CINXE.COM

Estatika - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea.

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="eu" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Estatika - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea.</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )euwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":[",\t.",".\t,"],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","urtarrila","otsaila","martxoa","apirila","maiatza","ekaina","uztaila","abuztua","iraila","urria","azaroa","abendua"],"wgRequestId":"1d61f00d-9888-453e-92c2-eded02b2bc86","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Estatika","wgTitle":"Estatika","wgCurRevisionId":9883606,"wgRevisionId":9883606,"wgArticleId":296958,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia:Kanpo esteka hautsiak dituzten orri guztiak","Txantiloi batean data parametro ez-egokia duten artikuluak","Betiko hautsitako kanpo estekak dituzten artikuluak","Hezkuntza Programako artikuluak","Hezkuntza Programa/Fisika eta Kimika","Wikipedia:BNF identifikatzailea duten artikuluak","Wikipedia:LCCN identifikatzailea duten artikuluak","Wikipedia:AAT identifikatzailea duten artikuluak","Wikipedia:Kanpo esteka hautsiak dituzten orriak from maiatza 2022", "Estatika","Mekanika"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"eu","wgPageContentLanguage":"eu","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Estatika","wgRelevantArticleId":296958,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"eu","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"eu"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q169019", "wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.math.styles":"ready","ext.categoryTree.styles":"ready","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.categoryTree","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site", "mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ErrefAurrebista","ext.gadget.UkensKonkurranse","ext.gadget.TxikipediaTab","ext.gadget.ArtikuluenKalitatea","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=eu&amp;modules=ext.categoryTree.styles%7Cext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=eu&amp;modules=startup&amp;only=scripts&amp;raw=1&amp;skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=eu&amp;modules=site.styles&amp;only=styles&amp;skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Estatika - Wikipedia, entziklopedia askea."> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//eu.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatika"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Aldatu" href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (eu)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//eu.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estatika"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.eu"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom Jarioa" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:AzkenAldaketak&amp;feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Estatika rootpage-Estatika skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Edukira joan</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Menu nagusia" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Menu nagusia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu nagusia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nabigazioa </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azala" title="Azala bisitatu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page&#039;s font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&amp;returnto=Estatika" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&amp;returnto=Estatika" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&amp;utm_medium=sidebar&amp;utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&amp;uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&amp;returnto=Estatika" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&amp;returnto=Estatika" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Orekaren_azterketa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orekaren_azterketa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Orekaren azterketa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orekaren_azterketa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oinarrizko_kontzeptuak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oinarrizko_kontzeptuak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Oinarrizko kontzeptuak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oinarrizko_kontzeptuak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Oinarrizko kontzeptuak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oinarrizko_kontzeptuak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Solido_zurruna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solido_zurruna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Solido zurruna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solido_zurruna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solido_deformagarria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solido_deformagarria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Solido deformagarria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solido_deformagarria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indarra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indarra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Indarra</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indarra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Momentua" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Momentua"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Momentua</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Momentua-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Varignonen_teorema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Varignonen_teorema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Varignonen teorema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Varignonen_teorema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gorputz_zurrun_baten_askatasun_graduak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gorputz_zurrun_baten_askatasun_graduak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Gorputz zurrun baten askatasun graduak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gorputz_zurrun_baten_askatasun_graduak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Axiomak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Axiomak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Axiomak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Axiomak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Solidoen_arteko_loturak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Solidoen_arteko_loturak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Solidoen arteko loturak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Solidoen_arteko_loturak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ebaketa_printzipioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ebaketa_printzipioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Ebaketa printzipioa</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ebaketa_printzipioa-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Ebaketa printzipioa azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ebaketa_printzipioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Barne_esfortzuen_diagramak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barne_esfortzuen_diagramak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Barne esfortzuen diagramak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barne_esfortzuen_diagramak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hidrostatika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hidrostatika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Hidrostatika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hidrostatika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Estatika</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 69 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-69" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">69 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statik_(Physik)" title="Statik (Physik) – Suitzako alemana" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Statik (Physik)" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Suitzako alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%83%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سكونيات – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سكونيات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1tica_(mec%C3%A1nica)" title="Estática (mecánica) – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Estática (mecánica)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statika" title="Statika – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Statika" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="ایستاتیک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایستاتیک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statik" title="Statik – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Statik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статыка – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Статыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статика – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Статика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE" title="স্থিতিবিদ্যা – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্থিতিবিদ্যা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statika" title="Statika – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Statika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A0tica" title="Estàtica – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estàtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statika" title="Statika – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Statika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статика – txuvaxera" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Статика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="txuvaxera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statik" title="Statik – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Statik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="artikulu onak"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statik_starrer_K%C3%B6rper" title="Statik starrer Körper – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Statik starrer Körper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Στατική – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Στατική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statics" title="Statics – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Statics" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statiko" title="Statiko – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Statiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1tica_(mec%C3%A1nica)" title="Estática (mecánica) – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estática (mecánica)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staatika" title="Staatika – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Staatika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="ایستایی – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایستایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statiikka" title="Statiikka – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Statiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statique_(m%C3%A9canique)" title="Statique (mécanique) – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Statique (mécanique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%98%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="סטטיקה – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטטיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80" title="स्थैतिकी – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्थैतिकी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statika" title="Statika – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Statika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statik" title="Statik – Haitiko kreolera" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Statik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitiko kreolera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statika" title="Statika – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Statika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1" title="Ստատիկա – armeniera" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ստատիկա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statika" title="Statika – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Statika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statiko" title="Statiko – idoa" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Statiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="idoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bur%C3%B0ar%C3%BEolsfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Burðarþolsfræði – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Burðarþolsfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statica" title="Statica – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Statica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="静力学 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="静力学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="სტატიკა – georgiera" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სტატიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статика – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Статика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%91%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%85" title="ស្តាទិច – khemerera" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ស្តាទិច" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="khemerera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%95%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99" title="정역학 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="정역학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stat%C3%AEk" title="Statîk – kurduera" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Statîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статика – kirgizera" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Статика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgizera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statika" title="Statika – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Statika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statika" title="Statika – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Statika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статика – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Статика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%82" title="സ്ഥിതികം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="സ്ഥിതികം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statik" title="Statik – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Statik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statica" title="Statica – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Statica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statikk" title="Statikk – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Statikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statikk" title="Statikk – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Statikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statyka" title="Statyka – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Statyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/St%C3%A0tica" title="Stàtica – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Stàtica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Est%C3%A1tica" title="Estática – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Estática" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Static%C4%83" title="Statică – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Statică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статика – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Статика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statika" title="Statika – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Statika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AE%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA" title="ස්ථිතිකය – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ස්ථිතිකය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statika" title="Statika – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Statika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statika" title="Statika – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Statika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statika" title="Statika – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Statika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статика – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Статика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statik" title="Statik – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Statik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="நிலையியல் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நிலையியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สถิตยศาสตร์ – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สถิตยศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statik" title="Statik – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Statik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Статика – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Статика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="سکونیات – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سکونیات" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%A9nh_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Tĩnh học – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tĩnh học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="静力学 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="静力学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="静力学 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="静力学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9D%9C%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="靜力學 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="靜力學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169019#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Estatika" title="Eduki orrialdea ikusi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Artikulua</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Eztabaida:Estatika" rel="discussion" title="Artikuluari buruzko eztabaida [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Aldatu hizkuntza aldaera" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">euskara</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Ikusketak"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Estatika"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=history" title="Artikulu honen aurreko bertsioak. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresnak" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresnak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tresnak</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Ekintzak </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Estatika"><span>Irakurri</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;veaction=edit" title="Orri hau aldatu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Aldatu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=edit" title="Idatzi orri honen iturburu kodea [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=history"><span>Ikusi historia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Orokorra </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:ZerkLotzenDuHona/Estatika" title="Orri honetaranzko esteka duten wiki orri guztien zerrenda [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Honanzko esteka duten orriak</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:RecentChangesLinked/Estatika" rel="nofollow" title="Orri honetatik esteka duten orrietako azken aldaketak [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Lotutako orrietako aldaketak</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=eu" title="Irudiak edo media fitxategiak igo [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Fitxategia igo</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:OrrialdeBereziak" title="Orri berezi guztien zerrenda [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Orri bereziak</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;oldid=9883606" title="Orriaren bertsio honetaranzko esteka iraunkorra"><span>Lotura iraunkorra</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=info" title="Orrialde honi buruzko informazio gehiago"><span>Orri honen datuak</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:CiteThisPage&amp;page=Estatika&amp;id=9883606&amp;wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Orri honen aipua egiteko moduari buruzko informazioa"><span>Artikulu hau aipatu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:UrlShortener&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEstatika"><span>URL laburra lortu</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:QrCode&amp;url=https%3A%2F%2Feu.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FEstatika"><span>QR kodea jaitsi</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Inprimatu/esportatu </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:Book&amp;bookcmd=book_creator&amp;referer=Estatika"><span>Liburu bat sortu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:DownloadAsPdf&amp;page=Estatika&amp;action=show-download-screen"><span>Deskargatu PDF formatuan</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;printable=yes" title="Orrialde honen bertsio inprimagarria [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Inprimatzeko bertsioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Beste proiektuetan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Particle_equilibrium" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q169019" title="Datuen biltegi elementu batera lotuta [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata itema</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Itxura</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-2-HezkuntzaPrograma" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza" title="Artikulu hau &quot;Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat&quot; proiektuaren parte da"><img alt="Artikulu hau &quot;Kalitatezko 2.000 artikulu 12-16 urteko ikasleentzat&quot; proiektuaren parte da" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/19px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/28px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png/38px-Hezkuntza_Programa_12-16_ikonoa.png 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="794" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Wikipedia, Entziklopedia askea</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="eu" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236167">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9235570">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9249993">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:#f8f9fa;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:720px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Artikulu sorta honen partea:</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="padding-left:0.9em;padding-right:0.9em;"><a href="/wiki/Mekanika_klasiko" title="Mekanika klasiko">Mekanika klasikoa</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}=m{\boldsymbol {a}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">F</mi> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="bold-italic">a</mi> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}=m{\boldsymbol {a}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a0e889207254cfbfab613b8beba214f5e4d2430d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.49ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {F}}=m{\boldsymbol {a}}}"></span><div class="sidebar-caption" style="font-size:90%;padding:0.6em 0;font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Newtonen_legeak" title="Newtonen legeak">Newtonen legeak</a></div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddf; display:block;margin-bottom:1.0em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mekanika_klasikoaren_historia" title="Mekanika klasikoaren historia">Historia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekanika_Klasikoaren_kronologia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekanika Klasikoaren kronologia">Kronologia</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;">Adarrak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mekanika_aplikatua" title="Mekanika aplikatua">Aplikatua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinamika" title="Dinamika">Dinamika</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Estatika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeruko_mekanika" title="Zeruko mekanika">Zerukoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zinematika" title="Zinematika">Zinematika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medio_jarraituen_mekanika" title="Medio jarraituen mekanika">Medio jarraituak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zinetika_(fisika)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zinetika (fisika) (sortu gabe)">Zinetika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisika_estatistiko&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisika estatistiko (sortu gabe)">Estatistikoa</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;">Oinarriak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiadura" title="Abiadura">Abiadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azelerazio" title="Azelerazio">Azelerazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiadura-modulu" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiadura-modulu">Abiadura-modulua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulkada_(fisika)" title="Bulkada (fisika)">Bulkada</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=D%27Alembert-en_printzipioa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="D&#39;Alembert-en printzipioa (sortu gabe)">D'Alembert-en printzipioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denbora" title="Denbora">Denbora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia" title="Energia">Energia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energia_potentzial" title="Energia potentzial">potentziala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energia_zinetiko" title="Energia zinetiko">zinetikoa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema" title="Erreferentzia-sistema">Erreferentzia-sistema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema_inertzial" title="Erreferentzia-sistema inertzial">Erreferentzia-sistema inertziala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema_ez-inertzial" title="Erreferentzia-sistema ez-inertzial">Erreferentzia-sistema ez-inertziala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espazio" title="Espazio">Espazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indar-pare" title="Indar-pare">Indar-parea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indar" title="Indar">Indarra</a></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Inertzia" title="Inertzia">Inertzia</a>&#160;/&#32;<a href="/wiki/Inertzia-momentu" title="Inertzia-momentu">Inertzia-momentua</a></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan_(fisika)" title="Lan (fisika)">Lana</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lan_birtual&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Lan birtual (sortu gabe)">Lan birtuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">Masa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Momentu_(fisika)&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Momentu (fisika) (sortu gabe)">Momentua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momentu_angeluar" title="Momentu angeluar">Momentu angeluarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Momentu_lineal" title="Momentu lineal">Momentu lineala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potentzia" title="Potentzia">Potentzia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torke" class="mw-redirect" title="Torke">Torkea</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;">Zientzialariak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiaan_Huygens" title="Christiaan Huygens">Huygens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Newton" title="Isaac Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Kepler</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeremiah_Horrocks&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Jeremiah Horrocks (sortu gabe)">Horrocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Euler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_le_Rond_d%27Alembert" title="Jean le Rond d&#39;Alembert">d'Alembert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Clairaut" title="Alexis Clairaut">Clairaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Lagrange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Simon_Laplace" title="Pierre-Simon Laplace">Laplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rowan_Hamilton" title="William Rowan Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Denis_Poisson" title="Siméon Denis Poisson">Poisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Daniel Bernoulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Bernoulli" title="Johann Bernoulli">Johann Bernoulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustin-Louis_Cauchy" title="Augustin-Louis Cauchy">Cauchy</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;">Muinekoak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibrazio" title="Bibrazio">Bibrazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desplazamendu_(fisika)" title="Desplazamendu (fisika)">Desplazamendua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema" title="Erreferentzia-sistema">Erreferentzia-sistema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema_inertzial" title="Erreferentzia-sistema inertzial">Erreferentzia-sistema inertziala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema_ez-inertzial" title="Erreferentzia-sistema ez-inertzial">Erreferentzia-sistema ez-inertziala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorputz_zurrun" title="Gorputz zurrun">Gorputz zurruna</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eulerren_ekuazio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eulerren ekuazio (sortu gabe)">Eulerren ekuazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Solido_zurrunaren_mekanika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Solido zurrunaren mekanika (sortu gabe)">Solido zurrunaren mekanika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grabitazio_unibertsalaren_legea" title="Grabitazio unibertsalaren legea"><span style="white-space: normal;">Grabitazio unibertsalaren legea</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higidura_zuzen" title="Higidura zuzen">Higidura zuzena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higidura" title="Higidura">Higidura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marruskadura-indar" title="Marruskadura-indar">Marruskadura-indarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtonen_legeak" title="Newtonen legeak">Newtonen legeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osziladore_harmoniko" title="Osziladore harmoniko">Osziladore harmonikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moteltze&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Moteltze (sortu gabe)">Moteltze</a>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Moteltze_ratio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Moteltze ratio (sortu gabe)">Moteltze ratio</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Higiduraren_ekuazio&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Higiduraren ekuazio (sortu gabe)">Higiduraren ekuazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Eulerren_higiduraren_legeak&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Eulerren higiduraren legeak (sortu gabe)"><span style="white-space: normal;">Eulerren higiduraren legeak</span></a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Itxurazko_indar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Itxurazko indar (sortu gabe)">Itxurazko indarra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Partikula_planarraren_higadura-mekanika&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Partikula planarraren higadura-mekanika (sortu gabe)">Partikula planarraren higadura-mekanika</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Abiadura_erlatibo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Abiadura erlatibo (sortu gabe)">Abiadura erlatiboa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higidura_harmoniko_sinple" title="Higidura harmoniko sinple">Higidura harmoniko sinple</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Biraketa-ardatz" title="Biraketa-ardatz">Biraketa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiadura_angeluar" title="Abiadura angeluar">Abiadura angeluarra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiadura" title="Abiadura">Abiadura tangentziala</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azelerazio_angeluar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Azelerazio angeluar (sortu gabe)">Azelerazio angeluarra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Biraketa-abiadura&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Biraketa-abiadura (sortu gabe)">Biraketa-abiadura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coriolis_efektua" title="Coriolis efektua">Coriolis efektua</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Desplazamendu_angeluar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Desplazamendu angeluar (sortu gabe)">Desplazamendua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erreferentzia-sistema" title="Erreferentzia-sistema">Erreferentzia-sistema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higidura_zirkular" title="Higidura zirkular">Higidura zirkular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indar_zentripetu" title="Indar zentripetu">Indar zentripetu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indar_zentrifugo" title="Indar zentrifugo">Indar zentrifugo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maiztasun_angeluar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Maiztasun angeluar (sortu gabe)">Maiztasuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendulu_(matematika)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendulu (matematika)">Pendulua</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;">Formulazioak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newtonen_legeak" title="Newtonen legeak">Newtonen legeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekanika_analitiko" title="Mekanika analitiko">Mekanika analitikoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagrangeren_mekanika" title="Lagrangeren mekanika">Mekanika Lagrangiar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mekanika_Hamiltoniar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mekanika Hamiltoniar (sortu gabe)">Mekanika Hamiltoniar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mekanika_Routhiar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Mekanika Routhiar (sortu gabe)">Mekanika Routhiar</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamilton%E2%80%93Jacobi_ekuazioa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hamilton–Jacobi ekuazioa (sortu gabe)">Hamilton–Jacobi ekuazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Appellen_higidura-ekuazioa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Appellen higidura-ekuazioa (sortu gabe)">Appellen higidura-ekuazioa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koopman%E2%80%93von_Neumann_mekanika_klasiko&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Koopman–von Neumann mekanika klasiko (sortu gabe)">Koopman–von Neumann mekanika</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf;text-align:center;">Kategoriak</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.35em;"><div class="hlist"><div class="CategoryTreeTag" data-ct-options="{&quot;mode&quot;:0,&quot;hideprefix&quot;:20,&quot;showcount&quot;:false,&quot;namespaces&quot;:false,&quot;notranslations&quot;:false}"><div class="CategoryTreeSection"><div class="CategoryTreeItem"><span class="CategoryTreeBullet"><a class="CategoryTreeToggle" data-ct-title="Mekanika_klasikoa" aria-expanded="false"></a> </span> <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Mekanika_klasikoa" title="Kategoria:Mekanika klasikoa">Mekanika klasikoa</a></bdi></div><div class="CategoryTreeChildren" style="display:none"></div></div></div> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0.15em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9235565">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-ikusi"><a href="/wiki/Txantiloi:Mekanika_klasikoa" title="Txantiloi:Mekanika klasikoa"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau ikusi">i</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-eztabaida"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi_eztabaida:Mekanika_klasikoa&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Txantiloi eztabaida:Mekanika klasikoa (sortu gabe)"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau eztabaidatu">e</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-aldatu"><a class="external text" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Txantiloi:Mekanika_klasikoa&amp;action=edit"><abbr title="Txantiloi hau aldatu">a</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><b>Estatika</b> <a href="/wiki/Oreka_mekaniko" title="Oreka mekaniko">oreka estatikoan</a> dauden sistema fisikoetako kargak (<a href="/wiki/Indar" title="Indar">indarrak</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Indar_momentu" title="Indar momentu">momentuak</a>) aztertzeaz arduratzen den <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_klasiko" title="Mekanika klasiko">mekanika klasikoko</a> adar bat da. Sistema bat oreka estatikoan egongo da baldin eta sistemako azpisistemen posizio erlatiboak denboran zehar aldatzen ez badira. Hau horrela izango da indar guztien baturaren erresultantea eta momentu guztien baturaren erresultantea zero direnean. Estatika aztertzerakoan, sistemaren <a href="/wiki/Azelerazio" title="Azelerazio">azelerazioa</a> nulua izan beharko da (a=0), sistema atsedenaldi/geldialdi egoeran egonez edo honen <a href="/wiki/Masa_zentro" class="mw-redirect" title="Masa zentro">masa zentroa</a> abiadura konstantean mugituz. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Newtonen_legeak#Newtonen_bigarren_legea_edo_Indarraren_legea" title="Newtonen legeak">Newtonen bigarren legea</a> sistema batean aplikatzerakoan honakoa lortzen da: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}=m{\textbf {a}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext mathvariant="bold">F</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext mathvariant="bold">a</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}=m{\textbf {a}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/407b5ff4426df509faccc60e389708981f2f864a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.121ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}=m{\textbf {a}}}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Non <i>F</i> sistemaren gainean aplikaturiko indarren batura bektoriala den, <i>m</i> sistema horren <a href="/wiki/Masa" title="Masa">masa</a> den eta <i>a</i> sistemaren azelerazioa. Ekuazioan lodiz agertzen diren magnitudeak, <i>F</i> eta <i>a</i>, magnitudea eta norantza ezberdinak dituzten <a href="/wiki/Bektore_(matematika)" title="Bektore (matematika)">bektoreak</a> dira. Oreka estatikoan dagoen sistemaren azelerazioa zero delaren hipotesiarekin honakoa lortzen da: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}=0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext mathvariant="bold">F</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}=0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6ece68e961c8b3af8e2989e18daede01691e7f7f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.944ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textbf {F}}=0}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Sisteman aurkitzen diren kanpo indarren eta erreakzio indarren erresultanteak indar ezezaguna ezagutzea ahalbidetzen du. Sistemaren azelerazioa zero delako hipotesia sisteman agertzen diren momentuen erresultantean aplikatuz: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\textbf {M}}=I\alpha =0}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mtext mathvariant="bold">M</mtext> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mi>I</mi> <mi>&#x03B1;<!-- α --></mi> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\textbf {M}}=I\alpha =0}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a4b28e72ec4240e3fd75fccaacb5a6ffdc0d3af5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:12.556ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\textbf {M}}=I\alpha =0}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Non <i>M</i> sisteman agertzen diren momentu guztien batuketa den, <i>I</i> sistemaren masaren <a href="/wiki/Inertzia-momentu" title="Inertzia-momentu">inertzia-momentua</a> den eta α = 0 sistemaren <a href="/w/index.php?title=Azelerazio_angeluar&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Azelerazio angeluar (sortu gabe)">azelerazio angeluarra</a>. Sisteman aurkitzen diren momentuen erresultanteak indar edo/eta momentu ezezaguna ezagutzea ahalbidetzen du. Indarren erresultantea berdin zero izateari <i>orekaren lehenengo baldintza</i> deitzen zaio, eta momentuen erresultantea berdin zero izateari <i>orekaren bigarren baldintza</i>. Sistemaren erreakzio ezezagunak ezagutzeko orekaren baldintza horiek ez badira nahikoak, sistema <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiperestatiko&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiperestatiko (sortu gabe)">hiperestatikoa</a> dela esaten da, eta hau ebazteko habeen <a href="/wiki/Deformazio" title="Deformazio">deformazioen</a> ekuazioekin ere lan egin beharko da. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Orekaren_azterketa">Orekaren azterketa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Orekaren azterketa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=1" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Orekaren azterketa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Frame"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Beam_in_static_equilibrium2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Beam_in_static_equilibrium2.svg/220px-Beam_in_static_equilibrium2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Beam_in_static_equilibrium2.svg/330px-Beam_in_static_equilibrium2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Beam_in_static_equilibrium2.svg/440px-Beam_in_static_equilibrium2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="220" data-file-height="250" /></a><figcaption>Habe isostatiko baten oreka estatikoaren adibidea. Honen gaineko indar eta momentuen batura zero da.</figcaption></figure> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Oreka_mekaniko" title="Oreka mekaniko">Oreka mekaniko</a>»</div> <p>Sistema <b>isostatiko</b> bat aztertzeko eta ebazteko nahikoa da estatikaren oreka baldintzak aplikatzea: </p> <ol><li>Sisteman agertzen diren kanpo indar eta erreakzio indarren erresultantea nulua da.</li> <li>Sistemaren edozein punturekiko momentuen erresultantea nulua da.</li></ol> <p>Bi baldintzak <a href="/wiki/Aljebra" title="Aljebra">aljebra</a> bektorialaren bidez ekuazio sistema batean bihurtzen dira, oreka baldintzaren ebazpena baimentzen duena erreakzio ezezagunak kalkulatuz. Ekuazio sistemak izan zezaketen konplexutasuna zela eta, arazo isostatiko hauen ebazpenerako badira <a href="/wiki/Geometria" title="Geometria">geometriaz</a> baliatzen diren metodo grafiko batzuk, antzinatik eratorritakoak. Gaur egun gehien hedatu eta zabaldu den metodoa ordenagailu bidezko kalkulu ebazpena da. </p><p>Sistema <b>hiperestatiko</b> bat aztertzeko ez dira nahikoak estatikako oreka baldintzak, sistema honen erreakzio kopurua orekako ekuazio kopurua baino handiagoa baita, ekuazio sistema modu horretan ebazteko ezinezkoa izanez. Gorputz <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiperestatiko&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiperestatiko (sortu gabe)">hiperestatikoak</a> ebazteko oreka baldintzen ekuazioez aparte bateragarritasun ekuazioak beharko dira, hau da, gorputzaren gaineko indarren ondoriozko deformazioen ekuazioak. Bateragarritasun ekuazioak <a href="/wiki/Materialen_erresistentzia" title="Materialen erresistentzia">materialen erresistentzia</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Elastikotasun_(fisika)" title="Elastikotasun (fisika)">elastikotasun (fisika)aren</a> adarraren bitartez lortutako <a href="/wiki/Deformazio" title="Deformazio">deformazio</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Tentsio" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Tentsio">tentsioak</a> erabiliz osatuko dira, <a href="/wiki/Solido_deformagarrien_mekanika" title="Solido deformagarrien mekanika">solido deformagarrien mekanikako</a> metodoekin eskuratutakoak, solidoen deformatzeko joera eta hauen barneko efektuak aztertzen dituen solido zurrunaren mekanikaren hedapen bat dena. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oinarrizko_kontzeptuak">Oinarrizko kontzeptuak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Oinarrizko kontzeptuak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=2" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Oinarrizko kontzeptuak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estatikan murgiltzeko oinarrizko terminologia bat ezagutzea funtsezkoa izango da. Batez ere menperatu beharko diren kontzeptuak solido zurruna, inertzi momentua eta askatasun graduak dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solido_zurruna">Solido zurruna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Solido zurruna»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=3" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Solido zurruna"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Solido_zurrun" class="mw-redirect" title="Solido zurrun">Solido zurruna</a> honen gainean aplikaturiko indarren ondorioz deformaziorik jasaten ez duen gorputz teorikoa da. Errealitatean solido zurruna ez da existitzen gorputz guztiek <a href="/wiki/Zurruntasun" title="Zurruntasun">zurruntasun</a> konkretu bat dutelako, bere materialaren eta geometriaren (azaleraren) araberakoa izango dena, gorputzetan aplikaturiko kargen (indar eta momentuen) ondorioz <a href="/wiki/Deformazio" title="Deformazio">deformazioak</a> ageriz. Arazo praktiko askotan, berriz, deformazio hauek mesprezagarriak dira oso txikiak direlako, egitura solido zurrun bat balitz kalkulatuz emaitza onargarriak lortzen direlako.<sup id="cite_ref-ugutz_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ugutz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dietmar_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dietmar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dinamika" title="Dinamika">Dinamikan</a> ere erabili daiteke hipotesi hau gorputzetan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Solido_deformagarria">Solido deformagarria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Solido deformagarria»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=4" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Solido deformagarria"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Solido_deformagarrien_mekanika" title="Solido deformagarrien mekanika">Solido deformagarrien mekanika</a>»</div> <p>Arazo praktiko askotan, adibidez, egitura <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiperestatiko&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiperestatiko (sortu gabe)">hiperestatikoen</a> kasuan, arazoaren azterketa eta ebazpen aproposa egiteko egitura solido deformagarritzat hartu beharko da, solido zurruna izan beharrean. Era horretan bateragarritasun ekuazioak aplikatu ahalko dira. Solido deformagarriaren estatika aztertzerakoan hurrengo ekuazioa oinarrizkoa izango da: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F=K\cdot \delta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>F</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>K</mi> <mo>&#x22C5;<!-- ⋅ --></mo> <mi>&#x03B4;<!-- δ --></mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F=K\cdot \delta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/954b1f49e8eeed9f02b08c1daee5bf5646519d40" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:9.633ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F=K\cdot \delta }"></span></dd></dl> <p>Non <i>F</i> sistemaren kanpo indarren eta erreakzio indarren <a href="/wiki/Bektore_(matematika)" title="Bektore (matematika)">bektore</a> erresultantea den, <i>K</i> materialaren eta geometriaren araberako egituraren zurruntasuna (ikusi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Zurruntasun_matrize&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Zurruntasun matrize (sortu gabe)">zurruntasun matrize</a>) eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \delta }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>&#x03B4;<!-- δ --></mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \delta }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c5321cfa797202b3e1f8620663ff43c4660ea03a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.049ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \delta }"></span> deformazioaren gezia den (bektore moduan).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indarra">Indarra</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Indarra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=5" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Indarra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Indar" title="Indar">Indar</a>»</div> <p>Indarra gorputz baten geldialdia edo higidura perturbatu dezakeen magnitude fisikoa da, gorputz horrek duen <a href="/wiki/Abiadura" title="Abiadura">abiadura</a> bektorearen modulua edo/eta norabidea aldatuz, eta beraz, <a href="/wiki/Azelerazio" title="Azelerazio">azelerazioa</a> emanez. <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_klasiko" title="Mekanika klasiko">Mekanika klasikoan</a> izan diren indar garrantzitsuenetariko bi <a href="/wiki/Grabitate_indar" class="mw-redirect" title="Grabitate indar">grabitate indarra</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Marruskadura_indar" class="mw-redirect" title="Marruskadura indar">marruskadura indara</a> dira, azken honek <a href="/wiki/Marruskadura_indar#Marruskadura_estatikoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Marruskadura indar">marruskadura estatikoa</a> barneratzen duena. <i>F</i> izaten da bere ikurra testu gehienetan. Indarrak <a href="/wiki/Bektore_(matematika)" title="Bektore (matematika)">bektoreak</a> dira, bakoitza bere aplikazio puntu, norabide, norantza eta moduluarekin, eta mekanikoki modelatzerakoan gezi moduan irudikatzen dira, hurrengoko zehaztapenen arabera: <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gross_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross-9"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>Indarraren modulua geziaren luzerarekin.</li> <li>Aplikazio puntua geziaren puntaren edo oinaren kokapenarekin.</li> <li>Bere norabide edo akzio lerroarekin, normalean irudikatzen ez dena. Geziaren oin eta punta zeharkatzen duen lerroa da.</li> <li>Norantza irudikatutako geziaren berezko norantzarekin.</li></ol> <p>Batzuetan akzio lerroa eta aplikazio puntua laburbil daitezke.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Solido zurrunaren estatikan indar ezberdinen bektoreak bakoitzaren akzio lerrotik desplaza daitezke, beti ere hauen aplikazio puntua solido zurrunaren barnean kokatuta badago. Indarra, beraz, <i>bektore lineal aldakorra</i> edo <i>bektore labainkorra</i> da (transmisibilitate teorema). </p><p>Indarrak mekanismotik garatzen dira hurrengoko sailkapen eta irizpideen arabera:<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Aplikazio edo distribuzioaren arabera: <ul><li><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:DifferentStaticLoadings.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/DifferentStaticLoadings.svg/300px-DifferentStaticLoadings.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/DifferentStaticLoadings.svg/450px-DifferentStaticLoadings.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/DifferentStaticLoadings.svg/600px-DifferentStaticLoadings.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="222" /></a><figcaption>Habe batean aplikaturiko karga ezberdinak</figcaption></figure> <b>Karga puntualak</b> edo <b>indar puntualak</b> indar hori gorputzaren puntu bakar batean kontzentraturik dagoela esan nahi du. <a href="/wiki/Indar_momentu" title="Indar momentu">Mmomentu</a> bat gorputzaren puntu bakar batean kontzentraturik dagoenean ere karga puntuala da. Hau idealizazio bat da, teorian eman daitezkeen kasuak baina errealitatean existitzen ez direnak. Karga errealek gorputzaren azalera edo bolumen konkretu batean zehar eragiten dute beti. Adibide ohiko bat <a href="/wiki/Grabitate_indar" class="mw-redirect" title="Grabitate indar">grabitate indarra</a> da, gorputzaren bolumen osotik hedatuta dagoena baina gorputzaren <a href="/wiki/Masa_zentro" class="mw-redirect" title="Masa zentro">masa zentroan</a> aurkitzen den indar puntual moduan irudikatzen dena. Kasu honetan indarraren unitatea <a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_Unitate_Sistema" title="Nazioarteko Unitate Sistema">Nazioarteko Unitate Sistemaren</a> arabera <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [N]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [N]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/82c5c29e2a04165395b2e0896d9425fd0039fc8b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:3.357ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [N]}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Newton" class="mw-disambig" title="Newton">Newton</a> da.</li> <li><b>Indar banatuak</b>, askotan <i>q</i> ikurrarekin izendatuak. Egituraren lerro batean zehar uniformeki edo geometrikoki banatutako indarrak izan daitezke (errealitatera gertura daitekeen idealizazio bat da), unitatea kasu honetan <a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_Unitate_Sistema" title="Nazioarteko Unitate Sistema">Nazioarteko Unitate Sistemaren</a> arabera <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [N/m]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mi>m</mi> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [N/m]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/abee792d87b945f82f92b06de68624e835c52cdb" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.56ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [N/m]}"></span> <a href="/wiki/Newton" class="mw-disambig" title="Newton">Newton</a> zati <a href="/wiki/Metro" title="Metro">metro</a> dira. Azalera baten zehar banatuta badago indar hori, adibidez haizeak eraikin baten hormetan eragiten duen indar banatuaren kasuan edo biltegi batek biltegiratzen duen fluidoaren ondorioz honen hormetan sumatzen duen <a href="/wiki/Konpresio_indar" class="mw-redirect" title="Konpresio indar">konpresio indarraren</a> kasuan, unitatea <a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_Unitate_Sistema" title="Nazioarteko Unitate Sistema">NUSren</a> arabera <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [N/m^{2}]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [N/m^{2}]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f9ae2ac1d2e965f6241ce0dc0ed69144e22518c8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.614ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [N/m^{2}]}"></span> Newton zati <a href="/wiki/Metro_karratu" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro karratu">metro karratu</a> dira. Bolumen baten zehar banatuta egotekotan (gorputz baten pisua) unitatea <a href="/wiki/Nazioarteko_Unitate_Sistema" title="Nazioarteko Unitate Sistema">NUSren</a> arabera <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle [N/m^{3}]}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">[</mo> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <msup> <mi>m</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>3</mn> </mrow> </msup> <mo stretchy="false">]</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle [N/m^{3}]}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5aa707af96d44a2855c241ac8bdc07c592bc0af7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.614ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle [N/m^{3}]}"></span> Newton zati <a href="/wiki/Metro_kubiko" title="Metro kubiko">metro kubiko</a> dira.</li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li>Aplikazio lekuaren arabera: <ul><li>Indar <b>aplikatuak</b> sistemaren gainean aplikazio puntu batean edota lerro/azalera/bolumen batean banaturik aplikatu direnak dira.</li> <li><b>Erreakzio indarrak</b> edo <b>lotura indarrak</b> agertuko dira bi solidoen arteko loturan, hauen artean transmititzen dituztelako sistema mekanikoan aplikatu diren kargak. Estatikaren azterketa egiterakoan solido bakoitza bere aldetik isolatu eta banandurik aztertuko da.</li> <li><b>Esfortzuak</b> edo <b>barne indarrak</b>: gorputzaren gainean aplikaturiko indarrak gorputzaren barnetik transmititzen dira modu honetan. Hauen azterketa egiteko gorputza birtualki moztu behar da, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esfortzu_axial&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Esfortzu axial (sortu gabe)">esfortzu axiala</a> edo normala edo horizontala (orokorrean <i>N</i> ikurrarekin ordezkatua), <a href="/wiki/Esfortzu_ebakitzaile" class="mw-redirect" title="Esfortzu ebakitzaile">esfortzu ebakitzailea</a> edo bertikala (orokorrean <i>V</i> ikurrarekin ordezkatua), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Momentu_makurtzaile&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Momentu makurtzaile (sortu gabe)">momentu makurtzailea</a> (<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{x}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{x}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1ffb6beda78e4e8a06810b7923be306ef5376c3b" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.427ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{x}}"></span> edo <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{y}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{y}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/936c1c1f3ee6035f28570f3181198c849b0829b7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:3.303ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{y}}"></span>) eta <a href="/wiki/Bihurdura_(mekanika)" title="Bihurdura (mekanika)">momentu bihurtzailea</a> <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{T}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>T</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{T}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ab3cc08e080f6c340e5fbb3f38f1c04686bc1080" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.643ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{T}}"></span> aztertutako gorputza tridimentsionala bada.<sup id="cite_ref-Dietmar_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dietmar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Momentua">Momentua</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Momentua»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=6" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Momentua"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Kraeftepaar1.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kraeftepaar1.svg/180px-Kraeftepaar1.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kraeftepaar1.svg/270px-Kraeftepaar1.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Kraeftepaar1.svg/360px-Kraeftepaar1.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption><i>A</i> puntuarekiko <i>F</i> indarrak sortzen duen momentua</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Kraeftepaar2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kraeftepaar2.svg/180px-Kraeftepaar2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kraeftepaar2.svg/270px-Kraeftepaar2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Kraeftepaar2.svg/360px-Kraeftepaar2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="545" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Indar_pare" class="mw-redirect" title="Indar pare">Indar parea</a></figcaption></figure> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Indar_momentu" title="Indar momentu">Indar momentu</a>»</div> <p>Momentua gorputza biratu nahi duen magnitude fisikoa da. <a href="/wiki/Mekanika_klasiko" title="Mekanika klasiko">Mekanika klasikoan</a> bi momentu ezberdintzen dira: Gorputzaren puntu batekiko kargek eragiten duten momentua eta <a href="/wiki/Indar_pare" class="mw-redirect" title="Indar pare">indar pareak</a> eragiten duen momentua, erreferentzia punturik hartu gabe. <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{A}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{A}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a272f700c41b9a2ff645309108b67bde9f3a132f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.719ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{A}}"></span> momentua <i>F</i> indar batek arbitrarioki hartutako <i>A</i> puntuarekiko sortzen duen momentua da. Bere balioa <i>A</i> puntutik <i>F</i> indarraren akzio lerroarekiko elkartzuta den <i>a</i> distantziarekin eta <i>F</i> indarraren balioarekin lor daiteke, hauek biak biderkatuz: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{A}=F\cdot a}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mi>F</mi> <mo>&#x22C5;<!-- ⋅ --></mo> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{A}=F\cdot a}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f4978daafecdb80d1d2bc8efd90de7b9c6a1f0c6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:11.467ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{A}=F\cdot a}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Lortutako <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{A}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>A</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{A}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a272f700c41b9a2ff645309108b67bde9f3a132f" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.719ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{A}}"></span> momentuaren norabidea <i>a</i> distantzia eta <i>F</i> indarrak osatzen duten planoarekiko perpendikularra izango da eta norabidea torloju batek edukiko lukeen higiduraren bidez zehaztuko da. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Indar_pare" class="mw-redirect" title="Indar pare">Indar pare</a> bat aurkako norantza, paraleloak, magnitude berdina eta <i>a</i> distantziara dauden bi indarrez osaturiko sistema da. Indar pare batek ezin du gorputz bat mugitu indar puntual batek mugituko lukeen bezala, hauek gorputza biratu egin nahiko dute. Indar pare baten momentua bi indarretako baten <i>F</i> balioa eta bi indarren artean dagoen <i>a</i> distantzia biderkatuz lortzen da: </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M=F\cdot a}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>M</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>F</mi> <mo>&#x22C5;<!-- ⋅ --></mo> <mi>a</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M=F\cdot a}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a922bcdeebefaaf7d8bb4c3b8b2ecb613702f18a" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:10.19ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M=F\cdot a}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Indar pareak eragiten duen momentuak ez du erreferentzia punturik eta indar parea aplikatuta dagoen gorputz osoan eragiten du. Solido zurrunen azterketa estatikoan indar parea honek sortzen duen momentuarengatik ordezkatu daiteke, baina kasu bakarra da, indar puntual bat ezin daiteke honek sortzen duen momentuarengatik ordezkatu.<sup id="cite_ref-#1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dietmar_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dietmar-2"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Varignonen_teorema">Varignonen teorema</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Varignonen teorema»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=7" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Varignonen teorema"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Varignon" title="Pierre Varignon">Pierre Varignonek</a> bere <i>Nouvelle mécanicque</i> obran enuntziatu zuen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Varignonen_teorema&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Varignonen teorema (sortu gabe)">teoremak</a> honakoa esaten du: puntu berdin batean aplikatuta dauden indarrek bigarren puntu batekiko sortzen dituzten momentuen batuketa eta indar guzti hauen ordezkariak bigarren puntuarekiko sortzen duen momentua berdinak dira. Beste modu batera esanda, indar bat zenbait norabide ezberdinetan banatzen bada, indar guzti horiek sortzen dituzten momentuen batuketa eta hasierako indar bakarrak sortzen duen momentua berdinak dira. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gorputz_zurrun_baten_askatasun_graduak">Gorputz zurrun baten askatasun graduak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Gorputz zurrun baten askatasun graduak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=8" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Gorputz zurrun baten askatasun graduak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gorputz baten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Askatasun_gradu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Askatasun gradu (sortu gabe)">askatasun gradua</a> mugitzeko duen aukera da. Mugitu daitekeen solidoaren posizioa edozein aldiunetan zehazteko beharrezkoa diren parametroak dira. Solido zurrun bat plano bakarrean mugitu ahalko balu bi dimentsiotatik desplazatu (<a href="/wiki/Translazio" title="Translazio">translazioa</a>) ahalko litzateke eta biratu, beraz hiru askatasun gradu edukiko lituzke. Hiru dimentsiotan mugi daitekeen solido zurrunak sei askatasun gradu ditu: desplazamenduak eta biraketak dimentsio bakoitzean, hau da, hiru translazio eta hiru biraketa. Aztertzen hari den sistema laua dela kontsideratzeko horren gain aplikatuta dauden indarrek plano berean egon beharko dute eta sisteman aplikatutako momentuek plano horri elkartzutak izan beharko dute. Solido deformagarrien estatika aztertzean, gorputz horiek deformazio nodulu bakoitzeko askatasun gradu bat dute, gorputz deformagarriaren askatasun gradu kopurua infinitu izanez.<sup id="cite_ref-#1_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Axiomak">Axiomak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Axiomak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=9" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Axiomak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Estatikaren azterketa zenbait <a href="/wiki/Axioma" title="Axioma">axioma</a>tan oinarritzen da, hau da, gorputz teoriko baten barruan onartzen diren <a href="/wiki/Proposizio" title="Proposizio">proposizioak</a>, frogatu gabekoak baina gorputz errealekin edukitako esperientziekin sendoak, beste egia batzuk ondorioztatzeko hasiera puntutzat balio dutenak. <a href="/wiki/Newtonen_legeak" title="Newtonen legeak">Newtondar axiomekin</a> alderatuz, estatikako axiomak ez datoz bat beraien orden edo kopuruaren arabera.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> Hemen adierazten diren axiomak mekanika eta estatika osoan aplika daitezke, hau da, solido zurrunaren eta solido deformagarriaren estatikan, baina beste axioma batzuk gorputza guztiz zurruneko mekanikan soilik aplika daitezke: </p> <ul><li><b>Oreka axioma</b>: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Varignon" title="Pierre Varignon">Pierre Varignon</a> bere <i>Nouvelle mécanique</i> (<a href="/wiki/1725" title="1725">1725</a>) obra nagusian honakoa proposatu zuen: Gorputz zurrun baten gainean diharduten bi indar orekan suertatuko dira baldin eta bi indarrak magnitude (<a href="/wiki/Modulu" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Modulu">modulu</a>) berekoak badira, akzio lerro berean kokatuta badaude eta beraien norazkoak bata bestearekiko aurkakoak badira.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <dl><dd>Solido deformagarrietan axioma hau bakarrik beteko da bi indarrak puntu berdinean aplikatuta badaude. Horrela ez balitz eta bi indarrak bakarrik akzio lerro berdinean baleude, gorputza konprimituko edo trakzionatuko lukete. Bai solido zurrunean nola solido deformagarrian bi indarrak akzio lerro ezberdinetan badaude gorputza biratuko dute honen <a href="/wiki/Masa_zentro" class="mw-redirect" title="Masa zentro">grabitate zentroa</a> <a href="/wiki/Translazio" title="Translazio">translaziorik</a> izan gabe, hau <a href="/wiki/Indar_pare" class="mw-redirect" title="Indar pare">indar pare</a> izenarekin ezagutuz.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <ul><li><b>Indarren paralelogramoaren axioma</b>: <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Vector_parallelogram.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Vector_parallelogram.PNG/180px-Vector_parallelogram.PNG" decoding="async" width="180" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Vector_parallelogram.PNG/270px-Vector_parallelogram.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Vector_parallelogram.PNG/360px-Vector_parallelogram.PNG 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>Indarren paralelogramoa</figcaption></figure> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indarren_paralelogramo&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Indarren paralelogramo (sortu gabe)">Indarren paralelogramo</a> metodoaren arabera edozein egituraren puntu amankomun batean aplikaturiko indarrak hauen indar erresultantearengatik ordezka daitezke, indar horiek sortzen duten <a href="/wiki/Paralelogramo" title="Paralelogramo">paralelogramoaren</a> diagonala izanik. Noski, paralelogramo hori indar kopurua bikoa denean sortuko da, bi indar baino gehiagok eragiten dutenean hauek sortzen duten geometria ez da paralelogramo bat izango, baina printzipio bera aplikatzen da. Indar horiek akzio lerro berean kokatuta ere aplika daiteke axioma hau. Indarra <a href="/wiki/Bektore_(matematika)" title="Bektore (matematika)">bektore</a> bat denez, puntu berean aplikatutako indarrak batu daitezke <a href="/wiki/Aljebra" title="Aljebra">aljebrako</a> bektore gehiketarekin, eta honen erresultantea geometrikoki aurki daiteke indar bakoitzaren bektoreak bata bestearengan irudikatuz.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Interakzio axioma</b> edo <b>akzio-erreakzio printzipioa</b>: <a href="/wiki/Newton" class="mw-disambig" title="Newton">Newton</a>-en <a href="/wiki/Newtonen_legeak#Newtonen_hirugarren_legea_edo_Akzio-erreakzioaren_legea" title="Newtonen legeak">hirugarren legea</a> da: gorputz batean eragiten duen indar bakoitzeko, gorputz honek indar hori sorrarazi duen gorputzean indar berdin (modulu eta akzio lerro berdinak) baina aurkako noranzkodun bat egingo du. Axioma honek matematikoki momentu linealaren kontserbazioaren legea jarraitzen du, baina azken honek ez du garrantzi handirik estatikan. Axioma hau solido zurrun eta deformagarrietan aplika daiteke, baita gorputzaren barne indarretan ere.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Translazio axioma</b> edo <b>transmisibilitate teorema</b>: <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Kraftdefo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Kraftdefo.png/180px-Kraftdefo.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="89" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Kraftdefo.png 1.5x" data-file-width="212" data-file-height="105" /></a><figcaption>Gorputz deformagarri batean indarren translazioa aplikatzerakoan efektu ezberdinak sortzen dira, beraz, transmisibilitate teorema ezin daiteke beti aplikatu.</figcaption></figure> Solido zurrunaren estatikan solidoan aplikatuta dauden indar ezberdinak beren akzio lerroetatik desplaza daitezke solido horretan duten efektua (<a href="/wiki/Azelerazio" title="Azelerazio">azelerazioa</a>) aldatu gabe, betiere hauen aplikazio puntua solido zurrunaren barnean kokatuta badago. Horregatik indarra <i>bektore lineal aldakorra</i> edo <i>bektore labainkorra</i> da. Ondorioz, akzio lerro berean eta noranzko berarekin, orekan eta azelerazioan efektu bera sortzen du gorputza aurretik tiraka edo atzetik bultzaka dagoen indarrak. Solido deformagarriaren kasuan berriz ezin da axioma hau aplikatu, akzio lerro beretik zehar desplazatzen den indarrak gorputz deformagarrian efektu oso ezberdinak eragin ditzake, honen barne indarrak edo ebaketa indarrak ere aldatuz. Horregatik gorputz hauetan lehenengo ebaketa birtuala egin behar da barne indarrak aztertzeko eta soilik honen ondoren transladatu ahalko dira indar batzuk. Bestetik, indar bat honen akzio lerroarekiko paralelo den beste akzio lerro batera mugitu nahian, puntu berri honekiko hasieran sortzen zuen momentua ere desplazatu beharko da.<sup id="cite_ref-#1_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-#1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <ul><li>Solido zurrun baten gaineko indar sistema baten efektua ez da aldatuko honi orekan dagoen indar sistema bat eransten edo kentzen bazaio.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>Zurruntasunaren printzipioak</b> indar sistema baten efektuen gainean aurkitzen den gorputz deformagarriaren oreka kontserbatzen dela dio, gorputz hau solidifikatu (zurruna) gisa kontsideratuz. <a href="/wiki/Ingeniaritza" title="Ingeniaritza">Ingeniaritzako</a> azterketa eta kalkuluetan asko aplikatzen da, oreka estatikoaren baldintzak aplikatzerakoan edozein gorputz edo egitura deformagarria zurruna balitz solido zurrunaren estatikako prozedurak aplikatzea baimentzen duelako.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Solidoen_arteko_loturak">Solidoen arteko loturak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Solidoen arteko loturak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=10" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Solidoen arteko loturak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Egitura baten osagaiak ingurunearekin lotuta dauden moduak egitura osoaren funtzioa baldintzatzen du. Sistema mekaniko hori ez dago espazioan aske, honen osagaiak hainbat modutan lotuta daude, azken hauen arabera egitura bat osatuz edo mekanismo bat osatuz. Mekanismo batek <a href="/wiki/Dinamika" title="Dinamika">dinamika</a> azterketa bat beharko du, eta egitura batek estatikako azterketa bat, honen osagaien loturek solidoaren mugimenduak mugatzen dituztelako, konkretuki egituran kargak aplikatzerakoan lotura hauen bidez solidoaren edozein mugimendu galarazten da. Orokorrean aplikatutako karga hauek ezagunak dira, eta hauen ondorioz loturetan sortzen diren erreakzio indarrak ezezagunak dira. Erreakzio indarrak sistema mekanikoa lurrean finkatuta dagoenean lurreko elementu finkoetan agertzen diren indarrak dira, sisteman aplikaturiko indarrak horraino transmititzen direlako. Lotura indarrek <a href="/wiki/Newton" class="mw-disambig" title="Newton">Newton</a>-en <a href="/wiki/Newtonen_legeak#Newtonen_hirugarren_legea_edo_Akzio-erreakzioaren_legea" title="Newtonen legeak">hirugarren legea</a>, akzio-erreakzio printzipioa, jarraitzen dute. Horregatik solidoak isolatu eta banan banan aztertu behar dira lotura horien indarrak kalkulatzeko, jakinda bi osagaien arteko lotura indarrak akzio lerro eta magnitude berekoak direla, baina kontrako noranzkodunak, eta ondorioz bi osagaiak berriro elkartzean haien artean lotura indarrak deuseztatzen direla. </p><p>Lotura motaren arabera honek karga ezberdinak transmititu ahalko ditu. Loturaren askatasun graduen arabera loturak aske uzten eta murrizten dituen mugimenduen arabera sailka daitezke eta agertzen diren momentu eta indarrak azter daitezke. Adibidez, gela bateko ate normal bat plano horizontalean ezin da mugitu baina ardatz bertikalarekiko bira dezake, beraz, ateari indar bertikal bat aplikatzen bazaio ateak hormara lotzen duen euskarrian erreakzio indar bat agertuko da, aplikatutako indar hori euskarriraino transmititu delako, eta oreka mantentzeko euskarriaren erreakzio indarrak indar bertikal hori baliogabetuko du. Baina ateari indar horizontal bat aplikatzen bazaio, euskarriarekiko ardatz bertikalean momentu bat sortuz, ateak bira egingo du eta ez da oreka estatikoa emango, euskarri horrek ez duelako ardatz bertikalaren momentua transmititzen, biraketa baimenduz. </p><p>Sistema mekaniko lauetan ohiko loturak honakoak dira: </p> <ul><li><b>Arrabola</b>: norabide horizontalean desplazamendua baimentzen du eta <a href="/wiki/Errotazio" title="Errotazio">errotazioa</a> aske uzten du. Ardatz bertikalean mugimendua murrizten duenez erreakzio indar bertikal bat agertuko da. Hiru dimentsiotan plano batean desplazamendua baimentzen du, planoarekiko elkartzut den norabidean mugimendua murrizten du, indarrak hortik transmitituz eta erreakzio indar bat agertuz. Motaren arabera biraketa bat, bi edo hirurak baimen ditzake.</li> <li><b>Giltzadura</b>: <a href="/wiki/Translazio" title="Translazio">Translazio</a> bertikal eta horizontalak galarazten ditu, baina errotazioa baimentzen du. Indarrak bi norabidetan transmititzen dituenez erreakzio indar bertikal bat eta horizontal bat agertuko dira. Hiru dimentsiotan hiru erreakzio indar eta motaren arabera zero momentu, bat edo bi ager daitezke.</li> <li><b>Landapena</b>: Translazio eta errotazioak galarazten ditu, karga guztiak transmitituz. Ondorioz, momentu bat eta erreakzio indar bi agertuko dira, elartzut diren norabide bakoitzeko bana. Hiru dimentsiotan hiru erreakzio indar eta hiru momentu agertuko dira.</li> <li><b>Irristagailua</b>: Norabide bakar batean translazioa baimentzen du, horrekiko perpendikularra den norabidean galaraziz, eta errotazioa ere galarazten du. Ondorioz, momentu bat eta erreakzio indar bat agertuko dira.</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Zubi" title="Zubi">Zubi</a> bat, adibide bezala, honen ertzetan lurrari orokorrean giltzadurekin eta arrabolekin lotuta dago, zubiaren luzera aldatu daitekeelako tenperatura aldaketen ondorioz, norabide horizontalean (luzeran eta zabaleran) mugituz lotura horiek erresistentzia nabarmenik egin gabe.<sup id="cite_ref-ugutz_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ugutz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hurrengoko irudietan ohiko loturen adierazpen grafikoa aurkezten da:<sup id="cite_ref-ugutz_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ugutz-1"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dwa_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dwa-21"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cztery_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cztery-22"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <center> <table class="taulapolita"> <tbody><tr> <th align="center">Lotura mota </th> <th align="center">Arrabola </th> <th align="center">Giltzadura </th> <th align="center">Landapena </th> <th align="center">Irristagailua </th></tr> <tr> <th align="center">Adierazpen grafikoa </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Arrabola.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Arrabola.svg/200px-Arrabola.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Arrabola.svg/300px-Arrabola.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Arrabola.svg/400px-Arrabola.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Giltzadura.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Giltzadura.svg/200px-Giltzadura.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Giltzadura.svg/300px-Giltzadura.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Giltzadura.svg/400px-Giltzadura.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Landapena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Landapena.svg/200px-Landapena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Landapena.svg/300px-Landapena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Landapena.svg/400px-Landapena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="339" data-file-height="339" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Irristapena.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Irristapena.svg/200px-Irristapena.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Irristapena.svg/300px-Irristapena.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Irristapena.svg/400px-Irristapena.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="234" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">Beste adierazpen grafiko </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Loslager.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Loslager.svg/150px-Loslager.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Loslager.svg/225px-Loslager.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Loslager.svg/300px-Loslager.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="461" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Festlager.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Festlager.svg/150px-Festlager.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Festlager.svg/225px-Festlager.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Festlager.svg/300px-Festlager.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="435" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Einspannung.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Einspannung.svg/150px-Einspannung.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Einspannung.svg/225px-Einspannung.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Einspannung.svg/300px-Einspannung.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="410" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Lyzwa_pionowa.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lyzwa_pionowa.svg/150px-Lyzwa_pionowa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lyzwa_pionowa.svg/225px-Lyzwa_pionowa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Lyzwa_pionowa.svg/300px-Lyzwa_pionowa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="79" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">Erreakzio indarrak </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Arrabolaren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arrabolaren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg/200px-Arrabolaren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arrabolaren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg/300px-Arrabolaren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Arrabolaren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg/400px-Arrabolaren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="393" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Giltzaduraren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Giltzaduraren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg/200px-Giltzaduraren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Giltzaduraren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg/300px-Giltzaduraren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Giltzaduraren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg/400px-Giltzaduraren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="393" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Landapenaren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Landapenaren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg/200px-Landapenaren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Landapenaren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg/300px-Landapenaren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Landapenaren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg/400px-Landapenaren_erreakzio_indarrak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="393" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Irristapenarenerreakzioindarrak.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Irristapenarenerreakzioindarrak.svg/150px-Irristapenarenerreakzioindarrak.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Irristapenarenerreakzioindarrak.svg/225px-Irristapenarenerreakzioindarrak.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Irristapenarenerreakzioindarrak.svg/300px-Irristapenarenerreakzioindarrak.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="246" data-file-height="233" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th align="center">Adibide errealak </th> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Mehrrollenbr%C3%BCckenlager_in_Cottbus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mehrrollenbr%C3%BCckenlager_in_Cottbus.jpg/200px-Mehrrollenbr%C3%BCckenlager_in_Cottbus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mehrrollenbr%C3%BCckenlager_in_Cottbus.jpg/300px-Mehrrollenbr%C3%BCckenlager_in_Cottbus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Mehrrollenbr%C3%BCckenlager_in_Cottbus.jpg/400px-Mehrrollenbr%C3%BCckenlager_in_Cottbus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Einrollenkipplager_in_Cottbus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Einrollenkipplager_in_Cottbus.jpg/200px-Einrollenkipplager_in_Cottbus.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Einrollenkipplager_in_Cottbus.jpg/300px-Einrollenkipplager_in_Cottbus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Einrollenkipplager_in_Cottbus.jpg/400px-Einrollenkipplager_in_Cottbus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:View_north_from_the_south_side_of_the_bridge_noting_detail_of_the_Metal_Bent_Pin_connection_number_4._-_Augustine_Bridge,_Brandywine_River,Augustine_Cutoff,_Wilmington,_New_HAER_DEL,2-WILM,39-22.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/View_north_from_the_south_side_of_the_bridge_noting_detail_of_the_Metal_Bent_Pin_connection_number_4._-_Augustine_Bridge%2C_Brandywine_River%2CAugustine_Cutoff%2C_Wilmington%2C_New_HAER_DEL%2C2-WILM%2C39-22.tif/lossy-page1-200px-thumbnail.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/View_north_from_the_south_side_of_the_bridge_noting_detail_of_the_Metal_Bent_Pin_connection_number_4._-_Augustine_Bridge%2C_Brandywine_River%2CAugustine_Cutoff%2C_Wilmington%2C_New_HAER_DEL%2C2-WILM%2C39-22.tif/lossy-page1-300px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/View_north_from_the_south_side_of_the_bridge_noting_detail_of_the_Metal_Bent_Pin_connection_number_4._-_Augustine_Bridge%2C_Brandywine_River%2CAugustine_Cutoff%2C_Wilmington%2C_New_HAER_DEL%2C2-WILM%2C39-22.tif/lossy-page1-400px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4894" data-file-height="3889" /></a></span> </td> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Fl%C3%BCgelwegbr%C3%BCcke_Rest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fl%C3%BCgelwegbr%C3%BCcke_Rest.jpg/200px-Fl%C3%BCgelwegbr%C3%BCcke_Rest.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fl%C3%BCgelwegbr%C3%BCcke_Rest.jpg/300px-Fl%C3%BCgelwegbr%C3%BCcke_Rest.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Fl%C3%BCgelwegbr%C3%BCcke_Rest.jpg/400px-Fl%C3%BCgelwegbr%C3%BCcke_Rest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1668" data-file-height="1947" /></a></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table></center> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ebaketa_printzipioa">Ebaketa printzipioa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ebaketa printzipioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=11" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ebaketa printzipioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ebaketa_printzipio.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ebaketa_printzipio.png/500px-Ebaketa_printzipio.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ebaketa_printzipio.png/750px-Ebaketa_printzipio.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Ebaketa_printzipio.png/1000px-Ebaketa_printzipio.png 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="362" /></a><figcaption>Habe batean ebaketa printzipioa aplikatuz agertzen diren barne esfortzuak, non irudiko <i>F</i> habean aplikatutako indarra den, <i>A<sub>x</sub></i>, <i>A<sub>y</sub></i> eta <i>B<sub>y</sub></i> lotura erreakzioak diren, <i>N<sub>x</sub></i>, <i>V<sub>y</sub></i> eta <i>M<sub>z</sub></i> barne esfortzuak diren.</figcaption></figure> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/w/index.php?title=Barne_esfortzu&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Barne esfortzu (sortu gabe)">Barne esfortzu</a>»</div> <p>Estatikaren azterketan garrantzitsua izango da kontuan izatea aurreko ataletan aipatu den zerbait: indarrak gorputzean aplikatzerakoan honen barrutik transmitituko dira <i>barne indar</i> edo <i>barne esfortzu</i> moduan, azken adierazpena aproposagoa izanda indarrak eta momentuak biltzen dituelako. Hauek kalkulatzeko erabiltzen den metodoa <b>ebaketaren printzipioa</b> da, gorputza birtualki moztean oinarritzen dena indar horiek bistaratuz. Gorputza birtualki mozten duen sekzioak solidoaren bi zati ezberdin uzten ditu. Zati bakoitzean agertzen diren barne esfortzuak <a href="/wiki/Newtonen_legeak#Newtonen_hirugarren_legea_edo_Akzio-erreakzioaren_legea" title="Newtonen legeak">akzio-erreakzio</a> axioma (Newtonen hirugarren legea) betetzen dute eta orekan egongo dira. Zati batean mugimendua (translazio edo/eta biraketa) galarazten duen loturaren bat egotekotan honen erreakzio indarrengatik ordezkatuko da, barne esfortzuetan eragina dutelako. Solidoaren ardatzarekiko elkartzuta den planoa izango da ebaketa sekzioa eta agerian geratzen den azalera laua <i>zeharkako ebaketa</i> bezala ezagutzen da. Ebaketa hau solidoan zehar edozein puntutan egin daiteke, baina arazoaren arabera estrategikoki egingo dira ebaketak nahi diren barne esfortzuak kalkulatzeko.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p><p>Solido lau baten barne esfortzuak, adibidez <a href="/wiki/Habe" title="Habe">habe</a> batena edo elementu uniaxial batena, hurrengoko adierazpenekin izendatzen ohi dira. Ardatz ortogonaleko sistema batean, non X ardatza habe edo elementu uniaxialaren ardatzarekin bat egiten duen eta <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \Sigma }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mstyle displaystyle="false" scriptlevel="1"> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A3;<!-- Σ --></mi> </mstyle> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \Sigma }</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ce5b381f6640ccb0f35cac475885800035f066d5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.187ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \scriptstyle \Sigma }"></span> zeharkako sekzio uniformea duen, barne esfortzuak hurrengoko zeharkako sekzio baten <a href="/wiki/Tentsio_mekaniko" title="Tentsio mekaniko">tentsio</a> ekuazioen ordezkariak izango dira: </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Barne_esfortzuak_kasu_espaziala.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Barne_esfortzuak_kasu_espaziala.png/400px-Barne_esfortzuak_kasu_espaziala.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Barne_esfortzuak_kasu_espaziala.png/600px-Barne_esfortzuak_kasu_espaziala.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Barne_esfortzuak_kasu_espaziala.png/800px-Barne_esfortzuak_kasu_espaziala.png 2x" data-file-width="1026" data-file-height="713" /></a><figcaption>Barne esfortzuak kasu espazialean</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Esfortzu_normal&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Esfortzu normal (sortu gabe)">Esfortzu normal</a> edo indar axialak (<i>N<sub>x</sub></i>) piezaren ardatz longitudinalaren norabidea du, zeharkako sekzioari elkartzuta.</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N_{x}=\int _{\Sigma }\sigma _{x}\ dA}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>&#x222B;<!-- ∫ --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A3;<!-- Σ --></mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>&#x03C3;<!-- σ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mi>d</mi> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N_{x}=\int _{\Sigma }\sigma _{x}\ dA}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2304042770aab423d51dfa2bc70def1608d13fe3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:15.275ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N_{x}=\int _{\Sigma }\sigma _{x}\ dA}"></span></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esfortzu_ebakitzaile" class="mw-redirect" title="Esfortzu ebakitzaile">Esfortzu ebakitzailea</a> (<i>V</i>, <i>T</i> edo <i>Q</i>. Y ardatzarekiko <i>V<sub>y</sub></i> eta Z ardatzarekiko <i>V<sub>z</sub></i>) piezaren ardatzaren norabide elkartzutean kokatzen da, zeharkako sekzioan.</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V_{y}=\int _{\Sigma }\tau _{xy}\ dA,\qquad V_{z}=\int _{\Sigma }\tau _{xz}\ dA}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>&#x222B;<!-- ∫ --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A3;<!-- Σ --></mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>&#x03C4;<!-- τ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mi>d</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="2em" /> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>&#x222B;<!-- ∫ --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A3;<!-- Σ --></mi> </mrow> </msub> <msub> <mi>&#x03C4;<!-- τ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mi>d</mi> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V_{y}=\int _{\Sigma }\tau _{xy}\ dA,\qquad V_{z}=\int _{\Sigma }\tau _{xz}\ dA}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ce6da7b2d94c6b9e1751baf274ae24598fc04345" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:35.877ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V_{y}=\int _{\Sigma }\tau _{xy}\ dA,\qquad V_{z}=\int _{\Sigma }\tau _{xz}\ dA}"></span></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Momentu_makurtzaile&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Momentu makurtzaile (sortu gabe)">Momentu makurtzailea</a> (Z ardatzarekiko <i>M<sub>z</sub></i>, Y ardatzarekiko <i>M<sub>y</sub></i>) zeharkako planoari elkartzut kokatzen da.</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{y}=\int _{\Sigma }z\sigma _{x}\ dA,\qquad M_{z}=\int _{\Sigma }y\sigma _{x}\ dA}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>&#x222B;<!-- ∫ --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A3;<!-- Σ --></mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>z</mi> <msub> <mi>&#x03C3;<!-- σ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mi>d</mi> <mi>A</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mspace width="2em" /> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>&#x222B;<!-- ∫ --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A3;<!-- Σ --></mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>y</mi> <msub> <mi>&#x03C3;<!-- σ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mi>d</mi> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{y}=\int _{\Sigma }z\sigma _{x}\ dA,\qquad M_{z}=\int _{\Sigma }y\sigma _{x}\ dA}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/82932ec00d3cedf3dac25b28329b99fcf1237faa" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:38.955ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{y}=\int _{\Sigma }z\sigma _{x}\ dA,\qquad M_{z}=\int _{\Sigma }y\sigma _{x}\ dA}"></span></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bihurdura_(mekanika)" title="Bihurdura (mekanika)">Momentu bihurtzailea</a> edo tortsorea (<i>M<sub>x</sub></i> edo <i>M<sub>T</sub></i>) zeharkako planoari paralelo kokatzen da. Hiru dimentsiotako sistemetan ager daiteke.</li></ul> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M_{x}=\int _{\Sigma }(\tau _{xz}y-\tau _{xy}z)\ dA}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mo>&#x222B;<!-- ∫ --></mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">&#x03A3;<!-- Σ --></mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <msub> <mi>&#x03C4;<!-- τ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>y</mi> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <msub> <mi>&#x03C4;<!-- τ --></mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mi>z</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mi>d</mi> <mi>A</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M_{x}=\int _{\Sigma }(\tau _{xz}y-\tau _{xy}z)\ dA}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f8a14d33d3380bf59c2aeb8574a0deb8ab16650" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.338ex; width:25.633ex; height:5.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M_{x}=\int _{\Sigma }(\tau _{xz}y-\tau _{xy}z)\ dA}"></span></dd></dl> <p>Esfortzu bakoitza tentsio ezberdin bati lotzen zaio: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tentsio_mekaniko#Tentsio_normal_eta_tentsio_ebakitzaile" title="Tentsio mekaniko">Tentsio normala</a>: <a href="/wiki/Trakzio" title="Trakzio">trakzio</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Konpresio" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Konpresio">konpresio</a> indarrek <b>σ tentsio normalak</b> eragiten dituzte. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Momentu_makurtzaile&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Momentu makurtzaile (sortu gabe)">Momentu makurtzaileak</a> trakzio eta konpresioko tentsio normalak sortzen ditu, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Navierren_legea&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Navierren legea (sortu gabe)">Navierren legearen</a> arabera.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tentsio_mekaniko#Tentsio_normal_eta_tentsio_ebakitzaile" title="Tentsio mekaniko">Tentsio ebakitzailea</a>: esfortzu ebakitzaileak eta bihurdura momentuak <b>τ tentsio ebakitzaileak</b> eragiten dituzte.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barne_esfortzuen_diagramak">Barne esfortzuen diagramak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Barne esfortzuen diagramak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=12" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Barne esfortzuen diagramak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Esfortzu_diagramak.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Esfortzu_diagramak.png/300px-Esfortzu_diagramak.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="506" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Esfortzu_diagramak.png/450px-Esfortzu_diagramak.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Esfortzu_diagramak.png/600px-Esfortzu_diagramak.png 2x" data-file-width="1634" data-file-height="2756" /></a><figcaption>Kargak dituen <a href="/wiki/Habe" title="Habe">habe</a> baten barne esfortzu diagramak</figcaption></figure> <p>Solido bat ebakiz gero barneko esfortzuen balioak oreka estatikoaren ekuazioekin lor daitezke, ebaketako zati batean solido askeko diagrama planteatuz. Egoera lauan hiru barne esfortzu daudenez, aplikatutako indarren eta lotura indarren menpe orekaren hiru ekuazioak kalkula daitezke: </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sum F_{x}=0\rightarrow N_{x}\qquad \sum F_{y}=0\rightarrow V_{y}\qquad \sum M_{c}=0\rightarrow M_{z}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>&#x2211;<!-- ∑ --></mo> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <msub> <mi>N</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="2em" /> <mo>&#x2211;<!-- ∑ --></mo> <msub> <mi>F</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mspace width="2em" /> <mo>&#x2211;<!-- ∑ --></mo> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>c</mi> </mrow> </msub> <mo>=</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo stretchy="false">&#x2192;<!-- → --></mo> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sum F_{x}=0\rightarrow N_{x}\qquad \sum F_{y}=0\rightarrow V_{y}\qquad \sum M_{c}=0\rightarrow M_{z}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b7b6b03742906834d654b5b9adf73bf7acc4bba7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.338ex; width:62.024ex; height:3.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sum F_{x}=0\rightarrow N_{x}\qquad \sum F_{y}=0\rightarrow V_{y}\qquad \sum M_{c}=0\rightarrow M_{z}}"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Non <i>c</i> zeharkako ebaketaren zentroaren eta hasieraren izendapena den. Esfortzuen balioak, orokorrean, ez dira konstante mantentzen solidoan zehar. Ebaketa beste puntu batean eginez balio ezberdinak lor daitezke. Balio aldaketa hauen ondorioz <b>barne esfortzuen diagramak</b> marrazten dira, piezan zehar indar axial, ebakitzaile eta momentu makurtzailearen (egoera lauan) balioak nola aldatzen diren adieraziz: jauzi edo/eta era jarraian. </p><p>Barne indarren analisi egoki bat egiteko, pieza gehienetan zehar tarte ezberdinetan ebaki beharko da, agertzen diren aplikatutako eta erreakzio indarren eta kargen arabera. <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Indarra">Karga puntual</a> bat edota <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Indarra">karga banatu</a> bat agertzen den bakoitzean diagrametako bat gutxienez aldatuko da. Diagramaren aldaketek barne esfortzuen kalkulurako erabiltzen diren oreka ekuazioetan eragina dute. Ondorioz, analisi hau tarteka egingo da, tarte hauen luzera karga puntualen artean eta karga banatuen artean dagoen distantziaren araberakoa izanik. Tarte bakoitzean lortuko diren barne esfortzuen balioak tarte horretarako bakarrik izango dira baliagarriak. </p><p>Sistemaren puntu batean aplikatuta dagoen karga puntual batek diagrametako batean ez jarraitasun bat sortzen du, hau da, jauzi bat. Pieza honen ardatzaren norabide berean agertzen den indar puntualak <a href="/w/index.php?title=Indar_axial&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Indar axial (sortu gabe)">indar axialen</a> diagramak jauzi bat sortuko du. Ez jarraitasun horren magnitudea aplikatutako indarraren balioa da, hain zuzen. Zeinu hitzarmena (konbenioa) sisteman bertan erabiltzen den <a href="/wiki/Ardatz" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ardatz">ardatz</a> nagusien araberakoa izango da. Normalean erabiltzen den sistema <a href="/wiki/Kartesiar_koordenatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartesiar koordenatu">ardatz kartesiarrak</a> dira, eta hauen arabera karga puntuala ezkerretik eskumaranzko norantza badu diagraman jauzia beheranzkoa izango da. </p><p>Ardatza zeharkatzen duen indar puntualak <a href="/wiki/Indar_ebakitzaile" class="mw-redirect" title="Indar ebakitzaile">indar ebakitzaileen</a> diagraman jauzi bat sortuko du, honen magnitudea aplikatutako indarraren balioarekin bat etorriz. Normalean erabilitako zeinu hitzarmenaren arabera, karga puntuala beheranzko norantza badu diagraman jauzia beheranzkoa izango da. </p><p>Puntu batean aplikatutako momentu puntual batek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Momentu_makurtzaile&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Momentu makurtzaile (sortu gabe)">momentu makurtzaileen</a> diagraman ez jarraitasun bat sortuko du puntu berdinean, eta jauziaren magnitudea aplikatutako momentuaren balio bera izango du. Erabilitako <a href="/wiki/Kartesiar_koordenatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartesiar koordenatu">zeinu hitzarmenaz</a> baliatuz, [Erloju|erlojuaren]] orratzen kontrako noranzkoan aplikatutako momentu batek beheranzko salto bat eragingo du. </p><p>Diagrametan, karga puntualik aplikatuta ez duen piezaren atalak ez du inolako ez jarraitasunik agertuko honen puntuetan zehar. Bestetik, piezaren ardatzean zehar karga banatu bat behintzat aplikatuta badago, diagrametan <a href="/wiki/Funtzio_matematiko" class="mw-redirect" title="Funtzio matematiko">funtzio matematikoen</a> erlazio bat agertuko da: karga banatuaren funtzioa <a href="/wiki/Indar_ebakitzaile" class="mw-redirect" title="Indar ebakitzaile">indar ebakitzailearen</a> <a href="/wiki/Deribatu" title="Deribatu">deribatua</a> da kontrako zeinuarekin, eta indar ebakitzailearen funtzioa <a href="/w/index.php?title=Momentu_makurtzaile&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Momentu makurtzaile (sortu gabe)">momentu makurtzailearen</a> deribatua da:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {dV_{y}}{dx}}=-q\ \left[{\frac {N}{m}}\right]\qquad {\frac {dM_{z}}{dx}}=V_{y}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <mo>&#x2212;<!-- − --></mo> <mi>q</mi> <mtext>&#xA0;</mtext> <mrow> <mo>[</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mi>N</mi> <mi>m</mi> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>]</mo> </mrow> <mspace width="2em" /> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mfrac> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <msub> <mi>M</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>z</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mrow> <mrow> <mi>d</mi> <mi>x</mi> </mrow> </mfrac> </mrow> <mo>=</mo> <msub> <mi>V</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi>y</mi> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {dV_{y}}{dx}}=-q\ \left[{\frac {N}{m}}\right]\qquad {\frac {dM_{z}}{dx}}=V_{y}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0c26b63d81dcd4c711b7c0cf46e4c4fa856934e2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:32.598ex; height:6.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {dV_{y}}{dx}}=-q\ \left[{\frac {N}{m}}\right]\qquad {\frac {dM_{z}}{dx}}=V_{y}}"></span></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hidrostatika">Hidrostatika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Hidrostatika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=13" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Hidrostatika"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="font-style: italic; padding-left: 2em; margin-bottom: 0.5em;">Artikulu nagusia: «<a href="/wiki/Hidrostatika" title="Hidrostatika">Hidrostatika</a>»</div> <p>Estatikaren azterketa <a href="/wiki/Solido_zurrun" class="mw-redirect" title="Solido zurrun">solido zurrun</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Solido_deformagarrien_mekanika" title="Solido deformagarrien mekanika">deformagarrietan</a> aplikatzeaz gain <a href="/wiki/Hidrostatika" title="Hidrostatika">fluidoen estatika</a> ere barneratzen du, kasu honetan jariakin ezberdinak atsedenaldi/geldialdi egoeran duten jokabidea ikertuz. Hidrostatikaren ikerketaren oinarri diren teorema nagusiak <a href="/wiki/Hidrostatika#Pascalen_printzipioa" title="Hidrostatika">Pascalen printzipioa</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Arkimedesen_printzipioa" title="Arkimedesen printzipioa">Arkimedesen printzipioa</a> dira. Oreka egoeran aurkitzen den edozein jariakinaren ezaugarri nagusi bat da sakontasun edo altuera bereko partikulen gainean aplikatzen den indarra berdina dela. Sakontasun jakin batean aurkitzen den presioa kalkulatzeko hurrengoko ekuazioa erabiltzen da:<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle p=\rho gh+p_{\mathrm {atm} }}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>p</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mi>&#x03C1;<!-- ρ --></mi> <mi>g</mi> <mi>h</mi> <mo>+</mo> <msub> <mi>p</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mi mathvariant="normal">a</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">t</mi> <mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi> </mrow> </mrow> </msub> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle p=\rho gh+p_{\mathrm {atm} }}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4b16df370476cdd6bccc702ddf47ee2608bc3448" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; margin-left: -0.089ex; width:15.087ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle p=\rho gh+p_{\mathrm {atm} }}"></span></dd></dl> <p>non <i>p</i> sakonera jakin bateko presio hidrostatikoa den (Pa), <i>ρ</i> jariakinaren <a href="/wiki/Dentsitate" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Dentsitate">dentsitatea</a> den (kg/m<sup>3</sup>), <i>g</i> <a href="/wiki/Grabitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Grabitate">grabitatearen</a> azelerazioa den (m/s<sup>2</sup>), <i>h</i> grabitatearen norabidearekiko paralelo den altuera edo sakonera den (m) eta <i>p<sub>atm</sub></i> <a href="/wiki/Presio_atmosferiko" title="Presio atmosferiko">Presio atmosferikoa</a> den. </p><p>Hidrostatikaren kontzeptua, <a href="/wiki/Hidraulika" title="Hidraulika">hidraulikan</a> aplikazio garrantzitsuenetariko bat dena, <a href="/wiki/1647" title="1647">1647</a>. urtean adierazi zen lehenengoz <a href="/wiki/Blaise_Pascal" title="Blaise Pascal">Blaise Pascal</a> filosofo, matematikari eta fisikari frantziarraren eskutik. <a href="/wiki/Arkimedes" title="Arkimedes">Arkimedesek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Birunik</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Khazini&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Khazini (sortu gabe)">Al-Khazinik</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rozhanskaya-642_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rozhanskaya-642-27"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> eta <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galileik</a> berezko garrantzia izan zuten ere hidrostatikaren garapenean, besteak bete.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">&#91;</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">&#93;</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=14" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ugutz-1">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-ugutz_1-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ugutz_1-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ugutz_1-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">G.A. Ugutz, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624125413/http://www.vc.ehu.es/ingme/estatika.pdf">Estatika</a> (PDF) 2000-2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dietmar-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-Dietmar_2-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dietmar_2-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dietmar_2-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Dietmar Gross, Werner Hauger, Jörg Schröder, Wolfgang Wall: <i>Technische Mechanik 1 – Statik.</i> Springer, 11. Auflage, 2011, S. 9 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Arnaboldi, EA. (1951). Cálculo de estructuras hiperestáticas por el método de las fuerzas. La Plata: CEI.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Gallagher, RH; Rattinger, L; and Archer, JS. (1964). A Correlation Study of Methods of Matrix Structural Analysis. The MacMillan Co., New York.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Bruno Assmann: Statik, 15. Edizioa, S. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Böge: Technische Mechanik, 31. Edizioa, S. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Dankert: Technische Mechanik, 7. Edizioa, S. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Wittenburg et. al. (Hrsg.): Das Ingenieurwissen - Technische Mechanik, Springer, 2014, S. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gross-9"><a href="#cite_ref-Gross_9-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Gross, Hauger, Schröder, Wall: Technische Mechanik 1 - Statik, Springer, 11. Edizioa, 2011, S. 7 f.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Mahnken: Lehrbuch der Technischen Mechanik - Statik, Springer, 2012, S. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Mahnken: Lehrbuch der Technischen Mechanik - Statik, Springer, 2012, S. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Rolf Mahnken: Lehrbuch der Technischen Mechanik – Statik. Springer, 2012, S. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-#1-13">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-#1_13-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_13-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-#1_13-2"><sup><b>c</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"> Alfred Böge, Wolfgang Böge: <i>Technische Mechanik – Statik – Reibung – Dynamik – Festigkeitslehre – Fluidmechanik</i>. 31. edizioa, 2015. urtea, Springer, (<a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-3-658-09154-5" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-3-658-09154-5">ISBN 978-3-658-09154-5</a>), S. 4 f., <a href="/wiki/DOI" class="mw-redirect" title="DOI">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.com/book/10.1007%2F978-3-658-09155-2">10.1007/978-3-658-09155-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Jürgen Dankert, Helga Dankert: <i>Technische Mechanik – Statik, Festigkeitslehre, Kinematik/Kinetik.</i> Springer, 7. edizioa, 2013, S. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">I. C. Jong, B. G. Rogers (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pe_QRJ6wOtEC&amp;pg=PA86&amp;lpg=PA86&amp;dq=Varignon+theorem+mechanics&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Rx2bw9UX3t&amp;sig=93lIM4n7UG45INxHJztwGGcqKKE&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=7qnwUPe0EYic9gSGuoGwAw&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Varignon%20theorem%20mechanics&amp;f=false"><i>Engineering Mechanics: Statics</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/58681195/9/VARIGNON’S-THEOREM"><i>Mechanics of Solids</i>.</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">&#91;<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Esteka_hautsia" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Esteka hautsia"><span title="&#160;Data honetatik dago hautsita esteka: maiatza 2022">Betiko hautsitako esteka</span></a></i>&#93;</span></sup>. S.S. Bhavikatti. (page 19)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Jürgen Dankert, Helga Dankert: <i>Technische Mechanik – Statik, Festigkeitslehre, Kinematik/Kinetik</i>. Springer, 7. edizioa, 2013, S. 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Rolf Mahnken: <i>Lehrbuch der Technischen Mechanik – Statik</i>. Springer, 2012, S. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Rolf Mahnken: <i>Lehrbuch der Technischen Mechanik – Statik</i>. Springer, 2012, S. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Starzhinski, V.M. Mecánica Teórica. Ed. MIR, Mosku, 1980</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dwa-21"><a href="#cite_ref-dwa_21-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Polonieraz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Polonieraz)</b></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statyka.com.pl/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=29&amp;Itemid=80">Loturak (polonieraz)</a> Azken aldiz berrikusita:2015-04-30 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20150430184721/http://www.statyka.com.pl/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=29&amp;Itemid=80">Artxibatuta</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cztery-22"><a href="#cite_ref-cztery_22-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Polonieraz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Polonieraz)</b></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150430185011/http://jbkmb.pl/wyklady/w3_reakcje_belki_2008.pdf">Mechanika ogólna Wykład nr 3 Wyznaczanie reakcji. Belki przegubowe.</a> (PDF) (polonieraz)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm Kulisch: Mechanical Engineering for Dummies. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.es/books?id=-7XaJRhc7XUC&amp;pg=PA98&amp;dq=Drehmoment+Einspannmoment&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q=Drehmoment%20Einspannmoment&amp;f=false">Liburuaren aurreikuspena</a> Google Books-en).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><i>Esfortzuen erlazioak (Shear Load and Bending Moment Diagrams)</i> - Mehrdad Negahban and the University of Nebraska, 1996-2000 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://emweb.unl.edu/negahban/em325/10a-shear-and-bending-moment/Shear%20stress%20in%20beams.htm">Emweb.unl.edu</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Beer, Ferdinand P.; E. Russell Johnston; John T. DeWolf (2004). <i>Mechanics of Materials</i>. McGraw-Hill. pp. 322–323. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/0-07-298090-7" title="Berezi:BookSources/0-07-298090-7">ISBN 0-07-298090-7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">J.B. Calvert (2003) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/tech/fluids/hydstat.htm">Hydrostatics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Denver" title="Denver">Denverreko</a> Unibertsitatea).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rozhanskaya-642-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Rozhanskaya-642_27-0">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Mariam Rozhanskaya and I. S. Levinova (1996), "Statics", p. 642</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <span class="reference-text">Bettini, Alessandro (2016). <i>A Course in Classical Physics 2—Fluids and Thermodynamics</i>. Springer. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/978-3-319-30685-8" title="Berezi:BookSources/978-3-319-30685-8">ISBN 978-3-319-30685-8</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=15" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=15" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dinamika" title="Dinamika">Dinamika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekanika" title="Mekanika">Mekanika</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;veaction=edit&amp;section=16" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;action=edit&amp;section=16" title="Edit section&#039;s source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox hr:last-child{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox+.mw-mf-linked-projects{display:none}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control,.mw-parser-output .mw-mf-linked-projects{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:88%}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .mw-mf-linked-projects ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="mw-authority-control"><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9236167"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236165">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169019" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q169019">Q169019</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Statics">Statics</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&amp;search=%22Q169019%22">Q169019</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Biblioth%C3%A8que_nationale_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliothèque nationale de France">BNF</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11966751c">11966751c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11966751c">(data)</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85127551">sh85127551</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&amp;local_base=aut&amp;ccl_term=ica=ph126058">ph126058</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Art_%26_Architecture_Thesaurus" title="Art &amp; Architecture Thesaurus">AAT</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/AATFullDisplay?find=&amp;logic=AND&amp;note=&amp;subjectid=300054572">300054572</a></span></li> <li><b>Hiztegiak eta entziklopediak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Britannica</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/statics">url</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q169019" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q169019">Q169019</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Statics">Statics</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&amp;search=%22Q169019%22">Q169019</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.canary‐84779d6bf6‐mcz5d Cached time: 20241125052237 Cache expiry: 21600 Reduced expiry: true Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.414 seconds Real time usage: 0.655 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 1796/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 41327/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 9102/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 21/100 Expensive parser function count: 7/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 26979/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.201/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3630728/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 7/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 374.220 1 -total 49.49% 185.212 1 Txantiloi:Autoritate_kontrola 22.40% 83.815 1 Txantiloi:Mekanika_klasikoa 21.85% 81.768 1 Txantiloi:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists 12.85% 48.077 1 Txantiloi:HezkuntzaPrograma 12.64% 47.286 3 Txantiloi:Category_handler 11.99% 44.879 1 Txantiloi:Top_icon 9.90% 37.032 1 Txantiloi:Erreferentzia_zerrenda 7.91% 29.585 3 Txantiloi:Category_handler/numbered 7.27% 27.208 3 Txantiloi:Namespace_detect --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key euwiki:pcache:idhash:296958-0!canonical and timestamp 20241125052237 and revision id 9883606. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. Please migrate it to use ResourceLoader. See \u003Chttps://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berezi:Gadgetak\u003E.");});</script><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">"<a dir="ltr" href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;oldid=9883606">https://eu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;oldid=9883606</a>"(e)tik eskuratuta</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Kategoriak" title="Berezi:Kategoriak">Kategoriak</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kategoria:Wikipedia:Kanpo_esteka_hautsiak_dituzten_orriak_from_maiatza_2022&amp;action=edit&amp;redlink=1" class="new" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia:Kanpo esteka hautsiak dituzten orriak from maiatza 2022 (sortu gabe)">Wikipedia:Kanpo esteka hautsiak dituzten orriak from maiatza 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Estatika" title="Kategoria:Estatika">Estatika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Mekanika" title="Kategoria:Mekanika">Mekanika</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Ezkutuko kategoriak: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Wikipedia:Kanpo_esteka_hautsiak_dituzten_orri_guztiak" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia:Kanpo esteka hautsiak dituzten orri guztiak">Wikipedia:Kanpo esteka hautsiak dituzten orri guztiak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Txantiloi_batean_data_parametro_ez-egokia_duten_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Txantiloi batean data parametro ez-egokia duten artikuluak">Txantiloi batean data parametro ez-egokia duten artikuluak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Betiko_hautsitako_kanpo_estekak_dituzten_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Betiko hautsitako kanpo estekak dituzten artikuluak">Betiko hautsitako kanpo estekak dituzten artikuluak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Hezkuntza_Programako_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Hezkuntza Programako artikuluak">Hezkuntza Programako artikuluak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Hezkuntza_Programa/Fisika_eta_Kimika" title="Kategoria:Hezkuntza Programa/Fisika eta Kimika">Hezkuntza Programa/Fisika eta Kimika</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Wikipedia:BNF_identifikatzailea_duten_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia:BNF identifikatzailea duten artikuluak">Wikipedia:BNF identifikatzailea duten artikuluak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Wikipedia:LCCN_identifikatzailea_duten_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia:LCCN identifikatzailea duten artikuluak">Wikipedia:LCCN identifikatzailea duten artikuluak</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategoria:Wikipedia:AAT_identifikatzailea_duten_artikuluak" title="Kategoria:Wikipedia:AAT identifikatzailea duten artikuluak">Wikipedia:AAT identifikatzailea duten artikuluak</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Orriaren azken aldaketa: 18 abuztua 2024, 13:11.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Testua <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.eu">Creative Commons Aitortu-PartekatuBerdin 4.0 lizentziari</a> jarraituz erabil daiteke; baliteke beste klausularen batzuk ere aplikatu behar izatea. Xehetasunen berri izateko, ikus <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">erabilera-baldintzak</a>.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Pribazitate politika</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Wikipediari_buruz">Wikipediari buruz</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Erantzukizunen_mugaketa_orokorra">Lege oharra</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Garatzaileak</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/eu.wikipedia.org">Estatistikak</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie adierazpena</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//eu.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estatika&amp;mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mugikorreko bista</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-mcz5d","wgBackendResponseTime":807,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.414","walltime":"0.655","ppvisitednodes":{"value":1796,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":41327,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":9102,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":21,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":26979,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":7,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 374.220 1 -total"," 49.49% 185.212 1 Txantiloi:Autoritate_kontrola"," 22.40% 83.815 1 Txantiloi:Mekanika_klasikoa"," 21.85% 81.768 1 Txantiloi:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 12.85% 48.077 1 Txantiloi:HezkuntzaPrograma"," 12.64% 47.286 3 Txantiloi:Category_handler"," 11.99% 44.879 1 Txantiloi:Top_icon"," 9.90% 37.032 1 Txantiloi:Erreferentzia_zerrenda"," 7.91% 29.585 3 Txantiloi:Category_handler/numbered"," 7.27% 27.208 3 Txantiloi:Namespace_detect"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.201","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":3630728,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-mcz5d","timestamp":"20241125052237","ttl":21600,"transientcontent":true}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Estatika","url":"https:\/\/eu.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Estatika","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q169019","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q169019","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2012-03-08T18:04:33Z","dateModified":"2024-08-18T12:11:55Z","headline":"Orekan dauden gorputzak eta oreka-egoera gauzatzen duten indarrak aztertzen dituen mekanikaren atala"}</script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10