87" title="مواد منفجره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مواد منفجره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosif" title="Explosif – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Explosif" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksplosyf" title="Eksplosyf – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Eksplosyf" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substaint_phl%C3%A9ascach" title="Substaint phléascach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Substaint phléascach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosivo" title="Explosivo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Explosivo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%B8%E8%97%A5" title="炸藥 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="炸藥" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AD%EB%B0%9C%EB%AC%BC" title="폭발물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폭발물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A9%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%AF_%D5%B6%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Պայթուցիկ նյութեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պայթուցիկ նյութեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95" title="विस्फोटक – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विस्फोटक" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksploziv" title="Eksploziv – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Eksploziv" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksplosibo" title="Eksplosibo – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Eksplosibo" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_peledak" title="Bahan peledak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahan peledak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosivo" title="Explosivo – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Explosivo" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprengiefni" title="Sprengiefni – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sprengiefni" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplosivo" title="Esplosivo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Esplosivo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8_%D7%A0%D7%A4%D7%A5" title="חומר נפץ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חומר נפץ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%A5%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%95%E1%83%97%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="ფეთქებადი ნივთიერება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფეთქებადი ნივთიერება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D2%93%D1%8B%D1%88_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Жарылғыш заттар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жарылғыш заттар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Devnydh_tardha" title="Devnydh tardha – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Devnydh tardha" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilipukaji" title="Kilipukaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kilipukaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%83%D1%87%D1%83_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Жарылуучу зат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жарылуучу зат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia_displosiva" title="Materia displosiva – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Materia displosiva" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C4%81gstvielas" title="Sprāgstvielas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Sprāgstvielas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprogstamosios_med%C5%BEiagos" title="Sprogstamosios medžiagos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sprogstamosios medžiagos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robban%C3%B3szer" title="Robbanószer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Robbanószer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Експлозив – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Експлозив" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%BE" title="സ്ഫോടകവസ്തുക്കൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ഫോടകവസ്തുക്കൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="विस्फोटक सामग्री – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="विस्फोटक सामग्री" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%87" title="ماده متفجره – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ماده متفجره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahan_letupan" title="Bahan letupan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bahan letupan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosief" title="Explosief – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Explosief" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95" title="विस्फोटक – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="विस्फोटक" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5" title="विष्फोटक पदार्थ – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="विष्फोटक पदार्थ" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%86%E7%99%BA%E7%89%A9" title="爆発物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="爆発物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0_%D1%85%D3%80%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Лелха хӀуманаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лелха хӀуманаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprengstoff" title="Sprengstoff – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sprengstoff" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprengstoff" title="Sprengstoff – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Sprengstoff" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosiu" title="Explosiu – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Explosiu" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portlovchi_moddalar" title="Portlovchi moddalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Portlovchi moddalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80" title="ਵਿਸਫੋਟਕ ਸਮੱਗਰੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਵਿਸਫੋਟਕ ਸਮੱਗਰੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%92_%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="تماکے والا مواد – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تماکے والا مواد" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="چاوديدونکي توکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="چاوديدونکي توکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expluosiv_matiirial" title="Expluosiv matiirial – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Expluosiv matiirial" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprengstoff" title="Sprengstoff – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Sprengstoff" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia%C5%82_wybuchowy" title="Materiał wybuchowy – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Materiał wybuchowy" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosivo" title="Explosivo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Explosivo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exploziv_(material)" title="Exploziv (material) – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Exploziv (material)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%27uqyaylla" title="T'uqyaylla – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="T'uqyaylla" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2%D1%87%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Взрывчатые вещества – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Взрывчатые вещества" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksplozivi" title="Eksplozivi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Eksplozivi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esplusivu" title="Esplusivu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Esplusivu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explosive_material" title="Explosive material – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Explosive material" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%BDbu%C5%A1nina" title="Výbušnina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Výbušnina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksploziv" title="Eksploziv – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Eksploziv" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%82%DB%95%D9%85%DB%95%D9%86%DB%8C" title="تەقەمەنی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەقەمەنی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Експлозив – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Експлозив" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eksploziv" title="Eksploziv – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Eksploziv" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A4j%C3%A4hde" title="Räjähde – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Räjähde" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spr%C3%A4ng%C3%A4mne" title="Sprängämne – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sprängämne" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pampasabog" title="Pampasabog – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Pampasabog" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="வெடிபொருள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெடிபொருள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94" title="วัตถุระเบิด – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วัตถุระเบิด" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patlay%C4%B1c%C4%B1_madde" title="Patlayıcı madde – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Patlayıcı madde" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96_%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Вибухові речовини – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вибухові речовини" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%BE%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D8%AE%DB%8C%D8%B2_%D9%85%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="دھماکا خیز مواد – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دھماکا خیز مواد" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thu%E1%BB%91c_n%E1%BB%95" title="Thuốc nổ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thuốc nổ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahkja_ollus" title="Lahkja ollus – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Lahkja ollus" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bumuruto" title="Bumuruto – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bumuruto" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8%E7%89%A9" title="爆炸物 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="爆炸物" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%92%D7%A2_%D7%90%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1" title="פליסיגע אויפרייס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פליסיגע אויפרייס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%82%B8%E8%97%A5" title="炸藥 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="炸藥" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%88%86%E7%82%B8%E7%89%A9" title="爆炸物 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="爆炸物" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q12870#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=High_explosive&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="High explosive">High explosive</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Substance that can explode</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the American band, see <a href="/wiki/The_Explosives" class="mw-redirect" title="The Explosives">The Explosives</a>. For the song by Dr. Dre, see <a href="/wiki/Xxplosive" title="Xxplosive">Xxplosive</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Explosive_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Explosive (disambiguation)">Explosive (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output 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Three are conducted on a solid marble base, and one is conducted on the demonstrator's hand; each is initiated by a glowing wooden stick.</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>explosive</b> (or <b>explosive material</b>) is a reactive substance that contains a great amount of <a href="/wiki/Potential_energy" title="Potential energy">potential energy</a> that can produce an <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosion</a> if released suddenly, usually accompanied by the production of <a href="/wiki/Light" title="Light">light</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a>. An <b>explosive charge</b> is a measured quantity of explosive material, which may either be composed solely of one ingredient or be a mixture containing at least two substances. </p><p>The potential energy stored in an explosive material may, for example, be: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_energy" title="Chemical energy">chemical energy</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin" title="Nitroglycerin">nitroglycerin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dust_explosion" title="Dust explosion">grain dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressurized</a> <a href="/wiki/Gas_compressor" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas compressor">gas</a>, such as a <a href="/wiki/Gas_cylinder" title="Gas cylinder">gas cylinder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerosol_can" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerosol can">aerosol can</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Boiling_liquid_expanding_vapor_explosion" title="Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion">boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">nuclear</a> energy, such as in the <a href="/wiki/Fissile" class="mw-redirect" title="Fissile">fissile</a> <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotopes</a> <a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">uranium-235</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">plutonium-239</a></li></ul> <p>Explosive materials may be categorized by the speed at which they expand. Materials that <a href="/wiki/Detonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Detonate">detonate</a> (the front of the chemical reaction moves faster through the material than the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">speed of sound</a>) are said to be "high explosives" and materials that <a href="/wiki/Deflagrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Deflagrate">deflagrate</a> are said to be "low explosives". Explosives may also be categorized by their <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_(explosives)" title="Sensitivity (explosives)">sensitivity</a>. Sensitive materials that can be initiated by a relatively small amount of heat or pressure are <a href="/wiki/Primary_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary explosive">primary explosives</a> and materials that are relatively insensitive are <a href="/wiki/Secondary_explosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary explosives">secondary</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Tertiary explosive">tertiary explosives</a>. </p><p>A wide variety of chemicals can explode; a smaller number are manufactured specifically for the purpose of being used as explosives. The remainder are too dangerous, sensitive, toxic, expensive, unstable, or prone to decomposition or degradation over short time spans. </p><p>In contrast, some materials are merely <a href="/wiki/Combustible" class="mw-redirect" title="Combustible">combustible</a> or <a href="/wiki/Flammable" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammable">flammable</a> if they burn without exploding. </p><p>The distinction, however, is not very clear. Certain materials—dusts, powders, gases, or volatile organic liquids—may be simply combustible or flammable under ordinary conditions, but become explosive in specific situations or forms, such as <a href="/wiki/Dust_explosion" title="Dust explosion">dispersed airborne clouds</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Gas_explosion" title="Gas explosion">confinement or sudden release</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_gunpowder" title="History of gunpowder">History of gunpowder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_explosives" title="Timeline of explosives">Timeline of explosives</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Year_book_-_photo_flashes_showing_Toledo%27s_phenomenal_progress,_thriving_industries_and_wonderful_resources_-_DPLA_-_ac95c5ef8efd2394c21e2b6edcd01d94_(page_37)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Year_book_-_photo_flashes_showing_Toledo%27s_phenomenal_progress%2C_thriving_industries_and_wonderful_resources_-_DPLA_-_ac95c5ef8efd2394c21e2b6edcd01d94_%28page_37%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Year_book_-_photo_flashes_showing_Toledo%27s_phenomenal_progress%2C_thriving_industries_and_wonderful_resources_-_DPLA_-_ac95c5ef8efd2394c21e2b6edcd01d94_%28page_37%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Year_book_-_photo_flashes_showing_Toledo%27s_phenomenal_progress%2C_thriving_industries_and_wonderful_resources_-_DPLA_-_ac95c5ef8efd2394c21e2b6edcd01d94_%28page_37%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2924" data-file-height="1719" /></a><figcaption>The Great Western Powder Company of Toledo, Ohio, a producer of explosives, seen in 1905</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Early_thermal_weapons" title="Early thermal weapons">Early thermal weapons</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Greek_fire" title="Greek fire">Greek fire</a>, have existed since ancient times. At its roots, the history of chemical explosives lies in the history of <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a> in the 9th century, <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> Chinese alchemists were eagerly trying to find the elixir of immortality.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the process, they stumbled upon the explosive invention of black powder made from coal, saltpeter, and sulfur in 1044. Gunpowder was the first form of chemical explosives and by 1161, the Chinese were using explosives for the first time in warfare.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese would incorporate explosives fired from bamboo or bronze tubes known as bamboo firecrackers. The Chinese also inserted live rats inside the bamboo firecrackers; when fired toward the enemy, the flaming rats created great psychological ramifications—scaring enemy soldiers away and causing cavalry units to go wild.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first useful explosive stronger than black powder was <a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin" title="Nitroglycerin">nitroglycerin</a>, developed in 1847. Since nitroglycerin is a liquid and highly unstable, it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrocellulose</a>, trinitrotoluene (<a href="/wiki/TNT" title="TNT">TNT</a>) in 1863, <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">smokeless powder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a> in 1867 and <a href="/wiki/Gelignite" title="Gelignite">gelignite</a> (the latter two being sophisticated stabilized preparations of nitroglycerin rather than chemical alternatives, both invented by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>). World War I saw the adoption of TNT in artillery shells. World War II saw extensive use of new explosives <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1033199720">.mw-parser-output div.crossreference{padding-left:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><span role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable crossreference">(see: <a href="/wiki/List_of_explosives_used_during_World_War_II" title="List of explosives used during World War II">List of explosives used during World War II</a>)</span>. </p><p>In turn, these have largely been replaced by more powerful explosives such as <a href="/wiki/C-4_(explosive)" title="C-4 (explosive)">C-4</a> and <a href="/wiki/PETN" class="mw-redirect" title="PETN">PETN</a>. However, C-4 and PETN react with metal and catch fire easily, yet unlike TNT, C-4 and PETN are waterproof and malleable.<sup id="cite_ref-ankony1_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ankony1-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial">Commercial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Commercial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Explosive" title="Special:EditPage/Explosive">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Explosive%22">"Explosive"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Explosive%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Explosive%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Explosive%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Explosive%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Explosive%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Blast_Area_Security.webm/220px--Blast_Area_Security.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="261" data-mwtitle="Blast_Area_Security.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Blast_Area_Security.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Blast_Area_Security.webm/Blast_Area_Security.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/ac/Blast_Area_Security.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Blast_Area_Security.webm/Blast_Area_Security.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Blast_Area_Security.webm/Blast_Area_Security.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Blast_Area_Security.webm/Blast_Area_Security.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Blast_Area_Security.webm/Blast_Area_Security.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ABlast_Area_Security.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>A video on safety precautions at blast sites</figcaption></figure> <p>The largest commercial application of explosives is <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>. Whether the mine is on the surface or is buried underground, the detonation or deflagration of either a high or low explosive in a confined space can be used to liberate a fairly specific sub-volume of a brittle material (rock) in a much larger volume of the same or similar material. The mining industry tends to use nitrate-based explosives such as emulsions of fuel oil and ammonium nitrate solutions,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mixtures of ammonium nitrate prills (fertilizer pellets) and fuel oil (<a href="/wiki/ANFO" title="ANFO">ANFO</a>) and gelatinous suspensions or slurries<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of ammonium nitrate and combustible fuels. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Materials_science" title="Materials science">materials science</a> and engineering, explosives are used in <a href="/wiki/Cladding_(metalworking)" title="Cladding (metalworking)">cladding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Explosion_welding" title="Explosion welding">explosion welding</a>). A thin plate of some material is placed atop a thick layer of a different material, both layers typically of metal. Atop the thin layer is placed an explosive. At one end of the layer of explosive, the explosion is initiated. The two metallic layers are forced together at high speed and with great force. The explosion spreads from the initiation site throughout the explosive. Ideally, this produces a metallurgical bond between the two layers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_2" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Handling_Explosives_in_Underground_Mines.webm/220px--Handling_Explosives_in_Underground_Mines.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="902" data-mwtitle="Handling_Explosives_in_Underground_Mines.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Handling_Explosives_in_Underground_Mines.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Handling_Explosives_in_Underground_Mines.webm/Handling_Explosives_in_Underground_Mines.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6a/Handling_Explosives_in_Underground_Mines.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Handling_Explosives_in_Underground_Mines.webm/Handling_Explosives_in_Underground_Mines.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Handling_Explosives_in_Underground_Mines.webm/Handling_Explosives_in_Underground_Mines.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Handling_Explosives_in_Underground_Mines.webm/Handling_Explosives_in_Underground_Mines.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/6a/Handling_Explosives_in_Underground_Mines.webm/Handling_Explosives_in_Underground_Mines.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHandling_Explosives_in_Underground_Mines.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>A video describing how to safely handle explosives in mines</figcaption></figure> <p>As the length of time the shock wave spends at any point is small, we can see mixing of the two metals and their surface chemistries, through some fraction of the depth, and they tend to be mixed in some way. It is possible that some fraction of the surface material from either layer eventually gets ejected when the end of material is reached. Hence, the mass of the now "welded" bilayer, may be less than the sum of the masses of the two initial layers. </p><p>There are applications<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (June 2021)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> where a shock wave, and electrostatics, can result in high velocity projectiles such as in an <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_particle_accelerator" title="Electrostatic particle accelerator">electrostatic particle accelerator</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Military"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Explosive_weapon" title="Explosive weapon">Explosive weapon</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civilian">Civilian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Civilian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Explosives_engineering" title="Explosives engineering">Explosives engineering</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety">Safety</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Safety"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Explosives_safety" title="Explosives safety">Explosives safety</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical">Chemical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chemical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GHS-pictogram-explos.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/GHS-pictogram-explos.svg/220px-GHS-pictogram-explos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/GHS-pictogram-explos.svg/330px-GHS-pictogram-explos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/GHS-pictogram-explos.svg/440px-GHS-pictogram-explos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">international</a> <a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_pictograms" title="GHS hazard pictograms">pictogram</a> for explosive substances</figcaption></figure> <p>An explosion is a type of spontaneous chemical reaction that, once initiated, is driven by both a large exothermic change (great release of heat) and a large positive <a href="/wiki/Entropy" title="Entropy">entropy</a> change (great quantities of gases are released) in going from reactants to products, thereby constituting a thermodynamically favorable process in addition to one that propagates very rapidly. Thus, explosives are substances that contain a large amount of energy stored in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bonds</a>. The energetic stability of the gaseous products and hence their generation comes from the formation of strongly bonded species like carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and nitrogen gas, which contain strong double and triple bonds having bond strengths of nearly 1 MJ/mole. Consequently, most commercial explosives are organic compounds containing <a href="/wiki/Nitro_compound" title="Nitro compound">–NO<sub>2</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">–ONO<sub>2</sub></a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitroamine" title="Nitroamine">–NHNO<sub>2</sub></a> groups that, when detonated, release gases like the aforementioned (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin" title="Nitroglycerin">nitroglycerin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinitrotoluene" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrotoluene">TNT</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMX" title="HMX">HMX</a>, <a href="/wiki/PETN" class="mw-redirect" title="PETN">PETN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">nitrocellulose</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An explosive is classified as a low or high explosive according to its rate of <a href="/wiki/Combustion" title="Combustion">combustion</a>: low explosives burn rapidly (or <a href="/wiki/Deflagration" title="Deflagration">deflagrate</a>), while high explosives <a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">detonate</a>. While these definitions are distinct, the problem of precisely measuring rapid decomposition makes practical classification of explosives difficult. For a reaction to be classified as a detonation as opposed to just a deflagration, the propagation of the reaction shockwave through the material being tested must be faster than the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">speed of sound</a> through that material. The speed of sound through a liquid or solid material is usually orders of magnitude faster than the speed of sound through air or other gases. </p><p>Traditional explosives mechanics is based on the shock-sensitive rapid oxidation of carbon and hydrogen to carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and water in the form of steam. <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">Nitrates</a> typically provide the required oxygen to burn the carbon and hydrogen fuel. High explosives tend to have the oxygen, carbon and hydrogen contained in one organic molecule, and less sensitive explosives like ANFO are combinations of fuel (carbon and hydrogen fuel oil) and <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a>. A sensitizer such as powdered aluminum may be added to an explosive to increase the energy of the detonation. Once detonated, the nitrogen portion of the explosive formulation emerges as nitrogen gas and toxic <a href="/wiki/NOx" title="NOx">nitric oxides</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Decomposition">Decomposition</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Decomposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chemical_decomposition" title="Chemical decomposition">chemical decomposition</a> of an explosive may take years, days, hours, or a fraction of a second. The slower processes of decomposition take place in storage and are of interest only from a stability standpoint. Of more interest are the other two rapid forms besides decomposition: deflagration and detonation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Deflagration">Deflagration</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Deflagration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Deflagration" title="Deflagration">Deflagration</a></div> <p>In deflagration, decomposition of the explosive material is propagated by a flame front which moves relatively slowly through the explosive material, <em>i.e.</em> at speeds less than the speed of sound within the substance (which is usually still higher than 340 m/s or 1,220 km/h in most liquid or solid materials)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in contrast to detonation, which occurs at speeds greater than the speed of sound. Deflagration is a characteristic of <a href="/wiki/Low_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Low explosive">low explosive</a> material. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Detonation">Detonation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Detonation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">Detonation</a></div> <p>This term is used to describe an explosive phenomenon whereby the decomposition is <a href="/wiki/Wave_propagation" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave propagation">propagated</a> by a <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock wave</a> traversing the explosive material at speeds greater than the speed of sound within the substance.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The shock front is capable of passing through the high explosive material at supersonic <span class="nowrap">speeds<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>—<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span></span>typically thousands of metres per second. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exotic">Exotic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Exotic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to chemical explosives, there are a number of more exotic explosive materials, and exotic methods of causing explosions. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_explosive" title="Nuclear explosive">nuclear explosives</a>, and abruptly heating a substance to a <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(physics)" title="Plasma (physics)">plasma</a> state with a high-intensity <a href="/wiki/Laser" title="Laser">laser</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electric_arc" title="Electric arc">electric arc</a>. </p><p>Laser- and arc-heating are used in laser detonators, <a href="/wiki/Exploding-bridgewire_detonator" title="Exploding-bridgewire detonator">exploding-bridgewire detonators</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slapper_detonator" title="Slapper detonator">exploding foil initiators</a>, where a shock wave and then detonation in conventional chemical explosive material is created by laser- or electric-arc heating. Laser and electric energy are not currently used in practice to generate most of the required energy, but only to initiate reactions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To determine the suitability of an explosive substance for a particular use, its <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physical</a> <a href="/wiki/Physical_property" title="Physical property">properties</a> must first be known. The usefulness of an explosive can only be appreciated when the properties and the factors affecting them are fully understood. Some of the more important characteristics are listed below: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensitivity">Sensitivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sensitivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_(explosives)" title="Sensitivity (explosives)">Sensitivity (explosives)</a></div> <p>Sensitivity refers to the ease with which an explosive can be ignited or detonated, i.e., the amount and intensity of <a href="/wiki/Electric_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric shock">shock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a> that is required. When the term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sensitivity" class="extiw" title="wikt:Sensitivity">sensitivity</a> is used, care must be taken to clarify what kind of sensitivity is under discussion. The relative sensitivity of a given explosive to impact may vary greatly from its sensitivity to friction or heat. Some of the test methods used to determine sensitivity relate to: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)" title="Impact (mechanics)">Impact</a></b> – Sensitivity is expressed in terms of the distance through which a standard weight must be dropped onto the material to cause it to explode.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">Friction</a></b> – Sensitivity is expressed in terms of the amount of pressure applied to the material in order to create enough friction to cause a reaction.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">Heat</a></b> – Sensitivity is expressed in terms of the temperature at which decomposition of the material occurs.</li></ul> <p>Specific explosives (usually but not always highly sensitive on one or more of the three above axes) may be idiosyncratically sensitive to such factors as pressure drop, acceleration, the presence of sharp edges or rough surfaces, incompatible materials, or <span class="nowrap">even — </span>in rare <span class="nowrap">cases — </span>nuclear or electromagnetic radiation. These factors present special hazards that may rule out any practical utility. </p><p>Sensitivity is an important consideration in selecting an explosive for a particular purpose. The explosive in an armor-piercing projectile must be relatively insensitive, or the shock of impact would cause it to detonate before it penetrated to the point desired. The explosive lenses around nuclear charges are also designed to be highly insensitive, to minimize the risk of accidental detonation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sensitivity_to_initiation">Sensitivity to initiation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Sensitivity to initiation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The index of the capacity of an explosive to be initiated into detonation in a sustained manner. It is defined by the power of the detonator which is certain to prime the explosive to a sustained and continuous detonation. Reference is made to the <a href="/wiki/Sellier-Bellot" class="mw-redirect" title="Sellier-Bellot">Sellier-Bellot</a> scale that consists of a series of 10 detonators, from <span class="nowrap">n. 1</span> to <span class="nowrap">n. 10</span>, each of which corresponds to an increasing charge weight. In practice, most of the explosives on the market today are sensitive to an <span class="nowrap">n. 8</span> detonator, where the charge corresponds to 2 grams of <a href="/wiki/Mercury_fulminate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercury fulminate">mercury fulminate</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Velocity_of_detonation">Velocity of detonation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Velocity of detonation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Detonation_velocity" title="Detonation velocity">Detonation velocity</a></div> <p>The velocity with which the reaction process propagates in the mass of the explosive. Most commercial mining explosives have detonation velocities ranging from 1,800 m/s to 8,000 m/s. Today, velocity of detonation can be measured with accuracy. Together with density it is an important element influencing the yield of the energy transmitted for both atmospheric over-pressure and ground acceleration. By definition, a "low explosive", such as black powder, or smokeless gunpowder has a burn rate of 171–631 m/s.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In contrast, a "high explosive", whether a primary, such as <a href="/wiki/Detonating_cord" title="Detonating cord">detonating cord</a>, or a secondary, such as TNT or C-4, has a significantly higher burn rate about 6900–8092 m/s.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stability">Stability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Stability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chemical_stability" title="Chemical stability">Chemical stability</a></div> <p><b>Stability </b> is the ability of an explosive to be stored without <a href="/wiki/Chemical_decomposition" title="Chemical decomposition">deterioration</a>. </p><p>The following factors affect the stability of an explosive: </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Chemical_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical constitution">Chemical constitution</a>.</b> In the strictest technical sense, the word "stability" is a thermodynamic term referring to the energy of a substance relative to a reference state or to some other substance. However, in the context of explosives, stability commonly refers to ease of detonation, which is concerned with <a href="/wiki/Chemical_kinetics" title="Chemical kinetics">chemical kinetics</a> (i.e., rate of decomposition). It is perhaps best, then, to differentiate between the terms thermodynamically stable and kinetically stable by referring to the former as "inert." Contrarily, a kinetically unstable substance is said to be "labile." It is generally recognized that certain groups like nitro (–NO<sub>2</sub>), <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> (–ONO<sub>2</sub>), and <a href="/wiki/Azide" title="Azide">azide</a> (–N<sub>3</sub>), are intrinsically labile. Kinetically, there exists a low activation barrier to the decomposition reaction. Consequently, these compounds exhibit high sensitivity to flame or mechanical shock. The chemical bonding in these compounds is characterized as predominantly covalent and thus they are not thermodynamically stabilized by a high ionic-lattice energy. Furthermore, they generally have positive enthalpies of formation and there is little mechanistic hindrance to internal molecular rearrangement to yield the more thermodynamically stable (more strongly bonded) decomposition products. For example, in <a href="/wiki/Lead_azide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead azide">lead azide</a>, Pb(N<sub>3</sub>)<sub>2</sub>, the nitrogen atoms are already bonded to one another, so decomposition into Pb and N<sub>2</sub><sup>[1]</sup> is relatively easy.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a> of storage.</b> The rate of decomposition of explosives increases at higher temperatures. All standard military explosives may be considered to have a high degree of stability at temperatures from –10 to +35 °C, but each has a high temperature at which its rate of <a href="/wiki/Thermal_decomposition" title="Thermal decomposition">thermal decomposition</a> rapidly accelerates and stability is reduced. As a rule of thumb, most explosives become dangerously unstable at temperatures above 70 °C.</li> <li><b>Exposure to <a href="/wiki/Sunlight" title="Sunlight">sunlight</a>.</b> When exposed to the <a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">ultraviolet</a> rays of sunlight, many explosive compounds containing <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> groups rapidly decompose, affecting their stability.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Electrical_discharge" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrical discharge">Electrical discharge</a>.</b> <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge" title="Electrostatic discharge">Electrostatic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Electric_spark" title="Electric spark">spark</a> sensitivity to initiation is common in a number of explosives. Static or other electrical discharge may be sufficient to cause a reaction, even detonation, under some circumstances. As a result, safe handling of explosives and <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">pyrotechnics</a> usually requires proper <a href="/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity)">electrical grounding</a> of the operator.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Power,_performance,_and_strength"><span id="Power.2C_performance.2C_and_strength"></span>Power, performance, and strength</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Power, performance, and strength"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">Power (physics)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strength_(explosive)" title="Strength (explosive)">Strength (explosive)</a></div> <p>The term <b>power</b> or <b>performance</b> as applied to an explosive refers to its ability to do work. In practice it is defined as the explosive's ability to accomplish what is intended in the way of energy delivery (i.e., fragment projection, air blast, high-velocity jet, underwater shock and bubble energy, etc.). Explosive power or performance is evaluated by a tailored series of tests to assess the material for its intended use. Of the tests listed below, cylinder expansion and air-blast tests are common to most testing programs, and the others support specific applications. </p> <ul><li><b>Cylinder expansion test.</b> A standard amount of explosive is loaded into a long hollow <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_(geometry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder (geometry)">cylinder</a>, usually of copper, and detonated at one end. Data is collected concerning the rate of radial expansion of the cylinder and the maximum cylinder wall velocity. This also establishes the <a href="/wiki/Gurney_equations" title="Gurney equations">Gurney energy</a> or 2<i>E</i>.</li> <li><b>Cylinder fragmentation.</b> A standard steel cylinder is loaded with explosive and detonated in a sawdust pit. The <a href="/wiki/Fragmentation_(weaponry)" title="Fragmentation (weaponry)">fragments</a> are collected and the size distribution analyzed.</li> <li><b>Detonation pressure (<a href="/wiki/Chapman%E2%80%93Jouguet_condition" title="Chapman–Jouguet condition">Chapman–Jouguet condition</a>).</b> <a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">Detonation</a> pressure data derived from measurements of shock waves transmitted into water by the detonation of cylindrical explosive charges of a standard size.</li> <li><b>Determination of critical diameter.</b> This test establishes the minimum physical size a charge of a specific explosive must be to sustain its own detonation wave. The procedure involves the detonation of a series of charges of different diameters until difficulty in detonation wave propagation is observed.</li> <li><b>Massive-diameter detonation velocity.</b> Detonation velocity is dependent on loading density (c), charge diameter, and grain size. The hydrodynamic theory of detonation used in predicting explosive phenomena does not include the diameter of the charge, and therefore a detonation velocity, for a massive diameter. This procedure requires the firing of a series of charges of the same density and physical structure, but different diameters, and the extrapolation of the resulting detonation velocities to predict the detonation velocity of a charge of a massive diameter.</li> <li><b>Pressure versus scaled distance.</b> A charge of a specific size is detonated and its pressure effects measured at a standard distance. The values obtained are compared with those for TNT.</li> <li><b>Impulse versus scaled distance.</b> A charge of a specific size is detonated and its impulse (the area under the pressure-time curve) measured as a function of distance. The results are tabulated and expressed as <a href="/wiki/TNT_equivalent" title="TNT equivalent">TNT equivalents</a>.</li> <li><b>Relative bubble energy (RBE).</b> A 5 to 50 kg charge is detonated in water and piezoelectric gauges measure peak pressure, time constant, impulse, and energy.</li></ul> <dl><dd><dl><dd>The RBE may be defined as <i>K</i><sub><i>x</i></sub> 3</dd> <dd>RBE = <i>K</i><sub><i>s</i></sub></dd> <dd>where <i>K</i> = the bubble expansion period for an experimental (<i>x</i>) or a standard (<i>s</i>) charge.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brisance">Brisance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Brisance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brisance" title="Brisance">Brisance</a></div> <p>In addition to strength, explosives display a second characteristic, which is their shattering effect or brisance (from the French meaning to "break"). Brisance is important in determining the effectiveness of an explosion in fragmenting shells, bomb casings, and <a href="/wiki/Grenade" title="Grenade">grenades</a>. The rapidity with which an explosive reaches its peak pressure (<a href="/wiki/Power_(physics)" title="Power (physics)">power</a>) is a measure of its brisance. Brisance values are primarily employed in France and Russia. </p><p>The sand crush test is commonly employed to determine the relative brisance in comparison to TNT. No test is capable of directly comparing the explosive properties of two or more compounds; it is important to examine the data from several such tests (sand crush, <a href="/wiki/Trauzl_lead_block_test" title="Trauzl lead block test">trauzl</a>, and so forth) in order to gauge relative brisance. True values for comparison require field experiments. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Density">Density</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Density"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> of loading refers to the mass of an explosive per unit volume. Several methods of loading are available, including pellet loading, cast loading, and press loading, the choice being determined by the characteristics of the explosive. Dependent upon the method employed, an average density of the loaded charge can be obtained that is within 80–99% of the theoretical maximum density of the explosive. High load density can reduce <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_(explosives)" title="Sensitivity (explosives)">sensitivity</a> by making the <a href="/wiki/Mass" title="Mass">mass</a> more resistant to internal <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a>. However, if density is increased to the extent that individual <a href="/wiki/Crystal" title="Crystal">crystals</a> are crushed, the explosive may become more sensitive. Increased load density also permits the use of more explosive, thereby increasing the power of the <a href="/wiki/Warhead" title="Warhead">warhead</a>. It is possible to compress an explosive beyond a point of sensitivity, known also as <i>dead-pressing</i>, in which the material is no longer capable of being reliably initiated, if at all.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volatility">Volatility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Volatility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Volatility_(chemistry)" title="Volatility (chemistry)">Volatility</a> is the readiness with which a substance <a href="/wiki/Vaporization" title="Vaporization">vaporizes</a>. Excessive volatility often results in the development of pressure within rounds of ammunition and separation of mixtures into their constituents. Volatility affects the chemical composition of the explosive such that a marked reduction in stability may occur, which results in an increase in the danger of handling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hygroscopicity_and_water_resistance">Hygroscopicity and water resistance</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hygroscopicity and water resistance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The introduction of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a> into an explosive is highly undesirable since it reduces the sensitivity, strength, and velocity of detonation of the explosive. <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopicity">Hygroscopicity</a> is a measure of a material's moisture-absorbing tendencies. Moisture affects explosives adversely by acting as an inert material that absorbs heat when vaporized, and by acting as a solvent medium that can cause undesired chemical reactions. Sensitivity, strength, and velocity of detonation are reduced by inert materials that reduce the continuity of the explosive mass. When the moisture content evaporates during detonation, cooling occurs, which reduces the temperature of reaction. Stability is also affected by the presence of moisture since moisture promotes decomposition of the explosive and, in addition, causes corrosion of the explosive's metal container. </p><p>Explosives considerably differ from one another as to their behavior in the presence of water. Gelatin dynamites containing nitroglycerine have a degree of water resistance. Explosives based on <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">ammonium nitrate</a> have little or no water resistance as ammonium nitrate is highly soluble in water and is hygroscopic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Toxicity">Toxicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Toxicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many explosives are <a href="/wiki/Toxicity" title="Toxicity">toxic</a> to some extent. Manufacturing inputs can also be organic compounds or hazardous materials that require special handling due to risks (such as <a href="/wiki/Carcinogen" title="Carcinogen">carcinogens</a>). The decomposition products, residual solids, or gases of some explosives can be toxic, whereas others are harmless, such as carbon dioxide and water. </p><p>Examples of harmful by-products are: </p> <ul><li>Heavy metals, such as lead, mercury, and barium from primers (observed in high-volume firing ranges)</li> <li>Nitric oxides from TNT</li> <li>Perchlorates when used in large quantities</li></ul> <p>"Green explosives" seek to reduce environment and health impacts. An example of such is the lead-free primary explosive copper(I) 5-nitrotetrazolate, an alternative to <a href="/wiki/Lead_azide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead azide">lead azide</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Explosive_train">Explosive train</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Explosive train"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Explosive_train" title="Explosive train">Explosive train</a></div> <p>Explosive material may be incorporated in the explosive train of a device or system. An example is a pyrotechnic lead igniting a booster, which causes the main charge to detonate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volume_of_products_of_explosion">Volume of products of explosion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Volume of products of explosion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The most widely used explosives are condensed liquids or solids converted to gaseous products by explosive chemical reactions and the energy released by those reactions. The gaseous products of complete reaction are typically <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-z&k_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z&k-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gaseous volumes computed by the <a href="/wiki/Ideal_gas_law" title="Ideal gas law">ideal gas law</a> tend to be too large at high pressures characteristic of explosions.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimate volume expansion may be estimated at three orders of magnitude, or one liter per gram of explosive. Explosives with an oxygen deficit will generate soot or gases like <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, which may react with surrounding materials such as atmospheric <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-z&k_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-z&k-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Attempts to obtain more precise volume estimates must consider the possibility of such side reactions, condensation of steam, and aqueous solubility of gases like carbon dioxide.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oxygen_balance_(OB%_or_Ω)"><span id="Oxygen_balance_.28OB.25_or_.CE.A9.29"></span>Oxygen balance (OB% or <i>Ω</i>)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Oxygen balance (OB% or Ω)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Oxygen_balance" title="Oxygen balance">Oxygen balance</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_balance" title="Oxygen balance">Oxygen balance</a> is an expression that is used to indicate the degree to which an explosive can be oxidized. If an explosive molecule contains just enough oxygen to convert all of its carbon to carbon dioxide, all of its hydrogen to water, and all of its metal to metal oxide with no excess, the molecule is said to have a zero oxygen balance. The molecule is said to have a positive oxygen balance if it contains more oxygen than is needed and a negative oxygen balance if it contains less oxygen than is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sensitivity, <a href="/wiki/Strength_(explosive)" title="Strength (explosive)">strength</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brisance" title="Brisance">brisance</a> of an explosive are all somewhat dependent upon oxygen balance and tend to approach their maxima as oxygen balance approaches zero. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chemical_composition">Chemical composition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Chemical composition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A chemical explosive may consist of either a chemically pure compound, such as <a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin" title="Nitroglycerin">nitroglycerin</a>, or a mixture of a <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Oxidizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizer">oxidizer</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">black powder</a> or <a href="/wiki/Grain_dust" class="mw-redirect" title="Grain dust">grain dust</a> and air. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pure_compounds">Pure compounds</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pure compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some chemical compounds are unstable in that, when shocked, they react, possibly to the point of detonation. Each molecule of the compound dissociates into two or more new molecules (generally gases) with the release of energy. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin" title="Nitroglycerin">Nitroglycerin</a></b>: A highly unstable and sensitive liquid</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Acetone_peroxide" title="Acetone peroxide">Acetone peroxide</a></b>: A very unstable white <a href="/wiki/Organic_peroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic peroxide">organic peroxide</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/TNT" title="TNT">TNT</a></b>: Yellow insensitive crystals that can be melted and cast without detonation</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cellulose_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulose nitrate">Cellulose nitrate</a></b>: A nitrated polymer which can be a high or low explosive depending on nitration level and conditions</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/RDX" title="RDX">RDX</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/PETN" class="mw-redirect" title="PETN">PETN</a></b>, <b><a href="/wiki/HMX" title="HMX">HMX</a></b>: Very powerful explosives which can be used pure or in plastic explosives <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/C4_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="C4 explosive">C-4</a></b> (or Composition C-4): An <a href="/wiki/RDX" title="RDX">RDX</a> <a href="/wiki/Plastic_explosive" title="Plastic explosive">plastic explosive</a> plasticized to be adhesive and malleable</li></ul></li></ul> <p>The above compositions may describe most of the explosive material, but a practical explosive will often include small percentages of other substances. For example, <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a> is a mixture of highly sensitive nitroglycerin with <a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">sawdust</a>, powdered <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>, or most commonly <a href="/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">diatomaceous earth</a>, which act as stabilizers. Plastics and polymers may be added to bind powders of explosive compounds; waxes may be incorporated to make them safer to handle; <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> powder may be introduced to increase total energy and blast effects. Explosive compounds are also often "alloyed": HMX or RDX powders may be mixed (typically by melt-casting) with TNT to form <a href="/wiki/Octol" title="Octol">Octol</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cyclotol" title="Cyclotol">Cyclotol</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oxidized_fuel">Oxidized fuel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Oxidized fuel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An <a href="/wiki/Oxidizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidizer">oxidizer</a> is a pure substance (<a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">molecule</a>) that in a chemical reaction can contribute some atoms of one or more oxidizing elements, in which the <a href="/wiki/Fuel" title="Fuel">fuel</a> component of the explosive burns. On the simplest level, the oxidizer may itself be an oxidizing <a href="/wiki/Chemical_element" title="Chemical element">element</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Gas_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas state">gaseous</a> or <a href="/wiki/Liquid" title="Liquid">liquid</a> <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a>. </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Black_powder" class="mw-redirect" title="Black powder">Black powder</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">Potassium nitrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Flash_powder" title="Flash powder">Flash powder</a></b>: Fine metal powder (usually <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> or <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>) and a strong oxidizer (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">potassium chlorate</a> or <a href="/wiki/Potassium_perchlorate" title="Potassium perchlorate">perchlorate</a>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ammonal" title="Ammonal">Ammonal</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">Ammonium nitrate</a> and aluminium powder</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Armstrong%27s_mixture" title="Armstrong's mixture">Armstrong's mixture</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">Potassium chlorate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Red_phosphorus" title="Red phosphorus">red phosphorus</a>. This is a very sensitive mixture. It is a primary high explosive in which sulfur is substituted for some or all of the phosphorus to slightly decrease sensitivity.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Sprengel_explosive" title="Sprengel explosive">Sprengel explosives</a></b>: A very general class incorporating any strong oxidizer and highly reactive fuel, although in practice the name was most commonly applied to mixtures of <a href="/wiki/Chlorate" title="Chlorate">chlorates</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitroaromatic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitroaromatic (page does not exist)">nitroaromatics</a>. <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/ANFO" title="ANFO">ANFO</a></b>: Ammonium nitrate and <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Cheddite" title="Cheddite">Cheddites</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Chlorate" title="Chlorate">Chlorates</a> or <a href="/wiki/Perchlorate" title="Perchlorate">perchlorates</a> and oil</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Oxyliquit" title="Oxyliquit">Oxyliquits</a></b>: Mixtures of organic materials and <a href="/wiki/Liquid_oxygen" title="Liquid oxygen">liquid oxygen</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Panclastite" title="Panclastite">Panclastites</a></b>: Mixtures of organic materials and <a href="/wiki/Dinitrogen_tetroxide" title="Dinitrogen tetroxide">dinitrogen tetroxide</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Availability_and_cost">Availability and cost</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Availability and cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The availability and cost of explosives are determined by the availability of the raw materials and the cost, complexity, and safety of the manufacturing operations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_sensitivity">By sensitivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: By sensitivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Primary">Primary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Primary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>primary explosive</b> is an explosive that is extremely sensitive to stimuli such as <a href="/wiki/Impact_(mechanics)" title="Impact (mechanics)">impact</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friction" title="Friction">friction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic">static electricity</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_radiation" title="Electromagnetic radiation">electromagnetic radiation</a>. Some primary explosives are also known as <a href="/wiki/Contact_explosive" title="Contact explosive">contact explosives</a>. A relatively small amount of energy is required for <a href="/wiki/Initiation_(chemistry)" title="Initiation (chemistry)">initiation</a>. As a very general rule, primary explosives are considered to be those compounds that are more sensitive than <a href="/wiki/Pentaerythritol_tetranitrate" title="Pentaerythritol tetranitrate">PETN</a>. As a practical measure, primary explosives are sufficiently sensitive that they can be reliably initiated with a blow from a hammer; however, PETN can also usually be initiated in this manner, so this is only a very broad guideline. Additionally, several compounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_triiodide" title="Nitrogen triiodide">nitrogen triiodide</a>, are so sensitive that they cannot even be handled without detonating. Nitrogen triiodide is so sensitive that it can be reliably detonated by exposure to <a href="/wiki/Alpha_particle" title="Alpha particle">alpha radiation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Primary explosives are often used in <a href="/wiki/Detonator" title="Detonator">detonators</a> or to <a href="/wiki/Trigger_(firearms)" title="Trigger (firearms)">trigger</a> larger charges of less sensitive <a href="/wiki/Secondary_explosives" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary explosives">secondary explosives</a>. Primary explosives are commonly used in <a href="/wiki/Blasting_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Blasting cap">blasting caps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percussion_cap" title="Percussion cap">percussion caps</a> to translate a physical shock signal. In other situations, different signals such as electrical or physical shock, or, in the case of laser detonation systems, light, are used to initiate an action, i.e., an explosion. A small quantity, usually milligrams, is sufficient to initiate a larger charge of explosive that is usually safer to handle. </p><p>Examples of primary high explosives are: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 17em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone_peroxide" title="Acetone peroxide">Acetone peroxide</a></li> <li>Alkali metal <a href="/wiki/Ozonide" title="Ozonide">ozonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_permanganate" title="Ammonium permanganate">Ammonium permanganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chlorate" title="Ammonium chlorate">Ammonium chlorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azidotetrazolates" class="mw-redirect" title="Azidotetrazolates">Azidotetrazolates</a></li> <li>Azoclathrates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzoyl_peroxide" title="Benzoyl peroxide">Benzoyl peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzvalene" title="Benzvalene">Benzvalene</a></li> <li>3,5-Bis(trinitromethyl)tetrazole<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_oxide" title="Chlorine oxide">Chlorine oxides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_acetylide" title="Copper(I) acetylide">Copper(I) acetylide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_azide" title="Copper(II) azide">Copper(II) azide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumene_hydroperoxide" title="Cumene hydroperoxide">Cumene hydroperoxide</a></li> <li>Cycloprop(-2-)enyl nitrate (CXP or CPN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanogen_azide" title="Cyanogen azide">Cyanogen azide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanuric_triazide" title="Cyanuric triazide">Cyanuric triazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diacetyl_peroxide" title="Diacetyl peroxide">Diacetyl peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Diazidocarbamoyl-5-azidotetrazole" title="1-Diazidocarbamoyl-5-azidotetrazole">1-Diazidocarbamoyl-5-azidotetrazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazodinitrophenol" title="Diazodinitrophenol">Diazodinitrophenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diazomethane" title="Diazomethane">Diazomethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether_peroxide" title="Diethyl ether peroxide">Diethyl ether peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Dimethylaminophenylpentazole" title="4-Dimethylaminophenylpentazole">4-Dimethylaminophenylpentazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disulfur_dinitride" title="Disulfur dinitride">Disulfur dinitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyl_azide" title="Ethyl azide">Ethyl azide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive_antimony" title="Explosive antimony">Explosive antimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_perchlorate" title="Fluorine perchlorate">Fluorine perchlorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_acid" title="Fulminic acid">Fulminic acid</a></li> <li>Halogen azides: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_azide" title="Fluorine azide">Fluorine azide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_azide" title="Chlorine azide">Chlorine azide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bromine_azide" title="Bromine azide">Bromine azide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iodine_azide" title="Iodine azide">Iodine azide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexamethylene_triperoxide_diamine" title="Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine">Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrazoic_acid" title="Hydrazoic acid">Hydrazoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypofluorous_acid" title="Hypofluorous acid">Hypofluorous acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_azide" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead azide">Lead azide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_styphnate" title="Lead styphnate">Lead styphnate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lead_picrate" title="Lead picrate">Lead picrate</a><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_heptoxide" title="Manganese heptoxide">Manganese heptoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_fulminate" title="Mercury(II) fulminate">Mercury(II) fulminate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_nitride" title="Mercury nitride">Mercury nitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ketone_peroxide" title="Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide">Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_hydrazine_nitrate" title="Nickel hydrazine nitrate">Nickel hydrazine nitrate</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Nickel hydrazine perchlorate</li> <li>Nitrogen trihalides: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trichloride" title="Nitrogen trichloride">Nitrogen trichloride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_tribromide" title="Nitrogen tribromide">Nitrogen tribromide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_triiodide" title="Nitrogen triiodide">Nitrogen triiodide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin" title="Nitroglycerin">Nitroglycerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitronium_perchlorate" title="Nitronium perchlorate">Nitronium perchlorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrosyl_perchlorate" title="Nitrosyl perchlorate">Nitrosyl perchlorate</a></li> <li>Nitrotetrazolate-<i>N</i>-oxides</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentazenium" title="Pentazenium">Pentazenium</a> <a href="/wiki/Hexafluoroarsenate" title="Hexafluoroarsenate">hexafluoroarsenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxy_acid" title="Peroxy acid">Peroxy acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxymonosulfuric_acid" title="Peroxymonosulfuric acid">Peroxymonosulfuric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selenium_tetraazide" title="Selenium tetraazide">Selenium tetraazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetraazide" title="Silicon tetraazide">Silicon tetraazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_azide" title="Silver azide">Silver azide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_acetylide" title="Silver acetylide">Silver acetylide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_fulminate" title="Silver fulminate">Silver fulminate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_nitride" title="Silver nitride">Silver nitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tellurium_tetraazide" title="Tellurium tetraazide">Tellurium tetraazide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert-Butyl_hydroperoxide" title="Tert-Butyl hydroperoxide"><i>tert</i>-Butyl hydroperoxide</a></li> <li>Tetraamine copper complexes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetraazidomethane" title="Tetraazidomethane">Tetraazidomethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrazene_explosive" title="Tetrazene explosive">Tetrazene explosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrazole" title="Tetrazole">Tetrazoles</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_tetraazide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanium tetraazide (page does not exist)">Titanium tetraazide</a></li> <li>Triazidomethane</li> <li>Oxides of xenon: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_dioxide" title="Xenon dioxide">Xenon dioxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_oxytetrafluoride" title="Xenon oxytetrafluoride">Xenon oxytetrafluoride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_tetroxide" title="Xenon tetroxide">Xenon tetroxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_trioxide" title="Xenon trioxide">Xenon trioxide</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Secondary">Secondary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Secondary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <b>secondary explosive</b> is less sensitive than a primary explosive and requires substantially more energy to be initiated. Because they are less sensitive, they are usable in a wider variety of applications and are safer to handle and store. Secondary explosives are used in larger quantities in an explosive train and are usually initiated by a smaller quantity of a primary explosive. </p><p>Examples of secondary explosives include <a href="/wiki/TNT" title="TNT">TNT</a> and <a href="/wiki/RDX" title="RDX">RDX</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tertiary">Tertiary</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Tertiary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Tertiary explosives</b>, also called <b>blasting agents</b>, are so insensitive to shock that they cannot be reliably detonated by practical quantities of <a href="/wiki/Primary_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary explosive">primary explosive</a>, and instead require an intermediate <a href="/wiki/Explosive_booster" title="Explosive booster">explosive booster</a> of <a href="/wiki/Secondary_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary explosive">secondary explosive</a>. These are often used for safety and the typically lower costs of material and handling. The largest consumers are large-scale <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a> operations. </p><p>Most tertiaries include a fuel and an oxidizer. <a href="/wiki/ANFO" title="ANFO">ANFO</a> can be a tertiary explosive if its reaction rate is slow. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_velocity">By velocity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: By velocity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Low">Low</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Low"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Low explosives (or low-order explosives) are compounds wherein the rate of decomposition proceeds through the material at less than the <a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">speed of sound</a>. The decomposition is propagated by a flame front (<a href="/wiki/Deflagration" title="Deflagration">deflagration</a>) which travels much more slowly through the explosive material than a <a href="/wiki/Shock_wave" title="Shock wave">shock wave</a> of a high explosive. <a href="/wiki/Standard_temperature_and_pressure" title="Standard temperature and pressure">Under normal conditions</a>, low explosives undergo deflagration at rates that vary from a few centimetres per second to approximately 0.4 kilometres per second (1,300 ft/s). It is possible for them to deflagrate very quickly, producing an effect similar to a <a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">detonation</a>. This can happen under higher <a href="/wiki/Pressure" title="Pressure">pressure</a> (such as when <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> deflagrates inside the confined space of a bullet casing, accelerating the bullet to well beyond the speed of sound) or <a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">temperature</a>. </p><p>A low explosive is usually a mixture of a <a href="/wiki/Combustible" class="mw-redirect" title="Combustible">combustible</a> substance and an <a href="/wiki/Oxidant" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxidant">oxidant</a> that decomposes rapidly (deflagration); however, they burn more slowly than a high explosive, which has an extremely fast burn rate.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Low explosives are normally employed as <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellants</a>. Included in this group are petroleum products such as <a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">propane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">gunpowder</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Smokeless_powder" title="Smokeless powder">smokeless powder</a>), and light <a href="/wiki/Pyrotechnics" title="Pyrotechnics">pyrotechnics</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Flare" title="Flare">flares</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a>, but can replace high explosives in certain applications, including in gas pressure blasting.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="High">High</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: High"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>High explosives (HE, or high-order explosives) are explosive materials that <a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">detonate</a>, meaning that the <a href="/wiki/Explosion" title="Explosion">explosive</a> <a href="/wiki/Shock_front" class="mw-redirect" title="Shock front">shock front</a> passes through the material at a <a href="/wiki/Supersonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Supersonic">supersonic</a> speed. High explosives detonate with <a href="/wiki/Explosive_velocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Explosive velocity">explosive velocity</a> of about 3–9 kilometres per second (9,800–29,500 ft/s). For instance, TNT has a detonation (burn) rate of approximately 6.9 km/s (22,600 feet per second), detonating cord of 6.7 km/s (22,000 feet per second), and C-4 about 8.0 km/s (26,000 feet per second). They are normally employed in mining, demolition, and military applications. The term <i>high explosive</i> is in contrast with the term <i>low explosive</i>, which explodes (<a href="/wiki/Deflagration" title="Deflagration">deflagrates</a>) at a lower rate. </p><p>High explosives can be divided into two explosives classes differentiated by <a href="/wiki/Sensitivity_(explosives)" title="Sensitivity (explosives)">sensitivity</a>: <a href="#Primary">primary explosive</a> and <a href="#Secondary">secondary explosive</a>. Although tertiary explosives (such as ANFO at 3,200 m/s) can technically meet the explosive velocity definition, they are not considered high explosives in regulatory contexts. </p><p>Countless high-explosive compounds are chemically possible, but commercially and militarily important ones have included <a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin" title="Nitroglycerin">NG</a>, <a href="/wiki/TNT" title="TNT">TNT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinitrophenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrophenol">TNP</a>, TNX, <a href="/wiki/RDX" title="RDX">RDX</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMX" title="HMX">HMX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentaerythritol_tetranitrate" title="Pentaerythritol tetranitrate">PETN</a>, <a href="/wiki/TATP" class="mw-redirect" title="TATP">TATP</a>, <a href="/wiki/TATB" title="TATB">TATB</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hexanitrostilbene" title="Hexanitrostilbene">HNS</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_physical_form">By physical form</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: By physical form"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Use_forms_of_explosives" title="Use forms of explosives">Use forms of explosives</a></div> <p>Explosives are often characterized by the physical form that the explosives are produced or used in. These use forms are commonly categorized as:<sup id="cite_ref-Cooper_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cooper-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Pressings</li> <li>Castings</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polymer-bonded_explosive" title="Polymer-bonded explosive">Plastic or polymer bonded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_explosive" title="Plastic explosive">Plastic explosives</a>, a.k.a. putties</li> <li>Rubberized</li> <li>Extrudable</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binary_explosive" title="Binary explosive">Binary</a></li> <li>Blasting agents</li> <li>Slurries and gels</li> <li>Dynamites</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipping_label_classifications">Shipping label classifications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Shipping label classifications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Shipping labels and tags may include both <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and national markings. </p><p>United Nations markings include numbered Hazard Class and Division (HC/D) codes and alphabetic Compatibility Group codes. Though the two are related, they are separate and distinct. Any Compatibility Group designator can be assigned to any Hazard Class and Division. An example of this hybrid marking would be a consumer <a href="/wiki/Firework" class="mw-redirect" title="Firework">firework</a>, which is labeled as 1.4G or 1.4S. </p><p>Examples of national markings would include <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Transportation" title="United States Department of Transportation">United States Department of Transportation</a> (U.S. DOT) codes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Nations_(UN)_GHS_Hazard_Class_and_Division"><span id="United_Nations_.28UN.29_GHS_Hazard_Class_and_Division"></span>United Nations (UN) GHS Hazard Class and Division</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: United Nations (UN) GHS Hazard Class and Division"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:UN_transport_pictogram_-_1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/UN_transport_pictogram_-_1.svg/220px-UN_transport_pictogram_-_1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/UN_transport_pictogram_-_1.svg/330px-UN_transport_pictogram_-_1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/UN_transport_pictogram_-_1.svg/440px-UN_transport_pictogram_-_1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption>GHS Explosives transport pictogram</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/HAZMAT_Class_1_Explosives" title="HAZMAT Class 1 Explosives">HAZMAT Class 1 Explosives</a></div> <p>The UN <a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">GHS</a> Hazard Class and Division (HC/D) is a numeric designator within a hazard class indicating the character, predominance of associated hazards, and potential for causing personnel casualties and property damage. It is an internationally accepted system that communicates using the minimum amount of markings the primary hazard associated with a substance.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Listed below are the Divisions for Class 1 (Explosives): </p> <ul><li><b>1.1</b> Mass Detonation Hazard. With HC/D 1.1, it is expected that if one item in a container or pallet inadvertently detonates, the explosion will <a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_detonation" title="Sympathetic detonation">sympathetically detonate</a> the surrounding items. The explosion could propagate to all or the majority of the items stored together, causing a mass detonation. There will also be fragments from the item's casing and/or structures in the blast area.</li> <li><b>1.2</b> Non-mass explosion, fragment-producing. HC/D 1.2 is further divided into three subdivisions, HC/D 1.2.1, 1.2.2 and 1.2.3, to account for the magnitude of the effects of an explosion.</li> <li><b>1.3</b> Mass fire, minor blast or fragment hazard. Propellants and many pyrotechnic items fall into this category. If one item in a package or stack initiates, it will usually propagate to the other items, creating a mass fire.</li> <li><b>1.4</b> Moderate fire, no blast or fragment. HC/D 1.4 items are listed in the table as explosives with no significant hazard. Most small arms ammunition (including loaded weapons) and some pyrotechnic items fall into this category. If the energetic material in these items inadvertently initiates, most of the energy and fragments will be contained within the storage structure or the item containers themselves.</li> <li><b>1.5</b> mass detonation hazard, very insensitive.</li> <li><b>1.6</b> <a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">detonation</a> hazard without mass detonation hazard, extremely insensitive.</li></ul> <p>To see an entire UNO Table, browse Paragraphs 3–8 and 3–9 of NAVSEA OP 5, Vol. 1, Chapter 3. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Class_1_Compatibility_Group">Class 1 Compatibility Group</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Class 1 Compatibility Group"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Compatibility Group codes are used to indicate storage compatibility for HC/D Class 1 (explosive) materials. Letters are used to designate 13 compatibility groups as follows. </p> <ul><li><b>A</b>: Primary explosive substance (1.1A).</li> <li><b>B</b>: An article containing a primary explosive substance and not containing two or more effective protective features. Some articles, such as detonator assemblies for blasting and primers, cap-type, are included. (1.1B, 1.2B, 1.4B).</li> <li><b>C</b>: Propellant explosive substance or other deflagrating explosive substance or article containing such explosive substance (1.1C, 1.2C, 1.3C, 1.4C). These are bulk <a href="/wiki/Propellant" title="Propellant">propellants</a>, propelling charges, and devices containing propellants with or without means of ignition. Examples include single-based propellant, double-based propellant, triple-based propellant, and <a href="/wiki/Composite_propellant" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite propellant">composite propellants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solid_propellant" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid propellant">solid propellant</a> <a href="/wiki/Rocket_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Rocket motor">rocket motors</a> and ammunition with inert projectiles.</li> <li><b>D</b>: Secondary detonating explosive substance or black powder or article containing a secondary detonating explosive substance, in each case without means of initiation and without a propelling charge, or article containing a primary explosive substance and containing two or more effective protective features. (1.1D, 1.2D, 1.4D, 1.5D).</li> <li><b>E</b>: Article containing a secondary detonating explosive substance without means of initiation, with a propelling charge (other than one containing flammable liquid, gel or <a href="/wiki/Hypergolic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypergolic">hypergolic</a> liquid) (1.1E, 1.2E, 1.4E).</li> <li><b>F</b> containing a <a href="/wiki/Secondary_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary explosive">secondary</a> <a href="/wiki/Detonating_explosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Detonating explosive">detonating explosive</a> substance with its means of initiation, with a propelling charge (other than one containing flammable liquid, gel or hypergolic liquid) or without a propelling charge (1.1F, 1.2F, 1.3F, 1.4F).</li> <li><b>G</b>: Pyrotechnic substance or article containing a pyrotechnic substance, or article containing both an explosive substance and an illuminating, incendiary, tear-producing or smoke-producing substance (other than a water-activated article or one containing white phosphorus, phosphide or flammable liquid or gel or hypergolic liquid) (1.1G, 1.2G, 1.3G, 1.4G). Examples include Flares, signals, incendiary or illuminating ammunition and other smoke and tear producing devices.</li> <li><b>H</b>: Article containing both an explosive substance and white phosphorus (1.2H, 1.3H). These articles will spontaneously combust when exposed to the atmosphere.</li> <li><b>J</b>: Article containing both an explosive substance and flammable liquid or gel (1.1J, 1.2J, 1.3J). This excludes liquids or gels which are spontaneously flammable when exposed to water or the atmosphere, which belong in group H. Examples include liquid or gel filled incendiary ammunition, fuel-air explosive (FAE) devices, and flammable liquid fueled missiles.</li> <li><b>K</b>: Article containing both an explosive substance and a toxic chemical agent (1.2K, 1.3K)</li> <li><b>L</b> Explosive substance or article containing an explosive substance and presenting a special risk (e.g., due to water-activation or presence of hypergolic liquids, phosphides, or <a href="/wiki/Pyrophoricity" title="Pyrophoricity">pyrophoric</a> substances) needing isolation of each type (1.1L, 1.2L, 1.3L). Damaged or suspect ammunition of any group belongs in this group.</li> <li><b>N</b>: Articles containing only extremely insensitive detonating substances (1.6N).</li> <li><b>S</b>: Substance or article so packed or designed that any hazardous effects arising from accidental functioning are limited to the extent that they do not significantly hinder or prohibit fire fighting or other emergency response efforts in the immediate vicinity of the package (1.4S).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The legality of possessing or using explosives varies by jurisdiction. Various countries around the world have enacted explosives law and require licenses to manufacture, distribute, store, use, possess explosives or ingredients. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, the civil and commercial use of explosives is covered under the <i>Wet explosieven voor civiel gebruik</i> (explosives for civil use Act), in accordance with EU directive nr. 93/15/EEG<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Dutch). The illegal use of explosives is covered under the <i>Wet Wapens en Munitie</i> (Weapons and Munition Act)<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Dutch). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Explosive_Substances_Act_1883" title="Explosive Substances Act 1883">Explosive Substances Act 1883</a></div> <p>The new Explosives Regulations 2014 (ER 2014)<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> came into force on 1 October 2014 and defines "explosive" as: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"a) any explosive article or explosive substance which would — </p><p>(i) if packaged for transport, be classified in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> Recommendations as falling within Class 1; or </p><p>(ii) be classified in accordance with the United Nations Recommendations as — </p><p>(aa) being unduly sensitive or so reactive as to be subject to spontaneous reaction and accordingly too dangerous to transport, and </p><p>(bb) falling within Class 1; or </p><p>(b) a desensitised explosive, </p><p> but it does not include an explosive substance produced as part of a manufacturing process which thereafter reprocesses it in order to produce a substance or preparation which is not an explosive substance"<sup id="cite_ref-:1_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"Anyone who wishes to acquire and or keep relevant explosives needs to contact their local police explosives liaison officer. All explosives are relevant explosives apart from those listed under Schedule 2 of Explosives Regulations 2014."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, numerous laws were created to regulate war related industries and increase security within the United States. In 1917, the <a href="/wiki/65th_United_States_Congress" title="65th United States Congress">65th United States Congress</a> created <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_federal_legislation,_1901%E2%80%932001#65th_United_States_Congress" title="List of United States federal legislation, 1901–2001">many laws</a>, including the <i><a href="/wiki/Espionage_Act_of_1917" title="Espionage Act of 1917">Espionage Act of 1917</a></i> and <i>Explosives Act of 1917</i>. </p><p>The <i>Explosives Act of 1917</i> (session 1, chapter 83, 40 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Statutes_at_Large" title="United States Statutes at Large">Stat.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislink.org/us/stat-40-385">385</a>) was signed on 6 October 1917 and went into effect on 16 November 1917. The legal summary is "An Act to prohibit the manufacture, distribution, storage, use, and possession in <b>time of war</b> of explosives, providing regulations for the safe manufacture, distribution, storage, use, and possession of the same, and for other purposes". This was the first federal regulation of licensing explosives purchases. The act was deactivated after World War I ended.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the United States entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Explosives Act of 1917 was reactivated. In 1947, the act was deactivated by <a href="/wiki/President_Truman" class="mw-redirect" title="President Truman">President Truman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Organized_Crime_Control_Act_of_1970" title="Organized Crime Control Act of 1970">Organized Crime Control Act of 1970</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Act_of_Congress#Public_law,_private_law,_designation" title="Act of Congress"><abbr title="Public Law">Pub. L.</abbr></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uslaw.link/citation/us-law/public/91/452">91–452</a>) transferred many explosives regulations to the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Alcohol,_Tobacco,_Firearms_and_Explosives" title="Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives">Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco and Firearms</a> (ATF) of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Department of the Treasury">Department of Treasury</a>. The bill became effective in 1971.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Currently, regulations are governed by <a href="/wiki/Title_18_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 18 of the United States Code">Title 18 of the United States Code</a> and <a href="/wiki/Title_27_of_the_Code_of_Federal_Regulations" title="Title 27 of the Code of Federal Regulations">Title 27 of the Code of Federal Regulations</a>: </p> <ul><li>"Importation, Manufacture, Distribution and Storage of Explosive Materials" (18 U.S.C. Chapter 40).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>"Commerce in Explosives" (27 C.F.R. Chapter II, Part 555).<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_explosives">List of explosives</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: List of explosives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Compounds"><a href="/wiki/Chemical_compound" title="Chemical compound">Compounds</a></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Compounds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Acetylides"><a href="/wiki/Acetylide" title="Acetylide">Acetylides</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Acetylides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copper(I)_acetylide" title="Copper(I) acetylide">Copper(I) acetylide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dichloroacetylene" title="Dichloroacetylene">Dichloroacetylene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_acetylide" title="Silver acetylide">Silver acetylide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fulminates"><a href="/wiki/Fulminate" title="Fulminate">Fulminates</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Fulminates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulminic_Acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulminic Acid">Fulminic Acid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fulminating_Gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Fulminating Gold">Fulminating Gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercury(II)_fulminate" title="Mercury(II) fulminate">Mercury(II) fulminate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Platinum_fulminate" title="Platinum fulminate">Platinum fulminate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potassium_fulminate" title="Potassium fulminate">Potassium fulminate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_fulminate" title="Silver fulminate">Silver fulminate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nitro">Nitro</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Nitro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>MonoNitro:</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitroguanidine" title="Nitroguanidine">Nitroguanidine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitroethane" title="Nitroethane">Nitroethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitromethane" title="Nitromethane">Nitromethane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitropropane" title="Nitropropane">Nitropropane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrourea" title="Nitrourea">Nitrourea</a></li> <li><b>DiNitro</b>: <a href="/wiki/Diazo_dinitro_phenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Diazo dinitro phenol">Diazo dinitro phenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinitrobenzene" title="Dinitrobenzene">Dinitrobenzene</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinitroethylene_urea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinitroethylene urea (page does not exist)">Dinitroethylene urea</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1,5-Dinitro_naphthalene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1,5-Dinitro naphthalene (page does not exist)">DNN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinitrophenol" title="Dinitrophenol">Dinitrophenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinitrophenolate" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinitrophenolate">Dinitrophenolate</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine" title="2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazine">DNPH</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinitroresorcinol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinitroresorcinol (page does not exist)">Dinitroresorcinol</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinitropentano_nitrile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinitropentano nitrile (page does not exist)">Dinitropentano nitrile</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polydinitropropyl_acrylate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polydinitropropyl acrylate (page does not exist)">Polydinitropropyl acrylate</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dinitro_cerine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dinitro cerine (page does not exist)">Dinitro cerine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dipicryl_sulfone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dipicryl sulfone (page does not exist)">Dipicryl sulfone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dipicrylamine" class="mw-redirect" title="Dipicrylamine">Dipicrylamine</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethyl_4,4-Dinitropentanate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethyl 4,4-Dinitropentanate (page does not exist)">EDNP</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Potassium_dinitrobenzofuroxan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Potassium dinitrobenzofuroxan (page does not exist)">KDNBF</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=1,2-Bis_2,2-difluro_2-nitroacetoxythane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1,2-Bis 2,2-difluro 2-nitroacetoxythane (page does not exist)">BEAF</a>, <a href="/wiki/DADNE" class="mw-redirect" title="DADNE">DADNE</a></li> <li><b>TriNitro:</b> <a href="/wiki/Cyclotrimethylene_trinitramine" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclotrimethylene trinitramine">RDX</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaminotrinitrobenzene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diaminotrinitrobenzene (page does not exist)">Diaminotrinitrobenzene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triaminotrinitrobenzene" class="mw-redirect" title="Triaminotrinitrobenzene">Triaminotrinitrobenzene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead_styphnate" title="Lead styphnate">Lead styphnate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead_picrate" title="Lead picrate">Lead picrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinitroaniline" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitroaniline">Trinitroaniline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinitroanisole" title="Trinitroanisole">Trinitroanisole</a>, <a href="/wiki/1,3,3-Trinitroazetidine" title="1,3,3-Trinitroazetidine">TNAS</a>, <a href="/wiki/1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene" title="1,3,5-Trinitrobenzene">TNB</a>, <a href="/wiki/2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic_acid" title="2,4,6-Trinitrobenzoic acid">TNBA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Styphnic_acid" title="Styphnic acid">Styphnic acid</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metacresol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metacresol (page does not exist)">MC</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinitroethyl_formal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinitroethyl formal (page does not exist)">Trinitroethyl formal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinitroethylorthocarbonate" title="Trinitroethylorthocarbonate">TNOC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinitroethylorthoformate" title="Trinitroethylorthoformate">TNOF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinitrophenol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrophenol">TNP</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinitrotoluene" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitrotoluene">TNT</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinitronaphthalene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinitronaphthalene (page does not exist)">TNN</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinitrophloro_glucinol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinitrophloro glucinol (page does not exist)">TNPG</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinitroresorcinol" class="mw-redirect" title="Trinitroresorcinol">TNR</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bistrinitroethyl_nitramine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bistrinitroethyl nitramine (page does not exist)">BTNEN</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bistrinitroethyl_carbonate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bistrinitroethyl carbonate (page does not exist)">BTNEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_picrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium picrate">Ammonium picrate</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Trinitrosorcinate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trinitrosorcinate (page does not exist)">TNS</a></li> <li><b>TetraNitro</b>: <a href="/wiki/Tetryl" title="Tetryl">Tetryl</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMX" title="HMX">HMX</a></li> <li><b>HexaNitro</b>: <a href="/wiki/Hexanitrostilbene" title="Hexanitrostilbene">HNS</a>, <a href="/wiki/HNIW" class="mw-redirect" title="HNIW">HNIW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexanitrohexaazatricyclododecanedione" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexanitrohexaazatricyclododecanedione">HHTDD</a></li> <li><b>HeptaNitro</b>: <a href="/wiki/Heptanitrocubane" title="Heptanitrocubane">Heptanitrocubane</a></li> <li><b>OctaNitro:</b> <a href="/wiki/Octanitrocubane" title="Octanitrocubane">Octanitrocubane</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nitrates"><a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">Nitrates</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Nitrates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Mononitrates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate" title="Ammonium nitrate">Ammonium nitrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyl_ammonium_nitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Methyl ammonium nitrate">Methyl ammonium nitrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urea_nitrate" title="Urea nitrate">Urea Nitrate</a></li> <li><b>Dinitrates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Diethyleneglycol_dinitrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Diethyleneglycol dinitrate">Diethyleneglycol dinitrate</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethylenediamine_dinitrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethylenediamine dinitrate (page does not exist)">Ethylenediamine dinitrate</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ethylene_dinitramine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ethylene dinitramine (page does not exist)">Ethylene dinitramine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_glycol_dinitrate" title="Ethylene glycol dinitrate">Ethylene glycol dinitrate</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hexamethylenetetramine_dinitrate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hexamethylenetetramine dinitrate (page does not exist)">Hexamethylenetetramine dinitrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triethylene_glycol_dinitrate" title="Triethylene glycol dinitrate">Triethylene glycol dinitrate</a></li> <li><b>Trinitrates:</b> <a href="/wiki/1,2,4-Butanetriol_trinitrate" title="1,2,4-Butanetriol trinitrate">1,2,4-Butanetriol trinitrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trimethylolethane_trinitrate" title="Trimethylolethane trinitrate">Trimethylolethane trinitrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerin" title="Nitroglycerin">Nitroglycerin</a></li> <li><b>Tetranitrates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Erythritol_tetranitrate" title="Erythritol tetranitrate">Erythritol tetranitrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentaerythritol_tetranitrate" title="Pentaerythritol tetranitrate">Pentaerythritol tetranitrate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetranitratoxycarbon" title="Tetranitratoxycarbon">Tetranitratoxycarbon</a></li> <li><b>Pentanitrates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Xylitol_pentanitrate" title="Xylitol pentanitrate">Xylitol pentanitrate</a></li> <li><b>Polynitrates:</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitrocellulose" title="Nitrocellulose">Nitrocellulose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrostarch" title="Nitrostarch">Nitrostarch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannitol_hexanitrate" title="Mannitol hexanitrate">Mannitol hexanitrate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Amines">Amines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Amines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Tertiary Amines:</b> <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_tribromide" title="Nitrogen tribromide">Nitrogen tribromide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_trichloride" title="Nitrogen trichloride">Nitrogen trichloride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_triiodide" title="Nitrogen triiodide">Nitrogen triiodide</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrogen_trisulfide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrogen trisulfide (page does not exist)">Nitrogen trisulfide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium_nitride" class="mw-redirect" title="Selenium nitride">Selenium nitride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_nitride" title="Silver nitride">Silver nitride</a></li> <li><b>Diamines:</b> <a href="/wiki/Disulfur_dinitride" title="Disulfur dinitride">Disulfur dinitride</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Azide" title="Azide">Azides</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/Cyanuric_triazide" title="Cyanuric triazide">Cyanuric triazide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyanogen_azide" title="Cyanogen azide">Cyanogen azide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorine_azide" title="Chlorine azide">Chlorine azide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper(II)_azide" title="Copper(II) azide">Copper(II) azide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_azide" title="Ethyl azide">Ethyl azide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fluorine_azide" title="Fluorine azide">Fluorine azide</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydrazoic_azide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydrazoic azide (page does not exist)">Hydrazoic azide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead(II)_azide" title="Lead(II) azide">Lead(II) azide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver_azide" title="Silver azide">Silver azide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_azide" title="Sodium azide">Sodium azide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rubidium_azide" title="Rubidium azide">Rubidium azide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Selenium_tetraazide" title="Selenium tetraazide">Selenium tetraazide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silicon_tetraazide" title="Silicon tetraazide">Silicon tetraazide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tellurium_tetraazide" title="Tellurium tetraazide">Tellurium tetraazide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetraazidomethane" title="Tetraazidomethane">Tetraazidomethane</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titanium_tetraazide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titanium tetraazide (page does not exist)">Titanium tetraazide</a></li> <li><b>Tetramines:</b> <a href="/wiki/Tetrazene" title="Tetrazene">Tetrazene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetrazole" title="Tetrazole">Tetrazole</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azidoazide_azide" class="mw-redirect" title="Azidoazide azide">Azidoazide azide</a></li> <li><b>Pentamines:</b> <a href="/wiki/Pentazenium" title="Pentazenium">Pentazenium</a></li> <li><b>Octamines:</b> <a href="/wiki/Octaazacubane" title="Octaazacubane">Octaazacubane</a>, <a href="/wiki/1,1%27-Azobis-1,2,3-triazole" title="1,1'-Azobis-1,2,3-triazole">1,1'-Azobis-1,2,3-triazole</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Peroxides"><a href="/wiki/Peroxide" title="Peroxide">Peroxides</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Peroxides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acetone_peroxide" title="Acetone peroxide">Acetone peroxide (TATP)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumene_hydroperoxide" title="Cumene hydroperoxide">Cumene hydroperoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diacetyl_peroxide" title="Diacetyl peroxide">Diacetyl peroxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dibenzoyl_peroxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Dibenzoyl peroxide">Dibenzoyl peroxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethyl_ether_peroxide" title="Diethyl ether peroxide">Diethyl ether peroxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hexamethylene_triperoxide_diamine" title="Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine">Hexamethylene triperoxide diamine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methyl_ethyl_ketone_peroxide" title="Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide">Methyl ethyl ketone peroxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tert-butyl_hydroperoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Tert-butyl hydroperoxide">Tert-butyl hydroperoxide</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetramethylene_diperoxide_dicarbamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetramethylene diperoxide dicarbamide (page does not exist)">Tetramethylene diperoxide dicarbamide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Oxides"><a href="/wiki/Oxide" title="Oxide">Oxides</a></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Oxides"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xenon_oxytetrafluoride" title="Xenon oxytetrafluoride">Xenon oxytetrafluoride</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenon_dioxide" title="Xenon dioxide">Xenon dioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenon_trioxide" title="Xenon trioxide">Xenon trioxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenon_tetroxide" title="Xenon tetroxide">Xenon tetroxide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unsorted">Unsorted</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Unsorted"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alkali_metal_Ozonides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alkali metal Ozonides (page does not exist)">Alkali metal Ozonides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_chlorate" title="Ammonium chlorate">Ammonium chlorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_perchlorate" title="Ammonium perchlorate">Ammonium perchlorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_permanganate" title="Ammonium permanganate">Ammonium permaganate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azidotetrazolates" class="mw-redirect" title="Azidotetrazolates">Azidotetrazolates</a></li> <li>Azoclathrates</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benzvalene" title="Benzvalene">Benzvalene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorine_oxide" title="Chlorine oxide">Chlorine oxides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Dimethylaminophenylpentazole" title="4-Dimethylaminophenylpentazole">DMAPP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluorine_perchlorate" title="Fluorine perchlorate">Fluorine perchlorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminating_gold" title="Fulminating gold">Fulminating gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulminating_silver" title="Fulminating silver">Fulminating silver</a> (several substances)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexafluoroantimonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexafluoroantimonate">Hexafluoroantimonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexafluoroarsenate" title="Hexafluoroarsenate">Hexafluoroarsenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypofluorous_acid" title="Hypofluorous acid">Hypofluorous acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_heptoxide" title="Manganese heptoxide">Manganese heptoxide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercury_nitride" title="Mercury nitride">Mercury nitride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitronium_perchlorate" title="Nitronium perchlorate">Nitronium perchlorate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrotetrazolate-N-Oxides&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrotetrazolate-N-Oxides (page does not exist)">Nitrotetrazolate-N-Oxides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxy_acid" title="Peroxy acid">Peroxy acids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peroxymonosulfuric_acid" title="Peroxymonosulfuric acid">Peroxymonosulfuric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tetramine_copper_complexes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tetramine copper complexes (page does not exist)">Tetramine copper complexes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrasulfur_tetranitride" title="Tetrasulfur tetranitride">Tetrasulfur tetranitride</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mixtures">Mixtures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Mixtures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aluminum_Orphorite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aluminum Orphorite (page does not exist)">Aluminum Orphorite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amatex" title="Amatex">Amatex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amatol" title="Amatol">Amatol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonal" title="Ammonal">Ammonal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armstrong%27s_mixture" title="Armstrong's mixture">Armstrong's mixture</a>, <a href="/wiki/ANFO" title="ANFO">ANFO</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=ANNMAL&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ANNMAL (page does not exist)">ANNMAL</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astrolite" title="Astrolite">Astrolite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baranol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baranol (page does not exist)">Baranol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baratol" title="Baratol">Baratol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballistite" title="Ballistite">Ballistite</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Butyl_tetryl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Butyl tetryl (page does not exist)">Butyl tetryl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonite_(explosive)" title="Carbonite (explosive)">Carbonite</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Composition_A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Composition A (page does not exist)">Composition A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Composition_B" title="Composition B">Composition B</a>, <a href="/wiki/Composition_C" title="Composition C">Composition C</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Composition_1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Composition 1 (page does not exist)">Composition 1</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Composition_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Composition 2 (page does not exist)">Composition 2</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Composition_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Composition 3 (page does not exist)">Composition 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Composition_4" class="mw-redirect" title="Composition 4">Composition 4</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Composition_5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Composition 5 (page does not exist)">Composition 5</a>, <a href="/wiki/Composition_H6" class="mw-redirect" title="Composition H6">Composition H6</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cordtex" title="Cordtex">Cordtex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclotol" title="Cyclotol">Cyclotol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danubit" title="Danubit">Danubit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detasheet" title="Detasheet">Detasheet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detonating_cord" title="Detonating cord">Detonating cord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dualin" title="Dualin">Dualin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunnite" title="Dunnite">Dunnite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">Dynamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecrasite" title="Ecrasite">Ecrasite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ednatol" title="Ednatol">Ednatol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_powder" title="Flash powder">Flash powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelignite" title="Gelignite">Gelignite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gunpowder" title="Gunpowder">Gunpowder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexanite" title="Hexanite">Hexanite</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hydromite_600&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hydromite 600 (page does not exist)">Hydromite 600</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinetite" title="Kinetite">Kinetite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minol_(explosive)" title="Minol (explosive)">Minol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octol" title="Octol">Octol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oxyliquit" title="Oxyliquit">Oxyliquit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panclastite" title="Panclastite">Panclastite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentolite" title="Pentolite">Pentolite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picratol" title="Picratol">Picratol</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=PNNM&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PNNM (page does not exist)">PNNM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrotol" title="Pyrotol">Pyrotol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schneiderite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schneiderite (page does not exist)">Schneiderite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semtex" title="Semtex">Semtex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shellite_(explosive)" title="Shellite (explosive)">Shellite</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannerit_simply&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tannerit simply (page does not exist)">Tannerit simply</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tannerite" title="Tannerite">Tannerite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titadine" title="Titadine">Titadine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tovex" title="Tovex">Tovex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Torpex" title="Torpex">Torpex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tritonal" title="Tritonal">Tritonal</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elements_and_isotopes">Elements and isotopes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Elements and isotopes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkali_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkali metals">Alkali metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive_antimony" title="Explosive antimony">Explosive antimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plutonium-239" title="Plutonium-239">Plutonium-239</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uranium-235" title="Uranium-235">Uranium-235</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blast_injury" title="Blast injury">Blast injury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detection_dog" title="Detection dog">Detection dog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_speed" title="Flame speed">Flame speed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Improvised_explosive_device" title="Improvised explosive device">Improvised explosive device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insensitive_munition" title="Insensitive munition">Insensitive munition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Largest_artificial_non-nuclear_explosions" title="Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions">Largest artificial non-nuclear explosions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapon" title="Nuclear weapon">Nuclear weapon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orica" title="Orica">Orica</a>; largest supplier of commercial explosives</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TM_31-210_Improvised_Munitions_Handbook" title="TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook">TM 31-210 Improvised Munitions Handbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_body_disruption" title="Total body disruption">Total body disruption</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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.citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSastri2004" class="citation book cs1">Sastri, M.N. (2004). <i>Weapons of Mass Destruction</i>. APH Publishing Corporation. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-742-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7648-742-9"><bdi>978-81-7648-742-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Weapons+of+Mass+Destruction&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=APH+Publishing+Corporation&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-7648-742-9&rft.aulast=Sastri&rft.aufirst=M.N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExplosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSingh2010" class="citation book cs1">Singh, Kirpal (2010). <i>Chemistry in Daily Life</i>. Prentice-Hall. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-203-4617-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-203-4617-8"><bdi>978-81-203-4617-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+in+Daily+Life&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-81-203-4617-8&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Kirpal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExplosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigurðsson2017" class="citation web cs1">Sigurðsson, Albert (17 January 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gbtimes.com/chinas-explosive-history-gunpowder-and-fireworks">"China's explosive history of gunpowder and fireworks"</a>. <i>GBTimes</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171201033748/https://gbtimes.com/chinas-explosive-history-gunpowder-and-fireworks">Archived</a> from the original on 1 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GBTimes&rft.atitle=China%27s+explosive+history+of+gunpowder+and+fireworks&rft.date=2017-01-17&rft.aulast=Sigur%C3%B0sson&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgbtimes.com%2Fchinas-explosive-history-gunpowder-and-fireworks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExplosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPomeranzWong" class="citation web cs1">Pomeranz, Ken; Wong, Bin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/chinawh/web/s10/0781_sect10_timeline.pdf">"China and Europe, 1500–2000 and Beyond: What is Modern?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Columbia University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161213050629/http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/chinawh/web/s10/0781_sect10_timeline.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+and+Europe%2C+1500%E2%80%932000+and+Beyond%3A+What+is+Modern%3F&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.aulast=Pomeranz&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Wong%2C+Bin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fafe.easia.columbia.edu%2Fchinawh%2Fweb%2Fs10%2F0781_sect10_timeline.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExplosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerr2013" class="citation book cs1">Kerr, Gordon (2013). <i>A Short History of China</i>. 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Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg. p. 331.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primary+Explosives&rft.pages=331&rft.pub=Springer-Verlag+Berlin+Heidelberg&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Maty%C3%A1%C5%A1&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Pachman%2C+Ji%C5%99%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExplosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/5966/chapter/22"><i>Read "Containing the Threat from Illegal Bombings: An Integrated National Strategy for Marking, Tagging, Rendering Inert, and Licensing Explosives and Their Precursors" at NAP.edu</i></a>. 1998. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F5966">10.17226/5966</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-06126-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-06126-1"><bdi>978-0-309-06126-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Read+%22Containing+the+Threat+from+Illegal+Bombings%3A+An+Integrated+National+Strategy+for+Marking%2C+Tagging%2C+Rendering+Inert%2C+and+Licensing+Explosives+and+Their+Precursors%22+at+NAP.edu&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F5966&rft.isbn=978-0-309-06126-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fread%2F5966%2Fchapter%2F22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExplosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowden1958" class="citation journal cs1">Bowden, F. P. (29 July 1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspa.1958.0123">"The initiation of explosion by neutrons, α -particles and fission products"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A. Mathematical and Physical Sciences</i>. <b>246</b> (1245): 216–219. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1958RSPSA.246..216B">1958RSPSA.246..216B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frspa.1958.0123">10.1098/rspa.1958.0123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0080-4630">0080-4630</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:137728239">137728239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London.+Series+A.+Mathematical+and+Physical+Sciences&rft.atitle=The+initiation+of+explosion+by+neutrons%2C+%CE%B1+-particles+and+fission+products&rft.volume=246&rft.issue=1245&rft.pages=216-219&rft.date=1958-07-29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1958.0123&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A137728239%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0080-4630&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1958RSPSA.246..216B&rft.aulast=Bowden&rft.aufirst=F.+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsocietypublishing.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1098%2Frspa.1958.0123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExplosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cooper-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Cooper_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper1996" class="citation book cs1">Cooper, Paul W. 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Tpub.com. Retrieved on 2010-02-11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0006803/geldigheidsdatum_23-12-2013">"wetten.nl – Wet- en regelgeving – Wet explosieven voor civiel gebruik – BWBR0006803"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131225005146/http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0006803/geldigheidsdatum_23-12-2013">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=wetten.nl+%E2%80%93+Wet-+en+regelgeving+%E2%80%93+Wet+explosieven+voor+civiel+gebruik+%E2%80%93+BWBR0006803&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwetten.overheid.nl%2FBWBR0006803%2Fgeldigheidsdatum_23-12-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExplosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0008804/geldigheidsdatum_23-12-2013">"wetten.nl – Wet- en regelgeving – Wet wapens en munitie – BWBR0008804"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131225005149/http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0008804/geldigheidsdatum_23-12-2013">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=wetten.nl+%E2%80%93+Wet-+en+regelgeving+%E2%80%93+Wet+wapens+en+munitie+%E2%80%93+BWBR0008804&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwetten.overheid.nl%2FBWBR0008804%2Fgeldigheidsdatum_23-12-2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExplosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Open_Government_Licence" title="Open Government Licence"><img alt="This article contains OGL licensed text" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg/22px-UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg/33px-UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/46/UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg/44px-UKOpenGovernmentLicence.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="207" /></a></span> This article incorporates text published under the British <a href="/wiki/Open_Government_Licence" title="Open Government Licence">Open Government Licence</a> v3.0: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190212014704/https://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government-licence/version/3/">"The Explosives Regulations 2014"</a>. <i>www.legislation.gov.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2014/1638/made/data.htm">the original</a> on 12 February 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=The+Explosives+Regulations+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F2014%2F1638%2Fmade%2Fdata.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExplosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hse.gov.uk/explosives/licensing/index.htm">"HSE Explosives – Licensing"</a>. <i>www.hse.gov.uk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190421213250/http://www.hse.gov.uk/explosives/licensing/index.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 February</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hse.gov.uk&rft.atitle=HSE+Explosives+%E2%80%93+Licensing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hse.gov.uk%2Fexplosives%2Flicensing%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExplosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ime.org/content/1913_1919">"1913–1919"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160201054704/https://www.ime.org/content/1913_1919">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1913%E2%80%931919&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ime.org%2Fcontent%2F1913_1919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExplosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ime.org/content/1940_1949">"1940–1949"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304075716/https://www.ime.org/content/1940_1949">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1940%E2%80%931949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ime.org%2Fcontent%2F1940_1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExplosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ime.org/content/1970_1979">"1970–1979"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117031212/https://www.ime.org/content/1970_1979">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1970%E2%80%931979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ime.org%2Fcontent%2F1970_1979&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExplosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title18/pdf/USCODE-2011-title18-partI-chap40.pdf">"Federal Explosives Laws"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. U.S. Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306153102/https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/USCODE-2011-title18/pdf/USCODE-2011-title18-partI-chap40.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 6 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Federal+Explosives+Laws&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Justice%2C+Bureau+of+Alcohol%2C+Tobacco%2C+Firearms+and+Explosives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gpo.gov%2Ffdsys%2Fpkg%2FUSCODE-2011-title18%2Fpdf%2FUSCODE-2011-title18-partI-chap40.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExplosive" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.atf.gov/content/library/codified-regulations">"Regulations for Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives | Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141215074434/http://www.atf.gov/content/library/codified-regulations">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Regulations+for+Alcohol%2C+Tobacco%2C+Firearms+and+Explosives+%26%23124%3B+Bureau+of+Alcohol%2C+Tobacco%2C+Firearms+and+Explosives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atf.gov%2Fcontent%2Flibrary%2Fcodified-regulations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AExplosive" class="Z3988"></span> ATF Regulations</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="U.S._Government">U.S. Government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: U.S. Government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/FM_5_250_Explosives_And_Demolitions_"><i>Explosives and Demolitions</i></a> FM 5–250; U.S. Department of the Army; 274 pp.; 1992.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/TM_9_1300_214_Military_Explosives_"><i>Military Explosives</i></a> TM 9–1300–214; U.S. Department of the Army; 355 pp.; 1984.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/explosivesblasti00dick"><i>Explosives and Blasting Procedures Manual</i></a>; U.S. Department of Interior; 128 pp.; 1982.</li> <li><i>Safety and Performance Tests for Qualification of Explosives</i>; Commander, Naval Ordnance Systems Command; NAVORD OD 44811. Washington, DC: GPO, 1972.</li> <li><i>Weapons Systems Fundamentals</i>; Commander, Naval Ordnance Systems Command. NAVORD OP 3000, vol. 2, 1st rev. Washington, DC: GPO, 1971.</li> <li><i>Elements of Armament Engineering – Part One</i>; Army Research Office. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Materiel_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Materiel Command">U.S. Army Materiel Command</a>, 1964.</li> <li>Hazardous Materials Transportation Plaecards; USDOT.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Institute_of_Makers_of_Explosives">Institute of Makers of Explosives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Institute of Makers of Explosives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gov.law.ime.explosives.1940"><i>Safety in the Handling and Use of Explosives</i></a> SLP 17; Institute of Makers of Explosives; 66 pp.; 1932 / 1935 / 1940.</li> <li><i>History of the Explosives Industry in America</i>; Institute of Makers of Explosives; 37 pp.; 1927.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/clearinglandofst00matt"><i>Clearing Land of Stumps</i></a>; Institute of Makers of Explosives; 92 pp.; 1917.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/useofexplosivesf00inst"><i>The Use of Explosives for Agricultural and Other Purposes</i></a>; Institute of Makers of Explosives; 190 pp.; 1917.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924080100872"><i>The Use of Explosives in making Ditches</i></a>; Institute of Makers of Explosives; 80 pp.; 1917.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_historical">Other historical</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Other historical"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/farmershandbook00deptgoog"><i>Farmers' Hand Book of Explosives</i></a>; duPont; 113 pp.; 1920.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ashortaccountex00marsgoog"><i>A Short Account of Explosives</i></a>; Arthur Marshall; 119 pp.; 1917.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historicalpapers00macdrich"><i>Historical Papers on Modern Explosives</i></a>; George MacDonald; 216 pp.; 1912.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/riseprogressofbr00interich"><i>The Rise and Progress of the British Explosives Industry</i></a>; International Congress of Pure and Applied Chemistry; 450 pp.; 1909.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/explosivestheirp00bertrich"><i>Explosives and their Power</i></a>; M. Berthelot; 592 pp.; 1892.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Explosive&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Listed in alphabetical order: </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190803013902/http://blasterexchange.com/">Blaster Exchange – Explosives Industry Portal</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://environmentalchemistry.com/yogi/hazmat/placards/class1.html">Class 1 Hazmat Placards</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.explosivesacademy.org/">Explosives Academy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131012060546/http://www.explosives.org.au/">Explosives info</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tandf.co.uk/journals/titles/07370652.asp">Journal of Energetic Materials</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fas.org/man/dod-101/navy/docs/fun/part12.htm">Military Explosives</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roguesci.org/theforum">The Explosives and Weapons Forum</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem99/chem99306.htm">Why high nitrogen density in explosives?</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130526130452/http://www.newton.dep.anl.gov/askasci/chem99/chem99306.htm">Archived</a> 26 May 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TjC4SvZIARY">YouTube video demonstrating blast wave in slow motion</a></li></ul> <div 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">List of accidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_accidents_and_incidents_involving_transport_or_storage_of_ammunition" title="List of accidents and incidents involving transport or storage of ammunition">Accidents involving transport or storage of ammunition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ammonium_nitrate_disasters" class="mw-redirect" title="Ammonium nitrate disasters">Accidents involving ammonium nitrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fireworks_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of fireworks accidents and incidents">Accidents involving fireworks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pipeline_accidents" title="List of pipeline accidents">Accidents involving pipelines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_natural_gas_and_oil_production_accidents_in_the_United_States" title="List of natural gas and oil production accidents in the United States">List of accidents involving natural gas and oil production</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/GHS-pictogram-explos.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-explos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/GHS-pictogram-explos.svg/150px-GHS-pictogram-explos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/GHS-pictogram-explos.svg/200px-GHS-pictogram-explos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="724" /></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/150px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg/200px-GHS-pictogram-flamme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/100px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/150px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg/200px-GHS-pictogram-exclam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_goods#Classification_and_labeling_summary_tables" title="Dangerous goods">Dangerous cargo classes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HAZMAT_Class_1_Explosives" title="HAZMAT Class 1 Explosives">HAZMAT Class 1 Explosives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAZMAT_Class_2_Gases" title="HAZMAT Class 2 Gases">HAZMAT Class 2 Gases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAZMAT_Class_3_Flammable_liquids" title="HAZMAT Class 3 Flammable liquids">HAZMAT Class 3 Flammable liquids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAZMAT_Class_4_Flammable_solids" title="HAZMAT Class 4 Flammable solids">HAZMAT Class 4 Flammable solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAZMAT_Class_5_Oxidizing_agents_and_organic_peroxides" title="HAZMAT Class 5 Oxidizing agents and organic peroxides">HAZMAT Class 5 Oxidizing agents and organic peroxides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAZMAT_Class_6_Toxic_and_infectious_substances" title="HAZMAT Class 6 Toxic and infectious substances">HAZMAT Class 6 Toxic and infectious substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAZMAT_Class_7_Radioactive_substances" title="HAZMAT Class 7 Radioactive substances">HAZMAT Class 7 Radioactive substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAZMAT_Class_8_Corrosive_substances" title="HAZMAT Class 8 Corrosive substances">HAZMAT Class 8 Corrosive substances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAZMAT_Class_9_Miscellaneous" title="HAZMAT Class 9 Miscellaneous">HAZMAT Class 9 Miscellaneous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazardous materials<br />laws and regulations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AIR_Shipper" title="AIR Shipper">AIR Shipper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dangerous_Goods_Code" title="Australian Dangerous Goods Code">Australian Dangerous Goods Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADR_(treaty)" title="ADR (treaty)">European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road (ADR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_Materials_Transportation_Act" title="Hazardous Materials Transportation Act">Hazardous Materials Transportation Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_Substances_and_New_Organisms_Act_1996" title="Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996">Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HAZWOPER" title="HAZWOPER">HAZWOPER</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_International_Convention_for_the_safe_and_environmentally_sound_recycling_of_ships" title="Hong Kong International Convention for the safe and environmentally sound recycling of ships">Hong Kong ship laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwest_Consortium_for_Hazardous_Waste_Worker_Training" title="Midwest Consortium for Hazardous Waste Worker Training">Midwest hazardous work training</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NA/UN_exceptions" title="NA/UN exceptions">NA/UN exceptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safe_handling_of_carcinogens" title="Safe handling of carcinogens">Safe handling of carcinogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_Recommendations_on_the_Transport_of_Dangerous_Goods" title="UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods">UN Recommendations on the Transport of Dangerous Goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Transportation_Subcommittee_on_Railroads,_Pipelines,_and_Hazardous_Materials" title="United States House Transportation Subcommittee on Railroads, Pipelines, and Hazardous Materials">US Committee on Hazardous Materials</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regulatory agencies<br />and organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Economic_Commission_for_Europe" title="United Nations Economic Commission for Europe">United Nations Economic Commission for Europe</a> <ul><li>United Nations - International</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pipeline_and_Hazardous_Materials_Safety_Administration" title="Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration">Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration</a> <ul><li>USA</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Transport_Commission" title="National Transport Commission">National Transport Commission</a> <ul><li>Australia</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazardous material<br />labelling systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Globally_Harmonized_System_of_Classification_and_Labelling_of_Chemicals#Hazard_communication" title="Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals">Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS)</a> <ul><li>International</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ADR_(treaty)" title="ADR (treaty)">UN ADR</a> <ul><li>International</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazchem" title="Hazchem">Hazchem</a> <ul><li>United Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NFPA_704" title="NFPA 704">NFPA 704 'Fire diamond'</a> <ul><li>USA</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazardous_Materials_Identification_System" title="Hazardous Materials Identification System">Hazardous Materials Identification System (HMIS)</a> <ul><li>USA</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_Hazardous_Materials_Information_System" title="Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System">Workplace Hazardous Materials Information System</a> <ul><li>Canada</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_hazard_symbols#Former_hazard_pictograms" title="European hazard symbols">European hazard symbols</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dangerous_Substances_Directive_(67/548/EEC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC)">Dangerous Substances Directive (67/548/EEC)</a> <ul><li>European Union</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hazardous goods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consumption_of_Tide_Pods" title="Consumption of Tide Pods">Consumption of Tide Pods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crotonaldehyde" title="Crotonaldehyde">Crotonaldehyde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">Dangerous goods</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Explosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_production_volume_chemicals" title="High production volume chemicals">High production volume chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nickel_hydrazine_nitrate" title="Nickel hydrazine nitrate">Nickel hydrazine nitrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_flask" title="Nuclear flask">Nuclear flask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel_cycle" title="Nuclear fuel cycle">Nuclear fuel cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedaxane" title="Sedaxane">Sedaxane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substance_of_very_high_concern" title="Substance of very high concern">Substance of very high concern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Hazardous_materials" title="Category:Hazardous materials">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fire_protection" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire_protection" title="Template:Fire protection"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fire_protection" title="Template talk:Fire protection"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fire_protection" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fire protection"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fire_protection" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">Fire protection</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fundamental concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backdraft" title="Backdraft">Backdraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiling_liquid_expanding_vapor_explosion" title="Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion">Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion</a> (BLEVE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boilover" title="Boilover">Boilover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combustibility_and_flammability" title="Combustibility and flammability">Combustibility and flammability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conflagration" title="Conflagration">Conflagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerous_goods" title="Dangerous goods">Dangerous goods</a> (HAZMAT)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deflagration" title="Deflagration">Deflagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detonation" title="Detonation">Detonation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dust_explosion" title="Dust explosion">Dust explosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enthalpy_of_vaporization" title="Enthalpy of vaporization">Enthalpy of vaporization</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Explosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_class" title="Fire class">Fire class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_control" title="Fire control">Fire control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_loading" title="Fire loading">Fire loading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_point" title="Fire point">Fire point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_triangle" title="Fire triangle">Fire triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flammability_diagram" title="Flammability diagram">Flammability diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flammability_limit" title="Flammability limit">Flammability limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flammable_liquid" title="Flammable liquid">Flammable liquid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashover" title="Flashover">Flashover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_point" title="Flash point">Flash point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friction_loss" title="Friction loss">Friction loss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_leak" title="Gas leak">Gas leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_transfer" title="Heat transfer">Heat transfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_fire" title="Jet fire">Jet fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-factor_(fire_protection)" title="K-factor (fire protection)">K-factor (fire protection)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_fire" title="Pool fire">Pool fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">Pyrolysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_combustion" title="Spontaneous combustion">Spontaneous combustion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structure_fire" title="Structure fire">Structure fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermal_radiation" title="Thermal radiation">Thermal radiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_pressure" class="mw-redirect" title="Water pressure">Water pressure</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_system" title="Fire alarm system"><img alt="Fire alarm sensor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mircom_Fire_Alarm_HornStrobe_%28crop%29.jpg/90px-Mircom_Fire_Alarm_HornStrobe_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mircom_Fire_Alarm_HornStrobe_%28crop%29.jpg/135px-Mircom_Fire_Alarm_HornStrobe_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Mircom_Fire_Alarm_HornStrobe_%28crop%29.jpg/180px-Mircom_Fire_Alarm_HornStrobe_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_fire_protection" title="Active fire protection">Active fire protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automatic_fire_suppression" title="Automatic fire suppression">Automatic fire suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condensed_aerosol_fire_suppression" title="Condensed aerosol fire suppression">Condensed aerosol fire suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detonation_flame_arrester" title="Detonation flame arrester">Detonation flame arrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/External_water_spray_system" title="External water spray system">External water spray system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_bucket" title="Fire bucket">Fire bucket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_prevention" title="Fire prevention">Fire prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection" title="Fire protection">Fire protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant" title="Fire retardant">Fire retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-retardant_fabric" title="Fire-retardant fabric">Fire-retardant fabric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_retardant_gel" title="Fire retardant gel">Fire retardant gel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-safe_polymers" title="Fire-safe polymers">Fire-safe polymers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_safety" title="Fire safety">Fire safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler_system" title="Fire sprinkler system">Fire sprinkler system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_suppression_system" title="Fire suppression system">Fire suppression system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firefighting_foam" title="Firefighting foam">Firefighting foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_arrester" title="Flame arrester">Flame arrester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_retardant" title="Flame retardant">Flame retardant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flashback_arrestor" title="Flashback arrestor">Flashback arrestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusible_link" title="Fusible link">Fusible link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaseous_fire_suppression" title="Gaseous fire suppression">Gaseous fire suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypoxic_air_technology_for_fire_prevention" title="Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention">Hypoxic air technology for fire prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inerting_system" title="Inerting system">Inerting system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intumescent" title="Intumescent">Intumescent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_fire_protection" title="Passive fire protection">Passive fire protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">Personal protective equipment</a> (PPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_valve" title="Relief valve">Relief valve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_arrestor" title="Spark arrestor">Spark arrestor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_blanketing" title="Tank blanketing">Tank blanketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_fire_suppression_system" title="Vehicle fire suppression system">Vehicle fire suppression system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Building design</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annulus_(firestop)" title="Annulus (firestop)">Annulus (firestop)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_of_refuge" title="Area of refuge">Area of refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booster_pump" title="Booster pump">Booster pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_compartmentation" title="Fire compartmentation">Compartmentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crash_bar" title="Crash bar">Crash bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_door_holder" title="Electromagnetic door holder">Electromagnetic door holder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_lock" title="Electromagnetic lock">Electromagnetic lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_exit" title="Emergency exit">Emergency exit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergency_light" title="Emergency light">Emergency light</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_sign" title="Exit sign">Exit sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_curtain" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire curtain">Fire curtain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_cut" title="Fire cut">Fire cut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_damper" title="Fire damper">Fire damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_door" title="Fire door">Fire door</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_escape" title="Fire escape">Fire escape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguisher" title="Fire extinguisher">Fire extinguisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hose" title="Fire hose">Fire hose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hydrant" title="Fire hydrant">Fire hydrant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_pump" title="Fire pump">Fire pump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_sprinkler" title="Fire sprinkler">Fire sprinkler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop" title="Firestop">Firestop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firestop_pillow" title="Firestop pillow">Firestop pillow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewall_(construction)" title="Firewall (construction)">Firewall (construction)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grease_duct" title="Grease duct">Grease duct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_and_smoke_vent" title="Heat and smoke vent">Heat and smoke vent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupancy" title="Occupancy">Occupancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packing_(firestopping)" title="Packing (firestopping)">Packing (firestopping)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetrant_(mechanical,_electrical,_or_structural)" title="Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)">Penetrant (mechanical, electrical, or structural)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penetration_(firestop)" title="Penetration (firestop)">Penetration (firestop)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pressurisation_ductwork" title="Pressurisation ductwork">Pressurisation ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_glass" title="Safety glass">Safety glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_control" title="Smoke control">Smoke control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_damper" title="Smoke damper">Smoke damper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_exhaust_ductwork" title="Smoke exhaust ductwork">Smoke exhaust ductwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smokeproof_enclosure" title="Smokeproof enclosure">Smokeproof enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpipe_(firefighting)" title="Standpipe (firefighting)">Standpipe (firefighting)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_system" title="Fire alarm system">Fire alarm systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirating_smoke_detector" title="Aspirating smoke detector">Aspirating smoke detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide_detector" title="Carbon monoxide detector">Carbon monoxide detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_integrity" title="Circuit integrity">Circuit integrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Explosive_gas_leak_detector" title="Explosive gas leak detector">Explosive gas leak detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_call_box" title="Fire alarm call box">Fire alarm call box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_control_panel" title="Fire alarm control panel">Fire alarm control panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_alarm_notification_appliance" title="Fire alarm notification appliance">Fire alarm notification appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_drill" title="Fire drill">Fire drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_detector" title="Flame detector">Flame detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heat_detector" title="Heat detector">Heat detector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manual_fire_alarm_activation" title="Manual fire alarm activation">Manual fire alarm activation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_detector" title="Smoke detector">Smoke detector</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professions, trades,<br />and services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duct_cleaning" class="mw-redirect" title="Duct cleaning">Duct cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire insurance">Fire insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_protection_engineering" title="Fire protection engineering">Fire protection engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fireproofing" title="Fireproofing">Fireproofing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-resistance_rating" title="Fire-resistance rating">Fire-resistance rating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Safety_Evaluation_System" title="Fire Safety Evaluation System">Fire Safety Evaluation System</a> (FSES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_test" title="Fire test">Fire test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_exhaust_cleaning" title="Kitchen exhaust cleaning">Kitchen exhaust cleaning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listing_and_approval_use_and_compliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Listing and approval use and compliance">Listing and approval use and compliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sprinkler_fitting" title="Sprinkler fitting">Sprinkler fitting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Equipment_Manufacturers%27_Association" title="Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association">Fire Equipment Manufacturers' Association</a> (FEMA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institution_of_Fire_Engineers" title="Institution of Fire Engineers">Institution of Fire Engineers</a> (IFE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Examiners_for_Engineering_and_Surveying" title="National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying">National Council of Examiners for Engineering and Surveying</a> (NCEES)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fire_Protection_Association" title="National Fire Protection Association">National Fire Protection Association</a> (NFPA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Fire_Protection_Engineers" title="Society of Fire Protection Engineers">Society of Fire Protection Engineers </a> (SFPE)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwriters_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwriters Laboratories">Underwriters Laboratories</a> (UL)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Standards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CE_marking" title="CE marking">CE marking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_3" title="EN 3">EN 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_54" title="EN 54">EN 54</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EN_16034" title="EN 16034">EN 16034</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_spread" title="Flame spread">Flame spread</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHS_hazard_statements" title="GHS hazard statements">GHS hazard statements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GHS_precautionary_statements" title="GHS precautionary statements">GHS precautionary statements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Safety_Code" title="Life Safety Code">Life Safety Code</a> (NFPA 101)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_R-phrases" title="List of R-phrases">List of R-phrases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_S-phrases" title="List of S-phrases">List of S-phrases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safety_data_sheet" title="Safety data sheet">Safety data sheet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UL_94" title="UL 94">UL 94</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._Guise_Medal" title="Arthur B. Guise Medal">Arthur B. Guise Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_Technology#Harry_C._Bigglestone_Award" title="Fire Technology">Harry C. Bigglestone Award</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Fire" title="Template:Fire">Template:Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Firefighting" title="Template:Firefighting">Template:Firefighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:HVAC" title="Template:HVAC">Template:HVAC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Fire_protection" title="Category:Fire protection"><b>Category</b></a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fire_protection" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fire protection"><b>Commons</b></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div 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