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id="toc-Foundation_and_early_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foundation_and_early_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Foundation and early development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foundation_and_early_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Commercial expansion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commercial_expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Major_trade_goods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Major_trade_goods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Major trade goods </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Major_trade_goods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_power_and_defense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_power_and_defense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 Economic power and defense </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_power_and_defense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zenith" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zenith"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Zenith </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Zenith-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rise_of_rival_powers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rise_of_rival_powers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Rise of rival powers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rise_of_rival_powers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Hansa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Hansa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 End of the Hansa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Hansa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Organization </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Organization-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Organization subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Organization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kontors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kontors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Kontors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kontors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drittel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drittel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Drittel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drittel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Quarters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quarters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Quarters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quarters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanseatic_ships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanseatic_ships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Hanseatic ships </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hanseatic_ships-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hanseatic ships subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hanseatic_ships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cog" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cog"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Cog </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cog-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hulk" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hulk"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Hulk </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hulk-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carvel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carvel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Carvel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carvel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hanseatic_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hanseatic_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Hanseatic cities </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hanseatic_cities-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Hanseatic cities subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Hanseatic_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hansa_Proper" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hansa_Proper"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Hansa Proper </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hansa_Proper-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kontore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kontore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Kontore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kontore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vitten" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vitten"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Vitten </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vitten-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ports_with_Hansa_trading_posts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ports_with_Hansa_trading_posts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Ports with Hansa trading posts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ports_with_Hansa_trading_posts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_cities_with_a_Hansa_community" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_cities_with_a_Hansa_community"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Other cities with a Hansa community </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_cities_with_a_Hansa_community-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Popular views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_transnational_organisations_named_after_the_Hanseatic_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_transnational_organisations_named_after_the_Hanseatic_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Modern transnational organisations named after the Hanseatic League </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_transnational_organisations_named_after_the_Hanseatic_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Union_of_Cities_THE_HANSA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Union_of_Cities_THE_HANSA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Union of Cities THE HANSA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Union_of_Cities_THE_HANSA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Hanseatic_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Hanseatic_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 New Hanseatic League </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Hanseatic_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Others" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Others"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Others </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Others-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_maps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_maps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Historical maps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_maps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Explanatory footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historiography_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Historiography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Hanseatic League</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 94 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-94" aria-hidden="true" > 94 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanse" title="Hanse – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Hanse" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansalitto" title="Hansalitto – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Hansalitto" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الرابطة الهانزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الرابطة الهانزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansa" title="Hansa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hansa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliga_Hanse%C3%A1tica" title="Lliga Hanseática – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lliga Hanseática" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanza_ittifaq%C4%B1" title="Hanza ittifaqı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Hanza ittifaqı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%82%E0%A6%98" title="হানজে মিত্রসংঘ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="হানজে মিত্রসংঘ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansa_Li%C3%A2n-b%C3%AAng" title="Hansa Liân-bêng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hansa Liân-bêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Ганза – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ганза" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Ганза – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ганза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Ганза – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ганза" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Ханза – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Ханза" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanse" title="Hanse – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Hanse" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanza" title="Hanza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hanza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansa" title="Hansa – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Hansa" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lliga_Hanse%C3%A0tica" title="Lliga Hanseàtica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lliga Hanseàtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Ганза – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ганза" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanza" title="Hanza – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hanza" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Cynghrair_Hanseataidd" title="Y Cynghrair Hanseataidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Cynghrair Hanseataidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseforbundet" title="Hanseforbundet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hanseforbundet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanse" title="Hanse – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hanse" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansa_Liit" title="Hansa Liit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Hansa Liit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%83%CE%B5%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%88%CE%BD%CF%89%CF%83%CE%B7" title="Χανσεατική Ένωση – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χανσεατική Ένωση" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Hanse%C3%A1tica" title="Liga Hanseática – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Liga Hanseática" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansa_ligo" title="Hansa ligo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hansa ligo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansa" title="Hansa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hansa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%87_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="اتحادیه هانزا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اتحادیه هانزا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanse" title="Hanse – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hanse" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A2nze" title="Hânze – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Hânze" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Hanse%C3%A1tica" title="Liga Hanseática – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Liga Hanseática" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%95%9C%EC%9E%90%EB%8F%99%EB%A7%B9" title="한자동맹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="한자동맹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A6%D5%A1" title="Հանզա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հանզա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanza" title="Hanza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Hanza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanso-uniono" title="Hanso-uniono – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Hanso-uniono" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Hansa" title="Liga Hansa – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Liga Hansa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansasambandi%C3%B0" title="Hansasambandið – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hansasambandið" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_anseatica" title="Lega anseatica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lega anseatica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%94" title="ברית ערי הנזה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברית ערי הנזה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%96%E1%83%90" title="ჰანზა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰანზა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanse" title="Hanse – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Hanse" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Ганза – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ганза" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansa" title="Hansa – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Hansa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanzas_savien%C4%ABba" title="Hanzas savienība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Hanzas savienība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanzos_s%C4%85junga" title="Hanzos sąjunga – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Hanzos sąjunga" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansa" title="Hansa – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Hansa" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanze" title="Hanze – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Hanze" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alia_Hansa" title="Alia Hansa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Alia Hansa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanza-sz%C3%B6vets%C3%A9g" title="Hanza-szövetség – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Hanza-szövetség" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Ханза – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Ханза" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligy_Hanseatika" title="Ligy Hanseatika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ligy Hanseatika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lega_An%C5%BCejatika" title="Lega Anżejatika – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Lega Anżejatika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87" title="हान्से – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="हान्से" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7" title="هانزا – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هانزا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Hansa" title="Liga Hansa – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Liga Hansa" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanze" title="Hanze – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hanze" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanze" title="Hanze – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Hanze" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B6%E5%90%8C%E7%9B%9F" title="ハンザ同盟 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハンザ同盟" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanse" title="Hanse – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Hanse" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansaforbundet" title="Hansaforbundet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hansaforbundet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansaen" title="Hansaen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Hansaen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Anseatica" title="Liga Anseatica – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Liga Anseatica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ganza" title="Ganza – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Ganza" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE" title="ਹਾਨਜ਼ਾ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਹਾਨਜ਼ਾ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B2%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D9%B9" title="ہانزا جٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ہانزا جٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanse" title="Hanse – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Hanse" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanse" title="Hanse – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Hanse" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanza" title="Hanza – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Hanza" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Hanse%C3%A1tica" title="Liga Hanseática – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Liga Hanseática" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Hanseatic%C4%83" title="Liga Hanseatică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Liga Hanseatică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Ганза – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ганза" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liga_Anse%C3%A0tica" title="Liga Anseàtica – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Liga Anseàtica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Hanseatic League" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lidhja_Hanseatike" title="Lidhja Hanseatike – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lidhja Hanseatike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanseatic_League" title="Hanseatic League – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Hanseatic League" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanza" title="Hanza – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Hanza" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansa" title="Hansa – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Hansa" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%EA%99%81%D1%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8A_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B2%D1%AB%EA%99%81%D1%8A" title="Ганꙁєискъ съвѫꙁъ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Ганꙁєискъ съвѫꙁъ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0" title="Ханза – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Ханза" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hanza" title="Hanza – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hanza" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansaliitto" title="Hansaliitto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hansaliitto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansan" title="Hansan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hansan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ligang_Hanseatico" title="Ligang Hanseatico – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ligang Hanseatico" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B7%D0%B0_%D1%81%D3%99%D2%AF%D0%B4%D3%99_%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%88%D0%BC%D3%99%D1%81%D0%B5" title="Ганза сәүдә берләшмәсе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Ганза сәүдә берләшмәсе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD" title="สันนิบาตฮันเซอ – Thai" lang="th" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1200s–1669 trade confederation in Northern Europe</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the 13th to 17th century trade association. For the modern business association, see <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_Parliament" title="Hanseatic Parliament">Hanseatic Parliament</a>. For the intra-EU political group, see <a href="/wiki/New_Hanseatic_League" title="New Hanseatic League">New Hanseatic League</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Hanseatic League</div><div class="ib-country-names">Hanse Hansa</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px 3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanseatenwimpel.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Hanseatic League"><img alt="Flag of Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hanseatenwimpel.svg/250px-Hanseatenwimpel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hanseatenwimpel.svg/375px-Hanseatenwimpel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Hanseatenwimpel.svg/500px-Hanseatenwimpel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1210" data-file-height="80" /></a></div> </div> <div><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_flags" title="Hanseatic flags">Hanseatic pennant</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Ausbreitung_der_Hanse_um_das_Jahr_1400-Droysens_28.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Northern Europe in the 1400s, showing the extent of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Northern Europe in the 1400s, showing the extent of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ausbreitung_der_Hanse_um_das_Jahr_1400-Droysens_28.jpg/300px-Ausbreitung_der_Hanse_um_das_Jahr_1400-Droysens_28.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ausbreitung_der_Hanse_um_das_Jahr_1400-Droysens_28.jpg/450px-Ausbreitung_der_Hanse_um_das_Jahr_1400-Droysens_28.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Ausbreitung_der_Hanse_um_das_Jahr_1400-Droysens_28.jpg/600px-Ausbreitung_der_Hanse_um_das_Jahr_1400-Droysens_28.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8890" data-file-height="5853" /></a><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Northern Europe in the 1400s, showing the extent of the Hanseatic League</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Informal capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> (<a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Free City of</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">Lingua franca</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a><a href="#cite_note-Cordes1983-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blank2008-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Membership</th><td class="infobox-data">Various cities across the region of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Seas</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Lithuania.svg/46px-Flag_of_Lithuania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Hanseatic League<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">medieval</a> commercial and defensive network of merchant <a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">guilds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Market_town" title="Market town">market towns</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> Europe. Growing from a few <a href="/wiki/Northern_Germany" title="Northern Germany">North German</a> towns in the late 12th century, the League expanded between the 13th and 15th centuries and ultimately encompassed nearly 200 settlements across eight modern-day countries, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> in the north and east, to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> in the west, and extended inland as far as <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">the Prussian regions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. The League began as a collection of loosely associated groups of German traders and towns aiming to expand their commercial interests, including protection against robbery. Over time, these arrangements evolved into the League, offering traders toll privileges and protection on affiliated territory and trade routes. Economic interdependence and familial connections among merchant families led to deeper political integration and the reduction of trade barriers. This gradual process involved standardizing trade regulations among Hanseatic Cities. During its time, the Hanseatic League <a href="/wiki/Baltic_maritime_trade_(c._1400%E2%80%931800)" title="Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400–1800)">dominated maritime trade</a> in the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Seas</a>. It established a network of trading posts in numerous towns and cities, notably the <a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontors</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> (known as the <a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>, which became <a href="/wiki/Extraterritoriality" title="Extraterritoriality">extraterritorial</a> entities that enjoyed considerable legal autonomy. Hanseatic merchants, commonly referred to as Hansards, operated private companies and were known for their access to commodities, and enjoyed privileges and protections abroad. The League's economic power enabled it to impose blockades and even wage war against kingdoms and principalities. Even at its peak, the Hanseatic League remained a loosely aligned confederation of <a href="/wiki/City-state" title="City-state">city-states</a>. It lacked a permanent administrative body, a treasury, and a standing military force. In the 14th century, the Hanseatic League instated an irregular negotiating <a href="/wiki/Diet_(assembly)" title="Diet (assembly)">diet</a> that operated based on <a href="/wiki/Deliberation" title="Deliberation">deliberation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus</a>. By the mid-16th century, these weak connections left the Hanseatic League vulnerable, and it gradually unraveled as members merged into other realms or departed, ultimately disintegrating in 1669. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ubena_von_Bremen_Kiel2007_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ubena_von_Bremen_Kiel2007_1.jpg/220px-Ubena_von_Bremen_Kiel2007_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ubena_von_Bremen_Kiel2007_1.jpg/330px-Ubena_von_Bremen_Kiel2007_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Ubena_von_Bremen_Kiel2007_1.jpg/440px-Ubena_von_Bremen_Kiel2007_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1136" data-file-height="1046" /></a><figcaption>Ubena von Bremen, a replica of the <a href="/wiki/Bremen_cog" title="Bremen cog">Bremen cog</a></figcaption></figure> The League used a variety of vessel types for shipping across the seas and navigating rivers. The most emblematic type was the <a href="/wiki/Cog_(ship)" title="Cog (ship)">cog</a>. Expressing diversity in construction, it was depicted on Hanseatic seals and coats of arms. By the end of the Middle Ages, the cog was replaced by types like the <a href="/wiki/Hulk_(medieval_ship_type)" title="Hulk (medieval ship type)">hulk</a>, which later gave way to larger <a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">carvel</a> ships. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Hanse is the <a href="/wiki/Old_High_German" title="Old High German">Old High German</a> word for a band or troop.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> This word was applied to bands of merchants traveling between the Hanseatic cities.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> Hanse in <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a> came to mean a society of merchants or a trader guild.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Claims that it originally meant An-See, or "on the sea", are incorrect.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a>: 145  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siegel_Elbing_1350.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Siegel_Elbing_1350.jpg/220px-Siegel_Elbing_1350.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Siegel_Elbing_1350.jpg/330px-Siegel_Elbing_1350.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Siegel_Elbing_1350.jpg/440px-Siegel_Elbing_1350.jpg 2x" data-file-width="714" data-file-height="723" /></a><figcaption>Hanseatic Seal of Elbing (now <a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a>)</figcaption></figure> Exploratory trading ventures, raids, and piracy occurred throughout the Baltic Sea. The sailors of <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> sailed up rivers as far away as <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>,<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> which was a <a href="/wiki/Foreign_trade_of_medieval_Novgorod" title="Foreign trade of medieval Novgorod">major Rus trade centre</a>. Scandinavians led the Baltic trade before the League, establishing major trading hubs at <a href="/wiki/Birka" title="Birka">Birka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hedeby" title="Hedeby">Haithabu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Schleswig,_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig</a> by the 9th century CE. The later Hanseatic ports between <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>) originally formed part of the Scandinavian-led Baltic trade system.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> The Hanseatic League was never formally founded, so it lacks a date of foundation.<a href="#cite_note-beerbuehl-11">[10]</a>: 2  Historians traditionally traced its origins to the rebuilding of the north German town of <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> in 1159 by the powerful <a href="/wiki/Henry_the_Lion" title="Henry the Lion">Henry the Lion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Duke of Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bavaria" title="Duchy of Bavaria">Bavaria</a>, after he had captured the area from <a href="/wiki/Adolf_II_of_Holstein" title="Adolf II of Holstein">Adolf II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Count_of_Schauenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Count of Schauenburg">Count of Schauenburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/County_of_Holstein" class="mw-redirect" title="County of Holstein">Holstein</a>. More recent scholarship has deemphasized Lübeck, viewing it as one of several regional trading centers,<a href="#cite_note-Ewert_&_Sunder-12">[11]</a> and presenting the League as the combination of a north German trading system oriented on the Baltic and a Rhinelandic trading system targeting England and Flanders.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert-13">[12]</a> German cities speedily dominated <a href="/wiki/Baltic_maritime_trade_(c._1400%E2%80%931800)" title="Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400–1800)">trade in the Baltic</a> during the 13th century, and Lübeck became a central node in the seaborne trade that linked the areas around the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic seas</a>. Lübeck hegemony peaked during the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foundation_and_early_development">Foundation and early development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foundation and early development">edit</a>]</div> Well before the term Hanse appeared in a document in 1267,<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> in different cities began to form <a href="/wiki/Guilds" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilds">guilds</a>, or hansas, with the intention of trading with overseas towns, especially in the economically less-developed eastern Baltic. This area could supply timber, <a href="/wiki/Wax" title="Wax">wax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amber" title="Amber">amber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resins</a>, and furs, along with <a href="/wiki/Rye" title="Rye">rye</a> and wheat brought on barges from the hinterland to port markets. Merchant guilds formed in hometowns and destination ports as medieval corporations (universitates mercatorum),<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow2-16">[15]</a>: 42–43  and despite competition increasingly cooperated to coalesce into the Hanseatic network of merchant guilds. The dominant language of trade was <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Middle Low German</a>, which had a significant impact on the languages spoken in the area, particularly the larger <a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Scandinavian languages">Scandinavian languages</a>,<a href="#cite_note-NordicLanguagesBraunmüller-17">[16]</a>: 1222–1233 <a href="#cite_note-NordicLanguagesLaurén-18">[17]</a>: 1933–1934  <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Soosaar2013-19">[18]</a>: 288  and <a href="/wiki/Latvian_language" title="Latvian language">Latvian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Siliņa-Piņķe2019-20">[19]</a>: 230–231  <a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a>, on the island of Gotland, functioned as the leading center in the Baltic before the Hansa. Sailing east, Visby merchants established a trading post at <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a> called Gutagard (also known as Gotenhof) in 1080.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> In 1120, Gotland gained autonomy from Sweden and admitted traders from its southern and western regions.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow2-16">[15]</a>: 26  Thereafter, under a treaty with the Visby Hansa, northern German merchants made regular stops at Gotland.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> In the first half of the 13th century, they established their own trading station or <a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontor</a> in Novgorod, known as the <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a>, up the <a href="/wiki/Volkhov_(river)" title="Volkhov (river)">river Volkhov</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%BCbeck_Holstentor_070311.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/L%C3%BCbeck_Holstentor_070311.jpg/220px-L%C3%BCbeck_Holstentor_070311.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/L%C3%BCbeck_Holstentor_070311.jpg/330px-L%C3%BCbeck_Holstentor_070311.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/L%C3%BCbeck_Holstentor_070311.jpg/440px-L%C3%BCbeck_Holstentor_070311.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3533" data-file-height="2355" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Holstentor" title="Holstentor">Holstentor</a> of Lübeck, built in 1464, is the only historic gate of the city still standing today.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> soon became a base for merchants from <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Westphalia" title="Duchy of Westphalia">Westphalia</a> trading eastward and northward; for them, because of its shorter and easier access route and better legal protections, it was more attractive than <a href="/wiki/Schleswig,_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig, Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow2-16">[15]</a>: 27  It became a transshipment port for trade between the North Sea and the Baltics. Lübeck also granted extensive trade privileges to Russian and Scandinavian traders.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow2-16">[15]</a>: 27–28  It was the main supply port for the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Crusades" title="Northern Crusades">Northern Crusades</a>, improving its standing with various Popes. Lübeck gained <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">imperial</a> privileges to become a <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">free imperial city</a> in 1226, under <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_II_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar II of Denmark">Valdemar II of Denmark</a> during the Danish dominion, as had <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> in 1189. Also in this period Wismar, Rostock, Stralsund, and Danzig received city charters.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow2-16">[15]</a>: 50–52  Hansa societies worked to remove trade restrictions for their members. The earliest documentary mention (although without a name) of a specific German commercial federation dates between 1173 and 1175 (commonly misdated to 1157) in London. That year, the merchants of the Hansa in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Free City of Cologne">Cologne</a> convinced <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">King Henry II</a> of England to exempt them from all tolls in London<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> and to grant protection to merchants and goods throughout England.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a>: 14–17  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fotothek_df_ps_0005300_Rath%C3%A4user_%5E_Kirchen_%5E_Basiliken.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Fotothek_df_ps_0005300_Rath%C3%A4user_%5E_Kirchen_%5E_Basiliken.jpg/220px-Fotothek_df_ps_0005300_Rath%C3%A4user_%5E_Kirchen_%5E_Basiliken.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Fotothek_df_ps_0005300_Rath%C3%A4user_%5E_Kirchen_%5E_Basiliken.jpg/330px-Fotothek_df_ps_0005300_Rath%C3%A4user_%5E_Kirchen_%5E_Basiliken.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Fotothek_df_ps_0005300_Rath%C3%A4user_%5E_Kirchen_%5E_Basiliken.jpg/440px-Fotothek_df_ps_0005300_Rath%C3%A4user_%5E_Kirchen_%5E_Basiliken.jpg 2x" data-file-width="547" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption>The Hanseatic League left a significant cultural and architectural heritage. It is especially renowned for its <a href="/wiki/Brick_Gothic" title="Brick Gothic">Brick Gothic</a> monuments, such as <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a>'s St. Nikolai Church and its City Hall, shown here. The old town of Stralsund, together with <a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">UNESCO World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ostsiedlung" title="Ostsiedlung">German colonists in the 12th and 13th centuries</a> settled in numerous cities on and near the east Baltic coast, such as Elbing (<a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a>), Thorn (<a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>), Reval (<a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>), <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, and Dorpat (<a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>), all of which joined the League, and some of which retain Hansa buildings and bear the style of their Hanseatic days. Most adopted <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck_law" title="Lübeck law">Lübeck law</a>, after the league's most prominent town.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> The law provided that they appeal in all legal matters to Lübeck's city council. Others, like <a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a> from 1295 onwards, had <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_rights" title="Magdeburg rights">Magdeburg law</a> or its derivative, <a href="/wiki/Kulm_law" title="Kulm law">Culm law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Later, the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Confederation" class="mw-redirect" title="Livonian Confederation">Livonian Confederation</a> of 1435 to <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1582 incorporated modern-day <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>; all of its major towns were members of the League. Over the 13th century, older and wealthier long-distance traders increasingly chose to settle in their hometowns as trade leaders, transitioning from their previous roles as landowners. The growing number of settled merchants afforded long-distance traders greater influence over town policies. Coupled with an increased presence in the <a href="/wiki/Ministerialis" title="Ministerialis">ministerial class</a>, this elevated the status of merchants and enabled them to expand to and assert dominance over more cities.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow2-16">[15]</a>: 44, 47–50 <a href="#cite_note-Brand2010-30">[29]</a>: 27–28  This decentralized arrangement was fostered by slow travel speeds: moving from Reval to Lübeck took between 4 weeks and, in winter, 4 months.<a href="#cite_note-Jahnke2015-31">[30]</a>: 202 <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadtrecht_P.Schiffrecht.MHG.ajb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Stadtrecht_P.Schiffrecht.MHG.ajb.jpg/220px-Stadtrecht_P.Schiffrecht.MHG.ajb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Stadtrecht_P.Schiffrecht.MHG.ajb.jpg/330px-Stadtrecht_P.Schiffrecht.MHG.ajb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Stadtrecht_P.Schiffrecht.MHG.ajb.jpg/440px-Stadtrecht_P.Schiffrecht.MHG.ajb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1077" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Foundation of the alliance between <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> in the part about ship law (Van schiprechte) in the Hamburg city right from 1497</figcaption></figure>In 1241, Lübeck, which had access to the Baltic and North seas' fishing grounds, formed an alliance—a precursor to the League—with the trade city of Hamburg, which controlled access to the <a href="/wiki/Salt_trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Salt trade">salt-trade</a> routes from <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a>. These cities gained control over most of the <a href="/wiki/Curing_(food_preservation)" title="Curing (food preservation)">salt-fish</a> trade, especially the <a href="/wiki/Scania_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Scania Market">Scania Market</a>; <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Free City of Cologne">Cologne</a> joined them in the <a href="/wiki/Diet_(assembly)" title="Diet (assembly)">Diet</a> of 1260. The towns raised their armies, with each guild required to provide <a href="/wiki/Conscription#Medieval_levies" title="Conscription">levies</a> when needed. The Hanseatic cities aided one another, and commercial ships often served to carry soldiers and their arms. The network of alliances grew to include a flexible roster of 70 to 170 cities.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> In the West, cities of the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> such as Cologne enjoyed trading privileges in <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and England.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert-13">[12]</a> In 1266, <a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_England" title="Henry III of England">King Henry III</a> of England granted the Lübeck and Hamburg Hansa a charter for operations in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>, initially causing competition with the Westphalians. But the Cologne Hansa and the Wendish Hansa joined in 1282 to form the Hanseatic colony in London, although they didn't completely merge until the 15th century. Novgorod was blockaded in 1268 and 1277/1278.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow2-16">[15]</a>: 58–59  Nonetheless, Westphalian traders continued to dominate trade in London and also <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a>, while Baltic and Wendish traders concentrated between <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">King's Lynn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow2-16">[15]</a>: 36  Much of the drive for cooperation came from the fragmented nature of existing territorial governments, which did not provide security for trade. Over the next 50 years, the merchant Hansa solidified with formal agreements for co-operation covering the west and east <a href="/wiki/Trade_route" title="Trade route">trade routes</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Cities from the east modern-day Low Countries, but also Utrecht, Holland, Zealand, Brabant, Namur, and modern Limburg joined in participation over the thirteenth century.<a href="#cite_note-Looper-33">[32]</a>: 111  This network of Hanseatic trading guilds became called the Kaufmannshanse in historiography. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commercial_expansion">Commercial expansion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Commercial expansion">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Slavic_piracy" title="Baltic Slavic piracy">Baltic Slavic piracy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/220px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/330px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/440px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Main trading routes of the Hanseatic League</figcaption></figure> The League succeeded in establishing additional <a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> (<a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">Flanders</a>), <a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bergen,_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen, Norway">Bergen</a> (Norway), and London (England) beside the <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> in Novgorod. These <a href="/wiki/Trading_post" title="Trading post">trading posts</a> were institutionalised by the first half of the 14th century (for Bergen and Bruges)<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow2-16">[15]</a>: 62 <a href="#cite_note-Sarnowsky-34">[33]</a>: 65  and, except for the <a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a>, became significant <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclaves</a>. The London Kontor, the <a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a>, stood west of <a href="/wiki/London_Bridge" title="London Bridge">London Bridge</a> near <a href="/wiki/Upper_Thames_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper Thames Street">Upper Thames Street</a>, on the site later occupied by <a href="/wiki/Cannon_Street_station" title="Cannon Street station">Cannon Street station</a>. It grew into a walled community with its warehouses, <a href="/wiki/Weigh_house" title="Weigh house">weigh house</a>, church, offices, and homes. In addition to the major Kontors, individual ports with Hanseatic trading outposts or factories had a representative merchant and warehouse. Often they were not permanently manned. In <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a>, Denmark, around 30 Hanseatic seasonal factories produced salted herring, these were called vitten and were granted legal autonomy to the extent that Burkhardt argues that they resembled a fifth kontor and would be seen as such if not for their early decline.<a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 157–158  In England, factories in <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a> (the outpost was also called Stalhof), <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, Bishop's Lynn (later <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">King's Lynn</a>, which featured the sole remaining Hanseatic warehouse in England), <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough</a>, Yarmouth (now <a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Great Yarmouth</a>), and <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, many of which were important for the Baltic trade and became centers of the textile industry in the late 14th century. Hansards and textile manufacturers coordinated to make fabrics meet local demand and fashion in the traders' hometowns. Outposts in <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bourgneuf,_Charente-Maritime" title="Bourgneuf, Charente-Maritime">Bourgneuf</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a> offered the cheaper Bay salt. Ships that plied this trade sailed in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_Fleet" title="Bay Fleet">salt fleet</a>. Trading posts operated in Flanders, Denmark-Norway, the Baltic interior, Upper Germany, Iceland, and Venice.<a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 158–160  Hanseatic trade was not exclusively maritime, or even over water. Most Hanseatic towns did not have immediate access to the sea and many were linked to partners by river trade or even land trade. These formed an integrated network, while many smaller Hanseatic towns had their main trading activity in subregional trade. Internal Hanseatic trade was the Hanse's quantitatively largest and most important business.<a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 153, 161  Trade over rivers and land was not tied to specific Hanseatic privileges, but seaports such as <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, Hamburg and <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> dominated trade on their rivers. This was not possible for the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> where trade retained an open character. Digging canals for trade was uncommon, although the <a href="/wiki/Stecknitz_Canal" title="Stecknitz Canal">Stecknitz Canal</a> was built between Lübeck and <a href="/wiki/Lauenburg" title="Lauenburg">Lauenburg</a> from 1391 to 1398.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a>: 145–147, 158–159  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Major_trade_goods">Major trade goods</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Major trade goods">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright"> <caption>Imports and exports, 18 Mar 1368 – 10 Mar 1369 (in thousands of Port Lübeck marks) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Imports</th> <th></th> <th>Origin, Destination</th> <th>Exports</th> <th></th> <th>Total</th> <th>% </th></tr> <tr> <td>150</td> <td></td> <td>London/Hamburg</td> <td>38</td> <td></td> <td>188</td> <td>34.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td></td> <td>Livonian towns:</td> <td>51</td> <td></td> <td>95</td> <td>17.4 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>10</td> <td>Riga</td> <td></td> <td>14</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>34</td> <td>Reval (Tallinn)</td> <td></td> <td>14.3</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>-</td> <td>Pernau</td> <td></td> <td>22.7</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>49.4</td> <td></td> <td>Scania</td> <td>32.6</td> <td></td> <td>82</td> <td>15 </td></tr> <tr> <td>52</td> <td></td> <td>Gotland, Sweden</td> <td>29.4</td> <td></td> <td>81.4</td> <td>14.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td></td> <td>Prussian towns:</td> <td>29.5</td> <td></td> <td>48.5</td> <td>8.9 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>16</td> <td>Danzig</td> <td></td> <td>22.8</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>3</td> <td>Elbing</td> <td></td> <td>6.6</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>17.2</td> <td></td> <td>Wendish & Pomeranian towns:</td> <td>25.2</td> <td></td> <td>42.4</td> <td>7.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>5.5</td> <td>Stettin</td> <td></td> <td>7</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>4</td> <td>Stralsund</td> <td></td> <td>7.5</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>2.2</td> <td>Rostock</td> <td></td> <td>4.6</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>5.5</td> <td>Wismar</td> <td></td> <td>6.1</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4.3</td> <td></td> <td>Bergen</td> <td>–</td> <td></td> <td>4.3</td> <td>0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td></td> <td>Small Baltic ports</td> <td>1.2</td> <td></td> <td>4.2</td> <td>0.8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>338.9</td> <td></td> <td>Total</td> <td>206.9</td> <td></td> <td>545.8</td> <td>100 </td></tr></tbody></table> Starting with trade in coarse woolen fabrics, the Hanseatic League increased both commerce and industry in northern Germany. As trade increased, finer woolen and linen fabrics, and even silks, were manufactured in northern Germany. The same refinement of products out of the cottage industry occurred in other fields, e.g. etching, wood carving, armor production, engraving of metals, and <a href="/wiki/Woodturning" title="Woodturning">wood-turning</a>. The league primarily traded beeswax, furs, timber, resin (or tar), flax, honey, wheat, and rye from the east to <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> and England with cloth, in particular <a href="/wiki/Broadcloth" title="Broadcloth">broadcloth</a>, (and, increasingly, <a href="/wiki/Final_good" title="Final good">manufactured goods</a>) going in the other direction. Metal ore (principally copper and iron) and herring came south from Sweden, while the Carpathians were another important source of copper and iron, often sold in <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn</a>. Lubeck had a vital role in the salt trade; salt was acquired in Lüneburg or shipped from France and Portugal and sold on Central European markets, taken to Scania to salt herring, or exported to Russia. <a href="/wiki/Stockfish" title="Stockfish">Stockfish</a> was traded from Bergen in exchange for grain; Hanseatic grain inflows allowed more permanent settlements further north in Norway. The league also traded beer, with beer from Hanseatic towns the most valued, and Wendish cities like Lübeck, Hamburg, Wismar, and Rostock developed export breweries for hopped beer.<a href="#cite_note-Jahnke2010-37">[36]</a>: 45–61 <a href="#cite_note-Heidbrink2012-38">[37]</a>: 35–36 <a href="#cite_note-Montgomery2016-39">[38]</a>: 72 <a href="#cite_note-hansentnhn-40">[39]</a>: 141 <a href="#cite_note-Jahnke2015-31">[30]</a>: 207–233  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_power_and_defense">Economic power and defense</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Economic power and defense">edit</a>]</div> The Hanseatic League, at first the merchant hansas and eventually its cities, relied on power to secure protection and gain and preserve privileges. Bandits and pirates were persistent problems; during wars, these could be joined by <a href="/wiki/Privateers" class="mw-redirect" title="Privateers">privateers</a>. Traders could be arrested abroad and their goods could be confiscated.<a href="#cite_note-Hibbert-13">[12]</a> The league sought to codify protection; internal treaties established mutual defense and external treaties codified privileges.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow2-16">[15]</a>: 53  Many locals, merchant and noble alike, envied the League's power and tried to diminish it. For example, in London, local merchants exerted continuing pressure for the revocation of privileges.<a href="#cite_note-Sarnowsky-34">[33]</a>: 96–98  Most foreign cities confined Hanseatic traders to specific trading areas and their trading posts.<a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 128, 143  The refusal of the Hansa to offer reciprocal arrangements to their counterparts exacerbated the tension.<a href="#cite_note-North-41">[40]</a>: 105–111  League merchants used their economic power to pressure cities and rulers. They called embargoes, redirected trade away from towns, and boycotted entire countries. Blockades were erected against Novgorod in 1268 and 1277/1278.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow2-16">[15]</a>: 58  Bruges was pressured by temporarily moving the Hanseatic emporium to Aardenburg from 1280 to 1282,<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow2-16">[15]</a>: 58 <a href="#cite_note-Henn2010-42">[41]</a>: 19–21  from 1307 or 1308 to 1310 <a href="#cite_note-Henn2010-42">[41]</a>: 20–21  and in 1350,<a href="#cite_note-Brand2010-30">[29]</a>: 29  to <a href="/wiki/Dordrecht" title="Dordrecht">Dordt</a> in 1358 and 1388, and to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> in 1436.<a href="#cite_note-Sarnowsky-34">[33]</a>: 68, 80, 92  Boycotts against Norway in 1284<a href="#cite_note-Brand2010-30">[29]</a>: 28  and Flanders in 1358 nearly caused famines.<a href="#cite_note-Sarnowsky-34">[33]</a>: 68  They sometimes resorted to military action. Several Hanseatic cities maintained their warships and in times of need, repurposed merchant ships. Military action against political powers often involved an ad hoc coalition of stakeholders, called an alliance (tohopesate).<a href="#cite_note-Brand2010-30">[29]</a>: 32, 39–40 <a href="#cite_note-Sarnowsky-34">[33]</a>: 93–95  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B5pu_tuletorn_Hiiumaal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/K%C3%B5pu_tuletorn_Hiiumaal.jpg/220px-K%C3%B5pu_tuletorn_Hiiumaal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/K%C3%B5pu_tuletorn_Hiiumaal.jpg/330px-K%C3%B5pu_tuletorn_Hiiumaal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/K%C3%B5pu_tuletorn_Hiiumaal.jpg/440px-K%C3%B5pu_tuletorn_Hiiumaal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3855" data-file-height="2581" /></a><figcaption>Kõpu tuletorn Hiiumaal</figcaption></figure> As an essential part of protecting their investments, League members trained <a href="/wiki/Pilot_(harbour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pilot (harbour)">pilots</a> and erected lighthouses,<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> including <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B5pu_Lighthouse" title="Kõpu Lighthouse">Kõpu Lighthouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hibbert-13">[12]</a> Lübeck erected in 1202 what may be northern Europe's first proper lighthouse in <a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a>. By 1600 at least 15 lighthouses had been erected along the German and Scandinavian coasts, making it the best-lighted coast in the world, largely thanks to the Hansa.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Zenith">Zenith</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Zenith">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stargard_Szczec_Brama_Mlynska_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Stargard_Szczec_Brama_Mlynska_%281%29.jpg/220px-Stargard_Szczec_Brama_Mlynska_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Stargard_Szczec_Brama_Mlynska_%281%29.jpg/330px-Stargard_Szczec_Brama_Mlynska_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Stargard_Szczec_Brama_Mlynska_%281%29.jpg/440px-Stargard_Szczec_Brama_Mlynska_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1676" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stargard_Mill_Gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Stargard Mill Gate">Stargard Mill Gate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a>, today in Poland</figcaption></figure> The weakening of imperial power and imperial protection under the late <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Hohenstaufen</a> dynasty forced the League to institutionalize a cooperating network of cities with a fluid structure, called the Städtehanse,<a href="#cite_note-Brand2010-30">[29]</a>: 27  but it never became a formal organization and the Kaufmannshanse continued to exist.<a href="#cite_note-Brand2010-30">[29]</a>: 28–29  This development was delayed by the conquest of Wendish cities by the Danish king <a href="/wiki/Eric_VI_of_Denmark" title="Eric VI of Denmark">Eric VI Menved</a> or by their feudal overlords between 1306 and 1319 and the restriction of their autonomy.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow2-16">[15]</a>: 60–61  Assemblies of the Hanse towns met irregularly in Lübeck for a <a href="/wiki/Hansetag" class="mw-redirect" title="Hansetag">Hansetag</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hansetag" class="extiw" title="de:Hansetag">de</a>] (Hanseatic Diet) – starting either around 1300,<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow2-16">[15]</a>: 59  or possibly 1356.<a href="#cite_note-Sarnowsky-34">[33]</a>: 66  Many towns chose not to attend nor to send representatives, and decisions were not binding on individual cities if their delegates were not included in the recesses; representatives would sometimes leave the Diet prematurely to give their towns an excuse not to ratify decisions.<a href="#cite_note-Brand2010-30">[29]</a>: 36–39 <a href="#cite_note-kracht-46">[b]</a> Only a few Hanseatic cities were <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">free imperial cities</a> or enjoyed comparable autonomy and liberties, but many temporarily escaped domination by local nobility.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tallinn_Town_Hall_edit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tallinn_Town_Hall_edit.jpg/220px-Tallinn_Town_Hall_edit.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tallinn_Town_Hall_edit.jpg/330px-Tallinn_Town_Hall_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Tallinn_Town_Hall_edit.jpg/440px-Tallinn_Town_Hall_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2471" data-file-height="2076" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_Town_Hall" title="Tallinn Town Hall">Town Hall of Reval</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, Estonia)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Military_situation_Denmark_1370.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Military_situation_Denmark_1370.png/220px-Military_situation_Denmark_1370.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Military_situation_Denmark_1370.png/330px-Military_situation_Denmark_1370.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Military_situation_Denmark_1370.png/440px-Military_situation_Denmark_1370.png 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Military situation in Denmark (1370) after foreign invasions.</figcaption></figure> Between 1361 and 1370, League members fought against <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Danish-Hanseatic_War_(1361-1370)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish-Hanseatic War (1361-1370)">Danish-Hanseatic War</a>. Though initially unsuccessful with a Wendish offensive, towns from Prussia and the Netherlands, and eventually joined by Wendish towns, allied in the <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Cologne" title="Confederation of Cologne">Confederation of Cologne</a> in 1368, sacked <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helsingborg" title="Helsingborg">Helsingborg</a>, and forced <a href="/wiki/Valdemar_IV_of_Denmark" title="Valdemar IV of Denmark">Valdemar IV, King of Denmark</a>, and his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Haakon_VI_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Haakon VI of Norway">Haakon VI, King of Norway</a>, to grant tax exemptions and influence over <a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund" title="Øresund">Øresund</a> fortresses for 15 years in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stralsund_(1370)" title="Treaty of Stralsund (1370)">peace treaty of Stralsund</a> in 1370. It extended privileges in Scania to the League, including Holland and Zeeland. The treaty marked the height of Hanseatic influence; for this period the League was called a "Northern European <a href="/wiki/Great_power" title="Great power">great power</a>". The Confederation lasted until 1385, while the Øresund fortresses were returned to Denmark that year.<a href="#cite_note-Sarnowsky-34">[33]</a>: 64, 70–73  After Valdemar's heir Olav died, a succession dispute erupted over Denmark and Norway between <a href="/wiki/Albert,_King_of_Sweden" title="Albert, King of Sweden">Albert of Mecklenburg, King of Sweden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Margaret_I_of_Denmark" title="Margaret I of Denmark">Margaret I, Queen of Denmark</a>. This was further complicated when Swedish nobles rebelled against Albert and invited Margaret. Albert was taken prisoner in 1389, but hired <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateers</a> in 1392, the socalled <a href="/wiki/Victual_Brothers" title="Victual Brothers">Victual Brothers</a>, who took Bornholm and Visby in his name. They and their descendants threatened maritime trade between 1392 and the 1430s. Under the 1395 release agreement for Albert, <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> was ruled from 1395 to 1398 by a consortium of 7 Hanseatic cities, and enjoyed full Hanseatic trading privileges. It went to Margaret in 1398.<a href="#cite_note-Sarnowsky-34">[33]</a>: 76–77  The Victual Brothers controlled Gotland in 1398. It was conquered by the Teutonic Order with support from the Prussian towns and its privileges were restored. The grandmaster of the Teutonic Order was often seen as the head of the Hanse (caput Hansae), both abroad and by some League members.<a href="#cite_note-Sarnowsky-34">[33]</a>: 77–78 <a href="#cite_note-Brand2010-30">[29]</a>: 31–32  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_rival_powers">Rise of rival powers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Rise of rival powers">edit</a>]</div> Over the 15th century, the League became further institutionalized. This was in part a response to challenges in governance and competition with rivals, but also reflected changes in trade. A slow shift occurred from loose participation to formal recognition/revocation.<a href="#cite_note-Looper-33">[32]</a>: 113–115  Another general trend was Hanseatic cities' increased legislation of their kontors abroad. Only the Bergen kontor grew more independent in this period.<a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 136  <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Novgorod1400.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Novgorod1400.png/260px-Novgorod1400.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Novgorod1400.png/390px-Novgorod1400.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Novgorod1400.png/520px-Novgorod1400.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a> c. 1400. Novgorod created a vast territorial empire and controlled much of the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> with Europe. The city was one of the main <a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">trading posts</a> of the Hanseatic League.</figcaption></figure> In Novgorod, after extended conflict since the 1380s, the League regained its trade privileges in 1392, agreeing to Russian trade privileges for Livonia and Gotland.<a href="#cite_note-Sarnowsky-34">[33]</a>: 78–83  In 1424, all German traders of the <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Petershof</a> kontor in Novgorod were imprisoned and 36 of them died. Although rare, arrests and seizures in Novgorod were particularly violent.<a href="#cite_note-Dollinger-48">[46]</a>: 182  In response, and due to the ongoing war between Novgorod and the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_Order" title="Livonian Order">Livonian Order</a>, the League blockaded Novgorod and abandoned the Peterhof from 1443 to 1448.<a href="#cite_note-JanetMartin-49">[47]</a>: 82  After <a href="/wiki/Steelyard#Trade_conflicts" title="Steelyard">extended conflicts</a> with the League from the 1370s, English traders gained trade privileges in <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">the Prussian region</a> via the treaties of Marienburg (the first in 1388, the last in 1409).<a href="#cite_note-Sarnowsky-34">[33]</a>: 78–83  Their influence increased, while the importance of Hanseatic trade in England decreased over the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-Sarnowsky-34">[33]</a>: 98  Over the 15th century, tensions between the Prussian region and the "Wendish" cities (Lübeck and its eastern neighbours) increased. Lübeck was dependent on its role as center of the Hansa; Prussia's main interest, on the other hand, was the export of bulk products such as grain and timber to England, the <a href="/wiki/Low_Countries" title="Low Countries">Low Countries</a> and later on Spain and Italy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg">Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg</a>, tried to assert authority over the Hanseatic towns <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B6lln" title="Cölln">Cölln</a> in 1442 and blocked all Brandenburg towns from participating in Hanseatic diets. For some Brandenburg towns, this ended their Hanseatic involvement. In 1488, <a href="/wiki/John_Cicero,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg">John Cicero, Elector of Brandenburg</a> did the same to <a href="/wiki/Stendal" title="Stendal">Stendal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Salzwedel" title="Salzwedel">Salzwedel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Altmark" title="Altmark">Altmark</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Carsten-50">[48]</a>: 34–35  Until 1394, <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a> actively participated in the Hansa, but in 1395, their feudal obligations to <a href="/wiki/Albert_I,_Duke_of_Bavaria" title="Albert I, Duke of Bavaria">Albert I, Duke of Bavaria</a> prevented further cooperation. Consequently, their Hanseatic ties weakened, and their economic focus shifted. Between 1417 and 1432, this economic reorientation became even more pronounced as Holland and Zeeland gradually became part of the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Burgundian State</a>. The city of Lübeck faced financial troubles in 1403, leading dissenting craftsmen to establish a supervising committee in 1405. This triggered a governmental crisis in 1408 when the committee rebelled and established a new town council. Similar revolts broke out in Wismar and Rostock, with new town councils established in 1410. The crisis was ended in 1418 by a compromise.<a href="#cite_note-Sarnowsky-34">[33]</a>: 83–88 [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view#Due_and_undue_weight" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">undue weight?</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Hanseatic_League#undue" title="Talk:Hanseatic League">discuss</a>] <a href="/wiki/Eric_of_Pomerania" title="Eric of Pomerania">Eric of Pomerania</a> succeeded Margaret in 1412 and sought to expand into <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Schleswig" title="Duchy of Schleswig">Schleswig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holstein" title="Holstein">Holstein</a> levying tolls at the Øresund. Hanseatic cities were divided initially; Lübeck tried to appease Eric while Hamburg supported the Schauenburg counts against him. This led to the <a href="/wiki/Danish-Hanseatic_War_(1426%E2%80%931435)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danish-Hanseatic War (1426–1435)">Danish-Hanseatic War</a> (1426-1435) and the <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Copenhagen_(1428)" title="Bombardment of Copenhagen (1428)">Bombardment of Copenhagen</a> (1428). The Treaty of Vordingborg renewed the League's commercial privileges in 1435, but the Øresund tolls continued. Eric of Pomerania was subsequently deposed and in 1438 Lübeck took control of the Øresund toll, which caused tensions with <a href="/wiki/Holland" title="Holland">Holland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeeland" title="Zeeland">Zeeland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sarnowsky-34">[33]</a>: 89–91 <a href="#cite_note-Pulsiano_&_Wolf-51">[49]</a>: 265 <a href="#cite_note-Stearns_&_Langer-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-MacKay_&_Ditchburn-53">[51]</a>: 171  The Sound tolls,<a href="#cite_note-54">[c]</a> and a later attempt of Lübeck to exclude the English and Dutch merchants from Scania harmed the Scanian herring trade when the excluded regions began to develop their own herring industries.<a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 157–158  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Holy_Roman_Empire_at_the_Golden_Bull_of_1356.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Holy_Roman_Empire_at_the_Golden_Bull_of_1356.png/220px-Holy_Roman_Empire_at_the_Golden_Bull_of_1356.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Holy_Roman_Empire_at_the_Golden_Bull_of_1356.png/330px-Holy_Roman_Empire_at_the_Golden_Bull_of_1356.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Holy_Roman_Empire_at_the_Golden_Bull_of_1356.png/440px-Holy_Roman_Empire_at_the_Golden_Bull_of_1356.png 2x" data-file-width="4872" data-file-height="4672" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> was a limited elective monarchy composed of hundreds of <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="List of states in the Holy Roman Empire">state-like entities</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Hanseatic_War" title="Dutch–Hanseatic War">Dutch–Hanseatic War</a> (1438–1441), a privateer war mostly waged by Wendish towns, the merchants of <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a> sought and eventually won free access to the Baltic. Although the blockade of the grain trade hurt Holland and Zeeland more than Hanseatic cities, it was against Prussian interest to maintain it.<a href="#cite_note-Sarnowsky-34">[33]</a>: 91  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Holbein_der_J%C3%BCngere_-_Der_Kaufmann_Georg_Gisze_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Hans_Holbein_der_J%C3%BCngere_-_Der_Kaufmann_Georg_Gisze_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/220px-Hans_Holbein_der_J%C3%BCngere_-_Der_Kaufmann_Georg_Gisze_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Hans_Holbein_der_J%C3%BCngere_-_Der_Kaufmann_Georg_Gisze_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/330px-Hans_Holbein_der_J%C3%BCngere_-_Der_Kaufmann_Georg_Gisze_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Hans_Holbein_der_J%C3%BCngere_-_Der_Kaufmann_Georg_Gisze_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg/440px-Hans_Holbein_der_J%C3%BCngere_-_Der_Kaufmann_Georg_Gisze_-_Google_Art_Project.jpg 2x" data-file-width="26292" data-file-height="30000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Georg_Giese" title="Georg Giese">Georg Giese</a> from Danzig, 34-year-old German Hanseatic merchant at the <a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a>, painted in London by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Holbein_the_Younger" title="Hans Holbein the Younger">Hans Holbein</a></figcaption></figure> In 1454, the year of the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_of_Austria_(1436%E2%80%931505)" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth of Austria (1436–1505)">Elisabeth of Austria</a> to King-Grand Duke <a href="/wiki/Casimir_IV_Jagiellon" title="Casimir IV Jagiellon">Casimir IV Jagiellon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland-Lithuania</a>, the towns of the <a href="/wiki/Prussian_Confederation" title="Prussian Confederation">Prussian Confederation</a> rose up against the dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> and asked Casimir IV for help. <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> (Danzig), Thorn and Elbing became part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a>, (from 1466 to 1569 referred to as <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a>, region of Poland) by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Thorn_(1466)" title="Second Peace of Thorn (1466)">Second Peace of Thorn</a>. Poland in turn was heavily supported by the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> through family connections and by military assistance under the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg">Habsburgs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a>, then the Polish capital, had a loose association with the Hansa.<a href="#cite_note-Blumówna-55">[52]</a>: 93  The lack of customs borders on the River <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a> after 1466 helped to gradually increase Polish grain exports, transported down the <a href="/wiki/Vistula" title="Vistula">Vistula</a>, from 10,000 short tons (9,100 t) per year, in the late 15th century, to over 200,000 short tons (180,000 t) in the 17th century.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> The Hansa-dominated maritime <a href="/wiki/Grain_trade" title="Grain trade">grain trade</a> made Poland one of the main areas of its activity, helping Danzig to become the Hansa's largest city. Polish kings soon began to reduce the towns' political freedoms.<a href="#cite_note-Carsten-50">[48]</a>: 36  Beginning in the mid-15th century, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Griffin" title="House of Griffin">Griffin</a> dukes of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Pomerania</a> were in constant conflict over control of the Pomeranian Hanseatic towns. While not successful at first, <a href="/wiki/Bogislaw_X,_Duke_of_Pomerania" title="Bogislaw X, Duke of Pomerania">Bogislav X</a> eventually subjugated <a href="/wiki/Stettin" class="mw-redirect" title="Stettin">Stettin</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6slin" class="mw-redirect" title="Köslin">Köslin</a>, curtailing the region's economy and independence.<a href="#cite_note-Carsten-50">[48]</a>: 35  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gda%C5%84sk_Rybackie_Pobrze%C5%BCe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gda%C5%84sk_Rybackie_Pobrze%C5%BCe.jpg/220px-Gda%C5%84sk_Rybackie_Pobrze%C5%BCe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gda%C5%84sk_Rybackie_Pobrze%C5%BCe.jpg/330px-Gda%C5%84sk_Rybackie_Pobrze%C5%BCe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Gda%C5%84sk_Rybackie_Pobrze%C5%BCe.jpg/440px-Gda%C5%84sk_Rybackie_Pobrze%C5%BCe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>View of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harbour_Crane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harbour Crane (page does not exist)">Harbour Crane</a> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krantor_(Danzig)" class="extiw" title="de:Krantor (Danzig)">de</a>; <a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brama_%C5%BBuraw_w_Gda%C5%84sku" class="extiw" title="pl:Brama Żuraw w Gdańsku">pl</a>] in the port city of <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> (Danzig), today in Poland</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanseatic_museum_Bergen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hanseatic_museum_Bergen.jpg/220px-Hanseatic_museum_Bergen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hanseatic_museum_Bergen.jpg/330px-Hanseatic_museum_Bergen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Hanseatic_museum_Bergen.jpg/440px-Hanseatic_museum_Bergen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Hanseatic museum in <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>, Norway</figcaption></figure> A major Hansa economic advantage was its control of the shipbuilding market, mainly in Lübeck and Danzig. The League sold ships throughout Europe.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/Great_Bullion_Famine" title="Great Bullion Famine">economic crises of the late 15th century</a> did not spare the Hansa. Nevertheless, its eventual rivals emerged in the form of <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">territorial states</a>. New <a href="/wiki/Medium_of_exchange" title="Medium of exchange">vehicles of credit</a> were imported from Italy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] When Flanders and Holland became part of the <a href="/wiki/Burgundian_Netherlands" title="Burgundian Netherlands">Duchy of Burgundy</a>, Burgund Dutch and Prussian cities increasingly excluded Lübeck from their grain trade in the 15th and 16th century. Burgund Dutch demand for Prussian and Livonian grain grew in the late 15th century. These trade interests differed from Wendish interests, threatening political unity, but also showed a trade where the Hanseatic system was impractical.<a href="#cite_note-Jahnke2015-31">[30]</a>: 198, 215–216  Hollandish freight costs were much lower than the Hansa's, and the Hansa were excluded as middlemen.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] After naval wars between Burgundy and the Hanseatic fleets, Amsterdam gained the position of leading port for Polish and Baltic grain from the late 15th century onwards.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Franconia" title="Franconia">Franconia</a> developed an overland route to sell formerly Hansa-monopolised products from <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a> via Nuremberg and <a href="/wiki/Leipzig" title="Leipzig">Leipzig</a> to Poland and Russia, trading Flemish cloth and <a href="/wiki/French_wine" title="French wine">French wine</a> in exchange for grain and furs from the east. The Hansa profited from the Nuremberg trade by allowing Nurembergers to settle in Hanseatic towns, which the Franconians exploited by taking over trade with Sweden as well. The Nuremberger merchant Albrecht Moldenhauer was influential in developing the trade with Sweden and Norway, and his sons Wolf and Burghard Moldenhauer established themselves in Bergen and Stockholm, becoming leaders of the local Hanseatic activities. King <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV of England</a> reconfirmed the league's privileges in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht_(1474)" title="Treaty of Utrecht (1474)">Treaty of Utrecht</a> despite the latent hostility, in part thanks to the significant financial contribution the League made to the <a href="/wiki/Yorkist" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkist">Yorkist</a> side during <a href="/wiki/The_Wars_of_the_Roses" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wars of the Roses">the Wars of the Roses</a> of 1455–1487.<a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_tensions-57">[54]</a>: 308–309  Tsar <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III of Russia</a> closed the Hanseatic Kontor at Novgorod in 1494 and deported its merchants to Moscow, in an attempt to reduce Hanseatic influence on Russian trade.<a href="#cite_note-Meier-58">[55]</a>: 145  At the time, only 49 traders were at the Peterhof.<a href="#cite_note-Wubs-Mrozewicz2010-59">[56]</a>: 99  The fur trade was redirected to Leipzig, taking out the Hansards;<a href="#cite_note-Jahnke2010-37">[36]</a>: 54  while the Hanseatic trade with Russia moved to Riga, Reval, and Pleskau.<a href="#cite_note-Wubs-Mrozewicz2010-59">[56]</a>: 100  When the Peterhof reopened in 1514, Novgorod was no longer a trade hub.<a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_tensions-57">[54]</a>: 182, 312  In the same period, the burghers of Bergen tried to develop an independent intermediate trade with the northern population, against the Hansards' obstruction.<a href="#cite_note-hansentnhn-40">[39]</a>: 144  The League's mere existence and its privileges and monopolies created economic and social tensions that often spilled onto rivalries between League members. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="End_of_the_Hansa">End of the Hansa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: End of the Hansa">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinrich_Sudermann.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Heinrich_Sudermann.jpg/220px-Heinrich_Sudermann.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Heinrich_Sudermann.jpg/330px-Heinrich_Sudermann.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Heinrich_Sudermann.jpg/440px-Heinrich_Sudermann.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sudermann" title="Heinrich Sudermann">Heinrich Sudermann</a></figcaption></figure> The development of transatlantic trade after the discovery of the Americas caused the remaining contours to decline, especially in Bruges, because it centered on other ports. It also changed business practice to short-term contracts and obsoleted the Hanseatic model of privileged guaranteed trade.<a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 154  The trends of local feudal lords asserting control over towns and suppressing their autonomy, and of foreign rulers repressing Hanseatic traders continued in the next century. In the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_War_of_Liberation" title="Swedish War of Liberation">Swedish War of Liberation</a> 1521–1523, the Hanseatic League was successful in opposition to an economic conflict it had over the trade, mining, and metal industry in <a href="/wiki/Bergslagen" title="Bergslagen">Bergslagen</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> (the main mining area of Sweden in the 16th century) with <a href="/wiki/Jakob_Fugger" title="Jakob Fugger">Jakob Fugger</a> (industrialist in the mining and metal industry) and his unfriendly business take-over attempt. Fugger allied with his financially dependent pope <a href="/wiki/Leo_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Leo X">Leo X</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maximilian_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor">Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian II">Christian II</a> of Denmark/Norway. Both sides made costly investments in support of <a href="/wiki/Mercenaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercenaries">mercenaries</a> to win the war. After the war, <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav Vasa</a>'s Sweden and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_I_of_Denmark" title="Frederick I of Denmark">Frederick I</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> pursued independent policies and didn't support Lübeck's effort against Dutch trade.<a href="#cite_note-North-41">[40]</a>: 113  However, Lübeck under <a href="/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen_Wullenwever" title="Jürgen Wullenwever">Jürgen Wullenwever</a> overextended in the <a href="/wiki/Count%27s_Feud" title="Count's Feud">Count's Feud</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scania" title="Scania">Scania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and lost influence in 1536 after <a href="/wiki/Christian_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian III">Christian III</a>'s victory.<a href="#cite_note-hansentnhn-40">[39]</a>: 144  Lübeck's attempts at forcing competitors out of the Sound eventually alienated even <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Vasa" title="Gustav Vasa">Gustav Vasa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-North-41">[40]</a>: 113–114  Its influence in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_countries" title="Nordic countries">Nordic countries</a> began to decline. The Hanseatic towns of <a href="/wiki/Guelders" class="mw-redirect" title="Guelders">Guelders</a> were obstructed in the 1530s by <a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Duke_of_Guelders" title="Charles II, Duke of Guelders">Charles II, Duke of Guelders</a>. Charles, a strict Catholic, objected to <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, in his words "Lutheran heresy", of Lübeck and other north German cities. This frustrated but did not end the towns' Hanseatic trade and a small resurgence came later.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> Later in the 16th century, Denmark-Norway took control of much of the Baltic. Sweden had regained control over its own trade, the Kontor in Novgorod had closed, and the <a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor in Bruges</a> had become effectively moribund because the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> inlet was closing up.<a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 132  Finally, the growing political authority of the German princes constrained the independence of Hanse towns. The league attempted to deal with some of these issues: it created the post of <a href="/wiki/Syndic" title="Syndic">syndic</a> in 1556 and elected <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sudermann" title="Heinrich Sudermann">Heinrich Sudermann</a> to the position, who worked to protect and extend the diplomatic agreements of the member towns. In 1557 and 1579, revised agreements spelled out the duties of towns and some progress was made. The <a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Bruges Kontor</a> moved to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> in 1520<a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 140–154  and the Hansa attempted to pioneer new routes. However, the league proved unable to prevent the growing mercantile competition. In 1567, a Hanseatic League agreement reconfirmed previous obligations and rights of league members, such as common protection and defense against enemies.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> The Prussian Quartier cities of Thorn, Elbing, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> and Riga and Dorpat also signed. When pressed by the King of <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_union" title="Polish–Lithuanian union">Poland–Lithuania</a>, Danzig remained neutral and would not allow ships running for Poland into its territory. They had to anchor somewhere else, such as at <a href="/wiki/Puck,_Poland" title="Puck, Poland">Pautzke</a> (Puck). The Antwerp Kontor, moribund after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Antwerp" title="Fall of Antwerp">fall of the city</a>, closed in 1593. In 1597 Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I of England</a> expelled the League from London, and the Steelyard closed and sequestered in 1598. The Kontor returned in 1606 under her successor, <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>, but it could not recover.<a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_tensions-57">[54]</a>: 341–343  The Bergen Kontor continued until 1754; of all the Kontore, only its buildings, the <a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a>, survive. Not all states tried to suppress their cities' former Hanseatic links; the Dutch Republic encouraged its eastern former members to maintain ties with the remaining Hanseatic League. The States-General relied on those cities in diplomacy at the time of the <a href="/wiki/Kalmar_War" title="Kalmar War">Kalmar War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Looper-33">[32]</a>: 123  The <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> was destructive for the Hanseatic League and members suffered heavily from both the imperials, the Danes and the Swedes. In the beginning, Saxon and Wendish faced attacks because of the desire of <a href="/wiki/Christian_IV_of_Denmark" title="Christian IV of Denmark">Christian IV of Denmark</a> to control the Elbe and Weser. Pomerania had a major population decline. Sweden took <a href="/wiki/Bremen-Verden" title="Bremen-Verden">Bremen-Verden</a> (excluding the city of Bremen), <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Pomerania" title="Swedish Pomerania">Swedish Pomerania</a> (including Stralsund, Greifswald, Rostock) and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Wismar" title="Swedish Wismar">Swedish Wismar</a>, preventing their cities from participating in the League, and controlled the Oder, Weser, and Elbe, and could levy tolls on their traffic.<a href="#cite_note-North-41">[40]</a>: 114–116  The league became increasingly irrelevant despite its inclusion in the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Brand2010-30">[29]</a>: 43  In 1666, the <a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> burned in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_London" title="Great Fire of London">Great Fire of London</a>. The Kontor-manager sent a letter to Lübeck appealing for immediate financial assistance for a reconstruction. Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck called for a Hanseatic Day in 1669. Only a few cities participated and those who came were reluctant to contribute financially to the reconstruction. It was the last formal meeting, unbeknownst to any of the parties. This date is often taken in retrospect as the effective end date of the Hansa, but the League never formally disbanded. It silently disintegrated.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow3-63">[60]</a>: 192 <a href="#cite_note-beerbuehl-11">[10]</a>: 2  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> The Hanseatic League, however, lived on in the public mind. <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a> even requested Lübeck to call a Tagfahrt to rally support for him against the Turks.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow3-63">[60]</a>: 192  Lübeck, Hamburg, and Bremen continued to attempt common diplomacy, although interests had diverged by the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Ryswick" title="Peace of Ryswick">Peace of Ryswick</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow3-63">[60]</a>: 192  Nonetheless, the Hanseatic Republics were able to jointly perform some diplomacy, such as a <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_Germany_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of Germany to the United States">joint delegation to the United States</a> in 1827, led by <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Rumpff" title="Vincent Rumpff">Vincent Rumpff</a>; later the United States established a consulate to the Hanseatic and Free Cities from 1857 to 1862.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> Britain maintained <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomats_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_the_Hanseatic_Cities" title="List of diplomats of the United Kingdom to the Hanseatic Cities">diplomats to the Hanseatic Cities</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Germany" title="Unification of Germany">unification of Germany</a> in 1871. The three cities also had a common "Hanseatic" representation in Berlin until 1920.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow3-63">[60]</a>: 192  Three kontors remained as, often unused, Hanseatic property after the League's demise, as the <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> had closed in the 16th century. <a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> was sold to Norwegian owners in 1754. The Steelyard in London and the <a href="/wiki/Oostershuis" title="Oostershuis">Oostershuis</a> in Antwerp were long impossible to sell. The Steelyard was finally sold in 1852 and the Oostershuis, closed in 1593, was sold in 1862.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow3-63">[60]</a>: 192 <a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_tensions-57">[54]</a>: 341–343  Hamburg, Bremen, and Lübeck remained as the only members until the League's formal end in 1862, on the eve of the 1867 founding of the <a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation" title="North German Confederation">North German Confederation</a> and the 1871 founding of the <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">German Empire</a> under <a href="/wiki/William_I,_German_Emperor" title="William I, German Emperor">Kaiser Wilhelm I</a>. Despite its collapse, they cherished the link to the Hanseatic League. Until <a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">German reunification</a>, these three cities were the only ones that retained the words "Hanseatic City" in their official German names. Hamburg and Bremen continue to style themselves officially as "free Hanseatic cities", with Lübeck named "Hanseatic City". For Lübeck in particular, this anachronistic tie to a glorious past remained important in the 20th century. In 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> revoked its imperial immediacy through the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Hamburg_Act" title="Greater Hamburg Act">Greater Hamburg Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> Since 1990, 24 other German cities have adopted this title.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organization">Organization</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Organization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Siegel_Stralsund_1329.preview.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Siegel_Stralsund_1329.preview.png/220px-Siegel_Stralsund_1329.preview.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Siegel_Stralsund_1329.preview.png/330px-Siegel_Stralsund_1329.preview.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Siegel_Stralsund_1329.preview.png/440px-Siegel_Stralsund_1329.preview.png 2x" data-file-width="532" data-file-height="550" /></a><figcaption>Hanseatic Seal of <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></figcaption></figure> The Hanseatic League was a complex, loose-jointed constellation of protagonists pursuing their interests, which coincided in a shared program of economic domination in the Baltic region, and a by no means a monolithic organization or a 'state within a state'.<a href="#cite_note-Jahnke-67">[64]</a>: 37–38  It gradually grew from a network of merchant guilds into a more formal association of cities, but never formed into a <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal person</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Wubs-Mrozewicz2010-59">[56]</a>: 91  League members were <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German" title="Middle Low German">Low German</a>-speaking, except for <a href="/wiki/Dinant" title="Dinant">Dinant</a>. Not all towns with Low German merchant communities were members (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a>, Memel (today <a href="/wiki/Klaip%C4%97da" title="Klaipėda">Klaipėda</a>), Viborg (today <a href="/wiki/Vyborg" title="Vyborg">Vyborg</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a>). However, Hansards also came from settlements without <a href="/wiki/German_town_law" title="German town law">German town law</a>—the premise for league membership was birth to German parents, subjection to German law, and commercial education. The league served to advance and defend its members' common interests: commercial ambitions such as enhancement of trade, and political ambitions such as ensuring maximum independence from the territorial rulers.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow-68">[65]</a>: 10–11  League decisions and actions were taken via a consensus-based procedure. If an issue arose, members were invited to participate in a central meeting, the Tagfahrt (Hanseatic Diet, "meeting ride", sometimes also referred to as Hansetag), that may have begun around 1300,<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow2-16">[15]</a>: 59  and were formalized since 1358 (or possibly 1356).<a href="#cite_note-Sarnowsky-34">[33]</a>: 66–67  The member communities then chose envoys (Ratssendeboten) to represent their local consensus on the issue at the Diet. Not every community sent an envoy; delegates were often entitled to represent multiple communities. Consensus-building on local and Tagfahrt levels followed the Low Saxon tradition of Einung, where consensus was defined as the absence of protest: after a discussion, the proposals that gained sufficient support were dictated to the scribe and passed as binding Rezess if the attendees did not object; those favoring alternative proposals unlikely to get sufficient support remained silent during this procedure. If consensus could not be established on a certain issue, it was found instead in the appointment of league members empowered to work out a compromise.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow-68">[65]</a>: 70–72  The League was characterised by legal pluralism and the diets could not issue laws. But the cities cooperated to achieve limited trade regulation, such as measures against fraud, or worked together on a regional level. Attempts to harmonize maritime law yielded a series of ordinances in the 15th and 16th centuries. The most extensive maritime ordinance was the Ship Ordinance and Sea Law of 1614, but it may not have been enforced.<a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a>: 31, 37–38  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kontors">Kontors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Kontors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hansehausantwerpen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hansehausantwerpen.jpg/220px-Hansehausantwerpen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hansehausantwerpen.jpg/330px-Hansehausantwerpen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hansehausantwerpen.jpg/440px-Hansehausantwerpen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="1619" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Oostershuis" title="Oostershuis">Oostershuis</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">kontor</a> in Antwerp</figcaption></figure> A Hanseatic <a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontor</a> was a settlement of Hansards organized in the mid-14th century as a private corporation that had its treasury, court, legislation, and seal. They operated like an early <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchange</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a>: 443–446  Kontors were first established to provide security, but also served to secure privileges and engage in diplomacy.<a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 128–130, 134–135  The quality of goods was also examined at Kontors, increasing trade efficiency, and they served as bases to develop connections with local rulers and as sources of economic and political information.<a href="#cite_note-Wubs-Mrozewicz2010-59">[56]</a>: 91 <a href="#cite_note-kantq1-71">[d]</a> Most contours were also physical locations containing buildings that were integrated and segregated from city life to different degrees. The <a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">kontor of Bruges</a> was an exception in this regard; it acquired buildings only as of the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 131–133  Like the guilds, the Kontore were usually led by Ältermänner ("eldermen", or English <a href="/wiki/Aldermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Aldermen">aldermen</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Stalhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalhof">Stalhof</a>, a special case, had a Hanseatic and an English alderman. In <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Novgorod</a> the aldermen were replaced by a hofknecht in the 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_tensions-57">[54]</a>: 100–101  The contours statutes were read aloud to the present merchants once a year.<a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 131–133  In 1347 the Kontor of Bruges modified its statute to ensure an equal representation of League members. To that end, member communities from different regions were pooled into three circles (Drittel ("third [part]"): the <a href="/wiki/Germania_Slavica" title="Germania Slavica">Wendish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxon</a> Drittel, the <a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussian</a> Drittel as well as the <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotlandian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonian</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Swedish</a> Drittel). Merchants from each Drittel chose two aldermen and six members of the Eighteen Men Council (Achtzehnmännerrat) to administer the Kontor for a set period.<a href="#cite_note-Wubs-Mrozewicz2010-59">[56]</a>: 91, 101 <a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 138–139  In 1356, during a Hanseatic meeting in preparation for the first (or one of the first) Tagfahrt, the League confirmed this statute. All trader settlements including the Kontors were subordinated to the Diet's decisions around this time, and their envoys received the right to attend and speak at Diets, albeit without voting power.<a href="#cite_note-Wubs-Mrozewicz2010-59">[56]</a>: 91 <a href="#cite_note-kantq2-72">[e]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drittel">Drittel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Drittel">edit</a>]</div> The league gradually divided the organization into three constituent parts called Drittel (German <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Drittel" class="extiw" title="wikt:Drittel">thirds</a>), as shown in the table below.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow-68">[65]</a>: 62–63 <a href="#cite_note-Pfeiffer-73">[68]</a>: 55 <a href="#cite_note-Mills-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a>: 62–64  <table class="wikitable floatleft"> <tbody><tr> <th>Drittel (1356–1554) </th> <th>Regions </th> <th>Chief city (Vorort) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Wendish-Saxon </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Holstein" title="Duchy of Holstein">Holstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Mecklenburg" title="Duchy of Mecklenburg">Mecklenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Pomerania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Westphalian-Prussian </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Westphalia" title="Westphalia">Westphalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prussia_(region)" title="Prussia (region)">Prussia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Free_City_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Free City of Cologne">Cologne</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gotlandian-Livonian-Swedish </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Livonia" title="Livonia">Livonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden" title="History of Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> The Hansetag was the only central institution of the Hanseatic League. However, with the division into Drittel, the members of the respective subdivisions frequently held a Dritteltage ("Drittel meeting") to work out common positions which could then be presented at a Hansetag. On a more local level, league members also met, and while such regional meetings never crystalized into a Hanseatic institution, they gradually gained importance in the process of preparing and implementing the Diet's decisions.<a href="#cite_note-Distler-76">[71]</a>: 55–57  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quarters">Quarters</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Quarters">edit</a>]</div> From 1554, the division into Drittel was modified to reduce the circles' heterogeneity, to enhance the collaboration of the members on a regional level and thus to make the League's decision-making process more efficient.<a href="#cite_note-Fritze-77">[72]</a>: 217  The number of circles rose to four, so they were called Quartiere (quarters):<a href="#cite_note-Pfeiffer-73">[68]</a> <table class="wikitable floatleft"> <tbody><tr> <th>Quartier (since 1554) </th> <th>Chief city (Vorort) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Wendish and Pomeranian<a href="#cite_note-Natkiel-78">[73]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a><a href="#cite_note-Natkiel-78">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg<a href="#cite_note-Natkiel-78">[73]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Natkiel-78">[73]</a> <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prussia, Livonia and Sweden<a href="#cite_note-Natkiel-78">[73]</a> – or East Baltic<a href="#cite_note-Keating-79">[74]</a>: 47, 120  </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Danzig" class="mw-redirect" title="Danzig">Danzig</a> (now Gdańsk)<a href="#cite_note-Natkiel-78">[73]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rhine, Westphalia and the Netherlands<a href="#cite_note-Natkiel-78">[73]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a><a href="#cite_note-Natkiel-78">[73]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> This division was however not adopted by the Kontore, who, for their purposes (like Ältermänner elections), grouped League members in different ways (e.g., the division adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Stalhof" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalhof">Stalhof</a> in London in 1554 grouped members into Dritteln, whereby Lübeck merchants represented the Wendish, Pomeranian Saxon, and several Westphalian towns, Cologne merchants represented the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves" title="Duchy of Cleves">Cleves</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_of_Mark" title="County of Mark">Mark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Berg_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berg (state)">Berg</a> and Dutch towns, while Danzig merchants represented the Prussian and Livonian towns).<a href="#cite_note-Reibstein-80">[75]</a>: 38–92  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hanseatic_ships">Hanseatic ships</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hanseatic ships">edit</a>]</div> Various types of ships were used. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cog">Cog</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cog">edit</a>]</div> The most used type, and the most emblematic, was the <a href="/wiki/Cog_(ship)" title="Cog (ship)">cog</a>. The cog was a multi-purpose <a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">clinker-built</a> ship with a carvel bottom, a stern rudder, and a <a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">square rigged</a> mast. Most cogs were privately owned and were also used as warships. Cogs were built in various sizes and specifications and were used on both the seas and rivers. They could be outfitted with castles starting from the thirteenth century. The cog was depicted on many seals and several coats of arms of Hanseatic cities, like <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a>. Several shipwrecks have been found. The most notable wreck is the <a href="/wiki/Bremen_cog" title="Bremen cog">Bremen cog</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Heidbrink2012-38">[37]</a>: 35–36  It could carry a cargo of about 125 tons.<a href="#cite_note-81">[76]</a>: 20  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hulk">Hulk</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hulk">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg/220px-Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg/330px-Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg/440px-Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="1663" /></a><figcaption>Modern, faithful painting of the <a href="/wiki/Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Adler von Lübeck">Adler von Lübeck</a> – the world's largest ship in its time</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Hulk_(medieval_ship_type)" title="Hulk (medieval ship type)">hulk</a> began to replace the cog by 1400 and cogs lost their dominance to them around 1450.<a href="#cite_note-Elbl-82">[77]</a>: 264  The Hulk was a bulkier ship that could carry larger cargo; Elbl estimates they could carry up to 500 tons by the 15th century. It could be clinker or carvel-built.<a href="#cite_note-Elbl-82">[77]</a>: 264 <a href="#cite_note-83">[78]</a>: 64  No archeological evidence of a hulk has been found. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carvel">Carvel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Carvel">edit</a>]</div> In 1464, Danzig acquired a French carvel ship through a legal dispute and renamed it the <a href="/wiki/Peter_von_Danzig_(ship)" title="Peter von Danzig (ship)">Peter von Danzig</a>. It was 40 m long and had three masts, one of the largest ships of its time. Danzig adopted carvel construction around 1470.<a href="#cite_note-Meier-58">[55]</a>: 44  Other cities shifted to carvels starting from this time. An example is the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_of_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Jesus of Lübeck">Jesus of Lübeck</a>, later sold to England for use as a warship and slave ship.<a href="#cite_note-84">[79]</a> The galleonlike carvel warship <a href="/wiki/Adler_von_L%C3%BCbeck" title="Adler von Lübeck">Adler von Lübeck</a> was constructed by Lübeck for military use against <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Seven_Years%27_War" title="Northern Seven Years' War">Northern Seven Years' War</a> (1563–70), Llaunched in 1566, it was never put to military use after the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1570)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1570)">Treaty of Stettin</a>. It was the biggest ship of its day at 78 m long and had four masts, including a <a href="/wiki/Bonaventure_mizzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Bonaventure mizzen">bonaventure mizzen</a>. It served as a merchant ship until it was damaged in 1581 on a return voyage from Lisbon and broken up in 1588.<a href="#cite_note-Meier-58">[55]</a>: 43–44 <a href="#cite_note-85">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hanseatic_cities">Hanseatic cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hanseatic cities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaart_Hanzesteden_en_handelsroutes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kaart_Hanzesteden_en_handelsroutes.jpg/220px-Kaart_Hanzesteden_en_handelsroutes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kaart_Hanzesteden_en_handelsroutes.jpg/330px-Kaart_Hanzesteden_en_handelsroutes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kaart_Hanzesteden_en_handelsroutes.jpg/440px-Kaart_Hanzesteden_en_handelsroutes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1176" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Map of the Hanseatic League, showing principal Hanseatic cities</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hansa_Proper">Hansa Proper</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Hansa Proper">edit</a>]</div> In the table below, the names listed in the column labeled Quarter have been summarised as follows: <ul><li>"Wendish": Wendish and Pomeranian<a href="#cite_note-Natkiel-78">[73]</a> (or just Wendish)<a href="#cite_note-Keating-79">[74]</a>: 120  quarter</li> <li>"Saxon": Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg<a href="#cite_note-Natkiel-78">[73]</a> (or just Saxon)<a href="#cite_note-Keating-79">[74]</a>: 120  quarter</li> <li>"Baltic": Prussian, Livonian and Swedish<a href="#cite_note-Natkiel-78">[73]</a> (or East Baltic)<a href="#cite_note-Keating-79">[74]</a>: 120  quarter</li> <li>"Westphalian": Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands (including Flanders)<a href="#cite_note-Natkiel-78">[73]</a> (or Rhineland)<a href="#cite_note-Keating-79">[74]</a>: 120  quarter</li></ul> The remaining column headings are as follows: <ul><li>City – the city's name, with any variants</li> <li>Territory – the jurisdiction to which the city was subject at the time of the League</li> <li>Now – the modern nation-state in which the city is located</li> <li>From and Until – the dates at which the city joined and/or left the league</li> <li>Notes – additional details about the city</li> <li>Ref. – one or more references to works about the city</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#F8F8FF;width:60%">List of cities in Hansa Proper</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="width: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 10%;">Quarter </th> <th style="width: 15%;">City </th> <th style="width: 10%;">Territory </th> <th style="width: 10%;">Now </th> <th style="width: 5%;">From </th> <th style="width: 5%;">Until </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width: 40%;">Notes </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width: 5%;"><abbr title="Reference(s)">Ref.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Wendish </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Luebeck_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/DEU_Luebeck_COA.svg/25px-DEU_Luebeck_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/DEU_Luebeck_COA.svg/38px-DEU_Luebeck_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/DEU_Luebeck_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Luebeck_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Luebeck_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/DEU_Luebeck_COA.svg/25px-DEU_Luebeck_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/DEU_Luebeck_COA.svg/38px-DEU_Luebeck_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/DEU_Luebeck_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Luebeck_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="698" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_L%C3%BCbeck" class="mw-redirect" title="Free City of Lübeck">Free City of Lübeck</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Capital of the Hanseatic League, the main town of the Wendish and Pomeranian Circle </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Natkiel-78">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Keating-79">[74]</a>: 47, 120 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 74, 82 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Wendish </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/25px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/38px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/25px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/38px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Hamburg_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="315" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Free City of Hamburg</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Keating-79">[74]</a>: 47 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 82 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Wendish </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_L%C3%BCneburg_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/DEU_L%C3%BCneburg_COA.svg/25px-DEU_L%C3%BCneburg_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/DEU_L%C3%BCneburg_COA.svg/38px-DEU_L%C3%BCneburg_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/DEU_L%C3%BCneburg_COA.svg/50px-DEU_L%C3%BCneburg_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="860" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg/25px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg/38px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Wendish </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Wismar.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wappen_Wismar.svg/25px-Wappen_Wismar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wappen_Wismar.svg/38px-Wappen_Wismar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Wappen_Wismar.svg/50px-Wappen_Wismar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mecklenburg_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mecklenburg_Arms.svg/25px-Mecklenburg_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mecklenburg_Arms.svg/38px-Mecklenburg_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mecklenburg_Arms.svg/50px-Mecklenburg_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Duchy of Mecklenburg</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Joined the 10-year <a href="/wiki/Rostock_Peace_Treaty" title="Rostock Peace Treaty">Rostock Peace Treaty</a> (Rostocker Landfrieden) in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 82 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Wernicke-91">[86]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Wendish </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rostock_Wappen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rostock_Wappen.svg/25px-Rostock_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rostock_Wappen.svg/38px-Rostock_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Rostock_Wappen.svg/50px-Rostock_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mecklenburg_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mecklenburg_Arms.svg/25px-Mecklenburg_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mecklenburg_Arms.svg/38px-Mecklenburg_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Mecklenburg_Arms.svg/50px-Mecklenburg_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg" title="Mecklenburg">Duchy of Mecklenburg</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 82 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Wernicke-91">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_JNA-92">[87]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Wendish </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Stralsund_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/DEU_Stralsund_COA.svg/25px-DEU_Stralsund_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/DEU_Stralsund_COA.svg/38px-DEU_Stralsund_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/DEU_Stralsund_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Stralsund_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ksi%C4%99stwo_rugijskie_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ksi%C4%99stwo_rugijskie_COA.svg/25px-Ksi%C4%99stwo_rugijskie_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ksi%C4%99stwo_rugijskie_COA.svg/38px-Ksi%C4%99stwo_rugijskie_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Ksi%C4%99stwo_rugijskie_COA.svg/50px-Ksi%C4%99stwo_rugijskie_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_R%C3%BCgen" title="Principality of Rügen">Principality of Rügen</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>1293 </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Rügen was a fief of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark#Middle_Ages" title="History of Denmark">Danish crown</a> to 1325. Stralsund joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Stralsund was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Greifswald, Demmin and Anklam. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Wernicke-91">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-EB:Stralsund-93">[88]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Wendish </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadtwappen_Demmin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Stadtwappen_Demmin.svg/25px-Stadtwappen_Demmin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Stadtwappen_Demmin.svg/38px-Stadtwappen_Demmin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Stadtwappen_Demmin.svg/50px-Stadtwappen_Demmin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="503" data-file-height="616" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Pommern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/25px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/38px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/50px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Demmin was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Greifswald and Anklam. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Wernicke-91">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Buchholz-94">[89]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Wendish </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Greifswald.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wappen_Greifswald.svg/25px-Wappen_Greifswald.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wappen_Greifswald.svg/38px-Wappen_Greifswald.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wappen_Greifswald.svg/50px-Wappen_Greifswald.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="615" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Pommern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/25px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/38px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/50px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Greifswald was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Demmin and Anklam. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Wernicke-91">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Buchholz-94">[89]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Wendish </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Hansestadt_Anklam_V2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wappen_Hansestadt_Anklam_V2.svg/25px-Wappen_Hansestadt_Anklam_V2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wappen_Hansestadt_Anklam_V2.svg/38px-Wappen_Hansestadt_Anklam_V2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Wappen_Hansestadt_Anklam_V2.svg/50px-Wappen_Hansestadt_Anklam_V2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Pommern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/25px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/38px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/50px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards). From 1339 to the 17th century, Anklam was a member of the Vierstädtebund with Stralsund, Greifswald and Demmin. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Wernicke-91">[86]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Buchholz-94">[89]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Wendish </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanse_Stettin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hanse_Stettin.svg/25px-Hanse_Stettin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hanse_Stettin.svg/38px-Hanse_Stettin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Hanse_Stettin.svg/50px-Hanse_Stettin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="408" data-file-height="651" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Stettin (<a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Szczecin</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Pommern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/25px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/38px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/50px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>1278 </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Joined the 10-year Rostock Peace Treaty in 1283, which was the predecessor of the federation of Wendish towns (1293 onwards); since the 14th century gradually adopted the role of a chief city for the Pomeranian Hanse towns to its east </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Keating-79">[74]</a>: 120 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Wernicke-91">[86]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Wendish </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Pasewalk.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Wappen_Pasewalk.svg/25px-Wappen_Pasewalk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Wappen_Pasewalk.svg/38px-Wappen_Pasewalk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Wappen_Pasewalk.svg/50px-Wappen_Pasewalk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="613" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pasewalk" title="Pasewalk">Pasewalk</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Pommern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/25px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/38px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/50px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Wendish </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Ko%C5%82obrzeg_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/POL_Ko%C5%82obrzeg_COA.svg/25px-POL_Ko%C5%82obrzeg_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/POL_Ko%C5%82obrzeg_COA.svg/38px-POL_Ko%C5%82obrzeg_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/POL_Ko%C5%82obrzeg_COA.svg/50px-POL_Ko%C5%82obrzeg_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Kolberg (<a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kołobrzeg</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Pommern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/25px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/38px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/50px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Buchholz-94">[89]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Wendish </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Dar%C5%82owo_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/POL_Dar%C5%82owo_COA.svg/25px-POL_Dar%C5%82owo_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/POL_Dar%C5%82owo_COA.svg/38px-POL_Dar%C5%82owo_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/POL_Dar%C5%82owo_COA.svg/50px-POL_Dar%C5%82owo_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="668" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Rügenwalde (<a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Darłowo</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Pommern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/25px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/38px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/50px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Buchholz-94">[89]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Wendish </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_S%C5%82upsk_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/POL_S%C5%82upsk_COA.svg/25px-POL_S%C5%82upsk_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/POL_S%C5%82upsk_COA.svg/38px-POL_S%C5%82upsk_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/POL_S%C5%82upsk_COA.svg/50px-POL_S%C5%82upsk_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="744" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Stolp (<a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Słupsk</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Pommern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/25px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/38px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/50px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Buchholz-94">[89]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Wendish </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Stargard_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/POL_Stargard_COA.svg/25px-POL_Stargard_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/POL_Stargard_COA.svg/38px-POL_Stargard_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/POL_Stargard_COA.svg/50px-POL_Stargard_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="1868" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Pommern.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/25px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/38px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Wappen_Pommern.svg/50px-Wappen_Pommern.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-LP_Poland-95">[90]</a>: 476 </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visby_vapen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Visby_vapen.svg/25px-Visby_vapen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Visby_vapen.svg/38px-Visby_vapen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Visby_vapen.svg/50px-Visby_vapen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/25px-Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/38px-Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg/50px-Shield_of_arms_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Sweden_(800%E2%80%931521)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Sweden (800–1521)">Kingdom of Sweden</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1470 </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">In 1285 at <a href="/wiki/Kalmar" title="Kalmar">Kalmar</a>, the League agreed with <a href="/wiki/Magnus_III_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnus III of Sweden">Magnus III, King of Sweden</a>, that <a href="/wiki/Gotland" title="Gotland">Gotland</a> be joined with Sweden.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In 1470, Visby's status was rescinded by the League, with Lübeck razing the city's churches in May 1525. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Visby-96">[91]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Saxon </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Braunschweig_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/DEU_Braunschweig_COA.svg/25px-DEU_Braunschweig_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/DEU_Braunschweig_COA.svg/38px-DEU_Braunschweig_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/DEU_Braunschweig_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Braunschweig_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="517" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Braunschweig</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg/25px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg/38px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> 13th cent. </td> <td> 17th cent. </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Main town of the Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Natkiel-78">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Saxon </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bremen_Wappen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bremen_Wappen.svg/25px-Bremen_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bremen_Wappen.svg/38px-Bremen_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bremen_Wappen.svg/50px-Bremen_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bremen_Wappen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bremen_Wappen.svg/25px-Bremen_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bremen_Wappen.svg/38px-Bremen_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bremen_Wappen.svg/50px-Bremen_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bremen#History" title="Bremen">Free City of Bremen</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>1260 </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_JNA-92">[87]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Saxon </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Magdeburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Wappen_Magdeburg.svg/25px-Wappen_Magdeburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Wappen_Magdeburg.svg/38px-Wappen_Magdeburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Wappen_Magdeburg.svg/50px-Wappen_Magdeburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg.svg/25px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg.svg/38px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Magdeburg" title="Archbishopric of Magdeburg">Archbishopric of Magdeburg</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> 13th cent. </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Main town of the Saxon, Thuringian and Brandenburg Circle </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Saxon </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Goslar_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/DEU_Goslar_COA.svg/25px-DEU_Goslar_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/DEU_Goslar_COA.svg/38px-DEU_Goslar_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/DEU_Goslar_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Goslar_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Goslar_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/DEU_Goslar_COA.svg/25px-DEU_Goslar_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/DEU_Goslar_COA.svg/38px-DEU_Goslar_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/DEU_Goslar_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Goslar_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="485" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Imperial City of Goslar</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>1267 </td> <td>1566 </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Goslar was a fief of <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxony" title="Duchy of Saxony">Saxony</a> until 1280. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Saxon </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hannover.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coat_of_arms_of_Hannover.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hannover.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coat_of_arms_of_Hannover.svg/38px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hannover.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Coat_of_arms_of_Hannover.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hannover.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg/25px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg/38px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Saxon </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Goettingen_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DEU_Goettingen_COA.svg/25px-DEU_Goettingen_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DEU_Goettingen_COA.svg/38px-DEU_Goettingen_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/DEU_Goettingen_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Goettingen_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg/25px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg/38px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-EB_Göttingen-97">[92]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Saxon </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg/25px-DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg/38px-DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Erfurt_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen-Mainz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Wappen-Mainz.svg/25px-Wappen-Mainz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Wappen-Mainz.svg/38px-Wappen-Mainz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Wappen-Mainz.svg/50px-Wappen-Mainz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Mainz" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Mainz">Archbishopric of Mainz</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>1430 </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-98">[93]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Saxon </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Altes_Wappen_Stade.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Altes_Wappen_Stade.png/25px-Altes_Wappen_Stade.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Altes_Wappen_Stade.png/38px-Altes_Wappen_Stade.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Altes_Wappen_Stade.png/50px-Altes_Wappen_Stade.png 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="197" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Stade" title="Stade">Stade</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bremen-Erzbistum.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bremen-Erzbistum.svg/25px-Bremen-Erzbistum.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bremen-Erzbistum.svg/38px-Bremen-Erzbistum.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Bremen-Erzbistum.svg/50px-Bremen-Erzbistum.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="469" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Archbishopric_of_Bremen" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishopric of Bremen">Archbishopric of Bremen</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Saxon </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg/25px-DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg/38px-DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Brandenburg_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Berlin#12th_to_16th_centuries" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg/25px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg/38px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg/50px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1442 </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Brandenburg was raised to an Electorate in 1356. <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg">Elector Frederick II</a> caused all the Brandenburg cities to leave the League in 1442. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Keating-79">[74]</a>: 120 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 32 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Saxon </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Frankfurt_(Oder).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Wappen_Frankfurt_%28Oder%29.png/25px-Wappen_Frankfurt_%28Oder%29.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Wappen_Frankfurt_%28Oder%29.png/38px-Wappen_Frankfurt_%28Oder%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Wappen_Frankfurt_%28Oder%29.png/50px-Wappen_Frankfurt_%28Oder%29.png 2x" data-file-width="755" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg/25px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg/38px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg/50px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>1430 </td> <td>1442 </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="Frederick II, Elector of Brandenburg">Elector Frederick II</a> caused all the Brandenburg cities to leave the League in 1442. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 32 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Saxon </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Salzwedel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wappen_Salzwedel.png/25px-Wappen_Salzwedel.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wappen_Salzwedel.png/38px-Wappen_Salzwedel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Wappen_Salzwedel.png/50px-Wappen_Salzwedel.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Salzwedel" title="Salzwedel">Salzwedel</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg/25px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg/38px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg/50px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>1263 </td> <td>1518 </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">In 1488 the Hanseatic cities of the Altmark region rebelled against a beer tax against Elector of Brandenburg John Cicero. They lost and were punished by being forced to leave the Hanseatic League. Salzwedel and Stendal managed to stay in the Hanseatic League until 1518. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 32 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Saxon </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Uelzen_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/DEU_Uelzen_COA.svg/25px-DEU_Uelzen_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/DEU_Uelzen_COA.svg/38px-DEU_Uelzen_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/DEU_Uelzen_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Uelzen_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="402" data-file-height="492" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Uelzen" title="Uelzen">Uelzen</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg/25px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg/38px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Saxon </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Stendal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Wappen_Stendal.png/25px-Wappen_Stendal.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Wappen_Stendal.png/38px-Wappen_Stendal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Wappen_Stendal.png/50px-Wappen_Stendal.png 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="599" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Stendal" title="Stendal">Stendal</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg/25px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg/38px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg/50px-Armoiries_%C3%A9lecteur_Brandebourg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>1358 </td> <td>1518 </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">In 1488 the Hanseatic cities of the Altmark region rebelled against a beer tax against Elector of Brandenburg John Cicero. They lost and were punished by being forced to leave the Hanseatic League. Salzwedel and Stendal managed to stay in the Hanseatic League until 1518. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 32 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Saxon </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Hamelin_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/DEU_Hamelin_COA.svg/25px-DEU_Hamelin_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/DEU_Hamelin_COA.svg/38px-DEU_Hamelin_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/DEU_Hamelin_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Hamelin_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="601" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hamelin" title="Hamelin">Hamelin</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Gda%C5%84sk_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/POL_Gda%C5%84sk_COA.svg/25px-POL_Gda%C5%84sk_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/POL_Gda%C5%84sk_COA.svg/38px-POL_Gda%C5%84sk_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/POL_Gda%C5%84sk_COA.svg/50px-POL_Gda%C5%84sk_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Danzig (<a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg/25px-Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg/38px-Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg/50px-Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>1358 </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Main town of the Prussian, Livonian and Swedish (or East Baltic) Circle. Danzig had been first a part of the <a href="/wiki/Feudal_partition_of_Poland_(1138-1320)" class="mw-redirect" title="Feudal partition of Poland (1138-1320)">Duchy of Pomerelia with a Kashubian and a growing German population</a>, then part of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">State of the Teutonic Order</a> from 1308 until 1457. After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Thorn_(1466)" title="Second Peace of Thorn (1466)">Second Peace of Thorn (1466)</a> Danzig became an autonomous city under the protection of the Polish Crown until the 18th century when it was annexed by Prussia. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Natkiel-78">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Keating-79">[74]</a>: 120 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 81 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-LP_Poland-95">[90]</a>: 403 </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Elbl%C4%85g_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/POL_Elbl%C4%85g_COA.svg/25px-POL_Elbl%C4%85g_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/POL_Elbl%C4%85g_COA.svg/38px-POL_Elbl%C4%85g_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/POL_Elbl%C4%85g_COA.svg/50px-POL_Elbl%C4%85g_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Elbing (<a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbląg</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg/25px-Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg/38px-Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg/50px-Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>1358 </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Elbing had originally been part of the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Old_Prussians" title="Old Prussians">Old Prussians</a>, until the 1230s when it became part of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">State of the Teutonic Order</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Thorn_(1466)" title="Second Peace of Thorn (1466)">Second Peace of Thorn (1466)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a>, including Elbląg was part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a>. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-LP_Poland-95">[90]</a>: 452 </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg/25px-POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg/38px-POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg/50px-POL_Toru%C5%84_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="558" data-file-height="672" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Thorn (<a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg/25px-Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg/38px-Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg/50px-Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>1280 </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Toruń was part of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">State of the Teutonic Order</a> from 1233 until 1466. After the <a href="/wiki/Second_Peace_of_Thorn_(1466)" title="Second Peace of Thorn (1466)">Second Peace of Thorn (1466)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Prussia" title="Royal Prussia">Royal Prussia</a>, including Toruń, was part of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a>. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-LP_Poland-95">[90]</a>: 436 </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/25px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/38px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg/50px-POL_Krak%C3%B3w_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Kraków</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Polish_Crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Polish_Crown.svg/25px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Polish_Crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Polish_Crown.svg/38px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Polish_Crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Polish_Crown.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Polish_Crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>c. 1370 </td> <td>c. 1500 </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Kraków was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Kingdom of Poland</a>, 1038–1596/1611. It adopted <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg_rights" title="Magdeburg rights">Magdeburg town law</a> and 5000 Poles and 3500 Germans lived within the city proper in the 15th century; Poles steadily rose in the ranks of guild memberships reaching 41% of guild members in 1500. It was very loosely associated with Hansa, and paid no membership fees, nor sent representatives to League meetings. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Blumówna-55">[52]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-99">[94]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Carter-100">[95]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Jelicz-101">[96]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wroc%C5%82aw_(Wernigeroder_Wappenbuch).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wroc%C5%82aw_%28Wernigeroder_Wappenbuch%29.svg/25px-Wroc%C5%82aw_%28Wernigeroder_Wappenbuch%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wroc%C5%82aw_%28Wernigeroder_Wappenbuch%29.svg/38px-Wroc%C5%82aw_%28Wernigeroder_Wappenbuch%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Wroc%C5%82aw_%28Wernigeroder_Wappenbuch%29.svg/50px-Wroc%C5%82aw_%28Wernigeroder_Wappenbuch%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="951" data-file-height="1001" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Breslau, (<a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Wrocław</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Boheme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Blason_Boheme.svg/25px-Blason_Boheme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Blason_Boheme.svg/38px-Blason_Boheme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Blason_Boheme.svg/50px-Blason_Boheme.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="741" data-file-height="820" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td>1387 </td> <td>1474 </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Breslau, a part of the <a href="/wiki/Duchies_of_Silesia" title="Duchies of Silesia">Duchy of Breslau</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Kingdom of Bohemia</a>, was only loosely connected to the League and paid no membership fees nor did its representatives take part in Hansa meetings </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Gilewska-Dubis-102">[97]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Buśko-103">[98]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td>Culm (<a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82mno" title="Chełmno">Chełmno</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg/25px-Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg/38px-Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg/50px-Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat-of-Arms-of-Kaliningrad-of-Altstadt-(Koenigsberg).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat-of-Arms-of-Kaliningrad-of-Altstadt-%28Koenigsberg%29.svg/25px-Coat-of-Arms-of-Kaliningrad-of-Altstadt-%28Koenigsberg%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat-of-Arms-of-Kaliningrad-of-Altstadt-%28Koenigsberg%29.svg/38px-Coat-of-Arms-of-Kaliningrad-of-Altstadt-%28Koenigsberg%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Coat-of-Arms-of-Kaliningrad-of-Altstadt-%28Koenigsberg%29.svg/50px-Coat-of-Arms-of-Kaliningrad-of-Altstadt-%28Koenigsberg%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg/25px-Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg/38px-Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg/50px-Den_tyske_ordens_skjold.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="625" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>1340 </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Königsberg was the capital of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a>, it accepted the sovereignty of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Poland_(1385%E2%80%931569)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)">Polish crown</a> in 1466. It became <a href="/wiki/Ducal_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducal Prussia">Ducal Prussia</a> in 1525 after secularisation, a German principality that was a fief of the Polish crown until gaining its independence in the 1660 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Oliva" title="Treaty of Oliva">Treaty of Oliva</a>. The city was renamed <a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a> in 1946 after <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> was divided between the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a>. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coa_Riga.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coa_Riga.svg/25px-Coa_Riga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coa_Riga.svg/38px-Coa_Riga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coa_Riga.svg/50px-Coa_Riga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="706" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/25px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/38px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/50px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana (Livonia)</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td>1282 </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">During the <a href="/wiki/Livonian_War" title="Livonian War">Livonian War</a> (1558–83), Riga became a <a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free imperial city</a> until the 1581 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Drohiczyn" title="Treaty of Drohiczyn">Treaty of Drohiczyn</a> ceded Livonia to the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> until the city was captured by <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1621%E2%80%931625)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)">Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)</a>. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 82 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-104">[99]</a>: 20 </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn_(small).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn_%28small%29.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn_%28small%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn_%28small%29.svg/38px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn_%28small%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn_%28small%29.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tallinn_%28small%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="489" data-file-height="691" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Reval (<a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/25px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/38px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/50px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana (Livonia)</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td>1285 </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">On joining the Hanseatic League, Reval was a Danish fief, but was sold in 1346, with the rest of northern Estonia, to the <a href="/wiki/Teutonic_Order" title="Teutonic Order">Teutonic Order</a>. In 1561, Reval became a <a href="/wiki/Dominions_of_Sweden" title="Dominions of Sweden">dominion of</a> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish empire">Sweden</a>. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Mills-74">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Keating-79">[74]</a>: 47 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 81 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tartu_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tartu_coat_of_arms.svg/25px-Tartu_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tartu_coat_of_arms.svg/38px-Tartu_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Tartu_coat_of_arms.svg/50px-Tartu_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="440" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Dorpat (<a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Tartu</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/25px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/38px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/50px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana (Livonia)</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td> 1280s </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">The <a href="/wiki/Bishopric_of_Dorpat" title="Bishopric of Dorpat">Bishopric of Dorpat</a> had increasing autonomy within the <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana</a> (Livonian confederation). With the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Drohiczyn" title="Treaty of Drohiczyn">Treaty of Drohiczyn</a> in 1581, Dorpat fell under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> until the city was captured by <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Swedish_War_(1621%E2%80%931625)" title="Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)">Polish–Swedish War (1621–1625)</a>. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Mills-74">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Et-Viljandi_coa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Et-Viljandi_coa.svg/25px-Et-Viljandi_coa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Et-Viljandi_coa.svg/38px-Et-Viljandi_coa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Et-Viljandi_coa.svg/50px-Et-Viljandi_coa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="404" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> Fellin (<a href="/wiki/Viljandi" title="Viljandi">Viljandi</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/25px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/38px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/50px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana (Livonia)</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Mills-74">[69]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-murray-105">[100]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td>Pernau (<a href="/wiki/P%C3%A4rnu" title="Pärnu">Pärnu</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/25px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/38px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/50px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana (Livonia)</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Mills-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-murray-105">[100]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td>Wenden (<a href="/wiki/C%C4%93sis" title="Cēsis">Cēsis</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/25px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/38px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/50px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana (Livonia)</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Mills-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Turnbull-104">[99]</a>: 60 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-murray-105">[100]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td>Kokenhusen (<a href="/wiki/Koknese" title="Koknese">Koknese</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/25px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/38px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/50px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana (Livonia)</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Mills-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Koknese-106">[101]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-National_Bank_of_Latvia-107">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Könnecke-108">[103]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-murray-105">[100]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td>Roop (<a href="/wiki/Straupe" title="Straupe">Straupe</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/25px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/38px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/50px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana (Livonia)</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Mills-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-murray-105">[100]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td>Windau (<a href="/wiki/Ventspils" title="Ventspils">Ventspils</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/25px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/38px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/50px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana (Livonia)</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Mills-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-murray-105">[100]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Haapsalu" title="Haapsalu">Haapsalu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hapsal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hapsal">Hapsal</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/25px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/38px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/50px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana (Livonia)</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Flag_of_Estonia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Estonia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="630" /> <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Mills-74">[69]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td>Lemsal (<a href="/wiki/Limba%C5%BEi" title="Limbaži">Limbaži</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/25px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/38px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/50px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana (Livonia)</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Mills-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-murray-105">[100]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td>Wolmar (<a href="/wiki/Valmiera" title="Valmiera">Valmiera</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/25px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/38px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/50px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana (Livonia)</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Mills-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-murray-105">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Baltic </td> <td>Goldingen (<a href="/wiki/Kuld%C4%ABga" title="Kuldīga">Kuldīga</a>) </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/25px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/38px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg/50px-Baltic_coat_of_arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="82" data-file-height="100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Terra_Mariana" title="Terra Mariana">Terra Mariana (Livonia)</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Latvia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Latvia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Mills-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-murray-105">[100]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Koeln_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DEU_Koeln_COA.svg/25px-DEU_Koeln_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DEU_Koeln_COA.svg/38px-DEU_Koeln_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DEU_Koeln_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Koeln_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Koeln_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DEU_Koeln_COA.svg/25px-DEU_Koeln_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DEU_Koeln_COA.svg/38px-DEU_Koeln_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/DEU_Koeln_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Koeln_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="638" data-file-height="625" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Free_Imperial_City_of_Cologne" class="mw-redirect" title="Free Imperial City of Cologne">Imperial City of Cologne</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1669 </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Main town of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle until after the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Hanseatic_War" title="Anglo-Hanseatic War">Anglo-Hanseatic War</a> (1470–74), when the city was prosecuted in 1475 with temporary trade sanctions (German: Verhanst) for some years for having supported <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a>; <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> was made main town of the Circle. Cologne also was called "Electorate of Cologne" (German: Kurfürstentum Köln or Kurköln). In June 1669 the last Hanseday was held in the town of Lübeck by the last remaining Hanse members, amongst others Cologne. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Natkiel-78">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Keating-79">[74]</a>: 120 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg/25px-Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg/38px-Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg/50px-Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg/25px-Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg/38px-Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg/50px-Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Imperial City of Dortmund</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">After <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> was excluded after the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Hanseatic_War" title="Anglo-Hanseatic War">Anglo-Hanseatic War</a> (1470–74), Dortmund was made the main town of the Rhine-Westphalian and Netherlands Circle. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 82 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_ville_be_Dinant_(Namur).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Blason_ville_be_Dinant_%28Namur%29.svg/25px-Blason_ville_be_Dinant_%28Namur%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Blason_ville_be_Dinant_%28Namur%29.svg/38px-Blason_ville_be_Dinant_%28Namur%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Blason_ville_be_Dinant_%28Namur%29.svg/50px-Blason_ville_be_Dinant_%28Namur%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Dinant" title="Dinant">Dinant</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Wubs-Mrozewicz2010-59">[56]</a>: 101 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow-68">[65]</a>: 9 </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg/25px-Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg/38px-Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg/50px-Armoiries_Saint-Empire_monoc%C3%A9phale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bishopric_of_Utrecht.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bishopric_of_Utrecht.svg/25px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bishopric_of_Utrecht.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bishopric_of_Utrecht.svg/38px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bishopric_of_Utrecht.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bishopric_of_Utrecht.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bishopric_of_Utrecht.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Bishopric of Utrecht</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1500 </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_JNA-92">[87]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-LP_Netherlands-110">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-111">[106]</a>: 438 </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Nijmegen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coat_of_arms_of_Nijmegen.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nijmegen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coat_of_arms_of_Nijmegen.svg/38px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nijmegen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Coat_of_arms_of_Nijmegen.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Nijmegen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/25px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/38px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/50px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Jülich-Guelders</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Looper-33">[32]</a>: 115 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_JNA-92">[87]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kampen_(kleine_wapen).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kampen_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg/25px-Kampen_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kampen_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg/38px-Kampen_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Kampen_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg/50px-Kampen_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bishopric_of_Utrecht.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bishopric_of_Utrecht.svg/25px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bishopric_of_Utrecht.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bishopric_of_Utrecht.svg/38px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bishopric_of_Utrecht.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bishopric_of_Utrecht.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_Bishopric_of_Utrecht.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="403" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Bishopric of Utrecht</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>1441 </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-LP_Netherlands-110">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-111">[106]</a>: 433 </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zwolle_wapen_HRvA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Zwolle_wapen_HRvA.svg/25px-Zwolle_wapen_HRvA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Zwolle_wapen_HRvA.svg/38px-Zwolle_wapen_HRvA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Zwolle_wapen_HRvA.svg/50px-Zwolle_wapen_HRvA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="851" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png/25px-Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png/38px-Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png/50px-Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td>1294 </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Looper-33">[32]</a>: 110, 112 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-LP_Netherlands-110">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-111">[106]</a>: 433, 439 </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Escudo_de_Groniga_1581.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Escudo_de_Groniga_1581.svg/25px-Escudo_de_Groniga_1581.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Escudo_de_Groniga_1581.svg/38px-Escudo_de_Groniga_1581.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Escudo_de_Groniga_1581.svg/50px-Escudo_de_Groniga_1581.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Groningen_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Groningen (city)">Groningen</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Friesland_(kleine_wapen).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Friesland_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg/25px-Friesland_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Friesland_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg/38px-Friesland_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Friesland_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg/50px-Friesland_%28kleine_wapen%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Friesland" title="Friesland">Friesland</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_JNA-92">[87]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Roermond.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Roermond.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_Roermond.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Roermond.svg/38px-Coat_of_arms_of_Roermond.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Coat_of_arms_of_Roermond.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Roermond.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="454" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Roermond" title="Roermond">Roermond</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/25px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/38px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/50px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Jülich-Guelders</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Brand2010-30">[29]</a>: 32 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Looper-33">[32]</a>: 115 </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Arnhem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_arms_of_Arnhem.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_Arnhem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_arms_of_Arnhem.svg/38px-Coat_of_arms_of_Arnhem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Coat_of_arms_of_Arnhem.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Arnhem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="372" data-file-height="267" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/25px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/38px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/50px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Jülich-Guelders</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Brand2010-30">[29]</a>: 32 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-111">[106]</a>: 432 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-MW_Geo-112">[107]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolsward_wapen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bolsward_wapen.svg/25px-Bolsward_wapen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bolsward_wapen.svg/38px-Bolsward_wapen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Bolsward_wapen.svg/50px-Bolsward_wapen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="758" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bolsward" title="Bolsward">Bolsward</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frisian_freedom" title="Frisian freedom">Frisia</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Looper-33">[32]</a>: 115 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Miruß-113">[108]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stavoren_wapen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Stavoren_wapen.svg/25px-Stavoren_wapen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Stavoren_wapen.svg/38px-Stavoren_wapen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Stavoren_wapen.svg/50px-Stavoren_wapen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="275" data-file-height="436" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Stavoren" title="Stavoren">Stavoren</a> (Starum) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Frisian_freedom" title="Frisian freedom">Frisia</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-111">[106]</a>: 398  </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Doesburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Coat_of_arms_of_Doesburg.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_Doesburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Coat_of_arms_of_Doesburg.svg/38px-Coat_of_arms_of_Doesburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Coat_of_arms_of_Doesburg.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Doesburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="578" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Doesburg" title="Doesburg">Doesburg</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/25px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/38px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/50px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Jülich-Guelders</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Looper-33">[32]</a>: 110, 112 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-LP_Netherlands-110">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-111">[106]</a>: 433 </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Zutphen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coat_of_arms_of_Zutphen.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zutphen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coat_of_arms_of_Zutphen.svg/38px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zutphen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Coat_of_arms_of_Zutphen.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zutphen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="814" data-file-height="560" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/25px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/38px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/50px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Jülich-Guelders</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Looper-33">[32]</a>: 110, 112 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-LP_Netherlands-110">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-111">[106]</a>: 433 <a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Harderwijk.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_arms_of_Harderwijk.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_Harderwijk.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_arms_of_Harderwijk.svg/38px-Coat_of_arms_of_Harderwijk.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Coat_of_arms_of_Harderwijk.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Harderwijk.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Harderwijk" title="Harderwijk">Harderwijk</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/25px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/38px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/50px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Jülich-Guelders</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="#cite_note-Looper-33">[32]</a>: 114–115  </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Venlo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Coat_of_arms_of_Venlo.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_Venlo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Coat_of_arms_of_Venlo.svg/38px-Coat_of_arms_of_Venlo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Coat_of_arms_of_Venlo.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Venlo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="667" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Venlo" title="Venlo">Venlo</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/25px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/38px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/50px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Jülich-Guelders</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="#cite_note-Looper-33">[32]</a>: 115  </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hattem.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coat_of_arms_of_Hattem.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hattem.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coat_of_arms_of_Hattem.svg/38px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hattem.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Coat_of_arms_of_Hattem.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hattem.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="991" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hattem" title="Hattem">Hattem</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/25px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/38px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/50px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Jülich-Guelders</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Looper-33">[32]</a>: 112 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-LP_Netherlands-110">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Elburg.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Coat_of_arms_of_Elburg.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_Elburg.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Coat_of_arms_of_Elburg.svg/38px-Coat_of_arms_of_Elburg.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Coat_of_arms_of_Elburg.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Elburg.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1008" data-file-height="695" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Elburg" title="Elburg">Elburg</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/25px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/38px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/50px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Jülich-Guelders</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Looper-33">[32]</a>: 112 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-LP_Netherlands-110">[105]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-111">[106]</a>: 433 </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ommen_wapen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ommen_wapen.svg/25px-Ommen_wapen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ommen_wapen.svg/38px-Ommen_wapen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Ommen_wapen.svg/50px-Ommen_wapen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="701" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Ommen" title="Ommen">Ommen</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png/25px-Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png/38px-Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png/50px-Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="#cite_note-Looper-33">[32]</a>: 115  </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Tiel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coat_of_arms_of_Tiel.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tiel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coat_of_arms_of_Tiel.svg/38px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tiel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Coat_of_arms_of_Tiel.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Tiel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Tiel" title="Tiel">Tiel</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png/25px-Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png/38px-Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png/50px-Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="#cite_note-Looper-33">[32]</a>: 115  </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hasselt_(OV)_wapen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hasselt_%28OV%29_wapen.svg/25px-Hasselt_%28OV%29_wapen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hasselt_%28OV%29_wapen.svg/38px-Hasselt_%28OV%29_wapen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Hasselt_%28OV%29_wapen.svg/50px-Hasselt_%28OV%29_wapen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Hasselt,_Overijssel" title="Hasselt, Overijssel">Hasselt</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png/25px-Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png/38px-Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png/50px-Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Looper-33">[32]</a>: 115 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-LP_Netherlands-110">[105]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oldenzaal_wapen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Oldenzaal_wapen.svg/25px-Oldenzaal_wapen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Oldenzaal_wapen.svg/38px-Oldenzaal_wapen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Oldenzaal_wapen.svg/50px-Oldenzaal_wapen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="584" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Oldenzaal" title="Oldenzaal">Oldenzaal</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png/25px-Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png/38px-Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png/50px-Wappen_Bistum_Utrecht.png 2x" data-file-width="343" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Utrecht" title="Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht">Utrecht</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Looper-33">[32]</a>: 115 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Zaltbommel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coat_of_arms_of_Zaltbommel.svg/25px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zaltbommel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coat_of_arms_of_Zaltbommel.svg/38px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zaltbommel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Coat_of_arms_of_Zaltbommel.svg/50px-Coat_of_arms_of_Zaltbommel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="974" data-file-height="620" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Zaltbommel" title="Zaltbommel">Zaltbommel</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/25px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/38px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg/50px-Guelders-J%C3%BClich_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Guelders" title="Duchy of Guelders">Jülich-Guelders</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="#cite_note-Looper-33">[32]</a>: 115  </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_M%C3%BCnster_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/DEU_M%C3%BCnster_COA.svg/25px-DEU_M%C3%BCnster_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/DEU_M%C3%BCnster_COA.svg/38px-DEU_M%C3%BCnster_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/DEU_M%C3%BCnster_COA.svg/50px-DEU_M%C3%BCnster_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="719" data-file-height="896" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lahr.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lahr.PNG/25px-Lahr.PNG" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lahr.PNG/38px-Lahr.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Lahr.PNG/50px-Lahr.PNG 2x" data-file-width="593" data-file-height="711" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_M%C3%BCnster" title="Prince-Bishopric of Münster">Prince-Bishopric of Münster</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 82 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Osnabr%C3%BCck_Wappen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Osnabr%C3%BCck_Wappen.svg/25px-Osnabr%C3%BCck_Wappen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Osnabr%C3%BCck_Wappen.svg/38px-Osnabr%C3%BCck_Wappen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Osnabr%C3%BCck_Wappen.svg/50px-Osnabr%C3%BCck_Wappen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_Bistum_Osnabr%C3%BCck.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Wappen_Bistum_Osnabr%C3%BCck.svg/25px-Wappen_Bistum_Osnabr%C3%BCck.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Wappen_Bistum_Osnabr%C3%BCck.svg/38px-Wappen_Bistum_Osnabr%C3%BCck.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Wappen_Bistum_Osnabr%C3%BCck.svg/50px-Wappen_Bistum_Osnabr%C3%BCck.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück">Prince-Bishopric of Osnabrück</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> 12th cent. </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Wesel_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/DEU_Wesel_COA.svg/25px-DEU_Wesel_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/DEU_Wesel_COA.svg/38px-DEU_Wesel_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/DEU_Wesel_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Wesel_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="481" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Wesel" title="Wesel">Wesel</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soest-coa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Soest-coa.svg/25px-Soest-coa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Soest-coa.svg/38px-Soest-coa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Soest-coa.svg/50px-Soest-coa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Soest-coa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Soest-coa.svg/25px-Soest-coa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Soest-coa.svg/38px-Soest-coa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Soest-coa.svg/50px-Soest-coa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="581" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Imperial City of Soest</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td>1609 </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">The city was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Cologne" title="Electorate of Cologne">Electorate of Cologne</a> until acquiring its freedom in 1444–49, after which it aligned with the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cleves" title="Duchy of Cleves">Duchy of Cleves</a>. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 82 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Paderborn_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DEU_Paderborn_COA.svg/25px-DEU_Paderborn_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DEU_Paderborn_COA.svg/38px-DEU_Paderborn_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/DEU_Paderborn_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Paderborn_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="595" data-file-height="731" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Paderborn" title="Paderborn">Paderborn</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DEU_Lemgo_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/DEU_Lemgo_COA.svg/25px-DEU_Lemgo_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="32" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/DEU_Lemgo_COA.svg/38px-DEU_Lemgo_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/DEU_Lemgo_COA.svg/50px-DEU_Lemgo_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="490" data-file-height="624" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Lemgo" title="Lemgo">Lemgo</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Westphalian </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen_von_Herford.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wappen_von_Herford.svg/25px-Wappen_von_Herford.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wappen_von_Herford.svg/38px-Wappen_von_Herford.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wappen_von_Herford.svg/50px-Wappen_von_Herford.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="494" data-file-height="842" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 82 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Ward-114">[109]</a>: 391 </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wappen-minden.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Wappen-minden.svg/25px-Wappen-minden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Wappen-minden.svg/38px-Wappen-minden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Wappen-minden.svg/50px-Wappen-minden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="582" data-file-height="626" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Minden" title="Minden">Minden</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"> </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kontore">Kontore</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Kontore">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">kontore</a> were the major foreign trading posts of the League, not cities that were Hanseatic members, and are listed in the hidden table below. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#F8F8FF;width:60%">List of Hansa kontore</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="width: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 10%;">Quarter </th> <th style="width: 10%;">City </th> <th style="width: 10%;">Territory </th> <th style="width: 10%;">Now </th> <th style="width: 5%;">From </th> <th style="width: 5%;">Until </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width: 45%;">Notes </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width: 5%;"><abbr title="Reference(s)">Ref.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Kontor </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg/25px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg/38px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg/50px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Veliky_Novgorod.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>: Peterhof </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nowogr%C3%B3d.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nowogr%C3%B3d.svg/25px-Nowogr%C3%B3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nowogr%C3%B3d.svg/38px-Nowogr%C3%B3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nowogr%C3%B3d.svg/50px-Nowogr%C3%B3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="417" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Novgorod_Republic" title="Novgorod Republic">Novgorod Republic</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> 1500s </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Novgorod was one of the principal Kontore of the League and the easternmost. In 1494, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_III_of_Russia" title="Ivan III of Russia">Ivan III, Grand Prince of Moscow</a>, closed the Peterhof; it was reopened a few years later, but the League's Russian trade never recovered. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Natkiel-78">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Keating-79">[74]</a>: 47 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 26, 82 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_JNA-92">[87]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Kontor </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bergen_v%C3%A5pen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bergen_v%C3%A5pen.svg/25px-Bergen_v%C3%A5pen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bergen_v%C3%A5pen.svg/38px-Bergen_v%C3%A5pen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Bergen_v%C3%A5pen.svg/50px-Bergen_v%C3%A5pen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg/25px-Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg/38px-Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg/50px-Royal_arms_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Norway_(872%E2%80%931397)" title="Kingdom of Norway (872–1397)">Kingdom of Norway</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> </td> <td>1360 </td> <td>1775 </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Bryggen was one of the principal Kontore of the League. It was razed by accidental fire in 1476. In 1560, administration of Bryggen was placed under Norwegian administration. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Natkiel-78">[73]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 82 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_JNA-92">[87]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-1911:Hanseatic_League-115">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_Hansa-116">[111]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Kontor </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_de_Bruges.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Blason_de_Bruges.svg/25px-Blason_de_Bruges.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Blason_de_Bruges.svg/38px-Blason_de_Bruges.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Blason_de_Bruges.svg/50px-Blason_de_Bruges.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a>: Hanzekantoor </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Flanders.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/25px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/38px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Arms_of_Flanders.svg/50px-Arms_of_Flanders.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/County_of_Flanders" title="County of Flanders">County of Flanders</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Bruges was one of the principal Kontore of the League until the 15th century, when the seaway to the city silted up; trade from Antwerp benefiting from Bruges's loss. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Keating-79">[74]</a>: 47 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 80 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_JNA-92">[87]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-McDonald-111">[106]</a>: 134, 176 </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Kontor </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_City_of_London.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_City_of_London.svg/25px-Flag_of_the_City_of_London.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_City_of_London.svg/38px-Flag_of_the_City_of_London.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_City_of_London.svg/50px-Flag_of_the_City_of_London.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> London: <a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_arms_of_England.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/25px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/38px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Royal_arms_of_England.svg/50px-Royal_arms_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>1303 </td> <td>1853 </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">The Steelyard was one of the principal Kontore of the League. <a href="/wiki/Edward_I_of_England" title="Edward I of England">King Edward I</a> granted a <a href="/wiki/Carta_Mercatoria" title="Carta Mercatoria">Carta Mercatoria</a> in 1303. The Steelyard was destroyed in 1469 and <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward IV of England">Edward IV</a> exempted <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> merchants, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Hanseatic_War" title="Anglo-Hanseatic War">Anglo-Hanseatic War</a> (1470–74). The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Utrecht_(1474)" title="Treaty of Utrecht (1474)">Treaty of Utrecht</a>, sealing the peace, led to the League purchasing the Steelyard outright in 1475, with Edward having renewed the League's privileges without insisting on reciprocal rights for English merchants in the Baltic. London merchants persuaded <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a> to rescind the League's privileges on 13 January 1598; while the Steelyard was re-established by <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>, the advantage never returned. Consulates continued however, providing communication during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and the Hanseatic interest was only sold in 1853. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_tensions-57">[54]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Keating-79">[74]</a>: 47 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 26, 80–82 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_JNA-92">[87]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-1911:Hanseatic_League-115">[110]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Ward-114">[109]</a>: 95 </li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Kontor </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Anvers.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blason_Anvers.svg/25px-Blason_Anvers.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blason_Anvers.svg/38px-Blason_Anvers.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Blason_Anvers.svg/50px-Blason_Anvers.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Arms_of_Belgium.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Royal_Arms_of_Belgium.svg/25px-Royal_Arms_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Royal_Arms_of_Belgium.svg/38px-Royal_Arms_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Royal_Arms_of_Belgium.svg/50px-Royal_Arms_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brabant" title="Duchy of Brabant">Duchy of Brabant</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;">Antwerp became a major Kontor of the League, particularly after the seaway to Bruges silted up in the 15th century, leading to its fortunes waning in Antwerp's favour, despite Antwerp's refusal to grant special privileges to the League's merchants. Between 1312 and 1406, Antwerp was a <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Antwerp" title="Margraviate of Antwerp">margraviate</a>, independent of Brabant. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Holborn-87">[82]</a>: 80 </li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vitten">Vitten</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Vitten">edit</a>]</div> The vitten were significant foreign trading posts of the League in Scania, not cities that were Hanseatic members, they are argued by some to have been similar in status to the kontors,<a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 157–158  and are listed in the hidden table below. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#F8F8FF;width:60%">List of Hansa vitten</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="width: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th style="width: 10%;">Quarter </th> <th style="width: 10%;">City </th> <th style="width: 10%;">Territory </th> <th style="width: 10%;">Now </th> <th style="width: 5%;">From </th> <th style="width: 5%;">Until </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width: 45%;">Notes </th> <th class="unsortable" style="width: 5%;"><abbr title="Reference(s)">Ref.</abbr> </th></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Vitte </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_COA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_COA.svg/25px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_COA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_COA.svg/38px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_COA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_COA.svg/50px-POL_wojew%C3%B3dztwo_zachodniopomorskie_COA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="844" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg/25px-National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg/38px-National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg/50px-National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark#Middle_Ages" title="History of Denmark">Kingdom of Denmark</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td> 15th cent. </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Skåne">Skåne</a> (Scania) was Danish until ceded to <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a> by the 1658 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Roskilde" title="Treaty of Roskilde">Treaty of Roskilde</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a>. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> <tr valign="top"> <td>Vitte </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Skan%C3%B6r_med_Falsterbo_vapen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Skan%C3%B6r_med_Falsterbo_vapen.svg/25px-Skan%C3%B6r_med_Falsterbo_vapen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Skan%C3%B6r_med_Falsterbo_vapen.svg/38px-Skan%C3%B6r_med_Falsterbo_vapen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Skan%C3%B6r_med_Falsterbo_vapen.svg/50px-Skan%C3%B6r_med_Falsterbo_vapen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a> </td> <td><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg/25px-National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg/38px-National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg/50px-National_Coat_of_arms_of_Denmark_no_crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="331" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Denmark#Middle_Ages" title="History of Denmark">Kingdom of Denmark</a> </td> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td> 15th cent. </td> <td> </td> <td style="font-size: 90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne" class="mw-redirect" title="Skåne">Skåne</a> was Danish until ceded to <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Sweden</a> by the 1658 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Roskilde" title="Treaty of Roskilde">Treaty of Roskilde</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Northern_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Northern War">Second Northern War</a>. </td> <td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ports_with_Hansa_trading_posts">Ports with Hansa trading posts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ports with Hansa trading posts">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#F8F8FF;width:60%">List of ports with Hansa trading posts</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanseatic_Warehouse_King%27s_Lynn.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hanseatic_Warehouse_King%27s_Lynn.JPG/220px-Hanseatic_Warehouse_King%27s_Lynn.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hanseatic_Warehouse_King%27s_Lynn.JPG/330px-Hanseatic_Warehouse_King%27s_Lynn.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Hanseatic_Warehouse_King%27s_Lynn.JPG/440px-Hanseatic_Warehouse_King%27s_Lynn.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Buildings_in_King%27s_Lynn#Hanseatic_Warehouse" class="mw-redirect" title="Buildings in King's Lynn">Hanseatic Warehouse</a> in <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">King's Lynn</a> is the only surviving League building in England.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%85hus" title="Åhus">Åhus</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berwick-upon-Tweed" title="Berwick-upon-Tweed">Berwick-upon-Tweed</a></li> <li>Bishop's Lynn (<a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">King's Lynn</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward-114">[109]</a>: 95 <a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 158 <a href="#cite_note-117">[112]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_JNA-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ward-114">[109]</a>: 95 <a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 158 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bordeaux" title="Bordeaux">Bordeaux</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourgneuf,_Charente-Maritime" title="Bourgneuf, Charente-Maritime">Bourgneuf</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damme" title="Damme">Damme</a><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt" title="Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 160 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a> (Kingston upon Hull)<a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ipswich" title="Ipswich">Ipswich</a><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grimwade-118">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 158 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalundborg" title="Kalundborg">Kalundborg</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 <a href="#cite_note-Mills-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landskrona" title="Landskrona">Landskrona</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Rochelle" title="La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a><a href="#cite_note-Pohle-119">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nantes" title="Nantes">Nantes</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a><a href="#cite_note-Mills-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A6stved" title="Næstved">Næstved</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 158 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 158 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg" title="Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 160 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li> <li>Pleskau (<a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159–160 <a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8nne" title="Rønne">Rønne</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 158 </li> <li>Yarmouth (<a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Great Yarmouth</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 158 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sluis" title="Sluis">Sluis</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg" title="Tønsberg">Tønsberg</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 160 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a><a href="#cite_note-Mills-74">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitebsk" title="Vitebsk">Vitebsk</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ystad" title="Ystad">Ystad</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 159 </li></ul> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_cities_with_a_Hansa_community">Other cities with a Hansa community</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other cities with a Hansa community">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1214851843"><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="background:#F8F8FF;width:60%">Other cities with a Hansa community</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[115]</a></li> <li>Åbo (<a href="/wiki/Turku" title="Turku">Turku</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaldsnes" title="Avaldsnes">Avaldsnes</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_JNA-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_Hansa-116">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brae" title="Brae">Brae</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grindav%C3%ADk" title="Grindavík">Grindavík</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grundarfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Grundarfjörður">Grundarfjörður</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnister" title="Gunnister">Gunnister</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_Hansa-116">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gardiner_and_Mehler-121">[116]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafnarfj%C3%B6r%C3%B0ur" title="Hafnarfjörður">Hafnarfjörður</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_JNA-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kristín_Bjarnadóttir-122">[117]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harlingen,_Friesland" class="mw-redirect" title="Harlingen, Friesland">Harlingen</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haroldswick" title="Haroldswick">Haroldswick</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildesheim" title="Hildesheim">Hildesheim</a><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barthold-89">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schäfer-90">[85]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindeloopen" title="Hindeloopen">Hindeloopen</a> (Hylpen)<a href="#cite_note-McDonald-111">[106]</a>: 397 <a href="#cite_note-Wild-123">[118]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar" title="Kalmar">Kalmar</a><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_Kalmar-124">[119]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krambatangi" title="Krambatangi">Krambatangi</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_JNA-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_Hansa-116">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sn%C3%A6fellsnes" title="Snæfellsnes">Kumbaravogur</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_Late_MA-125">[120]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livorno" title="Livorno">Leghorn</a><a href="#cite_note-Walford-126">[121]</a>: 98 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunna_Ness" title="Lunna Ness">Lunna Wick</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a><a href="#cite_note-Cultus.hk-127">[122]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a><a href="#cite_note-Cultus.hk-127">[122]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a><a href="#cite_note-Falke-75">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyborg" title="Nyborg">Nyborg</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyk%C3%B6ping" title="Nyköping">Nyköping</a><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scalloway" title="Scalloway">Scalloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a><a href="#cite_note-Penguin-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burkhardt-35">[34]</a>: 160 </li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_JNA-92">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_EPOC-109">[104]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trondheim" title="Trondheim">Trondheim</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehler_Hansa-116">[111]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a></li> <li>Walk (<a href="/wiki/Valka" title="Valka">Valka</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Mills-74">[69]</a></li> <li>Weißenstein (<a href="/wiki/Paide" title="Paide">Paide</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Mills-74">[69]</a></li> <li>Wesenberg (<a href="/wiki/Rakvere" title="Rakvere">Rakvere</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Mills-74">[69]</a></li></ul> </div> </div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Europ%C3%A4isches_Hansemuseum_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Europ%C3%A4isches_Hansemuseum_2015.jpg/220px-Europ%C3%A4isches_Hansemuseum_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Europ%C3%A4isches_Hansemuseum_2015.jpg/330px-Europ%C3%A4isches_Hansemuseum_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Europ%C3%A4isches_Hansemuseum_2015.jpg/440px-Europ%C3%A4isches_Hansemuseum_2015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3927" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/European_Hansemuseum" title="European Hansemuseum">European Hansemuseum</a> in Lübeck</figcaption></figure> Academic historiography of the Hanseatic League is considered to begin with Georg Sartorius, who started writing his first work in 1795 and founded the liberal historiographical tradition about the League. The German conservative nationalist historiographical tradition was first published with F.W. Barthold's Geschichte der Deutschen Hansa of 1853/1854. The conservative view was associated with <a href="/wiki/German_question" title="German question">Little German</a> ideology and came to predominate from the 1850s until the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. Hanseatic history was used to justify a stronger German navy and conservative historians drew a link between the League and the rise of Prussia as the leading German state. This climate deeply influenced the historiography of the Baltic trade.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow3-63">[60]</a>: 192–194 <a href="#cite_note-Jahnke2015-31">[30]</a>: 203–204  Issues of social, cultural and economic history became more important in German research after the First World War. But leading historian Fritz Rörig also promoted a <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">National Socialist</a> perspective. After the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a> the conservative nationalist view was discarded, allowing exchanges between German, Swedish and Norwegian historians on the Hanseatic League's role in Sweden and Norway. Views on the League were strongly negative in the Scandinavian countries, especially Denmark, because of associations with German privilege and supremacy.<a href="#cite_note-128">[123]</a>: 68–69, 74  <a href="/wiki/Philippe_Dollinger" title="Philippe Dollinger">Philippe Dollinger</a>'s book The German Hansa became the standard work in the 1960s. At that time, the dominant perspective became Ahasver von Brandt's view of a loosely aligned trading network. Marxist historians in the GDR were split on whether the League was a "late feudal" or "proto-capitalist" phenomenon.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow3-63">[60]</a>: 197–200  Two museums in Europe are dedicated to the history of the Hanseatic League: the <a href="/wiki/European_Hansemuseum" title="European Hansemuseum">European Hansemuseum</a> in Lübeck and the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_Museum_and_Sch%C3%B8tstuene" title="Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene">Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene</a> in Bergen. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_views">Popular views</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Popular views">edit</a>]</div> From the 19th century, Hanseatic history was often used to promote a national cause in Germany. German liberals built a fictional literature around Jürgen Wullenwever, expressing fierce anti-Danish sentiment. Hanseatic subjects were used to propagate nation building, colonialism, fleet building and warfare, and the League was presented as a bringer of culture and pioneer of German expansion.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow3-63">[60]</a>: 195–196  The preoccupation with a strong navy motivated German painters in the 19th century to paint supposedly Hanseatic ships. They used the traditions of maritime paintings and, not wanting Hanseatic ships to look unimpressive, ignored historical evidence to fictionalise cogs into tall two- or three-masted ships. The depictions were widely reproduced, such as on plates of <a href="/wiki/Norddeutscher_Lloyd" title="Norddeutscher Lloyd">Norddeutscher Lloyd</a>. This misleading artistic tradition influenced public perception throughout the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow3-63">[60]</a>: 196–197  In the late 19th century, a social-critical view developed, where opponents of the League like the likedeelers were presented as heroes and liberators from economic oppression. This was popular from the end of the First World War into the 1930s, and survives in the <a href="/wiki/St%C3%B6rtebeker_Festival" title="Störtebeker Festival">Störtebeker Festival</a> on <a href="/wiki/R%C3%BCgen" title="Rügen">Rügen</a>, founded as the Rügenfestspiele by the GDR.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow3-63">[60]</a>: 196  From the late 1970s, the Europeanness and cooperation of the Hanseatic League came to prominence in popular culture. It is associated with innovation, entrepreneurism and internationalness in economic circles.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow3-63">[60]</a>: 199–203  In this way it often used for tourism, city branding and commercial marketing.<a href="#cite_note-Looper-33">[32]</a>: 109  The League's unique governance structure has been identified as a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Supranational_union" title="Supranational union">supranational model</a> of the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_transnational_organisations_named_after_the_Hanseatic_League">Modern transnational organisations named after the Hanseatic League</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Modern transnational organisations named after the Hanseatic League">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Union_of_Cities_THE_HANSA">Union of Cities THE HANSA</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Union of Cities THE HANSA">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanse_Bund.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hanse_Bund.jpg/220px-Hanse_Bund.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hanse_Bund.jpg/330px-Hanse_Bund.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hanse_Bund.jpg/440px-Hanse_Bund.jpg 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="428" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">German language logo</div></figcaption></figure> In 1979, <a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a> invited over 40 cities from <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, the Netherlands, Sweden and Norway with historic links to the Hanseatic League to sign the recesses of 1669, at Zwolle's 750 year city rights' anniversary in August of the next year.<a href="#cite_note-130">[125]</a> In 1980, those cities established a "new Hanse" in Zwolle, named Städtebund Die Hanse (Union of Cities THE HANSA) in German and reinstituted the Hanseatic diets. This league is open to all former Hanseatic League members and cities that share a Hanseatic heritage.<a href="#cite_note-New_Hanse-131">[126]</a> In 2012, the city league had 187 members. This included twelve Russian cities, most notably <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>, and 21 Polish cities. No Danish cities had joined the Union although several qualify.<a href="#cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow3-63">[60]</a>: 199–200  The "new Hanse" fosters business links, tourism and cultural exchange.<a href="#cite_note-New_Hanse-131">[126]</a> The headquarters of the New Hansa is in <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>, Germany.<a href="#cite_note-New_Hanse-131">[126]</a> Dutch cities including <a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kampen_(Overijssel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kampen (Overijssel)">Kampen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a>, and a number of German cities including <a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buxtehude" title="Buxtehude">Buxtehude</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a>, Hamburg, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a>, <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salzwedel" title="Salzwedel">Salzwedel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stade" title="Stade">Stade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stendal" title="Stendal">Stendal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uelzen" title="Uelzen">Uelzen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a> now call themselves Hanse cities (the German cities' car license plates are prefixed H, e.g. –HB– for "Hansestadt Bremen"). Each year one of the member cities of the New Hansa hosts the <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_Days_of_New_Time" title="Hanseatic Days of New Time">Hanseatic Days of New Time</a> international festival. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">King's Lynn</a> became the first English member of the union of cities.<a href="#cite_note-West_Norfolk-132">[127]</a> It was joined by <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a> in 2012 and <a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-Richards2017-133">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="New_Hanseatic_League">New Hanseatic League</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: New Hanseatic League">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/New_Hanseatic_League" title="New Hanseatic League">New Hanseatic League</a> was established in February 2018 by finance ministers from <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and Sweden through the signing of a foundational document which set out the countries' "shared views and values in the discussion on the architecture of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Monetary_Union_of_the_European_Union" title="Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union">EMU</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Suutre2018-134">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Others">Others</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Others">edit</a>]</div> The legacy of the Hansa is reflected in several names: the German airline <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a> (lit. "Air Hansa"); <a href="/wiki/F.C._Hansa_Rostock" class="mw-redirect" title="F.C. Hansa Rostock">F.C. Hansa Rostock</a>, nickamed the <a href="/wiki/Cog_(ship)" title="Cog (ship)">Kogge</a> or Hansa-Kogge; <a href="/wiki/Hansa-Park" title="Hansa-Park">Hansa-Park</a>, one of the biggest theme parks in Germany; <a href="/wiki/Hanze_University_of_Applied_Sciences" title="Hanze University of Applied Sciences">Hanze University of Applied Sciences</a> in <a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>; Hanze oil production platform, Netherlands; the <a href="/wiki/Hansa_Brewery" title="Hansa Brewery">Hansa Brewery</a> in Bergen and the <a href="/wiki/Hanse_Sail" title="Hanse Sail">Hanse Sail</a> in Rostock; <a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_Trade_Center" title="Hanseatic Trade Center">Hanseatic Trade Center</a> in Hamburg; <a href="/wiki/DDG_Hansa" title="DDG Hansa">DDG Hansa</a>, which was a major German shipping company from 1881 until its bankruptcy and takeover by <a href="/wiki/Hapag-Lloyd" title="Hapag-Lloyd">Hapag-Lloyd</a> in 1980; the district of New Hanza City in <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Hansabank" title="Hansabank">Hansabank</a> in Estonia, which was rebranded as <a href="/wiki/Swedbank" title="Swedbank">Swedbank</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_maps">Historical maps</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Historical maps">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional" style="max-width: 815px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:First.Crusade.Map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Europe in 1097"><img alt="Europe in 1097" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/First.Crusade.Map.jpg/120px-First.Crusade.Map.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/First.Crusade.Map.jpg/180px-First.Crusade.Map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/First.Crusade.Map.jpg/240px-First.Crusade.Map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1730" data-file-height="1402" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Europe in 1097</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_in_1430.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Europe in 1430"><img alt="Europe in 1430" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Europe_in_1430.PNG/111px-Europe_in_1430.PNG" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Europe_in_1430.PNG/166px-Europe_in_1430.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Europe_in_1430.PNG/221px-Europe_in_1430.PNG 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="650" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Europe in 1430</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Europe_in_1470.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Europe in 1470"><img alt="Europe in 1470" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Europe_in_1470.png/111px-Europe_in_1470.png" decoding="async" width="111" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Europe_in_1470.png/166px-Europe_in_1470.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Europe_in_1470.png/221px-Europe_in_1470.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="650" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Europe in 1470</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Carta_Marina.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carta marina of the Baltic Sea region (1539)"><img alt="Carta marina of the Baltic Sea region (1539)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Carta_Marina.jpeg/120px-Carta_Marina.jpeg" decoding="async" width="120" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Carta_Marina.jpeg/180px-Carta_Marina.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Carta_Marina.jpeg/240px-Carta_Marina.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="5016" data-file-height="3715" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Carta_marina" title="Carta marina">Carta marina</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> region (1539)</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In the <a href="/wiki/The_Patrician_(video_game)" title="The Patrician (video game)">Patrician</a> series of trading simulation video games, the player assumes the role of a merchant in any of several cities of the Hanseatic League.<a href="#cite_note-135">[130]</a></li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/The_Saga_of_Seven_Suns" title="The Saga of Seven Suns">Saga of Seven Suns</a> series of <a href="/wiki/Space_opera" title="Space opera">space opera</a> novels by American writer <a href="/wiki/Kevin_J._Anderson" title="Kevin J. Anderson">Kevin J. Anderson</a>, the human race has colonized multiple planets in the Spiral Arm, most of which are governed by the powerful Terran Hanseatic League (Hansa).<a href="#cite_note-PW_Hidden_Empire-136">[131]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hansa_Teutonica" title="Hansa Teutonica">Hansa Teutonica</a> is a <a href="/wiki/German_style_board_game" class="mw-redirect" title="German style board game">German board game</a> designed by Andreas Steding and published by Argentum Verlag in 2009.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Metro_(franchise)" title="Metro (franchise)">Metro franchise</a> of <a href="/wiki/Apocalyptic_and_post-apocalyptic_fiction" title="Apocalyptic and post-apocalyptic fiction">post-apocalyptic</a> novels and video games, a trading alliance of stations called The Commonwealth of the Stations of the Ring Line is also known as the Hanseatic League, usually shortened to Hansa or Hanza.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul 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title="Dithmarschen">Dithmarschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_Cross" title="Hanseatic Cross">Hanseatic Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_Days_of_New_Time" title="Hanseatic Days of New Time">Hanseatic Days of New Time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_flags" title="Hanseatic flags">Hanseatic flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_Museum_and_Sch%C3%B8tstuene" title="Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene">Hanseatic Museum and Schøtstuene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildebrand_Veckinchusen" title="Hildebrand Veckinchusen">Hildebrand Veckinchusen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Bremen_(city)" title="History of Bremen (city)">History of Bremen (City)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_republic" title="Peasant republic">Peasants' Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schiffskinder" title="Schiffskinder">Schiffskinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_footnotes">Explanatory footnotes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Explanatory footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌhænsiˈætɪk/</a>. <a href="/wiki/Middle_Low_German_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Low German language">Middle Low German</a>: Hanse, Düdesche Hanse, Hansa; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">Modern German</a>: Deutsche Hanse; <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a>: Hanze; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Hansa Teutonica.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-kracht-46"><a href="#cite_ref-kracht_46-0">^</a> Een opvalled euvel betrof de gewoonte dat gezanten, die voor hen nadelige afspraken niet konden accepteren, vroegtijdig de Hanzedag verlieten. Op deze wijze hoopten zij niet in de notulen, de zogenaamde Hanzerecessen, te worden opgenomen. Het verschafte de stadsbesturen vervolgens de mogelijkheid de daarin opgenomen besluiten niet te ratificeren. [...] Opvallend is dat de Hanzedag, en ook Lübeck en de Wendische steden, niet in staat waren dit fenomeen te sanctioneren en zelfs een gedoogpolitiek ontstond. Terwijl veel historici hierin een essentiële zwakte van de Hanze zien, vat Pichierri dit op als een teken van flexibiliteit. [...] Al met al zijn dit enkele kenmerken van een organisatiestructuur die bij sociologen als een netwerk met losse bindingen te boek staat. De verbindingen tussen de verschillende leden van een dergelijke netwerk waren niet star noch daadwerkelijk verplichtend. [...] Het gebrek aan duurzame samenhand vloeide voort uit de grote autonomie van de steden zoals deze besloten lag in het zogenaamde Einungsrecht. [...] Juist doordat de Hanzevergadering vast bleef houden aan het uitgangspunt dat de gemeenschappelijke wil van alle steden afzonderlijk gerespecteerd moest worden, kon een besluit alleen op grond van algemene instemming genomen worden. [...] Volgens de principes van het Einungsrecht was echter geen enkele stad gedwongen zich aan de wil of aan de besluiten van een woordvoerder, in dit geval de Algemene Hanzedag, te onderwerpen. Aan het einde van de besluitvormingsketen was de instemming van de stedelijke gemeenschap doorslaggevend, ongeacht wat er op hogere niveaus was afgesproken. Het kwam derhalve zeer regelmatig voor dat besluiten die raadszendbode vanuit een minderheidspositie stilzwijgend moesten aanvaarden, achteraf door hun stadsbesturen werden afgewezen. A notable shortcoming concerned the custom that envoys, who could not accept arrangements that were disadvantageous for them, left the Hanseatic Day prematurely. In this way they hoped not to be included in the minutes, the so-called Hanseatic recesses. It then provided the city authorities with the option of not ratifying the decrees contained therein. [...] It is striking that the Hanseatic Day, and also Lübeck and the Wendish cities, were unable to sanction this phenomenon and even a policy of condoning arose. While many historians see this as an essential weakness of the Hanseatic League, Pichierri sees this as a sign of flexibility. [...] All in all, these are some characteristics of an organizational structure that sociologists regard as a network with loose connections. The connections between the various members of such a network were neither rigid nor actually binding. [...] The lack of sustainable cohesion arose from the great autonomy of the cities as it was implied in the so-called Einungsrecht. [...] Precisely because the Hanseatic Assembly continued to adhere to the principle that the common will of all individual cities had to be respected, a decision could only be taken on the basis of general consent. [...] According to the principles of Einungsrecht, however, no city was forced to submit to the will or to the decisions of a spokesman, in this case the General Hansedag. At the end of the decision-making chain, the agreement of the urban community was decisive, regardless of what was agreed at higher levels. It therefore happened very regularly that decisions that council messengers had to accept tacitly from a minority position were subsequently rejected by their city councils (<a href="#CITEREFBrandEgge2010">Brand & Egge 2010</a>, pp. 36–39). </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> The Sound here is the <a href="/wiki/%C3%98resund" title="Øresund">Øresund</a>, the strait between the Danish island of Zealand (Sjælland) and Sweden. </li> <li id="cite_note-kantq1-71"><a href="#cite_ref-kantq1_71-0">^</a> Door de Kantoren werden er duurzame relaties met de machthebbers ter plaatse opgebouwd. Daaarnaast waren ze ook een onmisbare bron van informatie voor de Hanzesteden over de lokale politiek en handel. Bovendien waren de Kantoren plaatsen waar er controle was op de kwaliteit van goederen in de hanzeatische handel. Dit bevorderde de efficiëntie van deze handel. [...] Het midden van de veertiende eeuw wordt voor Brugge en Bergen als scharnierpunt in het ontstaan van de Kantoren gezien omdat ze toen een vastere organisatie en duidelijke regelgeving kregen. [...] Niettemin waren de Kantoren, in tegenstelling tot de Hanze als geheel, wel degelijk rechtsperonen. Als gevolg daarvan voerden ze eigen zegels, hadden ze een eigen administratie, een gemeenschappelijke kas en de machtsmiddelen om het correct naleven van de regels af te dwingen. The Kontors built lasting relationships with local ruler. In addition, they were also an indispensable source of information for the Hanseatic cities about local politics and trade. Moreover, the Kontors were places where the quality of goods in the Hanseatic trade was monitored. This promoted the efficiency of this trade. [...] The middle of the fourteenth century is seen as a pivotal point in the emergence of the Kontors for Bruges and Bergen, because they were then given a more permanent organization and clear regulations. [...] Nevertheless, unlike the Hanseatic League as a whole, the Kontors were indeed legal persons. As a result, they had their own seals, had their own administration, a common treasury and the means to enforce proper compliance with the rules (<a href="#CITEREFWubs-Mrozewicz2010">Wubs-Mrozewicz 2010</a>, p. 91). </li> <li id="cite_note-kantq2-72"><a href="#cite_ref-kantq2_72-0">^</a> Rond dezelfde tijd werden ook alle nederzettingen formeel ondergeschikt aan de beslissingen van de Hanzedag. Hun vertegenwoordigers hadden sindsdien het recht om de Hanzevergaderingen bij te wonen en voor de belangen van de Kantoren en hun kooplieden te pleiten. Ze hadden er echter geen stemrecht. Around the same time, all settlements were also formally subordinated to the decisions of the Hanseatic League. Since then their representatives had the right to attend the Hanse meetings and to advocate for the interests of the Offices and their merchants. However, they had no voting rights (<a href="#CITEREFWubs-Mrozewicz2010">Wubs-Mrozewicz 2010</a>, p. 91). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Cordes1983-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Cordes1983_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGabrielsson1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gabrielsson, Artur (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QGavEQHPCqgC&pg=PA119">"Die Verdrängung der mittelniederdeutschen durch die neuhochdeutsche Schriftsprache"</a> [The displacement of the Middle Low German by the New High German written language]. In Cordes, Gerhard; Möhn, Dieter (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QGavEQHPCqgC">Handbuch zur niederdeutschen Sprach – und Literaturwissenschaft</a> [Handbook on Low German Linguistics and Literature Studies] (in German). Berlin: Erich Schmidt Verlag. pp. 119–181. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-503-01645-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-503-01645-7"><bdi>978-3-503-01645-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Die+Verdr%C3%A4ngung+der+mittelniederdeutschen+durch+die+neuhochdeutsche+Schriftsprache&rft.btitle=Handbuch+zur+niederdeutschen+Sprach+%E2%80%93+und+Literaturwissenschaft&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pages=119-181&rft.pub=Erich+Schmidt+Verlag&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-3-503-01645-7&rft.aulast=Gabrielsson&rft.aufirst=Artur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQGavEQHPCqgC%26pg%3DPA119&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blank2008-2"><a href="#cite_ref-Blank2008_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlank2008" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blank, Angelika (1 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wendland-net.de/post/hanse-buendnis-geschichte">"Die Hanse - Bündnis mit Tradition"</a> [The Hanseatic League - an alliance with tradition] (in German). wendland-net.de. Retrieved 1 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Die+Hanse+-+B%C3%BCndnis+mit+Tradition&rft.pub=wendland-net.de&rft.date=2008-06-01&rft.aulast=Blank&rft.aufirst=Angelika&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwendland-net.de%2Fpost%2Fhanse-buendnis-geschichte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openthesaurus.de/synonyme/edit/23690">"Synonym-Details zu 'Deutsche Hanse · Düdesche Hanse · Hansa Teutonica (lat.)"</a>. openthesaurus. Retrieved 9 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Synonym-Details+zu+%27Deutsche+Hanse+%C2%B7+D%C3%BCdesche+Hanse+%C2%B7+Hansa+Teutonica+%28lat.%29&rft.pub=openthesaurus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openthesaurus.de%2Fsynonyme%2Fedit%2F23690&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeebold2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Seebold, Elmar (2008). Chronologisches Wörterbuch des deutschen Wortschatzes, Vol. 2 Der Wortschatz des 9. Jahrhunderts (in German). Walter de Gruyter. p. 388. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020502-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-020502-2"><bdi>978-3-11-020502-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chronologisches+W%C3%B6rterbuch+des+deutschen+Wortschatzes%2C+Vol.+2+Der+Wortschatz+des+9.+Jahrhunderts&rft.pages=388&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-11-020502-2&rft.aulast=Seebold&rft.aufirst=Elmar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelvaux_de_Fenffe2018" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Delvaux de Fenffe, Gregor (11 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.planet-wissen.de/geschichte/mittelalter/hanse/index.html">"Hanse"</a> [Hanseatic League] (in German). Planet Wissen. Retrieved 9 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hanse&rft.pub=Planet+Wissen&rft.date=2018-03-11&rft.aulast=Delvaux+de+Fenffe&rft.aufirst=Gregor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.planet-wissen.de%2Fgeschichte%2Fmittelalter%2Fhanse%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKöbler2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Köbler, Gerhard (3 August 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.koeblergerhard.de/mnd/mnd_h.html">"Mittelniederdeutsches Wörterbuch: H."</a> (in German). Innsbruck: Gerhard Köbler. Retrieved 9 August 2020 – via koeblergerhard.de.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mittelniederdeutsches+W%C3%B6rterbuch%3A+H.&rft.place=Innsbruck&rft.pub=Gerhard+K%C3%B6bler&rft.date=2014-08-03&rft.aulast=K%C3%B6bler&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.koeblergerhard.de%2Fmnd%2Fmnd_h.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeststrate2010" class="citation book cs1">Weststrate, Job (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5e68QReeykC&pg=PA145">Handel en transport over land en rivieren</a> [Trade and transport over land and rivers]. Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. p. 145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8704-165-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8704-165-6"><bdi>978-90-8704-165-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel+en+transport+over+land+en+rivieren&rft.place=Hilversum+%26+Groningen&rft.pages=145&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Verloren+%26+Groninger+Museum&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-8704-165-6&rft.aulast=Weststrate&rft.aufirst=Job&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5e68QReeykC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFBrandEgge2010">Brand & Egge 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin1975" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Martin, Janet (1975). 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Cambridge University Press (published 2003). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52193-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-52193-2"><bdi>978-0-521-52193-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Family%2C+Commerce%2C+and+Religion+in+London+and+Cologne%3A+Anglo-German+Emigrants%2C+%3Cabbr+title%3D%22circa%22%3Ec.%3C%2Fabbr%3E%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26thinsp%3B1000%3C%2Fspan%3E+%E2%80%93+c.%3Cspan+style%3D%22white-space%3Anowrap%3B%22%3E%26thinsp%3B1300%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2003-11-13&rft.isbn=978-0-521-52193-2&rft.aulast=Huffman&rft.aufirst=Joseph+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaFZ9IKWhqxEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorpiola2018" class="citation book cs1">Korpiola, Mia (2018). "18. Customary Law and the Influence of the ius commune in High and Late Medieval East Central Europe: III 'Germanisation' of East Central European Law: Towns as conduits of Reception". In Pihlajamäki, Heikki; Dubber, Markus D.; Godfrey, Mark (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y2hiDwAAQBAJ">The Oxford Handbook of European Legal History</a>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=18.+Customary+Law+and+the+Influence+of+the+ius+commune+in+High+and+Late+Medieval+East+Central+Europe%3A+III+%27Germanisation%27+of+East+Central+European+Law%3A+Towns+as+conduits+of+Reception&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+European+Legal+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Korpiola&rft.aufirst=Mia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dy2hiDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldbrugge2017" class="citation book cs1">Feldbrugge, Ferdinand J.M. (2017). A History of Russian Law: From Ancient Times to the Council Code (Ulozhenie) of Tsar Aleksei Mikhailovich of 1649. Brill. p. 230. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-0435-214-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-0435-214-8"><bdi>978-90-0435-214-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Russian+Law%3A+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+Council+Code+%28Ulozhenie%29+of+Tsar+Aleksei+Mikhailovich+of+1649&rft.pages=230&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-90-0435-214-8&rft.aulast=Feldbrugge&rft.aufirst=Ferdinand+J.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedlar1994" class="citation book cs1">Sedlar, Jean W. (1994). East Central Europe in the Middle Ages, 1000-1500. University of Washington Press. p. 328. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97290-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-295-97290-9"><bdi>978-0-295-97290-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=East+Central+Europe+in+the+Middle+Ages%2C+1000-1500&rft.pages=328&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-295-97290-9&rft.aulast=Sedlar&rft.aufirst=Jean+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankot2012" class="citation book cs1">Frankot, Edda (2012). Of Laws of Ships and Shipmen: Medieval Maritime Law and its Practice in Urban Northern Europe. 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Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th century (softcover). Vol. 3: The Perspective of the World. Translated by Reynolds, Siân. London: Phoenix Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-289-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84212-289-1"><bdi>978-1-84212-289-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civilization+and+Capitalism%2C+15th%E2%80%9318th+century&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Phoenix+Press&rft.date=2002-01-17&rft.isbn=978-1-84212-289-1&rft.aulast=Braudel&rft.aufirst=Fernand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Looper-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Looper_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looper_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looper_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looper_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looper_33-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looper_33-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looper_33-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looper_33-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looper_33-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looper_33-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looper_33-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looper_33-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looper_33-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looper_33-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looper_33-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looper_33-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looper_33-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looper_33-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Looper_33-18">s</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLooper" class="citation book cs1">Looper, Bert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5e68QReeykC&pg=PA108">De Nederlandse Hanzesteden: scharnieren in de Europese economie 1250–1550</a> [The Dutch Hanseatic cities: Pivots in the European economy 1250–1550].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Nederlandse+Hanzesteden%3A+scharnieren+in+de+Europese+economie+1250%E2%80%931550&rft.aulast=Looper&rft.aufirst=Bert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5e68QReeykC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFBrandEgge2010">Brand & Egge 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sarnowsky-34">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sarnowsky_34-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarnowsky_34-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarnowsky_34-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarnowsky_34-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarnowsky_34-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarnowsky_34-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarnowsky_34-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarnowsky_34-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarnowsky_34-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarnowsky_34-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarnowsky_34-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarnowsky_34-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarnowsky_34-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarnowsky_34-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarnowsky_34-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sarnowsky_34-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSarnowsky" class="citation book cs1">Sarnowsky, Jürgen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfhyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA64">The 'Golden Age' of the Hanseatic League</a>. pp. 64–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+%27Golden+Age%27+of+the+Hanseatic+League&rft.pages=64-100&rft.aulast=Sarnowsky&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsfhyBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burkhardt-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Burkhardt_35-46">au</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite 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and rivers]. p. 145.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handel+en+transport+over+land+en+rivieren&rft.pages=145&rft.aulast=Weststrate&rft.aufirst=Job&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5e68QReeykC%26pg%3DPA145&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFBrandEgge2010">Brand & Egge 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jahnke2010-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jahnke2010_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jahnke2010_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahnke" class="citation book cs1">Jahnke, Carsten. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5e68QReeykC&pg=PA45">7. De Hanze en de Europese economie in the middeleeuwen [The Hanseatic League and the European economy in the Middle Ages]</a>. p. 45.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=7.+De+Hanze+en+de+Europese+economie+in+the+middeleeuwen+%5BThe+Hanseatic+League+and+the+European+economy+in+the+Middle+Ages%5D&rft.pages=45&rft.aulast=Jahnke&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5e68QReeykC%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFBrandEgge2010">Brand & Egge 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heidbrink2012-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heidbrink2012_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heidbrink2012_38-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidrink2012" class="citation book cs1">Heidrink, Ingo (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I_Uu4_VRDXUC&pg=PA35">"The Business of Shipping: An Historical Perspective"</a>. In Talley, Wayne K. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Maritime Economics (hardcover) (1st ed.). Blackwell Publishing Ltd, John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3024-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-3024-3"><bdi>978-1-4443-3024-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Business+of+Shipping%3A+An+Historical+Perspective&rft.btitle=The+Blackwell+Companion+to+Maritime+Economics&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing+Ltd%2C+John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-3024-3&rft.aulast=Heidrink&rft.aufirst=Ingo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI_Uu4_VRDXUC%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Montgomery2016-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Montgomery2016_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontgomery2016" class="citation book cs1">Montgomery, John (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4MKXCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA72">Upwave: City Dynamics and the Coming Capitalist Revival</a> (hardcover) (reprint ed.). Abingdon-on-Thames, New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-00409-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-00409-7"><bdi>978-1-317-00409-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Upwave%3A+City+Dynamics+and+the+Coming+Capitalist+Revival&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames%2C+New+York&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-00409-7&rft.aulast=Montgomery&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4MKXCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-hansentnhn-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hansentnhn_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hansentnhn_40-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hansentnhn_40-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2020" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Lars Ivar (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Fkn2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA144">"The Trading Networks of the High North during the Sixteenth Century"</a>. In Berg, Sigrun Høgetveit; Bergesen, Rognald Heiseldal; Kristiansen, Roald Ernst (eds.). The Protracted Reformation in the North. Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110686210" title="Special:BookSources/9783110686210"><bdi>9783110686210</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Trading+Networks+of+the+High+North+during+the+Sixteenth+Century&rft.btitle=The+Protracted+Reformation+in+the+North&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9783110686210&rft.aulast=Hansen&rft.aufirst=Lars+Ivar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFkn2DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-North-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-North_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-North_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-North_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-North_41-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth" class="citation book cs1">North, Michael. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfhyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA114">The Hanseatic League in the Early Modern Period</a>. pp. 101–124.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hanseatic+League+in+the+Early+Modern+Period&rft.pages=101-124&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsfhyBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFHarreld2015">Harreld 2015</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henn2010-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Henn2010_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Henn2010_42-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenn" class="citation book cs1">Henn, Volker. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5e68QReeykC&pg=PA19">Het ontstaan van de Hanze [The coming into being of the Hanseatic League]</a>. p. 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Het+ontstaan+van+de+Hanze+%5BThe+coming+into+being+of+the+Hanseatic+League%5D&rft.pages=19&rft.aulast=Henn&rft.aufirst=Volker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5e68QReeykC%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFBrandEgge2010">Brand & Egge 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenna2013" class="citation book cs1">McKenna, Amy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=af-cAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186">Denmark, Finland, and Sweden</a>. Britannica Educational Publishing. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781615309955" title="Special:BookSources/9781615309955"><bdi>9781615309955</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Denmark%2C+Finland%2C+and+Sweden&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=Britannica+Educational+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781615309955&rft.aulast=McKenna&rft.aufirst=Amy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Daf-cAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEbelt2018" class="citation book cs1">Ebelt, Thomas (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sZNyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35">Lighthouses of Europe</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472958754" title="Special:BookSources/9781472958754"><bdi>9781472958754</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lighthouses+of+Europe&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781472958754&rft.aulast=Ebelt&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsZNyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA35&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevenson2013" class="citation book cs1">Stevenson, D. Alan (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9fO7AQAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">The World's Lighthouses: From Ancient Times to 1820</a>. Courier Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780486157085" title="Special:BookSources/9780486157085"><bdi>9780486157085</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World%27s+Lighthouses%3A+From+Ancient+Times+to+1820&rft.pub=Courier+Corporation&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780486157085&rft.aulast=Stevenson&rft.aufirst=D.+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9fO7AQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHansen2000" class="citation book cs1">Hansen, Mogens Herman, ed. (2000). "Imperial and Free Towns of the Holy Roman Empire City States in Pre-Modern Germany?". A Comparative Study of Thirty City-State Cultures. Københavns universitet, Polis centret. Copenhagen: Copenhagen Polis Centre & C.A. Reitzels Forlag. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-7787-6177-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-7787-6177-4"><bdi>978-8-7787-6177-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imperial+and+Free+Towns+of+the+Holy+Roman+Empire+City+States+in+Pre-Modern+Germany%3F&rft.btitle=A+Comparative+Study+of+Thirty+City-State+Cultures&rft.place=Copenhagen&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=Copenhagen+Polis+Centre+%26+C.A.+Reitzels+Forlag&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-8-7787-6177-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dollinger-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Dollinger_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDollinger2000" class="citation book cs1">Dollinger, P. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbompf7OyYwC&pg=PA342">The German Hansa</a>. Routledge. pp. 341–343. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19073-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19073-2"><bdi>978-0-415-19073-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Hansa&rft.pages=341-343&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19073-2&rft.aulast=Dollinger&rft.aufirst=P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djbompf7OyYwC%26pg%3DPA342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JanetMartin-49"><a href="#cite_ref-JanetMartin_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin2004" class="citation book cs1">Martin, Janet (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=z0tet2-BeXcC">Treasure of the Land of Darkness: The Fur Trade and Its Significance for Medieval Russia</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54811-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-54811-3"><bdi>978-0-521-54811-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treasure+of+the+Land+of+Darkness%3A+The+Fur+Trade+and+Its+Significance+for+Medieval+Russia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-521-54811-3&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dz0tet2-BeXcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carsten-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carsten_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carsten_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carsten_50-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarsten1985" class="citation book cs1">Carsten, F. L. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uoaxAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34">"The Origins of the Junkers"</a>. Essays in German History. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-3272-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-3272-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-3272-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Origins+of+the+Junkers&rft.btitle=Essays+in+German+History&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-3272-7&rft.aulast=Carsten&rft.aufirst=F.+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuoaxAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA34&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pulsiano_&_Wolf-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Pulsiano_&_Wolf_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPulsianoWolf2019" class="citation book cs1">Pulsiano, Phillip; Wolf, Kirsten (2019) [1993]. Medieval Scandinavia: An Encyclopedia (softcover) (1st reprinted ed.). London: Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-06302-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-06302-0"><bdi>978-1-138-06302-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medieval+Scandinavia%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.place=London&rft.edition=1st+reprinted&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-138-06302-0&rft.aulast=Pulsiano&rft.aufirst=Phillip&rft.au=Wolf%2C+Kirsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stearns_&_Langer-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Stearns_&_Langer_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStearnsLanger2001" class="citation book cs1">Stearns, Peter N; Langer, William Leonard (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00stea">The Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged</a>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-65237-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-65237-4"><bdi>978-0-395-65237-4</bdi></a> – via archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+World+History%3A+Ancient%2C+Medieval%2C+and+Modern%2C+Chronologically+Arranged&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-395-65237-4&rft.aulast=Stearns&rft.aufirst=Peter+N&rft.au=Langer%2C+William+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediaworl00stea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacKay_&_Ditchburn-53"><a href="#cite_ref-MacKay_&_Ditchburn_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKayDitchburn1997" class="citation book cs1">MacKay, Angus; Ditchburn, David (1997). "Late Medieval Scandinavia: Unity and Disunity". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofmedievale0000unse/page/n7/mode/2up">Atlas of Medieval Europe</a>. London & New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12231-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12231-3"><bdi>978-0-415-12231-3</bdi></a> – via archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Late+Medieval+Scandinavia%3A+Unity+and+Disunity&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Medieval+Europe&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12231-3&rft.aulast=MacKay&rft.aufirst=Angus&rft.au=Ditchburn%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlasofmedievale0000unse%2Fpage%2Fn7%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blumówna-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blumówna_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blumówna_55-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumównaKobyłka1965" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blumówna, Helena; et al. (1965). Dąbrowski, Jan (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.lib.uchicago.edu/vufind/Record/1907431/Details#">Kraków jego dzieje i sztuka: Praca zbiorowa</a> [Krakow's history and art: Collective work] (hardcover) (in Polish) (1st ed.). Warsaw: Arkady – via catalog.lib.uchicago.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Krak%C3%B3w+jego+dzieje+i+sztuka%3A+Praca+zbiorowa&rft.place=Warsaw&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Arkady&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Blum%C3%B3wna&rft.aufirst=Helena&rft.au=Koby%C5%82ka%2C+Tadeus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.lib.uchicago.edu%2Fvufind%2FRecord%2F1907431%2FDetails%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1982" class="citation book cs1">Davies, Norman (1982). God's playground. A history of Poland, Volume 1: The Origins to 1795. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925339-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-925339-5"><bdi>978-0-19-925339-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God%27s+playground.+A+history+of+Poland%2C+Volume+1%3A+The+Origins+to+1795&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-19-925339-5&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dollinger2000_tensions-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dollinger2000_tensions_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollinger2000_tensions_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollinger2000_tensions_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollinger2000_tensions_57-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollinger2000_tensions_57-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollinger2000_tensions_57-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDollinger2000" class="citation book cs1">Dollinger, Philippe (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbompf7OyYwC&pg=PA341">The German Hansa</a>. London & New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19073-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19073-2"><bdi>978-0-415-19073-2</bdi></a>. Retrieved 30 April 2011 – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Hansa&rft.place=London+%26+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19073-2&rft.aulast=Dollinger&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djbompf7OyYwC%26pg%3DPA341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Meier-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Meier_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meier_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Meier_58-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier2009" class="citation book cs1">Meier, Dirk (2009). Seafarers, Merchants and Pirates in the Middle ages (softcover). Translated by McGeoch, Angus (Illustrated ed.). Martlesham, Suffolk: Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-5-127" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-5-127"><bdi>978-1-84383-5-127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seafarers%2C+Merchants+and+Pirates+in+the+Middle+ages&rft.place=Martlesham%2C+Suffolk&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-5-127&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wubs-Mrozewicz2010-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wubs-Mrozewicz2010_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wubs-Mrozewicz2010_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wubs-Mrozewicz2010_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wubs-Mrozewicz2010_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wubs-Mrozewicz2010_59-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wubs-Mrozewicz2010_59-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wubs-Mrozewicz2010_59-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWubs-Mrozewicz2010" class="citation book cs1">Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5e68QReeykC&pg=PA91">De Kantoren van de Hanze: Bergen, Brugge, Londen en Nowgorod</a> [The Kontors of the Hanseatic League: Bergen, Brugge, London and Novgorod]. p. 91.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Kantoren+van+de+Hanze%3A+Bergen%2C+Brugge%2C+Londen+en+Nowgorod&rft.pages=91&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Wubs-Mrozewicz&rft.aufirst=Justyna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5e68QReeykC%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFBrandEgge2010">Brand & Egge 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkantze2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Skantze, Margareta (2019). Där brast ett ädelt hjärta: Kung Kristian II och hans värld [There a noble heart broke. King Christian II and his world] (in Swedish). Lyckeby: Arakne Förlag AB. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-91-9786-813-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-91-9786-813-6"><bdi>978-91-9786-813-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%C3%A4r+brast+ett+%C3%A4delt+hj%C3%A4rta%3A+Kung+Kristian+II+och+hans+v%C3%A4rld&rft.place=Lyckeby&rft.pub=Arakne+F%C3%B6rlag+AB&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-91-9786-813-6&rft.aulast=Skantze&rft.aufirst=Margareta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenders" class="citation book cs1">Benders, Jeroen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5e68QReeykC&pg=PA184">De stad Groningen en de Hanze tot het eind van de zestiende eeuw</a> [The city Groningen and the Hanseatic League till the end of the sixteenth century]. p. 184.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+stad+Groningen+en+de+Hanze+tot+het+eind+van+de+zestiende+eeuw&rft.pages=184&rft.aulast=Benders&rft.aufirst=Jeroen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5e68QReeykC%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFBrandEgge2010">Brand & Egge 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104184125/http://www.balticconnections.net/views/exhibition/detail.cfm?mode=language&ID=18CEDA3F-D929-4A8E-E777F313AC7EB8E4">"Agreement of the Hanseatic League at Lübeck, 1557"</a>. Baltic Connections. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balticconnections.net/views/exhibition/detail.cfm?mode=language&ID=18CEDA3F-D929-4A8E-E777F313AC7EB8E4">the original</a> on 4 January 2009. Retrieved 5 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Agreement+of+the+Hanseatic+League+at+L%C3%BCbeck%2C+1557&rft.pub=Baltic+Connections&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balticconnections.net%2Fviews%2Fexhibition%2Fdetail.cfm%3Fmode%3Dlanguage%26ID%3D18CEDA3F-D929-4A8E-E777F313AC7EB8E4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow3-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammel-Kiesow3_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammel-Kiesow3_63-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammel-Kiesow3_63-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammel-Kiesow3_63-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammel-Kiesow3_63-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammel-Kiesow3_63-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammel-Kiesow3_63-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammel-Kiesow3_63-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammel-Kiesow3_63-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammel-Kiesow3_63-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammel-Kiesow3_63-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammel-Kiesow3_63-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammel-Kiesow" class="citation book cs1">Hammel-Kiesow, Rolf. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5e68QReeykC&pg=PA191">Hoe de Hanze verdween en op de drempel van de 20e naar de 21e eeuw weer opleeft</a> [How the Hansa disappeared and rises on the threshold of the 20th to the 21st century again]. p. 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hoe+de+Hanze+verdween+en+op+de+drempel+van+de+20e+naar+de+21e+eeuw+weer+opleeft&rft.pages=191&rft.aulast=Hammel-Kiesow&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5e68QReeykC%26pg%3DPA191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> in <a href="#CITEREFBrandEgge2010">Brand & Egge 2010</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/countries/hanseatic-republics">"Hanseatic Republics* – Countries – Office of the Historian"</a>. history.state.gov. Retrieved 10 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.state.gov&rft.atitle=Hanseatic+Republics%2A+%E2%80%93+Countries+%E2%80%93+Office+of+the+Historian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.state.gov%2Fcountries%2Fhanseatic-republics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeegers2021" class="citation book cs1">Seegers, Lu (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O22ADwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">"Hanseaten und das Hanseatische im 20. Jahrhundert"</a>. In Historische Kommission für Niedersachsen und Bremen (ed.). Niedersächsisches Jahrbuch für Landesgeschichte. Vol. 92. Wallstein Verlag. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8353-4510-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8353-4510-2"><bdi>978-3-8353-4510-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hanseaten+und+das+Hanseatische+im+20.+Jahrhundert&rft.btitle=Nieders%C3%A4chsisches+Jahrbuch+f%C3%BCr+Landesgeschichte&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Wallstein+Verlag&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-3-8353-4510-2&rft.aulast=Seegers&rft.aufirst=Lu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO22ADwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destatis.de/DE/Themen/Laender-Regionen/Regionales/Gemeindeverzeichnis/Administrativ/Archiv/GVAuszugQ/AuszugGV2QAktuell.html">"Alle politisch selbständigen Gemeinden mit ausgewählten Merkmalen am 30.06.2022 (2. Quartal 2022)"</a> [All politically independent municipalities with selected characteristics on June 30, 2022 (2nd quarter of 2022)]. Statistisches Bundesamt (in German). Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statistisches+Bundesamt&rft.atitle=Alle+politisch+selbst%C3%A4ndigen+Gemeinden+mit+ausgew%C3%A4hlten+Merkmalen+am+30.06.2022+%282.+Quartal+2022%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destatis.de%2FDE%2FThemen%2FLaender-Regionen%2FRegionales%2FGemeindeverzeichnis%2FAdministrativ%2FArchiv%2FGVAuszugQ%2FAuszugGV2QAktuell.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jahnke-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Jahnke_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJahnke2012" class="citation book cs1">Jahnke, Carsten (2012). Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna; Jenks, Stuart (eds.). The Hanse in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-0421-252-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-0421-252-7"><bdi>978-90-0421-252-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hanse+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Academic+Publishers&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-90-0421-252-7&rft.aulast=Jahnke&rft.aufirst=Carsten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hammel-Kiesow-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hammel-Kiesow_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammel-Kiesow_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammel-Kiesow_68-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hammel-Kiesow_68-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammel-Kiesow2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hammel-Kiesow, Rolf (2008). Die Hanse [The Hanseatic League] (in German). Munich: C H Beck. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-406-58352-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-406-58352-0"><bdi>978-3-406-58352-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Hanse&rft.place=Munich&rft.pub=C+H+Beck&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-3-406-58352-0&rft.aulast=Hammel-Kiesow&rft.aufirst=Rolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoestad2021" class="citation book cs1">Boestad, Tobias (2021). "Legitimizing interurban cooperation in the Middle Ages: the legal system of the Hanse". In Aust, Helmut P.; Marcenko, Miha; Nijman, Janne E. (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MXg8EAAAQBAJ">Research Handbook on International Law and Cities</a>. Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78897-328-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78897-328-1"><bdi>978-1-78897-328-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Legitimizing+interurban+cooperation+in+the+Middle+Ages%3A+the+legal+system+of+the+Hanse&rft.btitle=Research+Handbook+on+International+Law+and+Cities&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-1-78897-328-1&rft.aulast=Boestad&rft.aufirst=Tobias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMXg8EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthrup2015" class="citation book cs1">Northrup, Cynthia Clark, ed. (2015) [2005]. "Hanseatic League". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LXkGCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA-">Encyclopedia of World Trade: From Ancient Times to the Present</a>. Vol. 2 (Reprint ed.). London and New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-8058-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-8058-7"><bdi>978-0-7656-8058-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 19 February 2018 – via books.google.com. <q>To facilitate trade in foreign countries, the Hansa established counters (Kontore) [...]. [...] The counters operated as the equivalent of an early stock exchange.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hanseatic+League&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+World+Trade%3A+From+Ancient+Times+to+the+Present&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-8058-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLXkGCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pfeiffer-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pfeiffer_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pfeiffer_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfeiffer2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Pfeiffer, Hermannus (2009). Seemacht Deutschland. Die Hanse, Kaiser Wilhelm II. und der neue Maritime Komplex [Sea power Germany. The Hanseatic League, Kaiser Wilhelm II, and the new Maritime Complex] (in German). Berlin: Ch. Links Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-513-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-86153-513-3"><bdi>978-3-86153-513-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seemacht+Deutschland.+Die+Hanse%2C+Kaiser+Wilhelm+II.+und+der+neue+Maritime+Komplex&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Ch.+Links+Verlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-86153-513-3&rft.aulast=Pfeiffer&rft.aufirst=Hermannus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mills-74">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_74-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_74-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_74-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_74-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_74-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_74-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_74-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_74-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_74-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_74-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_74-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_74-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_74-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_74-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_74-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_74-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_74-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_74-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills_74-18">s</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mills, Jennifer (May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://depts.washington.edu/baltic/papers/hansa.html">"The Hanseatic League in the Eastern Baltic"</a>. 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Berlin: F Henschel – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Hansa+als+deutsche+See-+und+Handelsmacht&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=F+Henschel&rft.date=1863&rft.aulast=Falke&rft.aufirst=Dr+Johannes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D01NAAAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Distler-76"><a href="#cite_ref-Distler_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDistler2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Distler, Eva-Marie (2006). Städtebünde im deutschen Spätmittelalter. Eine rechtshistorische Untersuchung zu Begriff, Verfassung und Funktion [City leagues in the German late Middle Ages. A legal-historical study of the concept, constitution and function] (in German). Frankfurt: Vittorio Klostermann. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-34-6504001-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-34-6504001-9"><bdi>978-34-6504001-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=St%C3%A4dteb%C3%BCnde+im+deutschen+Sp%C3%A4tmittelalter.+Eine+rechtshistorische+Untersuchung+zu+Begriff%2C+Verfassung+und+Funktion&rft.place=Frankfurt&rft.pub=Vittorio+Klostermann&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-34-6504001-9&rft.aulast=Distler&rft.aufirst=Eva-Marie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fritze-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Fritze_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritzeSchildhauerStark1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fritze, Konrad; Schildhauer, J.; Stark, W.; et al. (1985). Die Geschichte der Hanse [The History of the Hanseatic League] (in German). Berlin: Das Europäische Buch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8843-6142-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8843-6142-9"><bdi>978-3-8843-6142-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Geschichte+der+Hanse&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Das+Europ%C3%A4ische+Buch&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-8843-6142-9&rft.aulast=Fritze&rft.aufirst=Konrad&rft.au=Schildhauer%2C+J.&rft.au=Stark%2C+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Natkiel-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Natkiel_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natkiel_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natkiel_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natkiel_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natkiel_78-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natkiel_78-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natkiel_78-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natkiel_78-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natkiel_78-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natkiel_78-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natkiel_78-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natkiel_78-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natkiel_78-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natkiel_78-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natkiel_78-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natkiel_78-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natkiel_78-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Natkiel_78-17">r</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNatkielPreston1989" class="citation book cs1">Natkiel, Richard; Preston, Antony (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/atlasofmaritimeh0000natk/page/33">Atlas of Maritime History</a>. New York: Smithmark Publishing. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8317-0485-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8317-0485-8"><bdi>978-0-8317-0485-8</bdi></a> – via archive.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Maritime+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Smithmark+Publishing&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8317-0485-8&rft.aulast=Natkiel&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Preston%2C+Antony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fatlasofmaritimeh0000natk%2Fpage%2F33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keating-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_79-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_79-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_79-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_79-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_79-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_79-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_79-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_79-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_79-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_79-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_79-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_79-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keating_79-14">o</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeating2004" class="citation book cs1">Keating, Michael (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6meikazgxksC">Regions and Regionalism in Europe</a>. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8317-0485-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8317-0485-8"><bdi>978-0-8317-0485-8</bdi></a> – via books.google.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regions+and+Regionalism+in+Europe&rft.place=Cheltenham&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-8317-0485-8&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6meikazgxksC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reibstein-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Reibstein_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReibstein1956" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reibstein, Ernst (1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zaoerv.de/17_1956_57/17_1956_1_a_38_92.pdf">"Das Völkerrecht der deutschen Hanse"</a> [The international law of the German Hanseatic League] (PDF). Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht (ZaöRV) [Journal for foreign public law and international law] (in German). 17 (1). Heidelberg: Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-2348">0044-2348</a>. 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Maritime Archaeology: A Reader of Substantive and Theoretical Contributions. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-0084-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4899-0084-5"><bdi>978-1-4899-0084-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Technical+Importance+of+Shipwreck+Archaeology&rft.btitle=Maritime+Archaeology%3A+A+Reader+of+Substantive+and+Theoretical+Contributions&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4899-0084-5&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUzjoBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elbl-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Elbl_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Elbl_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElbl2020" class="citation book cs1">Elbl, Martin Malcolm (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-OmCfNI_SxAC">"Hulk"</a>. 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Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. pp. 86–87. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-395-98414-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-395-98414-7"><bdi>978-0-395-98414-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Jesus+of+L%C3%BCbeck&rft.btitle=Warships+of+the+World+to+1900&rft.pages=86-87&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-395-98414-7&rft.aulast=Paine&rft.aufirst=Lincoln+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXh7CSxFeK-IC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuipers2020" class="citation book cs1">Kuipers, Jan J.B. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BCYGEAAAQBAJ">De Hanze: Kooplui, koningen, steden & staten</a> [The Hanseatic League: Traders, kings, cities & states]. Walburg Pers, Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789462495609" title="Special:BookSources/9789462495609"><bdi>9789462495609</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+Hanze%3A+Kooplui%2C+koningen%2C+steden+%26+staten&rft.pub=Walburg+Pers%2C+Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9789462495609&rft.aulast=Kuipers&rft.aufirst=Jan+J.B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBCYGEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Penguin-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Penguin_86-54">bc</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJotischkyCaroline_Hull2005" class="citation book cs1">Jotischky, Andrew; Caroline Hull (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/penguinhistorica0000joti">The Penguin Historical Atlas of the Medieval World</a>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Books</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/penguinhistorica0000joti/page/122">122–23</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101449-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-101449-4"><bdi>978-0-14-101449-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Historical+Atlas+of+the+Medieval+World&rft.pages=122-23&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-14-101449-4&rft.aulast=Jotischky&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Caroline+Hull&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpenguinhistorica0000joti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Holborn-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Holborn_87-19">t</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolborn1982" class="citation book cs1">Holborn, Hajo (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng00hajo/page/32">A History of Modern Germany: The Reformation</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderng00hajo/page/32">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=350Qosar-UcC&pg=PA32">32</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=350Qosar-UcC&pg=PA74">74</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=350Qosar-UcC&pg=PA80">80–82</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00795-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00795-0"><bdi>0-691-00795-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Modern+Germany%3A+The+Reformation&rft.pages=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderng00hajo%2Fpage%2F32+32%2C+74%2C+80-82&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-691-00795-0&rft.aulast=Holborn&rft.aufirst=Hajo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofmoderng00hajo%2Fpage%2F32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dollinger2000_list-88">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dollinger2000_list_88-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollinger2000_list_88-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollinger2000_list_88-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollinger2000_list_88-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollinger2000_list_88-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollinger2000_list_88-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollinger2000_list_88-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dollinger2000_list_88-7">h</a> <a 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href="https://archive.org/details/germanhansa0000doll">The German Hansa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. pp. ix–x. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0742-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0742-1"><bdi>0-8047-0742-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Hansa&rft.pages=ix-x&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8047-0742-1&rft.aulast=Dollinger&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgermanhansa0000doll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barthold-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barthold_89-31">af</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarthold1862" class="citation book cs1">Barthold, Dr Friedrich Wilhelm (1862). Geschichte der Deutschen Hanse [History of the German Hansa]. Leizig: TD Weigel. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geschichtederde04bartgoog/page/n47">35</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/geschichtederde04bartgoog/page/n508">496–97</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+der+Deutschen+Hanse&rft.place=Leizig&rft.pages=35+and+496-97&rft.pub=TD+Weigel&rft.date=1862&rft.aulast=Barthold&rft.aufirst=Dr+Friedrich+Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schäfer-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schäfer_90-40">ao</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer2010" class="citation book cs1">Schäfer, D (2010). 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Leipzig: JC Hinrichsschen Buchhandlung. p. 17. Retrieved 2 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+See-Recht+und+die+Flu%C3%9F-Schifffahrt+nach+den+Preu%C3%9Fischen+Gesetzen&rft.place=Leipzig&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=JC+Hinrichsschen+Buchhandlung&rft.date=1838&rft.aulast=Miru%C3%9F&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRXM7AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ward-114">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_114-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_114-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_114-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ward_114-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard" class="citation book cs1">Ward, Adolphus William. 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Retrieved 28 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+estabelecimento+dos+mercadores-banqueiros+alem%C3%A3es+em+Lisboa+no+in%C3%ADcio+do+s%C3%A9culo+XVI&rft.pub=Universidade+Atl%C3%A2ntica+%28Lisbon%29&rft.date=2010-12&rft.aulast=Pohle&rft.aufirst=J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frepositorio-cientifico.uatlantica.pt%2Fjspui%2Fbitstream%2F10884%2F615%2F1%2FRepC%2520-%2520Comunica%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o%2520%25C2%25ABO%2520estabelecimento%2520dos%2520mercadores-banqueiros%2520alem%25C3%25A3es%25C2%25BB.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell" class="citation web cs1">Mitchell, Alex. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110812021945/http://aberdeencivicsociety.org.uk/whats-new/the-old-burghs-of-aberdeen/">"The Old Burghs Of Aberdeen"</a>. 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Leghorn, Lisbon, London, Marseilles, Messina,Naples (...)</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Historical+Society&rft.atitle=An+Outline+History+of+the+Hanseatic+League%2C+More+Particularly+in+Its+Bearings+upon+English+Commerce&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=82-136&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155018451%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3677937%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3677937&rft.aulast=Walford&rft.aufirst=Cornelius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F2491599&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cultus.hk-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cultus.hk_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cultus.hk_127-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cultus.hk/hist/readingsBaltic/History%20of%20the%20Hanseatic%20League.pdf">"Cultus.hk"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cultus.hk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cultus.hk%2Fhist%2FreadingsBaltic%2FHistory%2520of%2520the%2520Hanseatic%2520League.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHill2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hill, Thomas (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tB9oAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA67">"Vom öffentlichen Gebrauch der Hansegeschichte und hanseforschung im 19. und 20. 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Cromer: Poppyland Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-909796-33-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-909796-33-1"><bdi>978-1-909796-33-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Six+Essays+in+Hanseatic+History&rft.place=Cromer&rft.pub=Poppyland+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-909796-33-1&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Suutre2018-134"><a href="#cite_ref-Suutre2018_134-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuutre2018" class="citation web cs1">Suutre, Siiri (6 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rahandusministeerium.ee/en/news/shared-views-and-values-architecture-emu">"Shared views and values on the architecture of the EMU"</a>. rahandusministeerium.ee. Estonian Ministry of Finance. (PDF at "Read more here"). Retrieved 1 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rahandusministeerium.ee&rft.atitle=Shared+views+and+values+on+the+architecture+of+the+EMU&rft.pages=%28PDF+at+%22Read+more+here%22%29&rft.date=2018-03-06&rft.aulast=Suutre&rft.aufirst=Siiri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rahandusministeerium.ee%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fshared-views-and-values-architecture-emu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBett2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Bett, Richard (22 January 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcgamer.com/patrician-iv-review/">"Patrician IV Review"</a>. PC Gamer. Retrieved 18 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Gamer&rft.atitle=Patrician+IV+Review&rft.date=2011-01-22&rft.aulast=Bett&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pcgamer.com%2Fpatrician-iv-review%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PW_Hidden_Empire-136"><a href="#cite_ref-PW_Hidden_Empire_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-446-52862-7">"Fiction Book Review: Hidden Empire: The Saga of Seven Suns Book 1"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a>. 1 July 2002. Retrieved 21 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Publishers+Weekly&rft.atitle=Fiction+Book+Review%3A+Hidden+Empire%3A+The+Saga+of+Seven+Suns+Book+1&rft.date=2002-07-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.publishersweekly.com%2F978-0-446-52862-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBandleBraunmüllerJahrKarker2005" class="citation book cs1">Bandle, Oskar; Braunmüller, Kurt; Jahr, Ernst Håkon; Karker, Allan; Nauman, Hans-Peter; Teleman, Ulf, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6b7WwBC5tRAC">The Nordic Languages: An International Handbook of the History of the North Germanic Languages</a> (hardcover). Vol. 2 (1st ed.). Berlin, New York: Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-1101-7149-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-1101-7149-5"><bdi>978-3-1101-7149-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nordic+Languages%3A+An+International+Handbook+of+the+History+of+the+North+Germanic+Languages&rft.place=Berlin%2C+New+York&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-1101-7149-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6b7WwBC5tRAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandEgge2010" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brand, Hanno; Egge, Knol, eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T5e68QReeykC">Koggen, kooplieden en kantoren: de Hanze, een praktisch netwerk</a> [Cogs, merchants and offices: the Hanze, a practical network] (hardcover) (in Dutch) (1 ed.). Hilversum & Groningen: Uitgeverij Verloren & Groninger Museum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8704-165-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8704-165-6"><bdi>978-90-8704-165-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Koggen%2C+kooplieden+en+kantoren%3A+de+Hanze%2C+een+praktisch+netwerk&rft.place=Hilversum+%26+Groningen&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Uitgeverij+Verloren+%26+Groninger+Museum&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-8704-165-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT5e68QReeykC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarreld2015" class="citation book cs1">Harreld, Donald J., ed. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sfhyBgAAQBAJ">A Companion to the Hanseatic League</a>. Brill's Companions to European History. Leiden, Boston: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28288-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28288-9"><bdi>978-90-04-28288-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Hanseatic+League&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Boston&rft.series=Brill%27s+Companions+to+European+History&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28288-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsfhyBgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrand2006" class="citation book cs1">Brand, Hanno (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150418002846/http://www.balticconnections.net/index.cfm">Baltic Sea Trade: Baltic Connections</a>. Hanse Research Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.balticconnections.net/index.cfm">the original</a> on 18 April 2015. Retrieved 30 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baltic+Sea+Trade%3A+Baltic+Connections&rft.pub=Hanse+Research+Center&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Brand&rft.aufirst=Hanno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.balticconnections.net%2Findex.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColvin1915" class="citation book cs1">Colvin, Ian D. (1915). The Germans in England 1066–1598. The National Review.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Germans+in+England+1066%E2%80%931598&rft.pub=The+National+Review&rft.date=1915&rft.aulast=Colvin&rft.aufirst=Ian+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDollinger2000" class="citation book cs1">Dollinger, P (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jbompf7OyYwC&pg=PA342">The German Hansa</a>. Routledge. pp. 341–43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19073-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-19073-2"><bdi>978-0-415-19073-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Hansa&rft.pages=341-43&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-19073-2&rft.aulast=Dollinger&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djbompf7OyYwC%26pg%3DPA342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGade1951" class="citation book cs1">Gade, John A. (1951). The Hanseatic Control of Norwegian Commerce During the Middle Ages. E.J. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hanseatic+Control+of+Norwegian+Commerce+During+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Gade&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Halliday, Stephen. "The First Common Market?" History Today 59 (2009): 31–37.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsrael1995" class="citation book cs1">Israel, I. Jonathan (1995). The Dutch Republic: Its Rise, Greatness and Fall, 1477–1806. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dutch+Republic%3A+Its+Rise%2C+Greatness+and+Fall%2C+1477%E2%80%931806&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Israel&rft.aufirst=I.+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagnusson2000" class="citation book cs1">Magnusson, Lars (2000). An Economic History of Sweden. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Economic+History+of+Sweden&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Magnusson&rft.aufirst=Lars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeier2009" class="citation book cs1">Meier, Dirk (2009). Seafarers, Merchants and Pirates in the Middle Ages. Boydell Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-5-127" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84383-5-127"><bdi>978-1-84383-5-127</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seafarers%2C+Merchants+and+Pirates+in+the+Middle+Ages&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-84383-5-127&rft.aulast=Meier&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNash1929" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Elizabeth Gee (1929). The Hansa: Its History and Romance. Barnes & Noble. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56619-867-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-56619-867-4"><bdi>1-56619-867-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hansa%3A+Its+History+and+Romance&rft.pub=Barnes+%26+Noble&rft.date=1929&rft.isbn=1-56619-867-4&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Gee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNedkvitne2013" class="citation book cs1">Nedkvitne, Arnved (2013). The German Hansa and Bergen 1100–1600. Böhlau Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783412216825" title="Special:BookSources/9783412216825"><bdi>9783412216825</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Hansa+and+Bergen+1100%E2%80%931600&rft.pub=B%C3%B6hlau+Verlag&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9783412216825&rft.aulast=Nedkvitne&rft.aufirst=Arnved&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulte_Beerbühl2012" class="citation book cs1">Schulte Beerbühl, Margrit (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-2011121210">Networks of the Hanseatic League</a>. Mainz: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>. Retrieved 24 January 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Networks+of+the+Hanseatic+League&rft.place=Mainz&rft.pub=Institute+of+European+History&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Schulte+Beerb%C3%BChl&rft.aufirst=Margrit&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnbn-resolving.de%2Furn%3Anbn%3Ade%3A0159-2011121210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson1931" class="citation book cs1">Thompson, James Westfall (1931). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55855">Economic and Social History of Europe in the Later Middle Ages (1300–1530)</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55855/page/n156">146</a>–79. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B000NX1CE2">B000NX1CE2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Economic+and+Social+History+of+Europe+in+the+Later+Middle+Ages+%281300%E2%80%931530%29&rft.pages=146-79&rft.date=1931&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB000NX1CE2%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=James+Westfall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.55855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWubs-MrozewiczJenks2013" class="citation book cs1">Wubs-Mrozewicz, Justyna; Jenks, Stuart, eds. (2013). The Hanse in Medieval and Early Modern Europe. Leiden: Koninklijke Brill NV.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hanse+in+Medieval+and+Early+Modern+Europe&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Koninklijke+Brill+NV&rft.date=2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZimmern1889" class="citation book cs1">Zimmern, Helen (1889). The Hansa Towns (The <a href="/wiki/Story_of_the_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Story of the Nations">Story of the Nations</a> series). T. Fisher Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hansa+Towns+%28The+Story+of+the+Nations+series%29&rft.pub=T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Zimmern&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHanseatic+League" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography_2">Historiography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Historiography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Cowan, Alexander. "Hanseatic League: Oxford Bibliographies Online Research Guide" (Oxford University Press, 2010) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4s5hkes75kC">online</a></li> <li>Harrison, Gordon. "The Hanseatic League in Historical Interpretation." The Historian 33 (1971): 385–97. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1971.tb01514.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.1971.tb01514.x</a>.</li> <li>Szepesi, Istvan. "Reflecting the Nation: The Historiography of Hanseatic Institutions." Waterloo Historical Review 7 (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170905145451/http://whr.uwaterloo.ca/index.php/whr/article/download/33/29">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanseatic_League&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://visitnovgorod.com/index.php?mmm=hanzadays">29th International Hansa Days in Novgorod</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100718114904/http://www.parnu2010.eu/index.php?id=1510&L=1">30th International Hansa Days 2010 in Parnu-Estonia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.furthark.com/hanseaticleague/rsc_chronology.shtml">Chronology of the Hanseatic League</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visithansaholland.com/">Hanseatic Cities in the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hanseatic-league.com/">Hanseatic League Historical Re-enactors</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hanse.org/">Hanseatic Towns Network</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/de:Hanse" class="extiw" title="s:de:Hanse">Hanseatic League related sources in the German Wikisource</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185346/http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=596">Colchester: a Hanseatic port</a> – Gresham</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.google.com/site/suttonarchaeology/sea-trade">The Lost Port of Sutton: Maritime trade</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hanseatic_League" title="Template talk:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hanseatic League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Hanseatic_League_by_quarter,_and_trading_posts_of_the_Hanseatic_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanseatic League</a> by quarter, and trading posts of the Hanseatic League</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Chief cities shown in smallcaps.</li><li><a href="/wiki/Free_imperial_city" title="Free imperial city">Free Imperial Cities</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> shown in italics.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wendish</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Lübeck" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;;padding:0.75em 1.0em;"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anklam" title="Anklam">Anklam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demmin" title="Demmin">Demmin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greifswald" title="Greifswald">Greifswald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C5%82obrzeg" title="Kołobrzeg">Kolberg (Kołobrzeg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCneburg" title="Lüneburg">Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostock" title="Rostock">Rostock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dar%C5%82owo" title="Darłowo">Rügenwalde (Darłowo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szczecin" title="Szczecin">Stettin (Szczecin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%82upsk" title="Słupsk">Stolp (Słupsk)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stargard" title="Stargard">Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stralsund" title="Stralsund">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visby" title="Visby">Visby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wismar" title="Wismar">Wismar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Principal trading routes of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/150px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/225px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png/300px-Haupthandelsroute_Hanse.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="603" /></a> <a href="/wiki/File:Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League"><img alt="Lubeck — a main city of the Hanseatic League" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/150px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/225px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg/300px-Hansestadt_Lubeck_Tatiana_Yagunova_Watercolor_painting_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3720" data-file-height="2996" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saxon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="BrunswickMagdeburg" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Braunschweig" title="Braunschweig">Brunswick</a> <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)" title="Frankfurt (Oder)">Frankfurt an der Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goslar" title="Goslar">Goslar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChlhausen" title="Mühlhausen">Mühlhausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Baltic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Danzig(Gdańsk)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Danzig (Gdańsk)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Wrocław">Breslau (Wrocław)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu" title="Tartu">Dorpat (Tartu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbl%C4%85g" title="Elbląg">Elbing (Elbląg)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krak%C3%B3w" title="Kraków">Cracow (Kraków)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Reval (Tallinn)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga (Rīga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Thorn (Toruń)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Westphalian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cologne_1Dortmund_1" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> 1 <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> 1</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deventer" title="Deventer">Deventer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groningen" title="Groningen">Groningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kampen,_Overijssel" title="Kampen, Overijssel">Kampen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%BCnster" title="Münster">Münster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soest,_Germany" title="Soest, Germany">Soest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zutphen" title="Zutphen">Zutphen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zwolle" title="Zwolle">Zwolle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><hr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kontor" title="Kontor">Kontore</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bryggen" title="Bryggen">Bryggen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kontor_of_Bruges" title="Kontor of Bruges">Kontor of Bruges</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a>2 </li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steelyard" title="Steelyard">Steelyard</a> (<a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_(Novgorod)" title="Peterhof (Novgorod)">Peterhof</a> (<a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vitten</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falsterbo" title="Falsterbo">Falsterbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malm%C3%B6" title="Malmö">Malmö</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Factories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Lynn" title="King's Lynn">Bishop's Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston,_Lincolnshire" title="Boston, Lincolnshire">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Ipswich" title="Port of Ipswich">Ipswich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas" title="Kaunas">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leith" title="Leith">Leith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herford" title="Herford">Herford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polotsk" title="Polotsk">Polotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov_Republic" title="Pskov Republic">Pskov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Yarmouth" title="Great Yarmouth">Yarmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em;line-height:1.25em;"><div><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>1 <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dortmund" title="Dortmund">Dortmund</a> were both chief city of the Westphalian Quarter at different times.</li><li>2 The kontor was moved to <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> once <a href="/wiki/Bruges" title="Bruges">Bruges</a> became inaccessible due to the silting of the <a href="/wiki/Zwin" title="Zwin">Zwin</a> channel.</li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_Europe" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Europe" title="Template talk:History of Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_Europe" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">History of Europe</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Europe" title="Prehistoric Europe">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_Europe" title="Paleolithic Europe">Paleolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">Bronze Age Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Europe" title="Iron Age Europe">Iron Age Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_period" title="Hellenistic period">Hellenistic period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">Early Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_late_antiquity" title="Christianity in late antiquity">Christianity in late antiquity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">Fall of the Western Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">Late antiquity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Middle_Ages" title="Early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Christianity in the Middle Ages">Christianity in the Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francia" title="Francia">Francia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="History of Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li>Bulgarian Empire <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_Aragon" title="Crown of Aragon">Crown of Aragon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Middle_Ages" title="High Middle Ages">High Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Republic of Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feudalism" title="Feudalism">Feudalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusades" title="Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Europe" title="Mongol invasion of Europe">Mongol invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years%27_War" title="Hundred Years' War">Hundred Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmar_Union" title="Kalmar Union">Kalmar Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern period">Modern period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_Europe" title="Early modern Europe">Early modern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_modern_era" title="Christianity in the modern era">Christianity in the modern era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reformation" title="Reformation">Reformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_modern_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Early modern France">Early modern France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Divergence" title="Great Divergence">Great Divergence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_nationalism_in_Europe" title="Rise of nationalism in Europe">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848" title="Revolutions of 1848">Revolutions of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interwar_period" title="Interwar period">Interwar period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_debt_crisis" title="European debt crisis">European debt crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Europe" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Europe">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_Europe" title="Art of Europe">Art of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_European_history" title="Bibliography of European history">Bibliography of European history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity" title="History of Christianity">History of Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Mediterranean_region" title="History of the Mediterranean region">History of the Mediterranean region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_European_Union" title="History of the European Union">History of the European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Western_civilization" title="History of Western civilization">History of Western civilization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Europe" title="Maritime history of Europe">Maritime history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Europe" title="Military history of Europe">Military history of Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crusading_movement" title="Crusading movement">Crusading movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gdańsk_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gda%C5%84sk" title="Template:Gdańsk"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gda%C5%84sk" title="Template talk:Gdańsk"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gda%C5%84sk" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gdańsk"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gdańsk_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="History of Gdańsk">History of Gdańsk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Timeline of Gdańsk">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Hanseatic League</a></li> <li>Sieges <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teutonic_takeover_of_Danzig_(Gda%C5%84sk)" title="Teutonic takeover of Danzig (Gdańsk)">1308</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1577)" title="Siege of Danzig (1577)">1577</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1655%E2%80%931660)" title="Siege of Danzig (1655–1660)">1655–1660</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1734)" title="Siege of Danzig (1734)">1734</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1807)" title="Siege of Danzig (1807)">1807</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1813)" title="Siege of Danzig (1813)">1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Danzig_(1945)" title="Siege of Danzig (1945)">1945</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_rebellion" title="Danzig rebellion">Danzig rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oliwa" title="Battle of Oliwa">Battle of Oliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevenfold_Sun_miracle" title="Sevenfold Sun miracle">Sevenfold Sun miracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Gda%C5%84sk" title="History of the Jews in Gdańsk">History of the Jews in Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_(Napoleonic)" title="Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)">Free City of Danzig (Napoleonic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_(region)" title="Danzig (region)">Region of Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichsgau_Danzig-West_Prussia" title="Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia">Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Free City of Danzig">Free City of Danzig</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkstag" title="Volkstag">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Senate of the Free City of Danzig">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%BCr_Danzig" title="Für Danzig">anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_City_of_Danzig_Government_in_Exile" title="Free City of Danzig Government in Exile">government in exile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_law" title="Danzig law">Danzig law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Post_Office_(Danzig)" title="Polish Post Office (Danzig)">Polish Post Office</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_the_Free_City_of_Danzig" title="Postage stamps and postal history of the Free City of Danzig">Postal history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Westerplatte" title="Battle of Westerplatte">Battle of Westerplatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Danzig_Bay" title="Battle of Danzig Bay">Battle of Danzig Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Polish_Post_Office_in_Danzig" title="Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig">Defence of the Polish Post Office in Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_offensive" title="East Pomeranian offensive">East Pomeranian offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_protests_of_1970" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish protests of 1970">Polish protests of 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21_demands_of_MKS" title="21 demands of MKS">21 demands of MKS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Agreement" title="Gdańsk Agreement">Gdańsk Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Coat of arms of Gdańsk">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubians" title="Kashubians">Kashubians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_gulden" title="Danzig gulden">Danzig gulden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goldwasser" title="Goldwasser">Goldwasser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marienbrunn_Abbey" title="Marienbrunn Abbey">Marienbrunn Abbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academic_Gymnasium_Danzig" title="Academic Gymnasium Danzig">Academic Gymnasium Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_Research_Society" title="Danzig Research Society">Danzig Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Corridor" title="Polish Corridor">Polish Corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_Heimwehr_Danzig" title="SS Heimwehr Danzig">SS Heimwehr Danzig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danzig_Cross" title="Danzig Cross">Danzig Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Shipyard" title="Gdańsk Shipyard">Gdańsk Shipyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SS_So%C5%82dek" title="SS Sołdek">SS Sołdek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tricity,_Poland" title="Tricity, Poland">Tricity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Politics of Gdańsk">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_city_mayors_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="List of city mayors of Gdańsk">Mayors of Danzig</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conrad_Letzkau" title="Conrad Letzkau">Conrad Letzkau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_von_der_Linde" title="Adrian von der Linde">Adrian von der Linde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Gralath" title="Daniel Gralath">Daniel Gralath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gottlieb_Hufeland" title="Gottlieb Hufeland">Gottlieb Hufeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clemens_von_Delbr%C3%BCck" title="Clemens von Delbrück">Clemens von Delbrück</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Sahm" title="Heinrich Sahm">Heinrich Sahm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ziehm" title="Ernst Ziehm">Ernst Ziehm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Rauschning" title="Hermann Rauschning">Hermann Rauschning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Greiser" title="Arthur Greiser">Arthur Greiser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Forster" title="Albert Forster">Albert Forster</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_city_mayors_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="List of city mayors of Gdańsk">Mayors of Gdańsk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Franciszek_Kotus-Jankowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Franciszek Kotus-Jankowski (page does not exist)">Franciszek Kotus-Jankowski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Boles%C5%82aw_Nowicki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bolesław Nowicki (page does not exist)">Bolesław Nowicki</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piotr_Stolarek&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piotr Stolarek (page does not exist)">Piotr Stolarek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław Schmidt (page does not exist)">Stanisław Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julian_Cybulski_(politician)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julian Cybulski (politician) (page does not exist)">Julian Cybulski</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanis%C5%82aw_Schmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanisław Schmidt (page does not exist)">Stanisław Schmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tadeusz_Bejm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tadeusz Bejm (page does not exist)">Tadeusz Bejm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jan_Niko%C5%82ajew&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jan Nikołajew (page does not exist)">Jan Nikołajew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Kaznowski" title="Andrzej Kaznowski">Andrzej Kaznowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_M%C5%82ynarczyk" title="Jerzy Młynarczyk">Jerzy Młynarczyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazimierz_Rynkowski" title="Kazimierz Rynkowski">Kazimierz Rynkowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerzy_Pasi%C5%84ski" title="Jerzy Pasiński">Jerzy Pasiński</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacek_Staro%C5%9Bciak" title="Jacek Starościak">Jacek Starościak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franciszek_Jamro%C5%BC" title="Franciszek Jamroż">Franciszek Jamroż</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Posadzki" title="Tomasz Posadzki">Tomasz Posadzki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Adamowicz" title="Paweł Adamowicz">Paweł Adamowicz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandra_Dulkiewicz" title="Aleksandra Dulkiewicz">Aleksandra Dulkiewicz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Districts of Gdańsk">Districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anio%C5%82ki" title="Aniołki">Aniołki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%99towo" title="Brętowo">Brętowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brze%C5%BAno" title="Brzeźno">Brzeźno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che%C5%82m,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Chełm, Gdańsk">Chełm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jasie%C5%84,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Jasień, Gdańsk">Jasień</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoszki" title="Kokoszki">Kokoszki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krakowiec-G%C3%B3rki_Zachodnie" title="Krakowiec-Górki Zachodnie">Krakowiec-Górki Zachodnie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letnica,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Letnica, Gdańsk">Letnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matarnia" title="Matarnia">Matarnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C5%82yniska" title="Młyniska">Młyniska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowy_Port" title="Nowy Port">Nowy Port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliwa" title="Oliwa">Oliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olszynka" title="Olszynka">Olszynka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orunia_G%C3%B3rna-Gda%C5%84sk_Po%C5%82udnie" title="Orunia Górna-Gdańsk Południe">Orunia Górna-Gdańsk Południe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orunia-%C5%9Aw._Wojciech-Lipce" title="Orunia-Św. Wojciech-Lipce">Orunia-Św. Wojciech-Lipce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osowa" title="Osowa">Osowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piecki-Migowo" title="Piecki-Migowo">Piecki-Migowo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przer%C3%B3bka" title="Przeróbka">Przeróbka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przymorze_Ma%C5%82e" title="Przymorze Małe">Przymorze Małe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przymorze_Wielkie" title="Przymorze Wielkie">Przymorze Wielkie</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Przymorze" title="Przymorze">Przymorze</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudniki,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Rudniki, Gdańsk">Rudniki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siedlce,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Siedlce, Gdańsk">Siedlce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C3%B3dmie%C5%9Bcie,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Śródmieście, Gdańsk">Śródmieście</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biskupia_G%C3%B3rka" title="Biskupia Górka">Biskupia Górka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_City" title="Main City">Główne Miasto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Old_Town" title="Gdańsk Old Town">Stare Miasto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stogi,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Stogi, Gdańsk">Stogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strzy%C5%BCa" title="Strzyża">Strzyża</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suchanino" title="Suchanino">Suchanino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uje%C5%9Bcisko-%C5%81ostowice" title="Ujeścisko-Łostowice">Ujeścisko-Łostowice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VII_Dw%C3%B3r" title="VII Dwór">VII Dwór</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrzeszcz_Dolny" title="Wrzeszcz Dolny">Wrzeszcz Dolny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nowe_Szkoty" title="Nowe Szkoty">Nowe Szkoty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrzeszcz_G%C3%B3rny" title="Wrzeszcz Górny">Wrzeszcz Górny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wrzeszcz" title="Wrzeszcz">Wrzeszcz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sobieszewo_Island" title="Sobieszewo Island">Wyspa Sobieszewska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wzg%C3%B3rze_Mickiewicza" title="Wzgórze Mickiewicza">Wzgórze Mickiewicza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBabianka-Wejhera-Jelitkowo-Tysi%C4%85clecia" title="Żabianka-Wejhera-Jelitkowo-Tysiąclecia">Żabianka-Wejhera-Jelitkowo-Tysiąclecia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jelitkowo" title="Jelitkowo">Jelitkowo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaspa-M%C5%82yniec" title="Zaspa-Młyniec">Zaspa-Młyniec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaspa-Rozstaje" title="Zaspa-Rozstaje">Zaspa-Rozstaje</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zaspa" title="Zaspa">Zaspa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Main_City" title="Main City">Main City</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artus_Court" title="Artus Court">Artus Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_walls_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="City walls of Gdańsk">City walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%82ugi_Targ" title="Długi Targ">Długi Targ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Gda%C5%84sk)" title="Golden Gate (Gdańsk)">Golden Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary_Island" title="Granary Island">Granary Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Synagogue_(Danzig)" title="Great Synagogue (Danzig)">Great Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Gate" title="Green Gate">Green Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mot%C5%82awa" title="Motława">Motława</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neptune%27s_Fountain,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Neptune's Fountain, Gdańsk">Neptune's Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nowa_Mot%C5%82awa" title="Nowa Motława">Nowa Motława</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%C5%82owianka" title="Ołowianka">Ołowianka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Mary%27s_Church,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="St. Mary's Church, Gdańsk">St. Mary's Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Gdańsk">Archdiocese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Town_Hall" title="Gdańsk Town Hall">Town Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulica_D%C5%82uga" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulica Długa">Ulica Długa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uphagen%27s_House" title="Uphagen's House">Uphagen's House</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Old_Town" title="Gdańsk Old Town">Old Town</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Sobieski_Monument_in_Gda%C5%84sk" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Sobieski Monument in Gdańsk">John III Sobieski Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Fallen_Shipyard_Workers_of_1970" title="Monument to the Fallen Shipyard Workers of 1970">Monument to the Fallen Shipyard Workers of 1970</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preachers%27_House,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Preachers' House, Gdańsk">Preachers' House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Catherine%27s_Church,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="St. Catherine's Church, Gdańsk">St. Catherine's Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Metro area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbot%27s_Palace_(Oliwa)" title="Abbot's Palace (Oliwa)">Abbot's Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliwa_Cathedral" title="Oliwa Cathedral">Oliwa Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostr%C3%B3w_Island" title="Ostrów Island">Ostrów Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Island_(Gda%C5%84sk)" title="Port Island (Gdańsk)">Port Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Port of Gdańsk">Port of Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Przekop_Wis%C5%82y" title="Przekop Wisły">Przekop Wisły</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Park,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Ronald Reagan Park, Gdańsk">Ronald Reagan Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Millennium_John_Paul_II_Bridge" title="Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge">Third Millennium John Paul II Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westerplatte" title="Westerplatte">Westerplatte</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Westerplatte_Monument" title="Westerplatte Monument">Monument</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wis%C5%82ouj%C5%9Bcie_Fortress" title="Wisłoujście Fortress">Wisłoujście Fortress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Days_of_Jewish_Culture" title="Baltic Days of Jewish Culture">Baltic Days of Jewish Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_State_Opera" title="Baltic State Opera">Baltic State Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergo_Arena" title="Ergo Arena">Ergo Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forum_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Forum Gdańsk">Forum Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Solidarity_Centre" title="European Solidarity Centre">European Solidarity Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stadion_Miejski_(Gda%C5%84sk)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadion Miejski (Gdańsk)">Gdańsk City Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Shakespeare_Theatre" title="Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre">Gdańsk Shakespeare Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_Sports_Center_Stadium" title="Gdańsk Sports Center Stadium">Gdańsk Sports Center Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hala_Olivia" title="Hala Olivia">Hala Olivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%81a%C5%BAnia_Centre_for_Contemporary_Art" title="Łaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art">Łaźnia Centre for Contemporary Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Second_World_War" title="Museum of the Second World War">Museum of the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Maritime_Museum,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="National Maritime Museum, Gdańsk">National Maritime Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="National Museum, Gdańsk">National Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Baltic_Philharmonic" title="Polish Baltic Philharmonic">Polish Baltic Philharmonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Dominic%27s_Fair" title="St. Dominic's Fair">St. Dominic's Fair</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="In_popular_culture" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Jew_(Turgenev)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Jew (Turgenev)">The Jew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Tin_Drum" title="The Tin Drum">The Tin Drum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Tin_Drum_(film)" title="The Tin Drum (film)">film</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajemnica_Westerplatte" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajemnica Westerplatte">Tajemnica Westerplatte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_from_Gda%C5%84sk_(Koncert_w_Stoczni)" title="Live from Gdańsk (Koncert w Stoczni)">Live from Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_in_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Live in Gdańsk">Live in Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_(2006_film)" title="Strike (2006 film)">Strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zero_Dark_Thirty" title="Zero Dark Thirty">Zero Dark Thirty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walesa:_Man_of_Hope" title="Walesa: Man of Hope">Walesa: Man of Hope</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Universities and academies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Fine_Arts,_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Academy of Fine Arts, Gdańsk">Academy of Fine Arts in Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk_University_of_Technology" title="Gdańsk University of Technology">Gdańsk University of Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_University_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="Medical University of Gdańsk">Medical University of Gdańsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gda%C5%84sk" title="University of Gdańsk">University of Gdańsk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Gda%C5%84sk" title="Category:Gdańsk">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2038963-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n82138799">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934217q">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11934217q">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00562959">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an51934400">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120644&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a 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[\"CITEREFCarter1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChisholm1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFColvin1915\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConybeare1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelvaux_de_Fenffe2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDistler2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDollinger2000\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFEbelt2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElbl2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEwertSunder2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFalke1863\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeldbrugge2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrankot2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFritzeSchildhauerStark1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabrielsson1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGade1951\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardinerNatascha_Mehler2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilewska-Dubis2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrimwade2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammel-Kiesow\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHammel-Kiesow2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHansen2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarreld2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeidrink2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenn\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHibbert\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHill2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolborn1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuffman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsrael1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJahnke\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJahnke2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJelicz1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJotischkyCaroline_Hull2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeating2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorpiola2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKuipers2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKöbler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKönneckeVladislav_Rubzov2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaurén\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLelsz1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLloyd1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLooper\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKayDitchburn1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMagnusson2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1975\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcDonald2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKenna2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehler2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMehler2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeier2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMerriam-Webster,_Inc1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMills1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMiruß1838\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMontgomery2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMorris\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNash1929\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNatkielPreston1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNedkvitne2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorthrup2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaine2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfeiffer2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPletneva2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPohle2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPulsianoWolf2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReibstein1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRotz1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSarnowsky\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSartorius_Von_Waltershausen1830\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchulte_Beerbühl2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSchäfer2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSedlar1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeebold2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeegers2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSiliņa-Piņķe2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkantze2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoosaar2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStearnsLanger2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStevenson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSuutre2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1931\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurnbull2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalford1881\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWard\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWernicke2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeststrate\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeststrate2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWild1862\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWubs-Mrozewicz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWubs-Mrozewicz2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWubs-MrozewiczJenks2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimmern1889\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFver_BerkmoesKarla_Zimmerman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"p.52\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 2,\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BEL\"] = 3,\n [\"Center\"] = 1,\n [\"Circa\"] = 2,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 103,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 11,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite thesis\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 23,\n [\"Clear\"] = 2,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"DEU\"] = 34,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 1,\n [\"EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"EST\"] = 5,\n [\"Efn\"] = 8,\n [\"Flag\"] = 9,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"GBR\"] = 1,\n [\"Gdańsk\"] = 1,\n [\"Google books\"] = 48,\n [\"Hanseatic League\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 14,\n [\"Hidden begin\"] = 5,\n [\"Hidden end\"] = 5,\n [\"History of Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox geopolitical organization\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"LVA\"] = 8,\n [\"Lang\"] = 10,\n [\"Langx\"] = 5,\n [\"NLD\"] = 20,\n [\"NOR\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 11,\n [\"Nts\"] = 32,\n [\"Ntsh\"] = 8,\n [\"POL\"] = 11,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 87,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"RUS\"] = 2,\n [\"Ref heading\"] = 3,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Rp\"] = 243,\n [\"SWE\"] = 3,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Sort\"] = 167,\n [\"Undue inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 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