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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cursive Hebrew</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alphabet_h%C3%A9breu_manuscrit" title="Alphabet hébreu manuscrit – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alphabet hébreu manuscrit" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibrani_Kursif" title="Ibrani Kursif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ibrani Kursif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%AA%D7%91_%D7%A2%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99_%D7%A8%D7%94%D7%95%D7%98" title="כתב עברי רהוט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כתב עברי רהוט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivri_corente" title="Ivri corente – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Ivri corente" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%B2%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%BE" title="Еврейское рукописное письмо – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Еврейское рукописное письмо" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Handwritten style of Hebrew letters</div> <p><b>Cursive Hebrew</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: <span lang="he" dir="rtl">כתב עברי רהוט</span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ktav ivri rahut</i></span>, "flowing Hebrew writing", or <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כתב יד עברי</span></span> <span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ktav yad 'ivri</i></span>, "Hebrew handwriting", often called simply <span title="Hebrew-language text"><span lang="he" dir="rtl">כתב</span></span> <i><span title="Hebrew-language romanization"><i lang="he-Latn">ktav</i></span></i>, "writing") is a collective designation for several styles of <a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">handwriting</a> the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet</a>. <a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern Hebrew</a>, especially in informal use in <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, is handwritten with the <a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashkenazi">Ashkenazi</a> <a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">cursive</a> script that had developed in <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a> by the 13th century.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also a mainstay of handwritten <a href="/wiki/Yiddish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Yiddish language">Yiddish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was preceded by a <a href="/wiki/Sephardi" class="mw-redirect" title="Sephardi">Sephardi</a> cursive script, known as <a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a>, that is still used for <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_forms">Contemporary forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive_Hebrew&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Contemporary forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with all handwriting, cursive Hebrew displays considerable individual variation. The forms in the table below are representative of those in present-day use.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The names appearing with the individual letters are taken from the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Unicode_characters#Hebrew" title="List of Unicode characters">Unicode standard</a> and may differ from their designations in the various languages using them—see <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet#Pronunciation" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew alphabet § Pronunciation</a> for variation in letter names. (Table is organized right-to-left reflecting Hebrew's lexicographic mode.) </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap" dir="rtl"> <tbody><tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Aleph_(Hebrew)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleph (Hebrew)">Alef <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-00000006-QINU`"'</style><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">א</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ב</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Gimel_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gimel (letter)">Gimel <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ג</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Daled" class="mw-redirect" title="Daled">Daled <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ד</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">He <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ה</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Vav_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vav (letter)">Vav <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ו</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ז</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Het <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ח</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ט</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yod <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">י</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">כ / ך</span>‎</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Alef_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Bet_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Gimel_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Daled_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_He_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Vav_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Zayin_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Het_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Tet_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Yud_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hebrew_letter_Yud_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Yud_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hebrew_letter_Yud_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Yud_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Hebrew_letter_Yud_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Yud_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Kaf_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hebrew_letter_Kaf_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Kaf_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hebrew_letter_Kaf_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Kaf_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Hebrew_letter_Kaf_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Kaf_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Kaf-final_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hebrew_letter_Kaf-final_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Kaf-final_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hebrew_letter_Kaf-final_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Kaf-final_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Hebrew_letter_Kaf-final_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Kaf-final_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ל</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">מ / ם</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">נ / ן</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samekh <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ס</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ע</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pe <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">פ / ף</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">צ / ץ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Qof <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ק</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ר</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ש</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Taw_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taw (letter)">Tav <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl">ת</span>‎</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Lamed_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hebrew_letter_Lamed_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Lamed_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hebrew_letter_Lamed_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Lamed_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Hebrew_letter_Lamed_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Lamed_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Mem_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hebrew_letter_Mem_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Mem_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hebrew_letter_Mem_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Mem_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Hebrew_letter_Mem_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Mem_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Mem-final_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Nun_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hebrew_letter_Nun_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Nun_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hebrew_letter_Nun_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Nun_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Hebrew_letter_Nun_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Nun_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Nun-final_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Samekh_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hebrew_letter_Samekh_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Samekh_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hebrew_letter_Samekh_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Samekh_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Hebrew_letter_Samekh_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Samekh_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Ayin_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Pe_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hebrew_letter_Pe_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Pe_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hebrew_letter_Pe_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Pe_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Hebrew_letter_Pe_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Pe_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Pe-final_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Tsadik_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hebrew_letter_Tsadik_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Tsadik_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hebrew_letter_Tsadik_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Tsadik_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hebrew_letter_Tsadik_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Tsadik_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span>/<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Tsadik-final_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Kuf_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Resh_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Shin_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg/28px-Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg/42px-Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg/56px-Hebrew_letter_Taf_handwriting.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><small><b>Note:</b> Final forms are to the left of the initial/medial forms.</small> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_forms">Historical forms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive_Hebrew&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Historical forms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This table shows the development of cursive Hebrew from the 7th through the 19th centuries. This is discussed in the following section, which makes reference to the columns in the table, numbered 1 through 14. </p><p><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CursiveWritingHebrew.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/3/34/CursiveWritingHebrew.png" decoding="async" width="608" height="977" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="608" data-file-height="977" /></a></span> <br /><b>Figure 3:</b> "Cursive Writing" <i>(Jewish Encyclopedia, 1901–1906)</i>. </p><p><b>Column:</b> </p> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a> upon <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonian</a> dish<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egyptian</a>, 12th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, 1506.</li> <li>10th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a>, dated 1480.</li> <li>Spanish, 10th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hachmei_Provence" title="Hachmei Provence">Provençal</a>, 10th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italian</a>, 10th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greek</a>, dated 1375.</li> <li>Italian, dated 1451.</li> <li>Italian, 10th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a>, 10th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazer_of_Worms" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleazer of Worms">Eleazer of Worms</a>, copied at <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> in 1515 by <a href="/wiki/Elias_Levita" class="mw-redirect" title="Elias Levita">Elias Levita</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Ashkenazi, 19th century.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive_Hebrew&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Besht_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Besht_Signature.svg/220px-Besht_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="37" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Besht_Signature.svg/330px-Besht_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Besht_Signature.svg/440px-Besht_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="136" /></a><figcaption><b>Figure 1:</b> Signature of the <a href="/wiki/Baal_Shem_Tov" title="Baal Shem Tov">Baal Shem Tov</a> some time in the 18th century, written in the cursive Hebrew script.</figcaption></figure> <p>The brief inscriptions daubed in red ink upon the walls of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_catacombs_of_Venosa" title="Jewish catacombs of Venosa">catacombs of Venosa</a> are probably the oldest examples of cursive script. Still longer texts in a cursive alphabet are furnished by the clay bowls found in <a href="/wiki/Babylonia" title="Babylonia">Babylonia</a> and bearing <a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">exorcisms</a> against magical influences and evil spirits. These bowls date from the 7th or 8th century, and some of the letters are written in a form that is very antiquated <i>(<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Historical_forms">Figure 3, column 1</a>)</i>. Somewhat less of a cursive nature is the manuscript, which dates from the 8th century.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Historical_forms">Columns 2–14</a></i> exhibit cursive scripts of various countries and centuries. The differences visible in the square alphabets are much more apparent. For instance, the Sephardi rounds off still more, and, as in <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, there is a tendency to run the lower lines to the left, whereas the Ashkenazi script appears cramped and disjointed. Instead of the little ornaments at the upper ends of the stems, in the letters <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image1Letters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Image1Letters.jpg" decoding="async" width="55" height="16" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="55" data-file-height="16" /></a></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="This blurry and extremely low resolution image is nigh illegible and totally inaccessible. It should be replaced with text (January 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> a more or less weak flourish of the line appears. For the rest the cursive of the Codices remains fairly true to the square text. </p><p>Documents of a private nature were certainly written in a much more running hand, as the sample from one of the oldest Arabic letters written with Hebrew letters (possibly the 10th century) clearly shows in the papyrus, in "Führer durch die Ausstellung", Table XIX., Vienna, 1894, <i>(<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Historical_forms">compare Figure 3, column 4</a>)</i>. However, since the preservation of such letters were not held to be of importance, material of this nature from the earlier times is very scarce, and as a consequence the development of the script is very hard to follow. The last two columns of <i><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Historical_forms">Figure 3</a></i> exhibit the Ashkenazi cursive script of a later date. The next to the last is taken from a manuscript of <a href="/wiki/Elias_Levita" class="mw-redirect" title="Elias Levita">Elias Levita</a>. The accompanying specimen presents Sephardi script. In this flowing cursive alphabet the ligatures appear more often. They occur especially in letters which have a sharp turn to the left (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%92" class="mw-redirect" title="ג">ג</a></span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%96" class="mw-redirect" title="ז">ז</a></span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="כ">כ</a></span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="נ">נ</a></span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="צ">צ</a></span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ח">ח</a></span>‎), and above all in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="נ">נ</a></span>‎, whose great open bow offers ample space for another letter <i>(see Figure 2)</i>. </p><p>The following are the successive stages in the development of each letter: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a> is separated into two parts, the first being written as <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image2Letters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Image2Letters.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="13" data-file-height="14" /></a></span>, and the <a href="/wiki/Perpendicular" title="Perpendicular">perpendicular</a> stroke placed at the left <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image3Letters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Image3Letters.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="18" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="13" data-file-height="18" /></a></span>. By the turn of the 20th century, Ashkenazi cursive had these two elements separated, thus ׀c, and the <a href="/wiki/Acute_angle" class="mw-redirect" title="Acute angle">acute angle</a> was rounded. It received also an abbreviated form connected with the favorite old ligature <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image4Letters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/Image4Letters.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="20" /></a></span>, and it is to this ligature of Alef and <a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a> that the contracted <a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Oriental</a> Aleph owes its origin <i>(<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Historical_forms">Figure 3, column 7</a>)</i>.</li> <li>In writing <a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a>, the lower part necessitated an interruption, and to overcome this obstacle it was made <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image5Letters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cf/Image5Letters.jpg" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="14" /></a></span>, and, with the total omission of the whole lower line, <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image6Letters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6b/Image6Letters.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="13" data-file-height="15" /></a></span>.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a>, the left-hand stroke is lengthened more and more.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a> had its stroke put on obliquely to distinguish it from <a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a>; however, since in rapid writing it easily assumed a form similar in appearance to <a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a> in analogy with <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%91" class="mw-redirect" title="ב">ב</a></span>‎ was later changed to <span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Image7Letters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Image7Letters.jpg" decoding="async" width="14" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="14" data-file-height="15" /></a></span>.</li> <li>A transformation very similar to this took place in the cases of final <a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Qof</a> <i>(<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Historical_forms">see columns 2, 5, 11, 14</a>)</i>, except that Kaf opened out a trifle more than Qof.</li> <li>The lower part of <a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a> was bent sharply to the right and received a little hook at the bottom.</li> <li>The left-hand stroke of <a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Ṭet</a> was lengthened.</li> <li>Lamed gradually lost its <a href="/wiki/Semicircle" title="Semicircle">semicircle</a> until (as in both <a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Arabic" title="Nabataean Arabic">Nabataean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syriac_language" title="Syriac language">Syriac</a>) by the turn of the 20th century, it became a simple stroke, which was bent sharply toward the right. In the modern script today the Lamed has regained its semicircle.</li> <li>Final <a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a> branches out at the bottom, and in its latest stage is drawn out either to the left or straight down.</li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samekh</a> the same development also took place, but it afterward became again a simple circle.</li> <li>To write '<a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a> without removing the pen from the surface, its two strokes were joined with a curl.</li> <li>The two forms of the letter <a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pe</a> spread out in a marked flourish.</li> <li>For <a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a> the right-hand head is made longer, at first only to a small degree, but later on to a considerable extent.</li> <li>In the beginning <a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a> develops similarly to the same letter in Nabataean, but afterward the central stroke is lengthened upward, like the right arm of Tsadi, and finally it is joined with the left stroke, and the first stroke is left off altogether.</li> <li>The letters <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%94" class="mw-redirect" title="ה">ה</a></span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%93" class="mw-redirect" title="ד">ד</a></span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%97" class="mw-redirect" title="ח">ח</a></span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="ן">ן</a></span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="נ">נ</a></span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="ר">ר</a></span>‎, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1241449095"><span class="script-hebrew" style="font-size: 110%;" dir="rtl"><a href="/wiki/%D7%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="ת">ת</a></span>‎, have undergone little modification: they have been rounded out and simplified by the omission of the heads.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Samaritan_Hebrew">Samaritan Hebrew</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive_Hebrew&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Samaritan Hebrew"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritans</a> are an ethnic group descended from the Israelites and are a sister people to the Jews. Whereas the Israelites and later <a href="/wiki/Hebrews" title="Hebrews">Hebrews</a> suffered a number of exoduses and deportations over the course of history, Samaritans for the most part remained in <a href="/wiki/Israel_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel (region)">Israel</a> since ancient times. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Hebrew language of the Samaritans</a> is written in a unique <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjad</a> from that of Hebrew; this abjad is called the <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Samaritan alphabet">Samaritan alphabet</a>. Thanks to the Samaritans' sedentary residence in Israel, the script of Samaritan Hebrew is a direct descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew alphabet</a>, the script which the Jews abandoned in favor of the <a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ktav Ashuri</a> script in the 4th century <a href="/wiki/BCE" class="mw-redirect" title="BCE">BCE</a>. Samaritan Hebrew, as standard Hebrew does, has its own cursive script.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%;text-align:center;white-space:nowrap" dir="rtl"> <tbody><tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Aleph_(Hebrew)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleph (Hebrew)">A'laf <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r866777279">'"`UNIQ--templatestyles-0000002F-QINU`"'</style><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠀ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bit <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠁ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Gimel_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gimel (letter)">Ga'man <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠂ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Daled" class="mw-redirect" title="Daled">Da'lat <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠃ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Iy <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠄ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Vav_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vav (letter)">Ba <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠅ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zen <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠆ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">It <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠇ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tit <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠈ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yut <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠉ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠊ</span>‎</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_alep.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Samaritan_cursive_alep.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_alep.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Samaritan_cursive_alep.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_alep.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Samaritan_cursive_alep.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_alep.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_bet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Samaritan_cursive_bet.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_bet.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Samaritan_cursive_bet.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_bet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Samaritan_cursive_bet.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_bet.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_gimel.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Samaritan_cursive_gimel.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_gimel.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Samaritan_cursive_gimel.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_gimel.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Samaritan_cursive_gimel.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_gimel.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_dalet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Samaritan_cursive_dalet.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_dalet.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Samaritan_cursive_dalet.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_dalet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Samaritan_cursive_dalet.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_dalet.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_he.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Samaritan_cursive_he.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_he.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Samaritan_cursive_he.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_he.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Samaritan_cursive_he.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_he.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_vav.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Samaritan_cursive_vav.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_vav.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Samaritan_cursive_vav.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_vav.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Samaritan_cursive_vav.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_vav.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_zayin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Samaritan_cursive_zayin.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_zayin.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Samaritan_cursive_zayin.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_zayin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Samaritan_cursive_zayin.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_zayin.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_het.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Samaritan_cursive_het.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_het.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Samaritan_cursive_het.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_het.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Samaritan_cursive_het.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_het.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_tet.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Samaritan_cursive_tet.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_tet.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Samaritan_cursive_tet.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_tet.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Samaritan_cursive_tet.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_tet.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_yud.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Samaritan_cursive_yud.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_yud.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Samaritan_cursive_yud.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_yud.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Samaritan_cursive_yud.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_yud.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_kaf.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Samaritan_cursive_kaf.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_kaf.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Samaritan_cursive_kaf.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_kaf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Samaritan_cursive_kaf.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_kaf.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">La'bat <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠋ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mim <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠌ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠍ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Sin'gat <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠎ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">In <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠏ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Fi <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠐ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Sa'diy <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠑ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Quf <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠒ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Rish <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠓ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shan <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠔ</span>‎</a></b></th> <th><b><a href="/wiki/Taw_(letter)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taw (letter)">Taf <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r866777279"><span dir="rtl" class="script-samaritan">ࠕ</span>‎</a></b> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_lamed.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Samaritan_cursive_lamed.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_lamed.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Samaritan_cursive_lamed.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_lamed.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Samaritan_cursive_lamed.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_lamed.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_mem.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Samaritan_cursive_mem.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_mem.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Samaritan_cursive_mem.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_mem.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Samaritan_cursive_mem.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_mem.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_nun.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Samaritan_cursive_nun.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_nun.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Samaritan_cursive_nun.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_nun.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Samaritan_cursive_nun.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_nun.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_samek.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Samaritan_cursive_samek.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_samek.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Samaritan_cursive_samek.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_samek.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Samaritan_cursive_samek.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_samek.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_ayin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Samaritan_cursive_ayin.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_ayin.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Samaritan_cursive_ayin.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_ayin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Samaritan_cursive_ayin.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_ayin.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_pe.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Samaritan_cursive_pe.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_pe.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Samaritan_cursive_pe.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_pe.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Samaritan_cursive_pe.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_pe.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_tsade.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Samaritan_cursive_tsade.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_tsade.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Samaritan_cursive_tsade.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_tsade.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Samaritan_cursive_tsade.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_tsade.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_quf.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Samaritan_cursive_quf.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_quf.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Samaritan_cursive_quf.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_quf.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Samaritan_cursive_quf.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_quf.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_resh.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Samaritan_cursive_resh.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_resh.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Samaritan_cursive_resh.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_resh.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Samaritan_cursive_resh.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_resh.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_shin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Samaritan_cursive_shin.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_shin.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Samaritan_cursive_shin.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_shin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Samaritan_cursive_shin.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_shin.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center" style="background-color:white"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Samaritan_cursive_tav.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Samaritan_cursive_tav.png/28px-Samaritan_cursive_tav.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Samaritan_cursive_tav.png/42px-Samaritan_cursive_tav.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Samaritan_cursive_tav.png/56px-Samaritan_cursive_tav.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="800" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive_Hebrew&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive" title="Cursive">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handwriting" title="Handwriting">Handwriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Arabic_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Judeo-Arabic languages">Judeo-Arabic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruq%CA%BFah_script" title="Ruqʿah script">Ruqʿah script</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive_Hebrew&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYardeni2002" class="citation book cs1">Yardeni, Ada (2002). <i>The Book of Hebrew Script: History, Palaeography, Script Styles, Calligraphy & Design</i>. The British Library. p. 97. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58456-087-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-58456-087-8"><bdi>1-58456-087-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Hebrew+Script%3A+History%2C+Palaeography%2C+Script+Styles%2C+Calligraphy+%26+Design&rft.pages=97&rft.pub=The+British+Library&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-58456-087-8&rft.aulast=Yardeni&rft.aufirst=Ada&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursive+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZucker1994" class="citation book cs1">Zucker, Sheva (1994). <i>Yiddish: an Introduction to the Language, Literature, and Culture</i>. Vol. 1. New York City. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-877909-66-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-877909-66-1"><bdi>1-877909-66-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yiddish%3A+an+Introduction+to+the+Language%2C+Literature%2C+and+Culture&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-877909-66-1&rft.aulast=Zucker&rft.aufirst=Sheva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursive+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZucker2002" class="citation book cs1">Zucker, Sheva (2002). <i>Yiddish: an Introduction to the Language, Literature, and Culture</i>. Vol. 2. New York City. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-877909-75-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-877909-75-0"><bdi>1-877909-75-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yiddish%3A+an+Introduction+to+the+Language%2C+Literature%2C+and+Culture&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-877909-75-0&rft.aulast=Zucker&rft.aufirst=Sheva&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursive+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarol2008" class="citation book cs1">Varol, Marie-Christine (2008). <i>Manual of Judeo-Spanish: Language and Culture</i>. University of Maryland Press. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-934309-19-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-934309-19-3"><bdi>978-1-934309-19-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+Judeo-Spanish%3A+Language+and+Culture&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=University+of+Maryland+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-934309-19-3&rft.aulast=Varol&rft.aufirst=Marie-Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursive+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrr-Stav2006" class="citation book cs1">Orr-Stav, Jonathan (2006). <i>Learn to Write the Hebrew Script: Aleph through the Looking Glass</i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10841-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10841-9"><bdi>0-300-10841-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learn+to+Write+the+Hebrew+Script%3A+Aleph+through+the+Looking+Glass&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-300-10841-9&rft.aulast=Orr-Stav&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACursive+Hebrew" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Corpus Inscriptionum Hebraicarum 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">German-Ashkenazi, <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a>, Additional Manuser. of 27199 (Paleographical Society, Oriental series lxxix.).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hebrew Papyri: Steinschneider, Hebräische Papyrusfragmente aus dem Fayyum, in Aegyptische Zeitschrift, xvii. 93 et seq., and table vii.; C. I. H. cols. 120 et seq.; Erman and Krebs, Aus den Papyrus der Königlichen Museen, p. 290, Berlin, 1899. For the Hebrew papyri in The Collection of Erzherzog Rainer, see D. H. Müller and D. Kaufmann, in Mitteilungen aus der Sammlung der Papyrus Erzherzog Rainer, i. 38, and in Führer durch die Sammlung, etc. pp. 261 et seq.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cursive_Hebrew&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oketz.com/fonts/script.html">Cursive Hebrew fonts for download at <i>www.oketz.com</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://solitreo.com/ladinotype/">LadinoType - System for Solitreo and Rashi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=1308&letter=A#3547">Cursive Hebrew</a> in the 1901–1906 <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Encyclopedia">Jewish Encyclopedia</a> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hebrew_language" title="Template talk:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew_language" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hebrew language"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hebrew_language" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="History of the Hebrew alphabet">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_and_Aramaic_inscriptions" title="Canaanite and Aramaic inscriptions">Ancient inscriptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Hebrew" title="Romanization of Hebrew">Transliteration to English</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_English" title="Hebraization of English">from English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gematria" title="Gematria">Gematria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Israelian_Hebrew" title="Israelian Hebrew">northern dialect</a>)</small></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mishnaic_Hebrew" title="Mishnaic Hebrew">Mishnaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Hebrew" title="Medieval Hebrew">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew" title="Modern Hebrew">Modern</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reading traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkenazi_Hebrew" title="Ashkenazi Hebrew">Ashkenazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sephardi_Hebrew" title="Sephardi Hebrew">Sephardi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romaniote_Jews#Romaniote_Hebrew" title="Romaniote Jews">Romaniote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hebrew" title="Italian Hebrew">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_Hebrew" title="Mizrahi Hebrew">Mizrahi</a> (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Jews#Pronunciation_of_Hebrew" title="Syrian Jews">Syrian</a></span>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Hebrew" title="Yemenite Hebrew">Yemenite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_Hebrew" title="Samaritan Hebrew">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_Hebrew" title="Tiberian Hebrew">Tiberian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(extinct)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orthography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew_orthography" title="Biblical Hebrew orthography">Biblical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tag_(Hebrew_writing)" title="Tag (Hebrew writing)">Crowning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Alphabet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleph" title="Aleph">Alef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bet_(letter)" title="Bet (letter)">Bet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gimel" title="Gimel">Gimel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalet" title="Dalet">Dalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_(letter)" title="He (letter)">Hei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waw_(letter)" title="Waw (letter)">Vav</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zayin" title="Zayin">Zayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heth" title="Heth">Ḥet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teth" title="Teth">Tet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yodh" title="Yodh">Yud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaph" title="Kaph">Kaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamedh" title="Lamedh">Lamed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem" title="Mem">Mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nun_(letter)" title="Nun (letter)">Nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samekh" title="Samekh">Samech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayin" title="Ayin">Ayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pe_(Semitic_letter)" title="Pe (Semitic letter)">Pei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsade" title="Tsade">Tsadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qoph" title="Qoph">Kuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resh" title="Resh">Resh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)" title="Shin (letter)">Shin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taw" title="Taw">Tav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Niqqud" title="Niqqud">Niqqud</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tiberian_vocalization" title="Tiberian vocalization">Tiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_vocalization" title="Babylonian vocalization">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_vocalization" title="Palestinian vocalization">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_vocalization" title="Samaritan vocalization">Samaritan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shva" title="Shva">Shva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiriq" title="Hiriq">Hiriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzere" title="Tzere">Tzere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segol" title="Segol">Segol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patach" title="Patach">Pataḥ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamatz" title="Kamatz">Kamatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holam" title="Holam">Holam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubutz_and_shuruk" title="Kubutz and shuruk">Kubutz/shuruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagesh" title="Dagesh">Dagesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mappiq" title="Mappiq">Mappiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation#Hyphen_and_maqaf" title="Hebrew punctuation">Maqaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafe" title="Rafe">Rafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shin_(letter)#Sin_and_Shin_dot" title="Shin (letter)">Sin/Shin dot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_spelling" title="Hebrew spelling">Spelling</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktiv_menuqad" title="Ktiv menuqad">with Niqqud</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud#Ktiv_haser" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">missing</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ktiv_hasar_niqqud" title="Ktiv hasar niqqud">full</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mater_lectionis" title="Mater lectionis">Mater lectionis</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_abbreviations" title="Hebrew abbreviations">Abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plene_scriptum" title="Plene scriptum">Plene scriptum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_punctuation" title="Hebrew punctuation">Punctuation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_diacritics" title="Hebrew diacritics">Diacritics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meteg" title="Meteg">Meteg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_cantillation" title="Hebrew cantillation">Cantillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geresh" title="Geresh">Geresh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gershayim" title="Gershayim">Gershayim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverted_nun" title="Inverted nun">Inverted nun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shekel_sign" title="Shekel sign">Shekel sign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_numerals" title="Hebrew numerals">Numerals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">Phonology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Phonology" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_phonology" title="Modern Hebrew phonology">Modern Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippi%27s_law" title="Philippi's law">Philippi's law</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Begadkefat" title="Begadkefat">Law of attenuation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language#Hebrew_grammar" title="Hebrew language">Grammar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Hebrew#Grammar" title="Biblical Hebrew">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_grammar" title="Modern Hebrew grammar">Modern</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Hebrew_verbs" title="Modern Hebrew verbs">Verbal morphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semitic_root" title="Semitic root">Semitic roots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prefixes_in_Hebrew" title="Prefixes in Hebrew">Prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffixes_in_Hebrew" title="Suffixes in Hebrew">Suffixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segolate" title="Segolate">Segolate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vav-consecutive" title="Vav-consecutive">Vav-consecutive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revival_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Revival of the Hebrew language">Revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_the_Hebrew_Language" title="Academy of the Hebrew Language">Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Study_of_the_Hebrew_language" title="Study of the Hebrew language">Study</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulpan" title="Ulpan">Ulpan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_keyboard" title="Hebrew keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_literature" title="Hebrew literature">Hebrew</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hebrew_writings" title="Ancient Hebrew writings">ancient</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli_literature" title="Israeli literature">modern Israeli</a> literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_name" title="Hebrew name">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebraization_of_surnames" title="Hebraization of surnames">Surnames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unicode_and_HTML_for_the_Hebrew_alphabet" title="Unicode and HTML for the Hebrew alphabet">Unicode and HTML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reference works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley" class="mw-redirect" title="Gesenius-Kautsch-Cowley">Gesenius' Hebrew Grammar</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Gesenius" title="Wilhelm Gesenius">Gesenius' Hebrew and Chaldee Lexicon to the Old Testament Scriptures</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown%E2%80%93Driver%E2%80%93Briggs" title="Brown–Driver–Briggs">Brown–Driver–Briggs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Strong%27s_Concordance" title="Strong's Concordance">Strong's Concordance</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_and_Aramaic_Lexicon_of_the_Old_Testament" title="Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament">Hebrew and Aramaic Lexicon of the Old Testament</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Types_of_writing_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_writing_systems" title="Template talk:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_writing_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of writing systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Types_of_writing_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a> of <a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">writing systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing" title="History of writing">History of writing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapheme" title="Grapheme">Grapheme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Writing systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Undeciphered_writing_systems" title="Undeciphered writing systems">undeciphered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_creators_of_writing_systems" title="List of creators of writing systems">inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_constructed_scripts" title="List of constructed scripts">constructed</a></li></ul></li> <li>Languages by writing system / <a href="/wiki/List_of_languages_by_first_written_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of languages by first written accounts">by first written accounts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Types" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_writing_systems" title="List of writing systems">Types</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abjads" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">Abjads</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Numerals</a></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_alphabet" title="Aramaic alphabet">Aramaic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hatran_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatran alphabet">Hatran</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elifba_alphabet" title="Elifba alphabet">Elifba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Egyptian hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymaic" title="Elymaic">Elymaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_alphabet" title="Hebrew alphabet">Hebrew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ktav_Ashuri" title="Ktav Ashuri">Ashuri</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cursive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rashi_script" title="Rashi script">Rashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitreo" title="Solitreo">Solitreo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaic_alphabet" title="Mandaic alphabet">Mandaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manichaean_script" title="Manichaean script">Manichaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_script" title="Nabataean script">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_North_Arabian" title="Ancient North Arabian">Ancient North Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_scripts" title="Pahlavi scripts">Pahlavi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Book_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Book Pahlavi">Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Pahlavi" title="Inscriptional Pahlavi">Inscriptional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inscriptional_Parthian" title="Inscriptional Parthian">Inscriptional Parthian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psalter_Pahlavi" title="Psalter Pahlavi">Psalter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_alphabet" title="Phoenician alphabet">Phoenician</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_alphabet" title="Paleo-Hebrew alphabet">Paleo-Hebrew</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitman_shorthand" title="Pitman shorthand">Pitman shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Sinaitic_script" title="Proto-Sinaitic script">Proto-Sinaitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Punic alphabet">Punic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritan_script" title="Samaritan script">Samaritan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">South Arabian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Zabur_script" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Zabur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_script#Musnad" title="Ancient South Arabian script">Musnad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sogdian_alphabet" title="Sogdian alphabet">Sogdian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet" title="Syriac alphabet">Syriac</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#Classical_ʾEsṭrangēlā" title="Syriac alphabet">ʾEsṭrangēlā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#West_Syriac_Serṭā" title="Syriac alphabet">Serṭā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_alphabet#East_Syriac_Maḏnḥāyā" title="Syriac alphabet">Maḏnḥāyā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teeline_Shorthand" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeline Shorthand">Teeline Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugaritic_alphabet" title="Ugaritic alphabet">Ugaritic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Abugidas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">Abugidas</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em"><a href="/wiki/Brahmic_scripts" title="Brahmic scripts">Brahmic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali%E2%80%93Assamese_script" title="Bengali–Assamese script">Bengali–Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhaiksuki_script" title="Bhaiksuki script">Bhaiksuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmi_script" title="Brahmi script">Brahmi script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devanagari" title="Devanagari">Devanagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogri_script" title="Dogri script">Dogri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_script" title="Gujarati script">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gupta_script" title="Gupta script">Gupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaithi" title="Kaithi">Kaithi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalinga_script" title="Kalinga script">Kalinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema_script" title="Khema script">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khojki_script" title="Khojki script">Khojki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khudabadi_script" title="Khudabadi script">Khudabadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8D%C4%81_scripts" title="Laṇḍā scripts">Laṇḍā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepcha_script" title="Lepcha script">Lepcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahajani" title="Mahajani">Mahajani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marchen_script" title="Marchen script">Marchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_script" title="Meitei script">Meitei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modi_script" title="Modi script">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multani_script" title="Multani script">Multani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%81gar%C4%AB_script" title="Nāgarī script">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandinagari" title="Nandinagari">Nandinagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Nepalese scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhujimol_script" title="Bhujimol script">Bhujimol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Golmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Golmol script (page does not exist)">Golmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Himmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Himmol script (page does not exist)">Himmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kummol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kummol script (page does not exist)">Kummol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kvemmol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kvemmol script (page does not exist)">Kvemmol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pachumol_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pachumol script (page does not exist)">Pachumol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pracalit_script" title="Pracalit script">Pracalit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ranjana_script" title="Ranjana script">Ranjana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyig_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyig script">Tamyig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_script" title="Tirhuta script">Tirhuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limbu_script" title="Limbu script">Limbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_scripts" title="Nepalese scripts">Litumol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_script" title="Odia script">Odia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karani_script" title="Karani script">Karani</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BCPhags-pa_script" title="ʼPhags-pa script">ʼPhags-pa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharada_script" title="Sharada script">Sharada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddha%E1%B9%83_script" title="Siddhaṃ script">Siddhaṃ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soyombo_script" title="Soyombo script">Soyombo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylheti_Nagri" title="Sylheti Nagri">Sylheti Nagri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takri_script" title="Takri script">Takri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uchen_script" title="Uchen script">Uchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Um%C3%AA_script" title="Umê script">Umê</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tocharian_script" title="Tocharian script">Tocharian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanabazar_square_script" title="Zanabazar square script">Zanabazar square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahom_script" title="Ahom script">Ahom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhattiprolu_script" title="Bhattiprolu script">Bhattiprolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_script" title="Buda script">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakma_script" title="Chakma script">Chakma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fakkham_script" title="Fakkham script">Fakkham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goykanadi" title="Goykanadi">Goykanadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanunoo_script" title="Hanunoo script">Hanunoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadamba_script" title="Kadamba script">Kadamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kannada_script" title="Kannada script">Kannada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%27gaw_Karen_alphabet" title="S'gaw Karen alphabet">Karen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kawi_script" title="Kawi script">Kawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khom_Thai_script" title="Khom Thai script">Khom Thai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulitan" title="Kulitan">Kulitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Lanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdi" title="Langdi">Langdi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_script" title="Lao script">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leke_script" title="Leke script">Leke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lontara_Bilang-bilang_script" title="Lontara Bilang-bilang script">Bilang-bilang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makasar_script" title="Makasar script">Makasar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_script" title="Malayalam script">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_writing_systems" title="Maldivian writing systems">Old Maldivian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhives_Akuru" title="Dhives Akuru">Dhives Akuru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eveyla_Akuru" class="mw-redirect" title="Eveyla Akuru">Eveyla Akuru</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mon%E2%80%93Burmese_script" title="Mon–Burmese script">Mon–Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyu_script" title="Pyu script">Pyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_script" title="Saurashtra script">Saurashtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_alphabet" title="Shan alphabet">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_script" title="Sinhala script">Sinhala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhothai_script" title="Sukhothai script">Sukhothai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Sundanese_script" title="Old Sundanese script">Old Sundanese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Le_script" title="Tai Le script">Tai Le</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Tai_Lue_alphabet" title="New Tai Lue alphabet">New Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Noi_script" title="Tai Noi script">Tai Noi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Tham_script" title="Tai Tham script">Tai Tham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_Viet_script" title="Tai Viet script">Tai Viet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lai_Tay_script" title="Lai Tay script">Lai Tay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_script" title="Tamil script">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil-Brahmi" title="Tamil-Brahmi">Tamil-Brahmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanchangya_script" title="Tanchangya script">Tanchangya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_script" title="Telugu script">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_script" title="Thai script">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tigalari_script" title="Tigalari script">Tigalari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulu_scripts" title="Ulu scripts">Ulu scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Incung_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Incung script (page does not exist)">Incung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Lampung script">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lembak_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lembak script (page does not exist)">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan script (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pasemah_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pasemah script (page does not exist)">Pasemah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serawai_script&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serawai script (page does not exist)">Serawai</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatteluttu" title="Vatteluttu">Vatteluttu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kolezhuthu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolezhuthu">Kolezhuthu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayanma" title="Malayanma">Malayanma</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bharati_script" title="Bharati script">Bharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd%27s_syllabic_shorthand" title="Boyd's syllabic shorthand">Boyd's syllabic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian syllabics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blackfoot_language#Writing_system" title="Blackfoot language">Blackfoot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_syllabics" title="Carrier syllabics">Déné syllabics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dham_script" title="Dham script">Dham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge%CA%BDez_script" title="Geʽez script">Geʽez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunjala_Gondi_script" title="Gunjala Gondi script">Gunjala Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarati" title="Sarati">Sarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharosthi" title="Kharosthi">Kharosthi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandombe_script" title="Mandombe script">Mandombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gondi_writing" title="Gondi writing">Masaram Gondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meroitic_script" title="Meroitic script">Meroitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollard_script" title="Pollard script">Miao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengwar" title="Tengwar">Tengwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaana" title="Thaana">Thaana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Natural_Shorthand" title="Thomas Natural Shorthand">Thomas Natural Shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mwangwego_script" title="Mwangwego script">Mwangwego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiang_language" title="Qiang language">Rma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Alphabets" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">Alphabets</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adlam_script" title="Adlam script">Adlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariyaka_script" title="Ariyaka script">Ariyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_alphabet" title="Armenian alphabet">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avestan_alphabet" title="Avestan alphabet">Avestan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pazend" title="Pazend">Pazend</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassa_Vah_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bassa Vah script">Bassa Vah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carian_alphabets" title="Carian alphabets">Carian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasian_Albanian_script" title="Caucasian Albanian script">Caucasian Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirth" title="Cirth">Cirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coelbren_y_Beirdd" title="Coelbren y Beirdd">Coelbren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coorgi%E2%80%93Cox_alphabet" title="Coorgi–Cox alphabet">Coorgi–Cox alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Coptic alphabet">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Cyrillic" title="Bosnian Cyrillic">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Cyrillic_alphabet" title="Early Cyrillic alphabet">Early</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deseret_alphabet" title="Deseret alphabet">Deseret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand" title="Duployan shorthand">Duployan shorthand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duployan_shorthand#Chinook_writing" title="Duployan shorthand">Chinook</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eclectic_shorthand" title="Eclectic shorthand">Eclectic shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbasan_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Elbasan script">Elbasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enochian" title="Enochian">Enochian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_alphabet" title="Etruscan alphabet">Etruscan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Psalmanazar#Pseudo-lexicographer" title="George Psalmanazar">Formosan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language#Writing_systems" title="Fox language">Fox II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraser_script" title="Fraser script">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabelsberger_shorthand" title="Gabelsberger shorthand">Gabelsberger shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gadabuursi_Somali_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Gadabuursi Somali script">Gadabuursi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garay_alphabet" title="Garay alphabet">Garay alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_scripts" title="Georgian scripts">Georgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asomtavruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Asomtavruli">Asomtavruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuskhuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuskhuri">Nuskhuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkhedruli" class="mw-redirect" title="Mkhedruli">Mkhedruli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veso_Bey_alphabet" title="Veso Bey alphabet">Veso Bey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glagolitic_script" title="Glagolitic script">Glagolitic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregg_shorthand" title="Gregg shorthand">Gregg shorthand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_alphabet" title="Greek alphabet">Greek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greek_alphabets" title="Archaic Greek alphabets">Archaic</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Iberian_alphabet" title="Greco-Iberian alphabet">Greco-Iberian alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanifi_Rohingya_script" title="Hanifi Rohingya script">Hanifi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunwar_language#Writing_Systems" title="Sunwar language">Jenticha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaddare_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaddare script">Kaddare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayah_Li_alphabet" title="Kayah Li alphabet">Kayah Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klingon_scripts" title="Klingon scripts">Klingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beneventan_script" title="Beneventan script">Beneventan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackletter" title="Blackletter">Blackletter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_minuscule" title="Carolingian minuscule">Carolingian minuscule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraktur" title="Fraktur">Fraktur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_type" title="Gaelic type">Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insular_script" title="Insular script">Insular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interlac" class="mw-redirect" title="Interlac">Interlac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurrent" title="Kurrent">Kurrent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_script" title="Merovingian script">Merovingian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribal_abbreviation" title="Scribal abbreviation">Sigla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%BCtterlin" title="Sütterlin">Sütterlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tironian_notes" title="Tironian notes">Tironian notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigothic_script" title="Visigothic script">Visigothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luo_script" title="Luo script">Luo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycian_alphabet" title="Lycian alphabet">Lycian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydian_alphabet" title="Lydian alphabet">Lydian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medefaidrin" title="Medefaidrin">Medefaidrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molodtsov_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Molodtsov alphabet">Molodtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mru_language#Script" title="Mru language">Mru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mundari_Bani" title="Mundari Bani">Mundari Bani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%27Ko_script" title="N'Ko script">N'Ko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ogham" title="Ogham">Ogham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Chiki_script" title="Ol Chiki script">Ol Chiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Hungarian_script" title="Old Hungarian script">Old Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Italic_scripts" title="Old Italic scripts">Old Italic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Permic_script" title="Old Permic script">Old Permic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Turkic_script" title="Old Turkic script">Orkhon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Uyghur_alphabet" title="Old Uyghur alphabet">Old Uyghur</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_script" title="Mongolian script">Mongolian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evenki_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Evenki alphabet">Evenki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galik_alphabet" title="Galik alphabet">Galik alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_alphabet" title="Manchu alphabet">Manchu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Script" title="Clear Script">Oirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagindra_script" title="Vagindra script">Vagindra</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ol_Onal" title="Ol Onal">Ol Onal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_script" title="Osage script">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osmanya_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmanya script">Osmanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pau_Cin_Hau_script" title="Pau Cin Hau script">Pau Cin Hau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_alphabet" title="Phrygian alphabet">Phrygian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidian_language" title="Pisidian language">Pisidian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_runes" title="Anglo-Saxon runes">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cipher_runes" title="Cipher runes">Cipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalecarlian_runes" title="Dalecarlian runes">Dalecarlian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elder_Futhark" title="Elder Futhark">Elder Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Younger_Futhark" title="Younger Futhark">Younger Futhark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_runic_inscriptions" title="Gothic runic inscriptions">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomannic_runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcomannic runes">Marcomannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_runes" title="Medieval runes">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staveless_runes" title="Staveless runes">Staveless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shavian_alphabet" title="Shavian alphabet">Shavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidetic_language" title="Sidetic language">Sidetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorang_Sompeng_script" title="Sorang Sompeng script">Sorang Sompeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunuwar_alphabet" title="Sunuwar alphabet">Sunuwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tifinagh" title="Tifinagh">Tifinagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todhri_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Todhri script">Todhri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurukh_language#Writing_systems" title="Kurukh language">Tolong Siki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vellara_alphabet" title="Vellara alphabet">Vellara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visible_Speech" title="Visible Speech">Visible Speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithkuqi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Vithkuqi script">Vithkuqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wancho_language#Orthography" title="Wancho language">Wancho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warang_Citi" title="Warang Citi">Warang Citi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_alphabets#Yezidi" title="Kurdish alphabets">Yezidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaghawa_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaghawa script">Zaghawa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Non-linear</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_maritime_signal_flags" title="International maritime signal flags">Maritime flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraph_code" title="Telegraph code">Telegraph code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">Flag semaphore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Ideograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adinkra_symbols" title="Adinkra symbols">Adinkra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_script" title="Aztec script">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blissymbols" title="Blissymbols">Blissymbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dongba_symbols" title="Dongba symbols">Dongba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ersu_Shaba_script" title="Ersu Shaba script">Ersu Shaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emoji" title="Emoji">Emoji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isotype_(picture_language)" title="Isotype (picture language)">Isotype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaid%C4%81_glyphs" title="Kaidā glyphs">Kaidā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mi%EA%9E%8Ckmaw_hieroglyphic_writing" class="mw-redirect" title="Miꞌkmaw hieroglyphic writing">Miꞌkmaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec_writing" title="Mixtec writing">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Epoch_Notation_Painting" class="mw-redirect" title="New Epoch Notation Painting">New Epoch Notation Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nsibidi" title="Nsibidi">Nsibidi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_writing_systems#Ojibwe_"hieroglyphs"" title="Ojibwe writing systems">Ojibwe Hieroglyphs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmec_hieroglyphs" title="Olmec hieroglyphs">Olmec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siglas_poveiras" title="Siglas poveiras">Siglas poveiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testerian" title="Testerian">Testerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerkish" title="Yerkish">Yerkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_script" title="Zapotec script">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Logograms" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Logogram" title="Logogram">Logograms</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_family_of_scripts" title="Chinese family of scripts">Chinese family of scripts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_characters" title="Chinese characters">Chinese characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oracle_bone_script" title="Oracle bone script">Oracle bone script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_bronze_inscriptions" title="Chinese bronze inscriptions">Bronze scripts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seal_script" title="Seal script">Seal script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Large_seal_script" title="Large seal script">large</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_seal_script" title="Small seal script">small</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird-worm_seal_script" title="Bird-worm seal script">bird-worm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanji" title="Kanji">Kanji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%E1%BB%AF_N%C3%B4m" title="Chữ Nôm">Chữ Nôm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawndip" title="Sawndip">Sawndip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowen_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Bowen script">Bowen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Chinese-influenced</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_script" title="Jurchen script">Jurchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_large_script" title="Khitan large script">Khitan large script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sui_script" title="Sui script">Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangut_script" title="Tangut script">Tangut</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Cuneiform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Akkadian cuneiform">Akkadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_cuneiform" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian cuneiform">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elamite_cuneiform" title="Elamite cuneiform">Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hittite_cuneiform" title="Hittite cuneiform">Hittite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform_Luwian" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuneiform Luwian">Luwian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other logosyllabic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_hieroglyphs" title="Anatolian hieroglyphs">Anatolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagam_script" title="Bagam script">Bagam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_hieroglyphs" title="Cretan hieroglyphs">Cretan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmian_script" title="Isthmian script">Isthmian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_script" title="Maya script">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite_script" title="Proto-Elamite script">Proto-Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenevil" title="Tenevil">Tenevil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Classical_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi (Classical)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Logoconsonantal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demotic_(Egyptian)" title="Demotic (Egyptian)">Demotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hieratic" title="Hieratic">Hieratic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_hieroglyphs" title="Egyptian hieroglyphs">Hieroglyphs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Numerals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abjad_numerals" title="Abjad numerals">Abjad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_numerals" title="Attic numerals">Attic (Greek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_numerals" title="Muisca numerals">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_numerals" title="Roman numerals">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sitelen_Pona" title="Sitelen Pona">Sitelen Pona</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Semi-syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Semi-syllabaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-syllabaries">Semi-syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Full</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtiberian_script" title="Celtiberian script">Celtiberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_Iberian_script" title="Northeastern Iberian script">Northeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeastern_Iberian_script" title="Southeastern Iberian script">Southeastern Iberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khom_script_(Ong_Kommadam)" title="Khom script (Ong Kommadam)">Khom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunging_script" title="Dunging script">Dunging</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em">Redundant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Espanca_script" title="Espanca script">Espanca script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahawh_Hmong" title="Pahawh Hmong">Pahawh Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khitan_small_script" title="Khitan small script">Khitan small script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Paleohispanic_script" title="Southwest Paleohispanic script">Southwest Paleohispanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_writing_in_Vietnam#Quốc_Âm_Tân_Tự" title="History of writing in Vietnam">Quốc Âm Tân Tự</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Sign_languages" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">Sign languages</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASLwrite" title="ASLwrite">ASLwrite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SignWriting" title="SignWriting">SignWriting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Si5s" title="Si5s">si5s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokoe_notation" title="Stokoe notation">Stokoe notation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Syllabaries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">Syllabaries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afaka_syllabary" title="Afaka syllabary">Afaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bamum_script" title="Bamum script">Bamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9t%C3%A9_syllabary" title="Bété syllabary">Bété</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byblos_syllabary" title="Byblos syllabary">Byblos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_syllabics" title="Canadian Aboriginal syllabics">Canadian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_syllabary" title="Cherokee syllabary">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_syllabary" title="Cypriot syllabary">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypro-Minoan_syllabary" title="Cypro-Minoan syllabary">Cypro-Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ditema_tsa_Dinoko" title="Ditema tsa Dinoko">Ditema tsa Dinoko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eskayan_script" title="Eskayan script">Eskayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geba_syllabary" title="Geba syllabary">Geba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_Algonquian_syllabics" title="Great Lakes Algonquian syllabics">Great Lakes Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_language#Alphabet" title="Iban language">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idu_script" title="Idu script">Idu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kana" title="Kana">Kana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiragana" title="Hiragana">Hiragana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katakana" title="Katakana">Katakana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%27y%C5%8Dgana" title="Man'yōgana">Man'yōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hentaigana" title="Hentaigana">Hentaigana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dgana" title="Sōgana">Sōgana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindai_moji" title="Jindai moji">Jindai moji</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mende_Kikakui_script" title="Mende Kikakui script">Kikakui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kpelle_syllabary" title="Kpelle syllabary">Kpelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_B" title="Linear B">Linear B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Elamite" title="Linear Elamite">Linear Elamite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisu_language#Lisu_syllabary" title="Lisu language">Lisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loma_language#writing_systems" title="Loma language">Loma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%BCshu" title="Nüshu">Nüshu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nwagu_Aneke_script" title="Nwagu Aneke script">Nwagu Aneke script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian cuneiform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">Sumerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai_syllabary" title="Vai syllabary">Vai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">Woleai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yi_script#Modern_Yi" title="Yi script">Yi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugtun_script" title="Yugtun script">Yugtun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Braille" title="Template:Braille"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Braille" title="Template talk:Braille"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Braille" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Braille"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Braille_⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">Braille</a><span style="padding-left:0.5em;"> </span>⠃⠗⠁⠊⠇⠇⠑</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille cell</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1829_braille" title="1829 braille">1829 braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_uniformity_of_braille_alphabets" title="International uniformity of braille alphabets">International uniformity</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_ASCII" title="Braille ASCII">ASCII braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Patterns" title="Braille Patterns">Unicode braille patterns</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Braille scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:French-ordered_braille_alphabets" title="Category:French-ordered braille alphabets">French-ordered</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Braille" title="Albanian Braille">Albanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azeri_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Azeri Braille">Azerbaijani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Braille" title="Catalan Braille">Catalan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Chinese (mainland Mandarin)</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Czech_Braille" title="Czech Braille">Czech</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Braille" title="Dutch Braille">Dutch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/English_Braille" title="English Braille">English</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unified_English_Braille" title="Unified English Braille">Unified English</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Esperanto_Braille" title="Esperanto Braille">Esperanto</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Braille" title="French Braille">French</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Braille" title="German Braille">German</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_braille" title="Ghanaian braille">Ghanaian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guarani_Braille" title="Guarani Braille">Guarani</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Braille" title="Hawaiian Braille">Hawaiian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Braille" title="Hungarian Braille">Hungarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiaq_Braille" title="Iñupiaq Braille">Iñupiaq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_Braille" title="Irish Braille">Irish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Braille" title="Italian Braille">Italian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Braille" title="Latvian Braille">Latvian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Braille" title="Lithuanian Braille">Lithuanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a> (extended to 8-dot)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Braille" title="Maltese Braille">Maltese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Braille" title="Māori Braille">Māori</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Navajo_Braille" title="Navajo Braille">Navajo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_braille" title="Nigerian braille">Nigerian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Braille" title="Philippine Braille">Philippine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_Braille" title="Polish Braille">Polish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Braille" title="Portuguese Braille">Portuguese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Braille" title="Romanian Braille">Romanian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Braille" title="Samoan Braille">Samoan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Braille" title="Slovak Braille">Slovak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_African_braille" title="South African braille">South African</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Braille" title="Spanish Braille">Spanish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a> (largely reassigned)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Braille" title="Turkish Braille">Turkish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Braille" title="Vietnamese Braille">Vietnamese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Braille" title="Welsh Braille">Welsh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Braille" title="Yugoslav Braille">Yugoslav</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zambian_Braille" title="Zambian Braille">Zambian</a></span></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nordic family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Braille" title="Estonian Braille">Estonian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Braille" title="Faroese Braille">Faroese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Braille" title="Icelandic Braille">Icelandic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_Braille" title="Scandinavian Braille">Scandinavian</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Danish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Finnish</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Greenlandic</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northern_S%C3%A1mi_Braille" title="Northern Sámi Braille">Northern Sámi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Norwegian</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Swedish</span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_alphabets" title="Cyrillic alphabets">Cyrillic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Braille" title="Belarusian Braille">Belarusian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Braille" title="Bulgarian Braille">Bulgarian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Braille" title="Kazakh Braille">Kazakh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Braille" title="Kyrgyz Braille">Kyrgyz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Braille" title="Mongolian Braille">Mongolian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Braille" title="Russian Braille">Russian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tatar_Braille" title="Tatar Braille">Tatar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Braille" title="Ukrainian Braille">Ukrainian</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egyptian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic</a>-mediated scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_Braille" title="Arabic Braille">Arabic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Braille" title="Persian Braille">Persian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (Pakistan)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indian lineage family<br />i.e. <a href="/wiki/Bharati_Braille" title="Bharati Braille">Bharati Braille</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Devanagari_Braille" title="Devanagari Braille">Devanagari (Hindi / Marathi / Nepali)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Braille" title="Bengali Braille">Bengali (Bangla / Assamese)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Braille" title="Gujarati Braille">Gujarati</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kannada_Braille" title="Kannada Braille">Kannada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_Braille" title="Malayalam Braille">Malayalam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Odia_Braille" title="Odia Braille">Odia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Braille" title="Punjabi Braille">Punjabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sinhala_Braille" title="Sinhala Braille">Sinhala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Braille" title="Tamil Braille">Tamil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Braille" title="Telugu Braille">Telugu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Urdu_Braille" title="Urdu Braille">Urdu</a> (India)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other scripts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ge%27ez_Braille" class="mw-redirect" title="Ge'ez Braille">Amharic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Braille" title="Armenian Braille">Armenian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Braille" title="Burmese Braille">Burmese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dzongkha_Braille" title="Dzongkha Braille">Dzongkha</a> (Bhutanese)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Braille" title="Georgian Braille">Georgian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Braille" title="Greek Braille">Greek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_Braille" title="Hebrew Braille">Hebrew</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inuktitut_Braille" title="Inuktitut Braille">Inuktitut</a> (reassigned vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Khmer_Braille" title="Khmer Braille">Khmer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thai_and_Lao_Braille" title="Thai and Lao Braille">Thai and Lao</a> (Japanese vowels)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Braille" title="Tibetan Braille">Tibetan</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reordered</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Braille" title="Algerian Braille">Algerian Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Frequency-based</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Braille" title="American Braille">American Braille</a> (obsolete)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Chinese semi-syllabaries</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_Braille" title="Cantonese Braille">Cantonese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mainland_Chinese_Braille" title="Mainland Chinese Braille">Mainland Chinese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Braille" title="Taiwanese Braille">Taiwanese Mandarin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Two-cell_Chinese_Braille" title="Two-cell Chinese Braille">Two-cell Chinese (Shuangpin)</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Braille" title="Japanese Braille">Japanese</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Braille" title="Korean Braille">Korean</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eight-dot</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Braille" title="Luxembourgish Braille">Luxembourgish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_kanji" title="Braille kanji">Kanji</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (GS8)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols in braille</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_music" title="Braille music">Braille music</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_currency_tactile_feature" title="Canadian currency tactile feature">Canadian currency marks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Computer_Braille_Code" title="Computer Braille Code">Computer Braille Code</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gardner%E2%80%93Salinas_braille_codes" title="Gardner–Salinas braille codes">Gardner–Salinas braille codes</a> (science; GS8/GS6)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nemeth_Braille" title="Nemeth Braille">Nemeth braille code</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Braille_technology" title="Braille technology">Braille technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_e-book" title="Braille e-book">Braille e-book</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_embosser" title="Braille embosser">Braille embosser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_translator" title="Braille translator">Braille translator</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_watch" title="Braille watch">Braille watch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten_Brailler" title="Mountbatten Brailler">Mountbatten Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Optical_braille_recognition" title="Optical braille recognition">Optical braille recognition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perforation" title="Perforation">Perforation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Perkins_Brailler" title="Perkins Brailler">Perkins Brailler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slate_and_stylus" title="Slate and stylus">Slate and stylus</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braigo" title="Braigo">Braigo</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Braille" title="Louis Braille">Louis Braille</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Barbier" title="Charles Barbier">Charles Barbier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3%C5%BCa_Czacka" title="Róża Czacka">Róża Czacka</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Ha%C3%BCy" title="Valentin Haüy">Valentin Haüy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harris_Mowbray" title="Harris Mowbray">Harris Mowbray</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thakur_Vishva_Narain_Singh" title="Thakur Vishva Narain Singh">Thakur Vishva Narain Singh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sabriye_Tenberken" title="Sabriye Tenberken">Sabriye Tenberken</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Bell_Wait" title="William Bell Wait">William Bell Wait</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Institute_of_America" title="Braille Institute of America">Braille Institute of America</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_Without_Borders" title="Braille Without Borders">Braille Without Borders</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japan_Braille_Library" title="Japan Braille Library">Japan Braille Library</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/National_Braille_Association" title="National Braille Association">National Braille Association</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Blindness_organizations" title="Category:Blindness organizations">Blindness organizations</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:Schools_for_the_blind" title="Category:Schools for the blind">Schools for the blind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Printing_House_for_the_Blind" title="American Printing House for the Blind">American Printing House for the Blind</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other <a href="/wiki/Tactile_alphabet" title="Tactile alphabet">tactile alphabets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decapoint" title="Decapoint">Decapoint</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Moon_type" title="Moon type">Moon type</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/New_York_Point" title="New York Point">New York Point</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Night_writing" title="Night writing">Night writing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vibratese" title="Vibratese">Vibratese</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Braille_literacy" title="Braille literacy">Braille literacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/RoboBraille" title="RoboBraille">RoboBraille</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    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