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id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Voorkoms" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voorkoms</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af" class=""><span>Skenkings</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Martelaar&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie." class=""><span>Skep gebruiker</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Martelaar&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Meld aan</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Meer opsies" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Persoonlike gereedskap" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Persoonlike gereedskap</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_af.wikipedia.org&uselang=af"><span>Skenkings</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:SkepRekening&returnto=Martelaar&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om 'n gebruiker te skep en aan te meld, hoewel dit nie verpligtend is nie."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Skep gebruiker</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spesiaal:Teken_in&returnto=Martelaar&returntoquery=action%3Dedit" title="U word aangemoedig om aan te meld. Dit is egter nie verpligtend nie. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Meld aan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Bladsye vir uitgemelde redakteurs <a href="/wiki/Hulp:Inleiding" aria-label="Leer meer oor redigering"><span>leer meer</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybydrae" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Bydraes</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Spesiaal:Mybespreking" title="Bespreking oor bydraes van hierdie IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Werf"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Wys bron van Martelaar</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Hierdie artikel bestaan slegs in hierdie taal. Voeg die artikel by vir ander tale" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Voeg tale by</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimtes"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Martelaar" title="Bekyk die inhoudbladsy [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Bladsy</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bespreking:Martelaar" rel="discussion" title="Bespreking oor die inhoudbladsy [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Bespreking</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Verander taalvariant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span 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If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/No_open_proxies" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/No open proxies">No open proxies</a> global policy. </p> Otherwise, to discuss the block please <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Steward_requests/Global" class="extiw" title="m:Steward requests/Global">post a request for review on Meta-Wiki</a>. You could also send an email to the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards">stewards</a> <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/VRT" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/VRT">VRT</a> queue at <kbd>stewards@wikimedia.org</kbd> including all above details.</div></div><hr /> <p>U het toestemming om die bronteks te bekyk en te kopieer. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="af" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{{skoonmaak}} 'n '''Martelaar''' is iemand wat vervolging en dood ly omdat hy 'n godsdienstige oortuiging of saak bepleit, verloën of weier om afstand te doen of te bepleit, soos vereis deur 'n eksterne party. Die [[Encyclopaedia Britannica]]<ref name = brit>Martyr. (2008). Encyclopædia Britannica. Deluxe Edition. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica.</ref> verwoord die nou betekenis van die woord as "''iemand wat vrywillig die dood aanvaar eerder as om sy/haar geloof deur woord of daad te loën"''. [[Beeld:Vittore Carpaccio - Saint Sebastian.jpg|duimnael|regs|Sint Sebastianus]] Die WAT<ref name=wat>Martelaar. (1996) WAT Tiende Deel, p151. Bureau van die WAT.</ref> beskryf 'n '''martelaar''' as iemand wat gemartel word en gee as definisie van martel "''om op wreedaardige manier groot liggaamlike pyn of leed aan te doen of veroorsaak gewoonlik met die doel om: * godsdienstige of politieke teenstand te onderdruk * 'n skuldbekentenis af te dwing * inligting te bekom * sadistiese plesier te verskaf.''" In die tweede definisie sluit die WAT ook geestelike lyding in. [[Lêer:Jan Hus at the Stake.jpg|duimnael|links|[[Jan Hus]] op die brandstapel]] Die Catholic Encyclopaedia <ref name=cath>Hassett, M. (1910). Martyr. In The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Besoek 19 September, 2014 by New Advent [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/09736b.htm]</ref> wys daarop dat die woord oorspronklik uit Grieks kom en "getuie" beteken. Die eerste Christelike martelare was dus "''getuies vir Christus" wat weens hulle getuienis gedood is.''" [[Eusebius]] skrywe dat die belyders van [[Lyon]] wat deur die gelowiges as martelare aangespreek is, self die benaming geweier het en verklaar het dat: "''Hulle (die wat dood is) is martelare, maar ons is gewone belyders''". == Martelare in die Jodedom == [[Lêer:Attavante, martirio dei sette fratelli ebrei, bibl ap vaticana bibbia ms. urb lat 2 f 174v.jpg|duimnael|regs|Martelaarskap van die sewe seuns]] Die universele vervolging van die Jode deur die eeue het hulle 'n innige begrip van martelaarskap gegee.<ref name=brit /> Dit begin met die verhaal van Abraham se redding uit die klei-oond en Isaak se offer. Tydens die opstand van die Makkabeërs is die verhaal van die moeder en sewe seuns wat nie wou varkvleis eet nie in die apokriewe boek II Makkabeërs hoofstuk 7 opgeteken. Die aantal Jode wat in Nazi-Duitsland vermoor is, word op 5,700,000 geskat. == Martelare in die Christendom == In die begin is die woord martelaar in die Christendom gebruik in die betekenis van "getuie vir Christus".<ref name=brit /> Die mees uitdruklike getuienis was die getuienis tot die dood. Reeds in Handelinge 22:20 en Openbaring 2:13 word die dood geïmpliseer. Die eerste Christelike martelare was Stefanus en Jacobus en die belangrikste onder die apostels [[Petrus]] en [[Paulus]]. [[Pous Clemens I]] beskryf hulle as die atlete van God. Verskeie van die [[Rome]]inse keisers is bekend weens hulle vervolgings van die Christene. === Christen-vervolgings deur die Romeine === Voor die bewind van keiser [[Konstantyn die Grote]] was die aanvaarding van die nasionale geloof en gode 'n verpligting is vir alle burgers.<ref name=cath /> Om dit nie te doen nie was verraad. Die [[Jode]] het aan die situasie ontkom omdat aanvaar is dat [[Judaïsme]] die nasionale geloof van [[Palestina]] was. [[Tertullianus]] neem aan dat keiser [[Nero]] die vervolging van Christene begin het. Van keiser [[Domitianus]] is bekend dat hy sy eie familie laat ombring het omdat hulle Christene was. In antwoord op 'n versoek van [[Plinius die jongere]] wat probleme ondervind het met Christene in die provinsie Bithnië-Pontus, vaardig keiser [[Trajanus]] die volgende wette uit in die jaar 112: * Geen aktiewe stappe moet onderneem word om uit te vind wie Christene is nie * As Christene verkla word en toegee dat hulle Christene is, moet hulle gestraf word * Anonieme aanklagte moet geïgnoreer word * Christene wat hulle geloof afsweer en aan die (Romeinse) gode offer gaan vryuit. Keiser [[Septimius Severus]] het daaraan toegevoeg dat dit 'n misdaad is om tot die Christendom te bekeer. [[Beeld:Emperor Traianus Decius (Mary Harrsch).jpg|duimnael|links|Keiser Decius]] Sy opvolger keiser Decius, in 'n poging om die ou glorie van Rome te herstel, beveel dat alle Christene aan die Romeinse gode moes offer of dood gemaak moes word. Aanvanklik het baie Christene hulle geloof versaak, maar nadat die eerste groep swakkelinge afvallig geword het, het baie die marteldood gesterf. Die vervolging het agttien maande geduur. Die vervolging onder keiser [[Valerianus]] wat in 257 begin het, was nog erger. [[Biskop]]pe, priester en diaken moes aan die gode offer. Adellikes is verban en hulle besittings gekonfiskeer as hulle Christene was. [[Pous Sixtus II]] en Sint Ciprianus was onder die slagoffers. Die vervolgings het aangehou totdat keiser Konstantyn aan die bewind gekom het in die jaar 313. == Martelare in Islam == [[Lêer:Brooklyn Museum - Battle of Karbala - Abbas Al-Musavi - overall.jpg|duimnael|regs|Martelaarskap van Hussein Ibn Ali]] Die begrip "shahid" (Arabies vir getuie) is die [[Islam]]itiese begrip vir martelaar.<ref name=brit /> Die begrip kom nie eksplisiet voor in die [[Koran]] nie, maar word eksplisiet beskrywe in Hadit-literatuur waar genoem word dat martelare in die hemel die naaste aan die troon van God staan. Veral hulle wat sneuwel in die Jihad of heilige oorlog word hoog vereer. Onder die Sjiïete is Hussein Ibn Ali die groot martelaar. Sy dood deur die Soenniete word elke jaar op die eerste tien dae van die maand Moeharram gevier. == Martelare in [[Boeddhisme]] == Hoewel die Boeddhiste nie 'n geskiedenis van bloedige vervolgings of gewelddadige konflikte met ander gelowe het nie, word martelare as 'n eerbiedwaardige groep gesien.<ref name=brit /> Die Jataka wat die vorige lewens van Boeddha beskrywe, beskryf die voortdurende selfverloëning en dood. Die besluit van iemand wat 'n Boeddha gaan word in hierdie of 'n volgende lewe, om sy eie verligting uit te stel om iemand anders se lyding te verlig, word as martelaarskap gesien. == Taalkundige anomalie == Die agtervoegsel "–aar" dui gewoonlik op iets of iemand wat 'n handeling verrig, soos leuenaar – iemand wat lieg of meulenaar – iemand wat maal. 'n Martelaar is natuurlik nie iemand wat martel nie hoewel die WAT<ref name=wat /> die skrywer H. du P. Steyn aanhaal uit "Rotse-toe" p119 (1940) met die sin "Die martelaar het 'n kans gesien met Hans." (Die martelaar was 'n tandarts!) As die oorspronklike Griekse betekenis van "getuie" egter in ag geneem word, dan is 'n "martelaar" iemand wat "getuienis gee". == Verwysings == {{Verwysings}} == Eksterne skakels == {{Commons-kategorie|Martyrs}} {{En-Wikisource info|Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Martyr}} {{Normdata}} [[Kategorie:Boeddhisme]] [[Kategorie:Christendom]] [[Kategorie:Islam]] [[Kategorie:Judaïsme]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Sjablone wat op hierdie bladsy gebruik word: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Commons" title="Sjabloon:Commons">Sjabloon:Commons</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Commons&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Commons">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Commons-kategorie" title="Sjabloon:Commons-kategorie">Sjabloon:Commons-kategorie</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Commons-kategorie&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Commons-kategorie">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata" title="Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata">Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:EditAtWikidata">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:En-Wikisource_info" title="Sjabloon:En-Wikisource info">Sjabloon:En-Wikisource info</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:En-Wikisource_info&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:En-Wikisource info">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Normdata" title="Sjabloon:Normdata">Sjabloon:Normdata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Normdata&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Normdata">wys bronkode</a>) (half-beskerm)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Skoonmaak" title="Sjabloon:Skoonmaak">Sjabloon:Skoonmaak</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Skoonmaak&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Skoonmaak">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Susterprojek" title="Sjabloon:Susterprojek">Sjabloon:Susterprojek</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Susterprojek&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Susterprojek">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Sykas" title="Sjabloon:Sykas">Sjabloon:Sykas</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Sykas&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Sykas">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Verwysings" title="Sjabloon:Verwysings">Sjabloon:Verwysings</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Verwysings&action=edit" title="Sjabloon:Verwysings">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:EditAtWikidata" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">Module:EditAtWikidata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:EditAtWikidata&action=edit" title="Module:EditAtWikidata">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Kontroleer_vir_ongeldige_parameters" title="Module:Kontroleer vir ongeldige parameters">Module:Kontroleer vir ongeldige parameters</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Kontroleer_vir_ongeldige_parameters&action=edit" title="Module:Kontroleer vir ongeldige parameters">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbar" title="Module:Navbar">Module:Navbar</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbar&action=edit" title="Module:Navbar">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Navbox" title="Module:Navbox">Module:Navbox</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Navbox&action=edit" title="Module:Navbox">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:No_globals" title="Module:No globals">Module:No globals</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:No_globals&action=edit" title="Module:No globals">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Normdata" title="Module:Normdata">Module:Normdata</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Normdata&action=edit" title="Module:Normdata">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:ResolveEntityId" title="Module:ResolveEntityId">Module:ResolveEntityId</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:ResolveEntityId&action=edit" title="Module:ResolveEntityId">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:StringReplace" title="Module:StringReplace">Module:StringReplace</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:StringReplace&action=edit" title="Module:StringReplace">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Sykas" title="Module:Sykas">Module:Sykas</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Sykas&action=edit" title="Module:Sykas">wysig</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Module:Yesno" title="Module:Yesno">Module:Yesno</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Module:Yesno&action=edit" title="Module:Yesno">wysig</a>) </li></ul></div><p id="mw-returnto">Keer terug na <a href="/wiki/Martelaar" title="Martelaar">Martelaar</a>.</p> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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