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accesskey="y"><span>Bijdragen</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speciaal:MijnOverleg" title="Overlegpagina van de anonieme gebruiker van dit IP-adres [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Overleg</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Inhoud" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Inhoud</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">naar zijbalk verplaatsen</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">verbergen</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Top</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Inleiding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inleiding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Inleiding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inleiding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bruine_dwergen_en_gasreuzen_(planeten)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bruine_dwergen_en_gasreuzen_(planeten)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bruine dwergen en gasreuzen (planeten)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bruine_dwergen_en_gasreuzen_(planeten)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ontdekking_van_bruine_dwergen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ontdekking_van_bruine_dwergen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ontdekking van bruine dwergen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ontdekking_van_bruine_dwergen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voorkomen_van_bruine_dwergen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voorkomen_van_bruine_dwergen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voorkomen van bruine dwergen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voorkomen_van_bruine_dwergen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Koudste_bruine_dwerg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Koudste_bruine_dwerg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Koudste bruine dwerg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Koudste_bruine_dwerg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgave" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bruine dwerg</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 70 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruindwerg" title="Bruindwerg – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bruindwerg" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_parda" title="Nana parda – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Nana parda" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%86%D9%8A" title="قزم بني – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قزم بني" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_marr%C3%B3n" title="Nana marrón – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Nana marrón" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Карычневы карлік – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карычневы карлік" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B4%D0%B6%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B5" title="Кафяво джудже – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кафяво джудже" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sme%C4%91i_patuljak" title="Smeđi patuljak – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Smeđi patuljak" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_marr%C3%B3" title="Nana marró – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Nana marró" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hn%C4%9Bd%C3%BD_trpasl%C3%ADk" title="Hnědý trpaslík – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hnědý trpaslík" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%C4%83%D0%BC%C4%83%D1%80_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Хăмăр карлик – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хăмăр карлик" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun_dv%C3%A6rg" title="Brun dværg – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brun dværg" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="goed artikel"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brauner_Zwerg" title="Brauner Zwerg – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brauner Zwerg" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BD%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Φαιός νάνος – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φαιός νάνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Brown dwarf" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruna_nano" title="Bruna nano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bruna nano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enana_marr%C3%B3n" title="Enana marrón – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Enana marrón" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pruun_k%C3%A4%C3%A4bus" title="Pruun kääbus – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pruun kääbus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nano_marroi" title="Nano marroi – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nano marroi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%82%D9%87%D9%88%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="کوتوله قهوه‌ای – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کوتوله قهوه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruskea_k%C3%A4%C3%A4pi%C3%B6" title="Ruskea kääpiö – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruskea kääpiö" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naine_brune" title="Naine brune – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Naine brune" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abhac_donn" title="Abhac donn – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Abhac donn" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anana_marr%C3%B3n" title="Anana marrón – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anana marrón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%A1_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9D" title="ננס חום – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ננס חום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8C%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE" title="भूरा बौना – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भूरा बौना" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sme%C4%91i_patuljak" title="Smeđi patuljak – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Smeđi patuljak" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barna_t%C3%B6rpe" title="Barna törpe – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Barna törpe" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%87%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%B6_%D5%A9%D5%A6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AF" title="Շագանակագույն թզուկ – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Շագանակագույն թզուկ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Katai_cokelat" title="Katai cokelat – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Katai cokelat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_bruna" title="Nana bruna – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Nana bruna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E8%89%B2%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="褐色矮星 – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="褐色矮星" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A7%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AF%E1%83%A3%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90" title="ყავისფერი ჯუჯა – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ყავისფერი ჯუჯა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B0%88%EC%83%89%EC%99%9C%EC%84%B1" title="갈색왜성 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="갈색왜성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pumilio_fusca" title="Pumilio fusca – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pumilio fusca" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brongen_Zwerg" title="Brongen Zwerg – Luxemburgs" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Brongen Zwerg" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxemburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brojnen_dwerg" title="Brojnen dwerg – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Brojnen dwerg" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudoji_nyk%C5%A1tuk%C4%97" title="Rudoji nykštukė – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rudoji nykštukė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C5%ABnais_punduris" title="Brūnais punduris – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brūnais punduris" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%9F%D1%83%D1%9F%D0%B5" title="Кафеаво џуџе – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кафеаво џуџе" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B3%E0%B5%BB" title="തവിട്ടുകുള്ളൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തവിട്ടുകുള്ളൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerdil_perang" title="Kerdil perang – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kerdil perang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%BC%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%80%AF%E1%80%8A%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF" title="ကြယ်ပုညို – Birmaans" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကြယ်ပုညို" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Birmaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruun_Dwarg" title="Bruun Dwarg – Nedersaksisch" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bruun Dwarg" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Nedersaksisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun_dverg" title="Brun dverg – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brun dverg" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun_dverg" title="Brun dverg – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brun dverg" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_bruna" title="Nana bruna – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Nana bruna" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C4%85zowy_karze%C5%82" title="Brązowy karzeł – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brązowy karzeł" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بھورا بونا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بھورا بونا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/An%C3%A3_marrom" title="Anã marrom – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anã marrom" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pitic%C4%83_cenu%C8%99ie" title="Pitică cenușie – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pitică cenușie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="uitgelicht artikel"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Коричневый карлик – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Коричневый карлик" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nana_bruna" title="Nana bruna – Siciliaans" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Nana bruna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Siciliaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sme%C4%91i_patuljak" title="Smeđi patuljak – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Smeđi patuljak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brown dwarf" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hned%C3%BD_trpasl%C3%ADk" title="Hnedý trpaslík – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hnedý trpaslík" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rjava_pritlikavka" title="Rjava pritlikavka – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rjava pritlikavka" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%92%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%99%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Смеђи патуљак – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Смеђи патуљак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brun_dv%C3%A4rg" title="Brun dvärg – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brun dvärg" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="பழுப்புக் குறுமீன் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பழுப்புக் குறுமீன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5" title="ดาวแคระน้ำตาล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ดาวแคระน้ำตาล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brown_dwarf" title="Brown dwarf – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Brown dwarf" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kahverengi_c%C3%BCce" title="Kahverengi cüce – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kahverengi cüce" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%BA%D3%99%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99" title="Коңгырт кәрлә – Tataars" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Коңгырт кәрлә" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tataars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Коричневий карлик – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Коричневий карлик" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DA%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7" title="بھورا بونا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بھورا بونا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sao_l%C3%B9n_n%C3%A2u" title="Sao lùn nâu – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sao lùn nâu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A4%90%E7%9F%AE%E6%98%9F" title="褐矮星 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="褐矮星" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brown_Dwarf_Gliese_229B.jpg/300px-Brown_Dwarf_Gliese_229B.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brown_Dwarf_Gliese_229B.jpg/450px-Brown_Dwarf_Gliese_229B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Brown_Dwarf_Gliese_229B.jpg/600px-Brown_Dwarf_Gliese_229B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gliese_229B" title="Gliese 229B">Gliese 229B</a>; links de ontdekkingsfoto, rechts een <a href="/wiki/Hubble_ruimtetelescoop" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubble ruimtetelescoop">Hubble</a>-opname. Merk op dat de ster links op het beeld zelf een <a href="/wiki/Rode_dwerg" title="Rode dwerg">rode dwerg</a> is, dus van een klein en lichtzwak type.</figcaption></figure> <p>Een <b>bruine dwerg</b> is een <a href="/wiki/Hemellichaam" title="Hemellichaam">hemellichaam</a> met een <a href="/wiki/Massa_(natuurkunde)" title="Massa (natuurkunde)">massa</a> die kleiner is dan een <a href="/wiki/Ster_(hemellichaam)" title="Ster (hemellichaam)">ster</a>, maar groter dan een <a href="/wiki/Gasreus" title="Gasreus">gasreus</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inleiding">Inleiding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruine_dwerg&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Inleiding" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruine_dwerg&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Inleiding"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 400px; 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text-align:center; left:182px; top:432px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Spectraalklasse" title="Spectraalklasse"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 120%">Spectraalklasse</span></a></div> <div class="" style="position:absolute; text-align:center; left:322px; top:364px; white-space:nowrap;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">Bruine<br />dwergen</span></a></div> <div class="" style="position:absolute; text-align:center; left:154px; top:316px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Witte_dwerg" title="Witte dwerg"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Witte dwergen</span></a></div> <div class="" style="position:absolute; text-align:center; left:334px; top:300px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Rode_dwerg" title="Rode dwerg"><span style="color: white; font-size: 100%">Rode<br />dwergen</span></a></div> <div class="" style="position:absolute; text-align:center; left:202px; top:268px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Subdwerg" title="Subdwerg"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Subdwergen</span></a></div> <div class="" style="position:absolute; text-align:center; left:94px; top:222px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Hoofdreeks" title="Hoofdreeks"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Hoofdreeks<br />("dwergen")</span></a></div> <div class="" style="position:absolute; text-align:center; left:262px; top:184px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Subreus" title="Subreus"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Subreuzen</span></a></div> <div class="" style="position:absolute; text-align:center; left:174px; top:164px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Reuzenster" title="Reuzenster"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Reuzen</span></a></div> <div class="" style="position:absolute; text-align:center; left:194px; top:132px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Heldere_reus" title="Heldere reus"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Heldere reuzen</span></a></div> <div class="" style="position:absolute; text-align:center; left:174px; top:104px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Superreus" title="Superreus"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Superreuzen</span></a></div> <div class="" style="position:absolute; text-align:center; left:174px; top:71.2px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Hyperreus" title="Hyperreus"><span style="color: black; font-size: 100%">Hyperreuzen</span></a></div> <div class="" style="position:absolute; text-align:center; left:2px; top:212px; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Absolute_magnitude" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute magnitude"><span style="color: #000080; font-size: 100%">absolute<br />magni-<br />tude<br />(M<sub>V</sub>)</span></a></div> </div> <p>Bruine dwergen worden op dezelfde wijze <a href="/wiki/Stervorming" title="Stervorming">gevormd</a> als een ster, dat wil zeggen door contractie van een wolk <a href="/wiki/Diwaterstof" title="Diwaterstof">waterstofgas</a>. Bij een bruine dwerg is de <a href="/wiki/Massa_(natuurkunde)" title="Massa (natuurkunde)">massa</a> van het samentrekkende gas echter onvoldoende om <a href="/wiki/Proton-protoncyclus" title="Proton-protoncyclus"> fusie van protonen</a> op gang te brengen. De bruine dwerg is slechts in staat tot fusie van <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lithium_(element)" title="Lithium (element)">lithium</a>. </p><p>De kleur van een bruine dwerg is niet <a href="/wiki/Bruin" title="Bruin">bruin</a>, maar in werkelijkheid <a href="/wiki/Rood_(kleur)" title="Rood (kleur)">rood</a>. De naam <a href="/wiki/Rode_dwerg" title="Rode dwerg">rode dwerg</a> heeft echter al een andere betekenis: dat is een ster, dus met echte kernfusie, groter dan een bruine dwerg, maar met een massa van de helft of minder dan die van de <a href="/wiki/Zon" title="Zon">Zon</a>. De grens tussen bruine dwergen en rode dwergen ligt bij ongeveer 0,07 <a href="/wiki/Zonnemassa" class="mw-redirect" title="Zonnemassa">zonnemassa</a>. </p><p>Men onderscheidt bruine dwergen van <a href="/wiki/Spectraalklasse" title="Spectraalklasse">spectraalklasse</a> M, L, T, en Y door middel van hun <a href="/wiki/Infraroodastronomie" title="Infraroodastronomie">(nabij)infrarode</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronomische_spectroscopie" title="Astronomische spectroscopie">spectra</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bruine_dwergen_en_gasreuzen_(planeten)"><span id="Bruine_dwergen_en_gasreuzen_.28planeten.29"></span>Bruine dwergen en gasreuzen (planeten)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruine_dwerg&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Bruine dwergen en gasreuzen (planeten)" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruine_dwerg&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Bruine dwergen en gasreuzen (planeten)"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Dwarf_size_illust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Dwarf_size_illust.jpg/270px-Dwarf_size_illust.jpg" decoding="async" width="270" height="214" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Dwarf_size_illust.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="283" data-file-height="224" /></a><figcaption>Bruine dwergster (links-midden) ten opzichte van de <a href="/wiki/Zon" title="Zon">Zon</a> (links), <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(planeet)" title="Jupiter (planeet)">Jupiter</a> (rechts-midden) en de <a href="/wiki/Aarde_(planeet)" title="Aarde (planeet)">Aarde</a> (rechts)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Gliese436b.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gliese436b.png/270px-Gliese436b.png" decoding="async" width="270" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gliese436b.png/405px-Gliese436b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Gliese436b.png/540px-Gliese436b.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="408" /></a><figcaption>De aarde ten opzichte van <a href="/wiki/Gliese_436_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Gliese 436 B">Gliese 436 B</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Er zijn twee manieren om bruine dwergen van <a href="/wiki/Gasreus" title="Gasreus">gasreuzen</a> te onderscheiden: </p> <ol><li>Door de manier van ontstaan - bruine dwergen zijn directe contracties van een waterstofwolk, planeten ontstaan als zich samenvoegende blokken van ijs of rots (<a href="/wiki/Planetesimaal" title="Planetesimaal">planetesimalen</a>), en zuigen als ze groter zijn (de zogenaamde <a href="/wiki/Gasreus" title="Gasreus">gasreuzen</a>) later waterstof op uit de omgeving.</li> <li>Door het formaat - in planeten wordt de temperatuur nooit hoog genoeg voor kernfusie, in bruine dwergen wordt zij wel hoog genoeg voor enige kernfusie (specifiek die van <a href="/wiki/Deuterium" title="Deuterium">deuterium</a>), maar niet voor de fusie van waterstofkernen zoals die in 'echte' sterren plaatsvindt.</li></ol> <p>De eerste definitie is de traditionele, maar heeft als nadeel dat het moeilijk controleerbaar is. Met de tweede definitie is de grootte van een bruine dwerg strak bepaald: Ze hebben tussen 13 en 70 keer de massa van <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(planeet)" title="Jupiter (planeet)">Jupiter</a>. Ze zijn kleiner dan 0,07 zonnemassa, maar groter dan 0,013 zonnemassa. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ontdekking_van_bruine_dwergen">Ontdekking van bruine dwergen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruine_dwerg&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ontdekking van bruine dwergen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruine_dwerg&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ontdekking van bruine dwergen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lange tijd heeft men gezocht naar bruine dwergen. Een aantal keren was er vals alarm; wat op het eerste gezicht een bruine dwerg in een <a href="/wiki/Open_sterrenhoop" title="Open sterrenhoop">open sterrenhoop</a> als de <a href="/wiki/Zevengesternte" title="Zevengesternte">Plejaden</a> leek te zijn, was in werkelijkheid een achtergrondster, maar in <a href="/wiki/1995" title="1995">1995</a> werd er voor het eerst succes geboekt. De eerste 'hits' kwamen uit de Plejaden, en staan bekend als <a href="/w/index.php?title=PPl_15&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PPl 15 (de pagina bestaat niet)">PPl 15</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teide_1" title="Teide 1">Teide 1</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Calar_3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Calar 3 (de pagina bestaat niet)">Calar 3</a>, maar het object dat alle twijfel wegnam en momenteel de best bestudeerde bruine dwerg is, is <a href="/wiki/Gliese_229B" title="Gliese 229B">Gliese 229B</a>. Gliese 229B is een kleine begeleider van Gliesse 229, zelf ook niet meer dan een rode dwerg. De massa van Gliese 229B wordt geschat op 30 tot 50 maal de massa van <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(planeet)" title="Jupiter (planeet)">Jupiter</a>. Doordat Gliese 229B ouder is dan de bruine dwergen in de Plejaden, is hij ook koeler, en onderscheidt zich daarom beter van de kleinste sterren, die veel minder snel afkoelen. De eerste bruine dwerg die in de 'lege ruimte', dus niet in een sterrenhoop of bij een andere ster, werd aangetroffen was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kelu-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kelu-1 (de pagina bestaat niet)">Kelu-1</a> in 1997. </p><p>Een duidelijke aanwijzing dat een object een bruine dwerg is en niet een kleine ster, is de aanwezigheid van <a href="/wiki/Lithium_(element)" title="Lithium (element)">lithium</a>. In sterren verdwijnt de aanwezige lithium al snel door fusie, maar in bruine dwergen wordt de temperatuur nooit hoog genoeg om de fusie van lithium mogelijk te maken. Oudere bruine dwergen zijn daarnaast kenbaar aan de aanwezigheid van <a href="/wiki/Methaan" title="Methaan">methaan</a>, dat wijst op een <a href="/wiki/Effectieve_temperatuur" title="Effectieve temperatuur">oppervlaktetemperatuur</a> van minder dan 1300 <a href="/wiki/Kelvin_(eenheid)" title="Kelvin (eenheid)">kelvin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voorkomen_van_bruine_dwergen">Voorkomen van bruine dwergen</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruine_dwerg&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Voorkomen van bruine dwergen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruine_dwerg&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Voorkomen van bruine dwergen"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sinds de eerste ontdekking zijn meer bruine dwergen gevonden. Tellingen gedaan in de <a href="/wiki/Zevengesternte" title="Zevengesternte">Plejaden</a> geven zelfs aan dat bruine dwergen ongeveer even veel voorkomen als gewone sterren. Aan de ene kant is dat natuurlijk veel, aan de andere kant geeft het ook aan dat verwachtingen dat bruine dwergen een belangrijk aandeel zouden hebben in de <a href="/wiki/Donkere_massa" class="mw-redirect" title="Donkere massa">donkere massa</a> in sterrenstelsels onjuist zijn, aangezien bruine dwergen veel lichter zijn dan sterren. </p><p>Opvallend is dat bruine dwergen alleen voorkomen, of samen met andere bruine dwergen of rode dwergen, maar niet in de omgeving van massievere sterren zijn aangetroffen. </p><p>In 2021 waren er 88 bruine dwergen bekend binnen 33 lichtjaar van de Zon.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Koudste_bruine_dwerg">Koudste bruine dwerg</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruine_dwerg&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Koudste bruine dwerg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruine_dwerg&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Koudste bruine dwerg"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>De koudste bekende bruine dwerg was enige tijd <a href="/wiki/ULAS_J0034-00" title="ULAS J0034-00">ULAS J0034-00</a>. Later werd het record van J0034-00 is gebroken door <a href="/wiki/WISE_1828%2B2650" title="WISE 1828+2650">WISE 1828+2650</a> (<300 K) en <a href="/wiki/WISE_0855-0714" title="WISE 0855-0714">WISE 0855-0714</a> (225 - 260 K). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruine_dwerg&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bruine_dwerg&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.johnstonsarchive.net/astro/browndwarflist.html">Lijst van bruine dwergen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511221033/http://spider.ipac.caltech.edu/staff/davy/ARCHIVE/index.shtml">DwarfArchives</a></li></ul> <div class="toccolours appendix" role="presentation" style="font-size:90%; margin:1em 0 -0.5em; clear:both;"> <div><span style="font-weight:bold">Bronnen, noten en/of referenties</span></div> <ul><li>Gibor Basri: <i>The Discovery of Brown Dwarfs</i>. Scientific American Special 14:4 (2004)</li></ul> <hr /> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.astroblogs.nl/2021/05/31/138745/?amp=1">https://www.astroblogs.nl/2021/05/31/138745/?amp=1</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67837862">.mw-parser-output .navigatie{position:relative;clear:both;overflow:auto;margin:1em auto -0.5em;padding:2px;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);text-align:center;font-size:87%}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken{margin-left:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-bewerken .mw-ui-icon::before{background-size:0.9em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-afb-links,.mw-parser-output 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height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_sterren&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Stersoorten" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Ster_(hemellichaam)" title="Ster (hemellichaam)">Stersoorten</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b><a href="/wiki/Hoofdreeks" title="Hoofdreeks">Hoofdreeks</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Hoofdreeksster_type_O" title="Hoofdreeksster type O">type O</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hoofdreeksster_type_B" title="Hoofdreeksster type B">type B</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hoofdreeksster_type_A" title="Hoofdreeksster type A">type A</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hoofdreeksster_type_F" title="Hoofdreeksster type F">type F</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hoofdreeksster_type_G" title="Hoofdreeksster type G">type G (gele dwerg)</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dwergster" title="Dwergster">dwergster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Subdwerg" title="Subdwerg">subdwerg</a> · <a href="/wiki/Blauwe_achterblijver" title="Blauwe achterblijver">blauwe achterblijver</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">bruine dwerg</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rode_dwerg" title="Rode dwerg">rode dwerg</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oranje_dwerg" title="Oranje dwerg">oranje dwerg</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Reuzentak" title="Reuzentak">Reuzentak</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Blauwe_reus" title="Blauwe reus">blauwe reus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hyperreus" title="Hyperreus">hyperreus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Koolstofster" title="Koolstofster">koolstofster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oranje_reus" title="Oranje reus">oranje reus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rode_reus" title="Rode reus">rode reus</a> · <a href="/wiki/S-type_ster" title="S-type ster">S-type ster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Subreus" title="Subreus">subreus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Superreus" title="Superreus">superreus</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Post-hoofdreeks:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Witte_dwerg" title="Witte dwerg">witte dwerg</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pulsar_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulsar (hoofdbetekenis)">pulsar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Magnetar" title="Magnetar">magnetar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Neutronenster" title="Neutronenster">neutronenster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zwart_gat" title="Zwart gat">zwart gat</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Veranderlijke_ster" title="Veranderlijke ster">Veranderlijke ster</a></span>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Beta_Cephei-veranderlijken" title="Beta Cephei-veranderlijken">Beta Cephei-veranderlijken</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cataclysmisch_variabele_ster" title="Cataclysmisch variabele ster">cataclysmisch variabele ster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cephe%C3%AFde" title="Cepheïde">cepheïde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Delta_Scuti-veranderlijke" title="Delta Scuti-veranderlijke">Delta Scuti-veranderlijke</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dubbelperiodische_variabele" title="Dubbelperiodische variabele">dubbelperiodische variabele</a> · <a href="/wiki/FU_Orionis-ster" title="FU Orionis-ster">FU Orionis-ster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Intermediaire_polar" title="Intermediaire polar">intermediaire polar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Langzaam_pulserende_B-type_ster" title="Langzaam pulserende B-type ster">langzaam pulserende B-type ster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lichtsterke_blauwe_variabele" title="Lichtsterke blauwe variabele">lichtsterke blauwe variabele</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mira-veranderlijke" title="Mira-veranderlijke">Mira-veranderlijke</a> · <a href="/wiki/OH/IR-ster" title="OH/IR-ster">OH/IR-ster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Polar_(cataclysmische_variabele_ster)" title="Polar (cataclysmische variabele ster)">polar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pulserende_witte_dwerg" title="Pulserende witte dwerg">pulserende witte dwerg</a> · <a href="/wiki/RR_Lyrae-ster" title="RR Lyrae-ster">RR Lyrae-ster</a> · <a href="/wiki/T_Tauri-ster" title="T Tauri-ster">T Tauri-ster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thorne-%C5%BBytkow-object" title="Thorne-Żytkow-object">Thorne-Żytkow-object</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vlamster" title="Vlamster">vlamster</a> · <a href="/wiki/W_Ursae_Majoris-ster" title="W Ursae Majoris-ster">W Ursae Majoris-ster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nova_(sterrenkunde)" title="Nova (sterrenkunde)"><b>Novae</b></a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwergnova" title="Dwergnova">dwergnova</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hypernova" title="Hypernova">hypernova</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kilonova" title="Kilonova">kilonova</a> · <a href="/wiki/Micronova" title="Micronova">micronova</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rode_nova" title="Rode nova">rode nova</a> · <a href="/wiki/Supernova_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Supernova (hoofdbetekenis)">supernova</a> · <a href="/wiki/Symbiotische_nova" title="Symbiotische nova">symbiotische nova</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Overige soorten:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Dubbelster" title="Dubbelster">dubbelster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Jong_stellair_object" title="Jong stellair object">jong stellair object</a> · <a href="/wiki/Protoster" title="Protoster">protoster</a> · <a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ntgendubbelster" title="Röntgendubbelster">röntgendubbelster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Spectroscopische_dubbelster" title="Spectroscopische dubbelster">spectroscopische dubbelster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Symbiotische_dubbelster" title="Symbiotische dubbelster">symbiotische dubbelster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vampierster" title="Vampierster">vampierster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Visuele_dubbelster" title="Visuele dubbelster">visuele dubbelster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wolf-Rayetster" title="Wolf-Rayetster">Wolf-Rayetster</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><span class="nowrap"><b>(hypothetisch):</b></span></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Blauwe_dwerg" title="Blauwe dwerg">blauwe dwerg</a> · <a href="/wiki/Preonster" title="Preonster">preonster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Q-ster" title="Q-ster">Q-ster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Quarknova" title="Quarknova">quarknova</a> · <a href="/wiki/Quarkster" title="Quarkster">quarkster</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zwarte_dwerg" title="Zwarte dwerg">zwarte dwerg</a> · <a href="/wiki/Donkere_ster" title="Donkere ster">donkere ster</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b>Gerelateerd:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Hoofdreeks" title="Hoofdreeks">hoofdreeks</a> · <a href="/wiki/Reuzentak" title="Reuzentak">reuzentak</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sterevolutie" 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