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class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Notable proponents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_proponents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In popular fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chronology_of_UFO_conspiracy_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chronology_of_UFO_conspiracy_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Chronology of UFO conspiracy theories </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Chronology_of_UFO_conspiracy_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Chronology of UFO conspiracy theories subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Chronology_of_UFO_conspiracy_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_in_Raymond_Palmer's_pulp_magazine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_in_Raymond_Palmer's_pulp_magazine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Origin in Raymond Palmer's pulp magazine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_in_Raymond_Palmer's_pulp_magazine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spaceships_of_the_"The_Shaver_Mystery"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spaceships_of_the_"The_Shaver_Mystery""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.1 Spaceships of the "The Shaver Mystery" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spaceships_of_the_"The_Shaver_Mystery"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kenneth_Arnold_ignites_flying_disc_craze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kenneth_Arnold_ignites_flying_disc_craze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.2 Kenneth Arnold ignites flying disc craze </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kenneth_Arnold_ignites_flying_disc_craze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1.3 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_coverage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_coverage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 National coverage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_coverage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Aztec_"alien_bodies"_hoax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aztec_"alien_bodies"_hoax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Aztec "alien bodies" hoax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aztec_"alien_bodies"_hoax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_Force_accounts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_Force_accounts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Air Force accounts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_Force_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Philadelphia_Experiment"_hoax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Philadelphia_Experiment"_hoax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.3 "Philadelphia Experiment" hoax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Philadelphia_Experiment"_hoax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-'Men_in_Black'_legends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'Men_in_Black'_legends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.4 'Men in Black' legends </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'Men_in_Black'_legends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growing_distrust_in_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growing_distrust_in_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Growing distrust in government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growing_distrust_in_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fred_Crisman_and_JFK_conspiracy_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fred_Crisman_and_JFK_conspiracy_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.1 Fred Crisman and JFK conspiracy theories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fred_Crisman_and_JFK_conspiracy_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Cosmic_Watergate"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Cosmic_Watergate""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.2 "Cosmic Watergate" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Cosmic_Watergate"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Alien_bodies_at_"Hangar_18"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alien_bodies_at_"Hangar_18""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.3 Alien bodies at "Hangar 18" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alien_bodies_at_"Hangar_18"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-"Alien_Abductions"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Alien_Abductions""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.4 "Alien Abductions" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Alien_Abductions"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.5 Close Encounters of the Third Kind </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jesse_Marcel_and_Roswell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jesse_Marcel_and_Roswell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3.6 Jesse Marcel and Roswell </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jesse_Marcel_and_Roswell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Richard_Doty,_John_Lear,_and_the_"Dark_Side"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Richard_Doty,_John_Lear,_and_the_"Dark_Side""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Richard Doty, John Lear, and the "Dark Side" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Richard_Doty,_John_Lear,_and_the_"Dark_Side"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cattle_mutilations_and_quiet_helicopters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cattle_mutilations_and_quiet_helicopters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Cattle mutilations and quiet helicopters </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cattle_mutilations_and_quiet_helicopters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doty_deceives_mutiliation_researchers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doty_deceives_mutiliation_researchers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2 Doty deceives mutiliation researchers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doty_deceives_mutiliation_researchers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doty_and_Bill_Moore_spread_bogus_MJ-12_docs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doty_and_Bill_Moore_spread_bogus_MJ-12_docs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.3 Doty and Bill Moore spread bogus MJ-12 docs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doty_and_Bill_Moore_spread_bogus_MJ-12_docs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lear_inspires_Bill_Cooper's_Behold_a_Pale_Horse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lear_inspires_Bill_Cooper's_Behold_a_Pale_Horse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.4 Lear inspires Bill Cooper's Behold a Pale Horse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lear_inspires_Bill_Cooper's_Behold_a_Pale_Horse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lear_introduces_Bob_Lazar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lear_introduces_Bob_Lazar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.5 Lear introduces Bob Lazar </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lear_introduces_Bob_Lazar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Doty_spreads_"Project_Serpo"_stories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Doty_spreads_"Project_Serpo"_stories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.6 Doty spreads "Project Serpo" stories </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Doty_spreads_"Project_Serpo"_stories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conspiracies_conquer_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conspiracies_conquer_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Conspiracies conquer media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conspiracies_conquer_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-"Alien_Autopsy"_hoax" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#"Alien_Autopsy"_hoax"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.1 "Alien Autopsy" hoax </div> </a> <ul id="toc-"Alien_Autopsy"_hoax-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_Icke_and_reptilians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Icke_and_reptilians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.2 David Icke and reptilians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Icke_and_reptilians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phoenix_Lights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phoenix_Lights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5.3 Phoenix Lights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phoenix_Lights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Timeline </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_and_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_and_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Notes and references </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notes and references subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notes_and_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">UFO conspiracy theories</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" > 14 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A4%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%AC%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9" title="نظرية المؤامرة المتعلقة بالأجسام الطائرة المجهولة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظرية المؤامرة المتعلقة بالأجسام الطائرة المجهولة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%93_%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC" title="ইউএফও ষড়যন্ত্র তত্ত্ব – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইউএফও ষড়যন্ত্র তত্ত্ব" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ufode_saladuse_varjamine" title="Ufode saladuse varjamine – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ufode saladuse varjamine" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%89%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%83%CF%85%CE%BD%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BD_%CE%91%CE%A4%CE%99%CE%91" title="Θεωρία συνωμοσίας των ΑΤΙΑ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θεωρία συνωμοσίας των ΑΤΙΑ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspiraci%C3%B3n_del_ocultamiento_extraterrestre" title="Conspiración del ocultamiento extraterrestre – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conspiración del ocultamiento extraterrestre" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_del_complotto_sugli_UFO" title="Teoria del complotto sugli UFO – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Teoria del complotto sugli UFO" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D8%B4%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%88_%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88(UFO)_%D8%AF_%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B7%DB%8C%DB%90_%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8D" title="د بشقاب الوتونکو شیانو(UFO) د توطیې تیورۍ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د بشقاب الوتونکو شیانو(UFO) د توطیې تیورۍ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conspira%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_oculta%C3%A7%C3%A3o_alien%C3%ADgena" title="Conspiração de ocultação alienígena – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conspiração de ocultação alienígena" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teoria_conspira%C8%9Biei_OZN" title="Teoria conspirației OZN – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Teoria conspirației OZN" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%BE%D0%B1_%D0%9D%D0%9B%D0%9E" title="Теории заговора об НЛО – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Теории заговора об НЛО" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teorija_zarote_NLP" title="Teorija zarote NLP – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Teorija zarote NLP" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%BE_%D0%9D%D0%9B%D0%9E" title="Теорије завере о НЛО – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Теорије завере о НЛО" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/UFO_komplo_teorileri" title="UFO komplo teorileri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="UFO komplo teorileri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" 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Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit">improve the lead</a> and read the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Lead_section" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Lead section">lead layout guide</a>. (January 2025) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> </div> </div> (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:They_Knew_Too_Much_About_Flying_Saucers_ad_(crop).png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An ad reads, "Why were these men silenced? They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/They_Knew_Too_Much_About_Flying_Saucers_ad_%28crop%29.png/220px-They_Knew_Too_Much_About_Flying_Saucers_ad_%28crop%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/They_Knew_Too_Much_About_Flying_Saucers_ad_%28crop%29.png/330px-They_Knew_Too_Much_About_Flying_Saucers_ad_%28crop%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/They_Knew_Too_Much_About_Flying_Saucers_ad_%28crop%29.png/440px-They_Knew_Too_Much_About_Flying_Saucers_ad_%28crop%29.png 2x" data-file-width="819" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>1956 advertisement, formatted similar to a newspaper article, for the book <a href="/wiki/They_Knew_Too_Much_About_Flying_Saucers" title="They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers">They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers</a> which promoted a conspiracy theory that government agents were silencing UFO witnesses (Los Angeles Times, June 24, 1956).<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 106 <a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 201 </figcaption></figure> Some <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a> argue that various <a href="/wiki/Governments" class="mw-redirect" title="Governments">governments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politicians" class="mw-redirect" title="Politicians">politicians</a> globally, in particular the <a href="/wiki/United_States_government" class="mw-redirect" title="United States government">United States government</a>, are suppressing evidence that <a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_objects" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified flying objects">unidentified flying objects</a> (UFO) are controlled by an <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Extraterrestrial intelligence">extraterrestrial</a> or "non-human" intelligence, or built using alien technology.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-PaleHorseRider-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donovan2011-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Robertson_2021-7">[7]</a> Since the 1980s, such conspiracy theories often argue that world governments are in communication or cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial life in popular culture">extraterrestrials</a>, and some claim that the governments are explicitly allowing <a href="/wiki/Cattle_mutilation" title="Cattle mutilation">cattle mutilation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">alien abduction</a>. According to the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a> little or no evidence exists to support them despite significant research on the subject by non-governmental scientific agencies.<a href="#cite_note-csicop-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "The truth of what the strange disc ships really are will never be disclosed to the common people. We just don't count to the people who do know about such things." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Richard Shaver (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Amazing_Stories_v21n10_1947-10_cape1736">Amazing Stories, October 1947</a>) <a href="#cite_note-RToronto-9">[9]</a>: 159 </cite></div> </div> Flying saucer conspiracy theories first began in the pages of pulp science-fiction, where they drew upon inspiration from the "lost continent" myths of Atlantis and Lemuria.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 4
Quotation: "He noted that whenever “Atlantis” or “Lemuria” (two sunken continents) appeared in a title, circulation went up."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">4 <a href="#cite_note-Nadis-10">[10]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 32
Quotation: "The most influential examples of this genre are a set of science-fiction stories published in the pulp magazine Amazing Stories between 1945 and 1948"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">32  In 1947, during 'the first summer of the cold war', private pilot Kenneth Arnold reported witnessing supersonic 'flying discs'; historians would later chronicle at least 800 "copycat" reports in subsequent weeks, while other sources estimate the reports may have numbered in the thousands.<a href="#cite_note-jkHK1-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bullard-12">[12]</a>: 53  Press speculated that the flying discs were secret American or Soviet technology.<a href="#cite_note-Russia-examples-13">[13]</a> By December 1949, author <a href="/wiki/Donald_Keyhoe" title="Donald Keyhoe">Donald Keyhoe</a> promoted the idea that the Air Force was withholding knowledge of interplanetary spaceships, culminating in his 1955 work <a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Saucer_Conspiracy" title="The Flying Saucer Conspiracy">The Flying Saucer Conspiracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 111–113  Gulyas argues: "Keyhoe was instrumental in popularizing one of the most lasting memes in the long flying-saucer story: the government cover-up of 'the truth' about UFOs".<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 3  The following year, the book <a href="/wiki/They_Knew_Too_Much_About_Flying_Saucers" title="They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers">They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers</a> introduced the concept of the Men in Black.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 302  Conspiracy theories became more prevalent after the Kennedy assassination. In 1967, controversial prosecutor Jim Garrison accused UFO hoaxer Fred Crisman of involvement in the assassination; Thereafter, UFO conspiracy theorists began to link Kennedy's death to aliens.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 263, 323  An official debunking of a UFO sighting as "Swamp Gas" was met with ridicule, and by the 1970s, a supposed cover-up was termed a "Cosmic Watergate".<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 6  In 1977, blockbuster film Close Encounters of the Third Kind dramatized a government UFO cover-up.<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 44  By 1974, theories alleged the Air Force stored dead alien bodies at a mythical "Hangar 18", and in 1980, the book The Roswell Incident introduced the story of a UFO crash to a mass audience.<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 6 <a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> While earlier decades imagined a coverup of benevolent "space brothers", the 1980s saw the rise of what scholars called "ufology's dark side": theories that a government cabal was secretly involved with a race of malevolent aliens.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 97  New theories linked a supposed UFO coverup to alien abductions, cattle mutilations, and even the JFK assassination.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 87–99, 137–38, 147  At a 1989 <a href="/wiki/Mutual_UFO_Network" title="Mutual UFO Network">Mutual UFO Network</a> conference, author Bill Moore confessed that he had intentionally fed fake evidence of extraterrestrials to UFO researchers.<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2016-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 8–9 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 269  The 1990s saw the rise of UFO conspiracy theories in popular culture, with TV shows like The X-Files and films like Independence Day and Men in Black.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 2 <a href="#cite_note-Donovan2011-6">[6]</a>: 179  In 2017, UFO conspiracy theories experienced renewed interest when Leslie Kean published stories of a <a href="/wiki/AATIP" class="mw-redirect" title="AATIP">21st-century Pentagon UFO program</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thehill2017-16">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mainstream_views">Mainstream views</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Mainstream views">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2025)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> While unusual sightings have been reported in the sky throughout history, UFOs became culturally prominent after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, escalating during the <a href="/wiki/Space_Age" title="Space Age">Space Age</a>. Studies and investigations into UFO reports conducted by governments (such as <a href="/wiki/Project_Blue_Book" title="Project Blue Book">Project Blue Book</a> in the United States and <a href="/wiki/Project_Condign" title="Project Condign">Project Condign</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>), as well as by organisations and individuals have occurred over the years without confirmation of the fantastical claims of small but vocal groups of <a href="/wiki/Ufologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Ufologists">ufologists</a> who favour unconventional or <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> hypotheses, often claiming that UFOs are evidence of <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">extraterrestrial intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis" title="Cryptoterrestrial hypothesis">technologically advanced cryptids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_UFO_hypothesis" title="Interdimensional UFO hypothesis">interdimensional contact</a> or <a href="/wiki/Time-traveller_UFO_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-traveller UFO hypothesis">future time travelers</a>. After decades of promotion of such ideas by believers and in popular media, <a href="/wiki/Sagan_standard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagan standard">the kind of evidence required to solidly support such claims</a> has not been forthcoming. Scientists and skeptic organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a> have provided prosaic explanations for UFOs, namely that they are caused by natural phenomena, human technology, delusions, and hoaxes. Beliefs surrounding UFOs have inspired parts of <a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">new religions</a> even as social scientists have identified the ongoing interest and storytelling surrounding UFOs as a modern example of <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a> understandable with <a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_UFO_hypothesis" title="Psychosocial UFO hypothesis">psychosocial explanations</a>. <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Radford" title="Benjamin Radford">Benjamin Radford</a> has pointed out how unlikely such suppression of evidence is given that "[t]he UFO coverup conspiracy would have to span decades, cross international borders, and transcend political administrations" and that "all of the world's governments, in perpetuity, regardless of which political party is in power and even among enemies, [would] have colluded to continue the coverup."<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_proponents">Notable proponents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notable proponents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Fringe_theories plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-fringe-theories" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may present <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FRINGE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:FRINGE">fringe theories</a>, without giving <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:UNDUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:UNDUE">appropriate weight</a> to the mainstream view and explaining the responses to the fringe theories. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit">help improve it</a> or discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="Talk:UFO conspiracy theories">talk page</a>. (January 2025) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Donald Keyhoe was the most prominent proponent of UFO conspiracy theories during the 1950s. In the late 1960s and 1970s, Jacque Vallee and J. Allen Hynek were notable voices alleging a "Cosmic Watergate". Stanton Friedman was the first proponent to discuss the Roswell incident as a conspiracy. Richard Shaver, one early proponent, had been hospitalized for psychiatric problems,<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 115  while another, Paul Bennewitz, was hospitalized for paranoia after being deceived by Richard Doty.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 258
Quotation: "Bennewitz himself was becoming increasingly erratic—he claimed the aliens were coming through the walls at night and injecting him with chemicals. Finally, he suffered a mental breakdown and was hospitalized."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">258  Several proponents later confessed responsibility for hoaxes or lies, including Gray Barker, Carl Allen, Richard Doty, Bill Moore, and Ray Santelli.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a> Other proponents met violent ends—Morris Jessup and <a href="/wiki/James_E._McDonald" title="James E. McDonald">James E. McDonald</a> died by suicide, while Bill Cooper was killed by police during an attempted arrest. Individuals who have suggested that UFO evidence is being suppressed include United States Senator <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Barry Goldwater</a>, British Admiral <a href="/wiki/Lord_Hill-Norton" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Hill-Norton">Lord Hill-Norton</a> (former <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> head and chief of the British Defence Staff), American Vice Admiral <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_H._Hillenkoetter" title="Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter">Roscoe H. Hillenkoetter</a> (first CIA director), astronauts <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Cooper" title="Gordon Cooper">Gordon Cooper</a><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 155 <a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Mitchell" title="Edgar Mitchell">Edgar Mitchell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Skeptoid-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bullard-12">[12]</a>: 225  21st century proponents include former Canadian Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hellyer" title="Paul Hellyer">Paul Hellyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_School_of_Medicine" title="Stanford University School of Medicine">Stanford University</a> immunologist <a href="/wiki/Garry_Nolan" title="Garry Nolan">Garry Nolan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and Israeli brigadier general <a href="/wiki/Haim_Eshed" title="Haim Eshed">Haim Eshed</a> (former director of space programs for the Israel Ministry of Defense),<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> In 2017, <a href="/wiki/To_The_Stars_Inc." title="To The Stars Inc.">To The Stars Inc.</a> was founded by Jim Semivan, <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Puthoff" title="Harold E. Puthoff">Harold E. Puthoff</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tom_DeLonge" title="Tom DeLonge">Tom DeLonge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:3-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/Luis_Elizondo" title="Luis Elizondo">Luis Elizondo</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Grusch" class="mw-redirect" title="David Grusch">David Grusch</a> were notable proponents in the 2020s. Beyond their testimonies and reports they have presented no evidence to substantiate their statements and claims. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_fiction">In popular fiction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In popular fiction">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2025)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Works of popular fiction have included premises and scenes in which a government intentionally prevents disclosure to its populace of the discovery of extraterrestrial intelligence. The 1960s saw conspiracy films like <a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a> (as well as the novel),.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The 1970s saw the UFO conspiracy discussed briefly in Jack Nicholson vehicle <a href="/wiki/Easy_Rider" title="Easy Rider">Easy Rider</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> and in-depth in the <a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a> films <a href="/wiki/Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind" title="Close Encounters of the Third Kind">Close Encounters of the Third Kind</a>. The 1980s saw Spielberg return to the topic with <a href="/wiki/E.T._the_Extra-Terrestrial" title="E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial">E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial</a> while Disney's <a href="/wiki/Flight_of_the_Navigator" title="Flight of the Navigator">Flight of the Navigator</a> introduced UFO conspiracy theories to a childhood audience. The 1990s saw UFO conspiracy theories in films like <a href="/wiki/Total_Recall_(1990_film)" title="Total Recall (1990 film)">Total Recall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(1996_film)" title="Independence Day (1996 film)">Independence Day</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Men_in_Black_(1997_film)" title="Men in Black (1997 film)">Men in Black</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Donovan2011-6">[6]</a>: 179  Television series and films including <a href="/wiki/The_X-Files" title="The X-Files">The X-Files</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dark_Skies" title="Dark Skies">Dark Skies</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stargate" title="Stargate">Stargate</a> have also featured efforts by governments to conceal information about extraterrestrial beings. In March 2001, former astronaut and United States Senator <a href="/wiki/John_Glenn" title="John Glenn">John Glenn</a> appeared on an episode of the TV series <a href="/wiki/Frasier" title="Frasier">Frasier</a> playing a fictional version of himself who confesses to a UFO coverup.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> The plot of the <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Sheldon" title="Sidney Sheldon">Sidney Sheldon</a> novel <a href="/wiki/The_Doomsday_Conspiracy" title="The Doomsday Conspiracy">The Doomsday Conspiracy</a> involves a UFO conspiracy, as did the plot of the 2021 series <a href="/wiki/American_Horror_Story:_Double_Feature" title="American Horror Story: Double Feature">American Horror Story: Double Feature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_religion">In religion</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In religion">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">UFO religion</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">Scholars of religion</a> have identified some <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movements" class="mw-redirect" title="New religious movements">new religious movements</a> among the proponents of UFO conspiracy theories, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson_2021-7">[7]</a> Mormon cosmology teaches that the Earth is not unique, but that it is one of many <a href="/wiki/Habitable_planet" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitable planet">inhabited planets</a>, with each planet created for the purpose of bringing about the "immortality and eternal life" (i.e., the exaltation) of humanity.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson1992-29">[29]</a>: 1595  One author observes "there has long been an association between UFOs and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints".<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Theosophists and occultists had long claimed knowledge of extraterrestrial beings. In 1946, <a href="/wiki/Meade_Layne" title="Meade Layne">Meade Layne</a> achieved national notoriety when the wire service carried his claims to be in telepathic communication with people in a space ship.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 102  Other "contactees" like <a href="/wiki/George_Adamski" title="George Adamski">George Adamski</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Hunt_Williamson" title="George Hunt Williamson">George Hunt Williamson</a> similarly had backgrounds in Theosophy.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 150  <a href="/wiki/Guy_Warren_Ballard" class="mw-redirect" title="Guy Warren Ballard">Guy Warren Ballard</a>, founder of the UFO religion <a href="/wiki/%22I_AM%22_Activity" title=""I AM" Activity">"I AM" Activity</a>, had a background in Theosophist. In the years following the 1931 <a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Japanese invasion of Manchuria">Japanese invasion of Manchuria</a>, Nation of Islam founder W.D. Fard introduced the concept of <a href="/wiki/Beliefs_and_theology_of_the_Nation_of_Islam#The_Mother_Plane" title="Beliefs and theology of the Nation of Islam">The Mother Plane</a>: an apocalyptic Japanese weapon of war. During the ensuing decades, the Mother Plane became identified with UFOs.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson_2021-7">[7]</a> 1950s UFO religions included <a href="/wiki/Unarius" class="mw-redirect" title="Unarius">Unarius</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Aetherius_Society" title="Aetherius Society">Aetherius Society</a>. In the 1950s, <a href="/wiki/L._Ron_Hubbard" title="L. Ron Hubbard">L. Ron Hubbard</a>, a pulp fiction author in Raymond Palmer's magazines and a practitioner of <a href="/wiki/Aleister_Crowley" title="Aleister Crowley">Aleister Crowley</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a>, founded the new religious movement <a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a>. In the late 1960s, Hubbard began to secretly teach of <a href="/wiki/Xenu" title="Xenu">Xenu</a>, an extraterrestrial who conspired to turn ancient Earth into a prison for immortal souls.<a href="#cite_note-Robertson_2021-7">[7]</a> In the 1970s, UFO religion <a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a> formed; In 2002 the group achieved notoriety for its unverified <a href="/wiki/Clonaid#Alleged_clone_baby_Eve" title="Clonaid">claims to have performed human cloning</a>. In 1997, rumors spread that a spaceship was trailing the Hale-Bopp comet.<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2016-15">[15]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 132
Quotation: "Art Bell came under fire for creating an environment in which the assertion of an extraterrestrial craft accompanying the comet was presented as scientific fact rather than conjecture... Bell denied any responsibility... saying, "I'm not going to stop presenting my material because there are unstable people.""" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">132  On March 26, 1997, law enforcement discovered the bodies of the 39 active members of <a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a> religious group. They had participated in a coordinated series of ritual suicides, coinciding with the closest approach of Comet Hale–Bopp.<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2016-15">[15]</a> From 1994 to 1997, UFO religion <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Solar_Temple" title="Order of the Solar Temple">Order of the Solar Temple</a> was responsible for 74 deaths in a series of mass deaths. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chronology_of_UFO_conspiracy_theories">Chronology of UFO conspiracy theories</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chronology of UFO conspiracy theories">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-move" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/50px-Split-arrows.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/75px-Split-arrows.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Split-arrows.svg/100px-Split-arrows.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="60" data-file-height="20" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">It has been suggested that this section be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">split</a> out into another article. (<a href="/wiki/Talk:UFO_conspiracy_theories" title="Talk:UFO conspiracy theories">Discuss</a>) (January 2025)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_in_Raymond_Palmer's_pulp_magazine">Origin in Raymond Palmer's pulp magazine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Origin in Raymond Palmer's pulp magazine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Raypalmer1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Raypalmer1930.jpg/110px-Raypalmer1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Raypalmer1930.jpg/165px-Raypalmer1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Raypalmer1930.jpg/220px-Raypalmer1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="761" /></a><figcaption>Raymond Palmer, called "the man who invented flying saucers"</figcaption></figure> UFO conspiracy theories began in 1940s pulp magazine edited by <a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Palmer" title="Raymond A. Palmer">Raymond Palmer</a>, known as "the man who invented <a href="/wiki/Flying_saucers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying saucers">flying saucers</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 3 <a href="#cite_note-Nadis-10">[10]</a> For years prior to the <a href="/wiki/1947_flying_disc_craze" title="1947 flying disc craze">1947 flying disc craze</a>, Palmer had published reports of strange craft in his pulp sci-fi magazine Amazing Stories.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 32 <a href="#cite_note-Nadis-10">[10]</a> During the 1947 flying disc craze, Palmer hired original saucer witness <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold" title="Kenneth Arnold">Kenneth Arnold</a> to investigate a flying disc report near Maury Island, Washington.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 13 <a href="#cite_note-Nadis-10">[10]</a> By October 1947, Palmer's magazine featured claims that the truth behind the discs was being covered up.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 12 <a href="#cite_note-Nadis-10">[10]</a> Palmer would continue to promote UFO conspiracy theories for the rest of his life, eventually linking them to the JFK assassination and Watergate.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 323 <a href="#cite_note-Nadis-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spaceships_of_the_"The_Shaver_Mystery"">Spaceships of the "The Shaver Mystery"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Spaceships of the "The Shaver Mystery"">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazing_stories_194503.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Amazing_stories_194503.jpg/220px-Amazing_stories_194503.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Amazing_stories_194503.jpg/330px-Amazing_stories_194503.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Amazing_stories_194503.jpg 2x" data-file-width="380" data-file-height="535" /></a><figcaption>Shaver's first published work, the novella "I Remember Lemuria", was the cover story in the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Amazing_Stories_v19n01_1945-03_Ziff-Daviscape1736">March 1945 Amazing Stories</a></figcaption></figure> Beginning in 1945, Palmer began to print ostensibly-true stories based on the writings of Richard Shaver, a Pennsylvania welder who claimed to be in telepathic communication with a secret underground race.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 32
Quotation: "The most influential examples of this genre are a set of science-fiction stories published in the pulp magazine Amazing Stories between 1945 and 1948. The stories and their surrounding circumstances came to be known as “the Shaver Mystery,” after their principal author, Richard Shaver, a welder from Pennsylvania. Shaver claimed to have been in psychic communication with a subterranean race and to have once physically visited their underground civilization."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">32  In 1934, Shaver had been hospitalized for psychiatric problems; Barkun argues: "By most accounts Shaver himself believed with absolute conviction in the truthfulness of his stories. This, combined with their appearance in a pulp-fiction venue, served further to blur the already uncertain boundary between fact and fiction."<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 115  Shaver claimed that ancient civilizations has mastered space travel, spread civilization to other planets, and could travel to Earth.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 116
Quotation: ""It is worth bearing in mind that the Shaver Mystery was well under way before the first publicized UFO sighting in 1947. Nonetheless, there were ample opportunities for linkage. In the first place, although Shaver focused on Lemurian survivors, he believed that thousands of years ago, some beings from earth had mastered space travel and colonized other worlds, from which they were in a position to return."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">116  In a July 1946 editorial, Palmer argued that "responsible parties in world governments" were aware "of the fact of spaceships visiting Earth".<a href="#cite_note-DClarke-31">[31]</a>: <span title="Page / location: x
Quotation: " In the years that followed he published letters sent to Amazing Stories by a man called Richard Shaver who claimed that a race of demonic creatures lived secretly in caves beneath the Earth and persecuted humans with mysterious rays. Then, in a prescient editorial written in July 1946, a year before Kenneth Arnold's sighting, Palmer told readers: 'If you don't think spaceships visit the Earth regularly then the files of Charles Fort and your editor's own files are something you should see. And if you think responsible parties in world governments are ignorant of the fact of spaceships visiting the Earth, you just don't think the way we do.'"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">x <a href="#cite_note-Laycock-32">[32]</a> Peebles opines: "One would be hard pressed to find a more concise summary of the flying saucer myth. Yet this was a year before the first widely publicized sighting."<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 6 <a href="#cite_note-33">[note 1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kenneth_Arnold_ignites_flying_disc_craze">Kenneth Arnold ignites flying disc craze</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kenneth Arnold ignites flying disc craze">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1947_flying_disc_craze" title="1947 flying disc craze">1947 flying disc craze</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramey-dubose-debris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ramey-dubose-debris.jpg/220px-Ramey-dubose-debris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ramey-dubose-debris.jpg/330px-Ramey-dubose-debris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Ramey-dubose-debris.jpg/440px-Ramey-dubose-debris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1766" data-file-height="2320" /></a><figcaption>Army officials pose with balloon debris from Roswell.</figcaption></figure> The flying disc craze began on June 24, when media nationwide reported civilian pilot <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold" title="Kenneth Arnold">Kenneth Arnold's</a> <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold_UFO_sighting" title="Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting">story of witnessing disc-shaped objects</a> which headline writers dubbed "<a href="/wiki/Flying_Saucers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying Saucers">Flying Saucers</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: ch.2 <a href="#cite_note-G_Arnold-34">[33]</a> Such reports quickly spread throughout the United States; historians would later chronicle at least 800 "copycat" reports in subsequent weeks, while other sources estimate the reports may have numbered in the thousands.<a href="#cite_note-jkHK1-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bullard-12">[12]</a>: 53  On July 8, 1947, Roswell Army Air Field issued a press release stating that they had recovered a "flying disc". The Army quickly retracted the statement and clarified that the crashed object was a conventional <a href="/wiki/Weather_balloon" title="Weather balloon">weather balloon</a>.<a href="#cite_note-olmsted184-35">[34]</a> The Roswell incident did not surface again until 1978, when <a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">ufologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Stanton_Friedman" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanton Friedman">Stanton Friedman</a> interviewed <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Marcel" title="Jesse Marcel">Jesse Marcel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a>: 69  In late July, Palmer contacted Kenneth Arnold and asked him to investigate a "flying disc" report from Fred Crisman near Maury Island, Washington.<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 30–31
Quotation: "Even before the Maury Island Incident (as it became known), Crisman’s life intersected the paranormal and parapolitical worlds throughout the 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s. Before spotting the flying saucer in Washington, he wrote to Amazing Stories magazine, claiming that he had fought his way out of a cave in Burma during World War II, battling mysterious and evil underground creatures. In the 1960s, Jim Garrison would subpoena him in his case against Clay Shaw as part of the John F. Kennedy assassination."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">30–31  In June 1946 and again in May 1947, Palmer had published fantastical letters from Crisman, who claimed to have battled inhuman underground monsters in Burma.<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 30–31  Arnold agreed and Palmer wired him $200 to fund the investigation."<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 13
Quotation: "Palmer received a letter from two Tacoma harbor patrolmen—Fred Lee Crisman and Harold A. Dahl. The letter said they had seen a group of flying saucers and had fragments from one of them. Crisman was known to Palmer. A year before, Crisman had written a letter claiming he had had an underground battle with the Deros. Palmer asked Kenneth Arnold, to whom he had written earlier, to investigate the story. Arnold agreed.""" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">13  Arriving in Tacoma, Arnold interviewed Crisman, who told a tale of a flying disc that emitted rock-like debris and a visitation from mysterious black-clad stranger who gave ominous instructions not to speak of the disc.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 13–15  Arnold summoned two Air Force investigators who took possession of the supposed debris, described as lava rocks, from Crisman.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 13–15  As the investigators returned to base, their B-25 caught fire and crashed. A local paper ran a story suggesting the plane had been sabotaged or shot down to prevent the shipping of the flying disc fragments. Though Crisman later confessed to a hoax, Peebles argues the story was the "first to give a sinister air" or "conspiratorial atmosphere" to the flying saucer myth.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 13–15
Quotation: ""In retrospect, the newspaper publicity about the B-25 crash was the first to give a sinister air to the flying saucer myth. The talk of "sabotage," "mysterious stranger," and "classified material" gave it a "conspiratorial" atmosphere. The Army Air Force knew it was a hoax and why the plane crashed, but the public had only the contradictory newspaper accounts."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">13–15  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> In the October 1947 issue of Amazing Stories, editor <a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Palmer" title="Raymond A. Palmer">Raymond Palmer</a> argued the flying disc flap was proof of Richard Sharpe Shaver's claims.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 12  That same issue carried a letter from Shaver in which he argued the truth behind the discs would remain a secret.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto5-37">[note 2]</a> Wrote Shaver:<blockquote> "The discs can be a space invasion, a secret new army plane — or a scouting trip by an enemy country...OR, they can be Shaver's space ships, taking off and landing regularly on earth for centuries past, and seen today as they have always been — as a mystery. They could be leaving earth with cargos of wonder-mech that to us would mean emancipation from a great many of our worst troubles— and we'll never see those cargos...I predict that nothing more will be seen, and the truth of what the strange disc ships really are will never be disclosed to the common people. We just don't count to the people who do know about such things. It isn't necessary to tell us anything."<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-RToronto-9">[9]</a>: 159 <a href="#cite_note-auto5-37">[note 2]</a> </blockquote>During the last decades of his life, Shaver devoted himself to "rock books"—stones that he believed had been created by the advanced ancient races and embedded with legible pictures and texts.<a href="#cite_note-RToronto-9">[9]</a>: 206  After Shaver's death in 1975, his editor Raymond Palmer admitted that "Shaver had spent eight years not in the Cavern World, but in a mental institution" being treated for <a href="/wiki/Paranoid_schizophrenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Paranoid schizophrenia">paranoid schizophrenia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a>: ch. 3  <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "There is a definite link between flying saucers, The Shaver Mystery, The Kennedy’s assassinations, Watergate and Fred Crisman." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">Ray Palmer, 1976 letter to Gray Barker<a href="#cite_note-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 323
Quotation: "Crisman was the perfect suspect to create a “link” between UFOs, the occult, and the various assassination theories. His testimony was never released and he is now dead. Garrison’s investigation was worthless, relying on hearsay, nonexistent “links,” and spurious “unanswered questions.” Most of the “suspects” were dead by the time Garrison sought indictments."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">323 </cite></div> </div> In 1952, Arnold and Palmer would author Coming of the Saucers.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 13, 92  It detailed his 1947 investigation of Fred Crisman's claims, alleged he had been eavesdropped on during his investigation, and other strange behavior.<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 30  In 1968, Crisman would be subpoenaed by a New Orleans grand jury in the prosecution of a local man for the assassination of President John F. Kennedy—a prosecution that would later be dramatized in the 1991 Oliver Stone film JFK.<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 30–31 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 323
Quotation: "Crisman was the perfect suspect to create a “link” between UFOs, the occult, and the various assassination theories. His testimony was never released and he is now dead. Garrison’s investigation was worthless, relying on hearsay, nonexistent “links,” and spurious “unanswered questions.” Most of the “suspects” were dead by the time Garrison sought indictments."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">323  <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">UFOs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">ufology</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding-bottom:0.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flying_Saucer_-_NARA_NAID_303938034_cropped.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Flying saucer from the National Archives and Records Administration"><img alt="Flying saucer from the National Archives and Records Administration" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flying_Saucer_-_NARA_NAID_303938034_cropped.png/180px-Flying_Saucer_-_NARA_NAID_303938034_cropped.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flying_Saucer_-_NARA_NAID_303938034_cropped.png/270px-Flying_Saucer_-_NARA_NAID_303938034_cropped.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Flying_Saucer_-_NARA_NAID_303938034_cropped.png/360px-Flying_Saucer_-_NARA_NAID_303938034_cropped.png 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="564" /></a></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">Notable sightings</a> and hoaxes</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold_UFO_sighting" title="Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting">Kenneth Arnold sighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_flying_disc_craze" title="1947 flying disc craze">1947 wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident" title="Roswell incident">Roswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantell_UFO_incident" title="Mantell UFO incident">Mantell crash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiles-Whitted_UFO_encounter" title="Chiles-Whitted UFO encounter">Chiles-Whitted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorman_dogfight" title="Gorman dogfight">Gorman dogfight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMinnville_UFO_photographs" title="McMinnville UFO photographs">McMinnville photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_UFO_incident" title="Mariana UFO incident">Mariana film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Washington,_D.C.,_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 Washington, D.C., UFO incident">1952 flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_outer_space" title="UFO sightings in outer space">Sightings in outer space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatwoods_monster" title="Flatwoods monster">Flatwoods monster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_and_Betty_Hill_incident" title="Barney and Betty Hill incident">Barney and Betty Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_%22swamp_gas%22_UFO_reports" title="Michigan "swamp gas" UFO reports">'Swamp gas'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travis_Walton_incident" title="Travis Walton incident">Travis Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendlesham_Forest_incident" title="Rendlesham Forest incident">Rendlesham Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_UFO_wave" title="Belgian UFO wave">Belgian wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Calvine_UFO" class="mw-redirect" title="The Calvine UFO">Calvine photo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien autopsy hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Lights" title="Phoenix Lights">Phoenix Lights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentagon_UFO_videos" title="Pentagon UFO videos">Pentagon UFO videos</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.2em;"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_investigations_of_UFOs_by_governments" title="List of investigations of UFOs by governments">Government investigations</a></li></ul></div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Prato" title="Operação Prato">Operação Prato - Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Magnet_(UFO)" title="Project Magnet (UFO)">Project Magnet - Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEIPAN" title="GEIPAN">GEIPAN - France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_22" title="Institute 22">Institute 22 - Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Saucer_Working_Party" title="Flying Saucer Working Party">Flying Saucer Working Party - UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Condign" title="Project Condign">Project Condign - UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_UFO_reports_by_the_United_States_government" title="Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government">History of government investigations - US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All-domain_Anomaly_Resolution_Office" title="All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office">All-domain Anomaly Resolution Office - US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%27s_UAP_independent_study_team" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA's UAP independent study team">NASA's UAP independent study team - US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condon_Committee" title="Condon Committee">Condon Committee - US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Blue_Book" title="Project Blue Book">Project Blue Book - US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_Anomalous_Phenomena_Disclosure_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act">Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act - US</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.2em;"> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conspiracy theories</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Lazar" title="Bob Lazar">Bob Lazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">Majestic 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Serpo" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Serpo</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">Religions</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aetherius_Society" title="Aetherius Society">Aetherius Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_SubGenius" title="Church of the SubGenius">Church of the SubGenius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heaven%27s_Gate_(religious_group)" title="Heaven's Gate (religious group)">Heaven's Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%ABlism" title="Raëlism">Raëlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology" title="Scientology">Scientology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unarius_Academy_of_Science" title="Unarius Academy of Science">Unarius Academy of Science</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding:0.15em 0.2em 0.2em;"> Lists of organizations, sightings, studies, etc.</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-top:0.2em;padding-bottom:0.6em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO_organizations" title="List of UFO organizations">UFO organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">Reported UFO sightings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings#By_location" title="List of reported UFO sightings">Sightings by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_investigations_of_UFOs_by_governments" title="List of investigations of UFOs by governments">Investigations of UFOs by governments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_studies_of_UFOs" title="Identification studies of UFOs">Identification studies of UFOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ufologists" title="List of ufologists">Ufologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_extraterrestrial_beings" title="List of alleged extraterrestrial beings">Alleged extraterrestrial beings</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UFO_sidebar" title="Template:UFO sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UFO_sidebar" title="Template talk:UFO sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UFO_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UFO sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National_coverage">National coverage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: National coverage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Saucer_Conspiracy" title="The Flying Saucer Conspiracy">The Flying Saucer Conspiracy</a></div> The 1950s saw an increase in both governmental and civilian investigative efforts and reports of public <a href="/wiki/Disinformation" title="Disinformation">disinformation</a> and suppression of evidence. On December 26, 1949, True magazine published an article by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Keyhoe" title="Donald Keyhoe">Donald Keyhoe</a> titled "<a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Saucers_Are_Real" title="The Flying Saucers Are Real">The Flying Saucers Are Real</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 40–41 <a href="#cite_note-Gulyas20210-39">[37]</a> Keyhoe, a former Major in the US Marines, claimed that elements within the Air Force knew that saucers existed and had concluded they were likely 'inter-planetary'.<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas20210-39">[37]</a> The article examined the <a href="/wiki/Mantell_UFO_incident" title="Mantell UFO incident">Mantell UFO incident</a> and quoted an unnamed pilot who opined that the Air Force's explanation "looks like a cover up to me". The article claimed a "rocket authority at Wright field" had concluded saucers were interplanetary. Concern over a public panic, of the kind that supposedly occurred after the <a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Worlds_(1938_radio_drama)" title="The War of the Worlds (1938 radio drama)">1938 War of the Worlds broadcast</a>, is cited in the article as a possible motive for the cover up. The True article caused a sensation.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a> When Keyhoe expanded the article into a book, The Flying Saucers Are Real (1950), it sold over half a million copies in paperback. The Air Force denied "flying saucers" exist and further denied that they were US technology being covered-up.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Donald_Keyhoe_on_Mike_Wallace.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Donald_Keyhoe_on_Mike_Wallace.gif/220px-Donald_Keyhoe_on_Mike_Wallace.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Donald_Keyhoe_on_Mike_Wallace.gif/330px-Donald_Keyhoe_on_Mike_Wallace.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Donald_Keyhoe_on_Mike_Wallace.gif/440px-Donald_Keyhoe_on_Mike_Wallace.gif 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>UFO conspiracy proponent Donald Keyhoe (right) interviewed by Mike Wallace on March 8, 1958<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 38–39 </figcaption></figure> In 1954, before Sputnik the first man-made satellite, Keyhoe told press that <a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_satellite_conspiracy_theory" title="Black Knight satellite conspiracy theory">alien satellites</a> had been detected in Earth orbit. In 1955, Donald Keyhoe authored a new book that pointedly accused elements of the United States government of engaging in a conspiracy to cover up knowledge of flying saucers.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 111–113 <a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> Keyhoe claims the existence of a "silence group" orchestrating this conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 110–113  Historian of Folklore <a href="/wiki/Curtis_Peebles" title="Curtis Peebles">Curtis Peebles</a> argues: "The Flying Saucer Conspiracy marked a shift in Keyhoe's belief system. No longer were flying saucers the central theme; that now belonged to the silence group and its coverup. For the next two decades Keyhoe's beliefs about this would dominate the flying saucer myth."<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 110–113  On January 22, 1958, Donald Keyhoe appeared on CBS's <a href="/wiki/Armstrong_Circle_Theatre" title="Armstrong Circle Theatre">Armstrong Circle Theatre</a> in an episode titled "UFO: Enigma of the Skies". During the live broadcast, Keyhoe deviated from the pre-approved script, announcing "now I’m going to reveal something that has never been disclosed before". At this point in the broadcast, Keyhoe's microphone was cut. According to Peebles, "Millions of people thought the Air Force had (literally) "silenced" Keyhoe. Keyhoe emerged as the winner of the Armstrong Theater battle. Believers would point to it as an example of 'silencing.' To the public at large, CBS's cutting off of the audio gave Keyhoe's appearance an impact much greater than anything he said."<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 129  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aztec_"alien_bodies"_hoax">Aztec "alien bodies" hoax</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aztec "alien bodies" hoax">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_UFO_hoax" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec, New Mexico UFO hoax">Aztec, New Mexico UFO hoax</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aztec-hoax-pic.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Three men demonstrate the Aztec hoax claims using an inverted bowl to represent Earth and a copy of Frank Scully's book to represent a magnetism-powered flying saucer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Aztec-hoax-pic.png/220px-Aztec-hoax-pic.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Aztec-hoax-pic.png/330px-Aztec-hoax-pic.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Aztec-hoax-pic.png/440px-Aztec-hoax-pic.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="828" /></a><figcaption>Author Frank Scully (right) and confidence man Silas Newton (center)<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a></figcaption></figure> The first "alien bodies" conspiracy theory emerged in October and November 1949, when journalist <a href="/wiki/Frank_Scully" title="Frank Scully">Frank Scully</a> published two columns in Variety.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 47–48  Scully claimed that dead <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_life" title="Extraterrestrial life">extraterrestrial</a> beings were recovered from a <a href="/wiki/Flying_saucer" title="Flying saucer">flying saucer</a> crash, based on what he said was reported to him by a scientist involved.<a href="#cite_note-variety1-43">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-variety2-44">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> His 1950 book Behind the Flying Saucers expanded on the theme, adding that there had been two such incidents in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and one in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, a 1948 incident that involved a saucer that was nearly 100 feet (30 m) in diameter.<a href="#cite_note-46">[note 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-reece-34-47">[44]</a> In January 1950, Time Magazine skeptically repeated stories of crashed saucers with humanoid occupants.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> It was later revealed that Scully had been the victim of "two veteran <a href="/wiki/Con_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Con artist">confidence artists</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 47–48 <a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> In 1952 and 1956, <a href="/wiki/True_(magazine)" title="True (magazine)">True</a> magazine published articles by <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a> reporter John Philip Cahn<a href="#cite_note-Cahn1-50">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cahn2-51">[48]</a> that exposed Newton and "Dr. Gee" (identified as Leo A. GeBauer) as oil <a href="/wiki/Confidence_trick" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence trick">con artists</a> who had <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoaxed</a> Scully.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> In a 1997 Roswell report, Air Force investigator James McAndrew wrote that "even with the exposure of this obvious fraud, the Aztec story is still revered by UFO theorists. Elements of this story occasionally reemerge and are thought to be the catalyst for other crashed flying saucer stories, including the Roswell Incident."<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a>: 84–85  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Air_Force_accounts">Air Force accounts</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Air Force accounts">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Samford_statement_on_Flying_Saucers_July_1952.webm/220px--Samford_statement_on_Flying_Saucers_July_1952.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="300" data-mwtitle="Samford_statement_on_Flying_Saucers_July_1952.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Samford_statement_on_Flying_Saucers_July_1952.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Samford_statement_on_Flying_Saucers_July_1952.webm/Samford_statement_on_Flying_Saucers_July_1952.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/01/Samford_statement_on_Flying_Saucers_July_1952.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Samford_statement_on_Flying_Saucers_July_1952.webm/Samford_statement_on_Flying_Saucers_July_1952.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Samford_statement_on_Flying_Saucers_July_1952.webm/Samford_statement_on_Flying_Saucers_July_1952.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Samford_statement_on_Flying_Saucers_July_1952.webm/Samford_statement_on_Flying_Saucers_July_1952.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Samford_statement_on_Flying_Saucers_July_1952.webm/Samford_statement_on_Flying_Saucers_July_1952.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>General Samford press conference on flying saucers</figcaption></figure> On July 29, 1952, General <a href="/wiki/John_A._Samford" title="John A. Samford">John Samford</a>, the director of Air Force intelligence, held a press conference on the recent UFO sightings over the nation's capital; The conference was the largest one held in the seven years since World War II.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 65  Samford attributed the recent radar returns to <a href="/wiki/Inversion_(meteorology)" title="Inversion (meteorology)">temperature inversion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 65  While most reports were easily explainable, Samford acknowledged having received a number of reports from "credible observers of relatively incredible things."<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 65  Samford continued, saying: "our real interest in this project is not one of intellectual curiosity but is in trying to establish and appraise the possibility of a menace to the United States. And we can say, as of now, that there has been no pattern that reveals anything remotely like purpose or remotely like consistency that we can in any way associate with any menace to the United States."<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 65  While most accepted the official explanation, Peebles argues "many in the press and public got the impression that the Air Force was covering up, and this was reflected in some of the press coverage."<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 65  In 1952, the <a href="/wiki/Robertson_Panel" title="Robertson Panel">Robertson Panel</a> recommended a campaign of public education.<a href="#cite_note-54">[51]</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_M._Chop" title="Albert M. Chop">Al Chop</a>, a civilian, had served as the Press Chief for Air Materiel Command in Dayton, Ohio until 1951 when he transferred to the Pentagon to serve as the press spokesman for <a href="/wiki/Project_Bluebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Bluebook">Project Bluebook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LewisOnChop-55">[52]</a> In 1956, a film titled <a href="/wiki/UFO_(1956_film)" title="UFO (1956 film)">Unidentified Flying Objects: The True Story of Flying Saucers</a> dramatized the events of the early 1950s from the point of view of "Al Chop", an Air Force press officer played by reporter Tom Towers.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> The film incorporates interviews with actual eyewitnesses and historic footage of unidentified objects, concluding with a dramatization of the <a href="/wiki/1952_UFO_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="1952 UFO flap">1952 UFO flap</a> that featured repeated sightings over Washington D.C.<a href="#cite_note-LewisOnChop-55">[52]</a> Ruppelt was a captain in the US Air Force who served as director of official investigations into UFOs: Project Grudge and Project Bluebook.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 110–113 <a href="#cite_note-LewisOnChop-55">[52]</a> In 1956, Ruppelt authored <a href="/wiki/The_Report_on_Unidentified_Flying_Objects" title="The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects">The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects</a>, a book that has been called the "most significant" of its era.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 113  The book discussed the <a href="/wiki/Twining_memo" class="mw-redirect" title="Twining memo">Twining memo</a> which initiated UFO investigation and the rejected 1948 "Estimate of the Situation". Ruppelt criticized the Air Force's handling of UFOs investigations. Historian Curtis Peebles concludes that the book "should have ended the speculation about an Air Force cover-up. In fact, Ruppelt's statements were converted into support for the cover-up idea."<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 110–113  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Philadelphia_Experiment"_hoax">"Philadelphia Experiment" hoax</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: "Philadelphia Experiment" hoax">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Experiment" title="Philadelphia Experiment">Philadelphia Experiment</a></div> In 1955, <a href="/wiki/Morris_K._Jessup" title="Morris K. Jessup">Morris K. Jessup</a> achieved some notoriety with his book The Case for the UFO, in which he argued that UFOs represented a mysterious subject worthy of further study.<a href="#cite_note-Donovan2011-6">[6]</a>: 106 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 112, 114  <a href="#cite_note-Carroll_2015-57">[54]</a> In January 1956, Jessup began receiving a series of letters from "Carlos Miguel Allende", later identified as <a href="/wiki/Carl_Meredith_Allen" title="Carl Meredith Allen">Carl Meredith Allen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Donovan2011-6">[6]</a>: 106 <a href="#cite_note-NHHC_1996-58">[55]</a> "Allende" warned Jessup not to investigate the levitation of UFOs and spun a tale of a dangerous experiment in which a navy ship was made invisible, only to inexplicably teleport from Philadelphia to Norfolk, Virginia, before reappearing back in Philadelphia.<a href="#cite_note-Donovan2011-6">[6]</a>: 106  The ship's crew was supposed to have suffered various side effects, including insanity, intangibility, and being "frozen" in place.<a href="#cite_note-Donovan2011-6">[6]</a>: 106  In 1957, Jessup was invited to the Office of Naval Research where he was shown an annotated copy of his book that was filled with handwritten notes in its margins, written with three different shades of blue ink, appearing to detail a debate among three individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Donovan2011-6">[6]</a>: 106  They discussed ideas about the propulsion for <a href="/wiki/Flying_saucers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying saucers">flying saucers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_intelligence" title="Extraterrestrial intelligence">alien races</a>, and express concern that Jessup was too close to discovering their technology.<a href="#cite_note-Donovan2011-6">[6]</a>: 106  Jessup noticed the handwriting of the annotations resembled the letters he received from Allen. Twelve years later, Allen would say that he authored all of the annotations in order "to scare the hell out of Jessup."<a href="#cite_note-APRO_1969-59">[56]</a> Jessup died by suicide in 1959.<a href="#cite_note-Donovan2011-6">[6]</a>: 106  In 1963, Gray Barker authored a book alleging Jessup's death was suspicious.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[note 4]</a> By 1975, the Philadelphia Experiment was being promoted by paranormal author <a href="/wiki/Charles_Berlitz" title="Charles Berlitz">Charles Berlitz</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> and in 1984, the legend was adapted into a <a href="/wiki/The_Philadelphia_Experiment_(film)" title="The Philadelphia Experiment (film)">fictional film</a>. In 1980, Berlitz co-authored <a href="/wiki/The_Roswell_Incident_(1980_book)" title="The Roswell Incident (1980 book)">The Roswell Incident</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Donovan2011-6">[6]</a>: 106  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="'Men_in_Black'_legends">'Men in Black' legends</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 'Men in Black' legends">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gray_Barker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gray_Barker.jpg/220px-Gray_Barker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gray_Barker.jpg/330px-Gray_Barker.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gray_Barker.jpg/440px-Gray_Barker.jpg 2x" data-file-width="641" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Gray Barker poses with his book cover art</figcaption></figure> 1956 saw the publication of <a href="/wiki/Gray_Barker" title="Gray Barker">Gray Barker</a>'s <a href="/wiki/They_Knew_Too_Much_About_Flying_Saucers" title="They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers">They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers</a>, the book which publicized the idea of <a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in Black</a> who appear to UFO witnesses and warn them to keep quiet.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 82  There has been continued speculation that the men in black are government agents who harass and threaten UFO witnesses. According to the <a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a> article "Gray Barker: My Friend, the Myth-Maker", there may have been "a grain of truth" to Barker's writings on the Men in Black, in that government agencies did attempt to discourage public interest in UFOs during the 1950s. However, Barker is thought to have greatly embellished the facts of the situation. In the same Skeptical Inquirer article, Sherwood revealed that, in the late 1960s, he and Barker collaborated on a brief fictional notice alluding to the Men in Black, which was published as fact first in <a href="/wiki/Raymond_A._Palmer" title="Raymond A. Palmer">Raymond A. Palmer</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Flying_Saucers_(magazine)" title="Flying Saucers (magazine)">Flying Saucers</a> magazine and some of Barker's own publications. In the story, Sherwood (writing as "Dr. Richard H. Pratt") claimed he was ordered to silence by the "blackmen" after learning that UFOs were time-travelling vehicles. Barker later wrote to Sherwood, "Evidently the fans swallowed this one with a gulp."<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growing_distrust_in_government">Growing distrust in government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Growing distrust in government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Michigan_%22swamp_gas%22_UFO_reports" title="Michigan "swamp gas" UFO reports">Michigan "swamp gas" UFO reports</a></div> The 1960s began an era of government skepticism. After the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination of John F. Kennedy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pentagon_Papers" title="Pentagon Papers">Pentagon Papers</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>, trust in the US government declined and acceptance of conspiracy theories became widespread.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 2
Quotation: "the period since the assassination of President John F. Kennedy in 1963 has seen the rise of a veritable cottage industry of conspiracism, with ever more complex plots and devious forces behind it""" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">2 <a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 6
Quotation: "The emergence in the 1970s of the phrase “Cosmic Watergate” indicated a shift in the emphasis of this supposed cover-up. In the wake of the Watergate investigation and hearings that brought down the Nixon administration, congressional committee hearings on the inappropriate use of intelligence and law enforcement assets against domestic political and civil rights groups as well as examinations of untoward involvement in post-colonial nations’ internal politics revealed a type of government secrecy and intrigue that was distinct from the earlier Cold War espionage culture. Within the UFO community, politicized rhetoric such as the phrase “Cosmic Watergate” indicated a shift toward a conspiratorial style of thinking that was closer to the parapolitics of John F. Kennedy assassination theories and paranoia about the Federal Reserve System than ufology had previously occupied."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">6 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 166, 205, 245  In 1966, amid a wave (or 'flap') of UFO reports throughout southern Michigan, there were two mass sightings reported. The first occurred around marshland near Dexter, while the second mass-sighting took place near the campus arboretum of Hillsdale College, about 50 miles away.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 169–171  After the reports were attributed to swamp gas by Air Force civilian investigator J. Allen Hynek, the explanation was widely derided.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 169–172  The Richmond News Leader accused the Air Force of attempting "to discredit the testimony of witnesses." and US congressman Gerald Ford called for a formal Congressional investigation into the sightings.<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 9
Quotation: ""Hynek dismissed the sightings as "swamp gas". Those two words created quite a ruckus. The press and public were outraged and their reaction was immediate and hostile. The swamp gas tactic backfired on the Air Force. People were not prepared to just swallow that explanation and forget the whole thing. Michigan Congressman and future President Gerald R. Ford requested that the House Armed Services Committee hold hearings. "The American public deserves a better explanation than that thus far given by the Air Force," he said. The hearings were approved and held on April 5, 1966."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">9 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 171  Like "weather balloon" before it, the term <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/swamp_gas" class="extiw" title="wikt:swamp gas">"swamp gas" came to mean</a> any unbelievable debunking. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fred_Crisman_and_JFK_conspiracy_theories">Fred Crisman and JFK conspiracy theories</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fred Crisman and JFK conspiracy theories">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Clay_Shaw_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Clay Shaw trial">Clay Shaw trial</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations_-_JFK_exhibit_F-174_Tramp_C_and_Crisman_side-by-side.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations_-_JFK_exhibit_F-174_Tramp_C_and_Crisman_side-by-side.jpg/220px-House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations_-_JFK_exhibit_F-174_Tramp_C_and_Crisman_side-by-side.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations_-_JFK_exhibit_F-174_Tramp_C_and_Crisman_side-by-side.jpg/330px-House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations_-_JFK_exhibit_F-174_Tramp_C_and_Crisman_side-by-side.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations_-_JFK_exhibit_F-174_Tramp_C_and_Crisman_side-by-side.jpg/440px-House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations_-_JFK_exhibit_F-174_Tramp_C_and_Crisman_side-by-side.jpg 2x" data-file-width="444" data-file-height="282" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Three_tramps" title="Three tramps">"Tramp C"</a> (left) compared to Fred Crisman in an exhibit from House Select Committee on Assassinations</figcaption></figure> On March 1, 1967, New Orleans District attorney <a href="/wiki/Jim_Garrison" title="Jim Garrison">Jim Garrison</a> arrested and charged New Orleans businessman <a href="/wiki/Clay_Shaw" title="Clay Shaw">Clay Shaw</a> with having conspired to assassinate <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">President Kennedy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 30 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 263  Fred Crisman was subpoenaed by Garrison and testified before the New Orleans grand jury in the case.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 263  Garrison issued a press release accusing Crisman of being an undercover agent with knowledge of the Kennedy Assassination.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a> The jury took less than an hour to find Shaw not guilty.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 323  Garrison's prosecution of Shaw was highly criticized as "a fatally flawed case built on flimsy evidence that featured a chorus of dubious and even wacky witnesses" while others more pointedly accuse Garrison of "recklessness, cruelty, abuse of power, publicity mongering and dishonesty".<a href="#cite_note-UPI;_October_22,_1992-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> Despite the near-universal condemnation of the prosecution, conspiracy theories continued to link Crisman to the Kennedy assassination and a supposed UFO cover-up. Criman had been involved in the Shaver Mystery and the Maury Island Hoax in the 1940s. In the late 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Select_Committee_on_Assassinations" title="United States House Select Committee on Assassinations">United States House Select Committee on Assassinations</a> considered the possibility that Crisman may have been one of the <a href="/wiki/Three_tramps" title="Three tramps">"three tramps"</a> detained and photographed in the aftermath of the JFK assassination.<a href="#cite_note-RToronto-9">[9]</a>: 160  Pointing to Crisman's supposed involvement, later conspiracy authors like Kenn Thomas, Jim Marrs, and Bill Cooper alleged that Kennedy's assassination was tied to a UFO conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: <span title="Pages: 30–31
Quotation: "For conspiracy researchers like Kenn Thomas, Fred Crisman was a nexus point for a number of conspiracies and cover-ups from the late 1940s until Crisman’s death in 1975"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">30–31  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Cosmic_Watergate"">"Cosmic Watergate"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: "Cosmic Watergate"">edit</a>]</div> In <a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey" title="2001: A Space Odyssey">the novel</a> and film <a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey" title="2001: A Space Odyssey">2001: A Space Odyssey</a> by Arthur C. Clarke and Stanley Kubrick, American discovery of an extraterrestrial artifact prompts a cover up and disinformation campaign with fatal consequence for astronauts sent to investigate.<a href="#cite_note-PaleHorseRider-5">[5]</a>: ch. 12 <a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> The film was prominent in <a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Moon landing conspiracy theories</a>, which variously argue that humans never went to the Moon, went there with the assistance of aliens, or even that NASA covered up lunar evidence of aliens.<a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> One scholar opined that the 1968 film "seems to anticipate the post-Nixonian culture of governmental conspiracy".<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> <a href="/wiki/J._Allen_Hynek" title="J. Allen Hynek">J. Allen Hynek</a> was an American <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a> who served as scientific advisor to UFO studies undertaken by the U.S. Air Force. Hynek had drawn ridicule for his most famous debunking, in which he suggested a <a href="/wiki/Michigan_%22swamp_gas%22_UFO_reports" title="Michigan "swamp gas" UFO reports">mass-sighting over Michigan may have been caused by "swamp gas"</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> By 1974, the former skeptic was publicly charging that Bluebook was "a Cosmic Watergate".<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 6  Hynek claimed 20% of Bluebook cases were unexplained. Fellow Ufologist like Stanton Friedman echoed Hynek's "Cosmic Watergate" accusations.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> In 1976, pulp publisher Ray Palmer argued "there is a definite link between flying saucers, The Shaver Mystery, The Kennedy’s assassinations, Watergate and <a href="/wiki/Fred_Crisman" title="Fred Crisman">Fred Crisman</a>."<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 323
Quotation: "Crisman was the perfect suspect to create a “link” between UFOs, the occult, and the various assassination theories. His testimony was never released and he is now dead. Garrison’s investigation was worthless, relying on hearsay, nonexistent “links,” and spurious “unanswered questions.” Most of the “suspects” were dead by the time Garrison sought indictments."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">323  During the 1976 US presidential campaign, Jimmy Carter pledged that if elected, he would "make every piece of information this country has about UFOs available to the public and scientists".<a href="#cite_note-Donovan2011-6">[6]</a>: 124–125  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alien_bodies_at_"Hangar_18"">Alien bodies at "Hangar 18"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Alien bodies at "Hangar 18"">edit</a>]</div> In the mid-1970s, legends of alien bodies re-emerged in the popular lore.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 242, 321  The idea of alien corpses from a crashed ship being stored in an Air Force morgue at the <a href="/wiki/Wright-Patterson_Air_Force_Base" title="Wright-Patterson Air Force Base">Wright-Patterson Air Force Base</a> was mentioned in Scully's Behind the Flying Saucers,<a href="#cite_note-Baker-2024-74">[70]</a> expanded in the 1966 book <a href="/wiki/Incident_at_Exeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Incident at Exeter">Incident at Exeter</a>, and became the basis for a 1968 science-fiction novel <a href="/wiki/The_Fortec_Conspiracy" title="The Fortec Conspiracy">The Fortec Conspiracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a>: 87–88 <a href="#cite_note-Smith-2000-p82-76">[72]</a>: 82  Fortec was about a fictional cover-up by the <a href="/wiki/National_Air_and_Space_Intelligence_Center#Foreign_Technology_Division" title="National Air and Space Intelligence Center">Air Force unit charged with reverse-engineering</a> other nations' technical advancements.<a href="#cite_note-Smith-2000-p82-76">[72]</a> In 1974, science-fiction author and conspiracy theorist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Spencer_Carr" title="Robert Spencer Carr">Robert Spencer Carr</a> alleged that alien bodies recovered from the Aztec crash were stored in "Hangar 18" at Wright-Patterson.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 242, 321  Carr claimed that his sources had witnessed the alien autopsy,<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 244  another idea later incorporated into the Roswell narrative.<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a>: 53–54 <a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a> The Air Force explained that no "Hangar 18" existed at the base, noting a similarity between Carr's story and the fictional Fortec Conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> In 1977, recurring SNL characters <a href="/wiki/The_Coneheads" class="mw-redirect" title="The Coneheads">The Coneheads</a> were contacted by an Air Force investigator (Buck Henry) after an extraterrestrial artifact crashes in the Southwestern US. The 1980 film <a href="/wiki/Hangar_18_(film)" title="Hangar 18 (film)">Hangar 18</a>, which dramatized Carr's claims, was described as "a modern-day dramatization" of Roswell by the film's director <a href="/wiki/James_L._Conway" title="James L. Conway">James L. Conway</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Erdmann-p287-80">[76]</a>: 287  and as "nascent Roswell mythology" by folklorist Thomas Bullard.<a href="#cite_note-Bullard-12">[12]</a>: 331  Decades later, Carr's son recalled that he had often "mortified my mother and me by spinning preposterous stories in front of strangers... [tales of] befriending a giant alligator in the Florida swamps, and sharing complex philosophical ideas with porpoises in the Gulf of Mexico."<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a>: 32  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Alien_Abductions"">"Alien Abductions"</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: "Alien Abductions"">edit</a>]</div> In 1975, millions of Americans watched when NBC aired film <a href="/wiki/The_UFO_Incident" title="The UFO Incident">The UFO Incident</a>, a dramatization of the Betty and Barney Hill case, the first reported "alien abduction".<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 44  In 1961, the Hills reportedly witnessed an unidentified light in the night sky as they were driving from Montreal to Portsmouth. Under hypnosis, Barney told a story of being abducted and drew a picture of an alien with large, wrap-around eyes—the first report of a <a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">"gray" alien</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 236  <a href="/wiki/Recovered-memory_therapy" title="Recovered-memory therapy">Recovered-memory therapy</a> is not based on scientific evidence, and recovered memories are indistinguishable from <a href="/wiki/False_memories" class="mw-redirect" title="False memories">false memories</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PWiwN-82">[78]</a> Psychologists and skeptics argued that "after viewing this movie, any person with a little imagination could now become an instant celebrity" by claiming an abduction, concluding that "one of those instant celebrities was Travis Walton."<a href="#cite_note-Clancy2009-83">[79]</a> Two weeks after the film aired, an Arizona crew working on a Forestry contract reported that member <a href="/wiki/Travis_Walton_incident" title="Travis Walton incident">Travis Walton</a> had been abducted by a flying saucer.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 227 <a href="#cite_note-PubDeceiv-84">[80]</a> Science writers <a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Klass" title="Philip J. Klass">Philip J. Klass</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Shermer" title="Michael Shermer">Michael Shermer</a> highlight a potential motive for the hoax was to provide an "<a href="/wiki/Act_of_God" title="Act of God">Act of God</a>" that would allow the crew to avoid a steep financial penalty from the Forestry Service for failing to complete their contract by the deadline.<a href="#cite_note-Shermer-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-PubDeceiv-84">[80]</a> The Walton case is widely regarded as a hoax, even by believers of UFOs and alien abductions.<a href="#cite_note-PubDeceiv-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clancy2009-83">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP-86">[82]</a> By 1976, artist and amateur UFO researcher <a href="/wiki/Budd_Hopkins" title="Budd Hopkins">Budd Hopkins</a> began focusing on abduction reports; Hopkins popularized the reports in his 1981 book Missing Time and its 1987 follow-up Intruders.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 235–238  Also in 1987, established horror author Whitley Strieber released <a href="/wiki/Communion_(book)" title="Communion (book)">Communion</a>, an ostensibly non-fiction autobiographical ab duction tale; It topped the New York Times bestseller list.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 235–238  Strieber's book popularized the idea of alien 'visitors' associated with anal probes.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a>: 215  In 1989, the book was adapted into <a href="/wiki/Communion_(1989_film)" title="Communion (1989 film)">a film of the same name</a>, starring Christopher Walken. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Close_Encounters_of_the_Third_Kind">Close Encounters of the Third Kind</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Close Encounters of the Third Kind">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Allen_Hynek_Jacques_Vallee_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Allen_Hynek_Jacques_Vallee_1.jpg/220px-Allen_Hynek_Jacques_Vallee_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Allen_Hynek_Jacques_Vallee_1.jpg/330px-Allen_Hynek_Jacques_Vallee_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c3/Allen_Hynek_Jacques_Vallee_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="332" /></a><figcaption>J. Allen Hynek (left) and Jacques Vallee were both invoved in Close Encounters of the Third Kind</figcaption></figure> In 1974, the film <a href="/wiki/UFOs:_Past,_Present,_and_Future" title="UFOs: Past, Present, and Future">UFOs: Past, Present, and Future</a> dramatized an ostensibly-historical meeting between humans and aliens who land after being summoned.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 207 <a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a>: ch 12  The filmmakers reported being told by military officials that a UFO had landed at Holloman Air Force Base.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a>: ch 12 <a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> The depiction of a landing in the blockbuster Close Encounters of the Third Kind has been called a "thinly veiled reference to the Holloman landing" story.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a>: <span title="Page / location: ch 12
Quotation: "The climax of Close Encounters of the Third Kind is an elaborate, disco remix of the alleged event"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">ch 12 <a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a>: 202  The Holloman story would be later promoted by hoaxer Richard Doty.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a>: ch 12  On December 14, 1977, the Spielberg blockbuster film Close Encounters of the Third Kind premiered and brought UFO conspiracy theories to a global market.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 30 <a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 44 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 234  The film opens with a United Nations recovery of <a href="/wiki/Flight_19" title="Flight 19">Flight 19</a>, lost in the Bermuda Triangle some 32 years prior, in Mexico's Sonora desert; Since Keyhoe's 1955 book The Flying Saucer Conspiracy, theorists had linked Flight 19's disappearance to flying saucers.<a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> The film's subplot of an "exchange program" of humans visiting aliens would later resurface in conspiracy theory as <a href="/wiki/Project_Serpo" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Serpo">Project Serpo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a>: <span title="Page / location: ch 12
Quotation: "The climax of Close Encounters of the Third Kind is an elaborate, disco remix of the alleged event, which also formed the centrepiece of the Serpo story thirty years later."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">ch 12 : <span title="Page / location: x
Quotation: "Beyond the main event of the ET–human exchange, there really wasn’t anything in the Serpo story that wasn’t already present in the UFO lore. Any movie buff could also point out the obvious parallels to Steven Spielberg’s UFO epic Close Encounters of the Third Kind, which climaxes with the landing of a colossal disco-ball UFO at a secret site near Devil’s Tower in Wyoming. Here Richard Dreyfus’s character joins twelve military personnel who board the ET craft, presumably to be taken to the benevolent aliens’ planet"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">x  Legendary French filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">François Truffaut</a> played a character inspired by French UFO investigator <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Vallee" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacques Vallee">Jacques Vallee</a>, an advisor to the film.<a href="#cite_note-PaleHorseRider-5">[5]</a>: <span title="Page / location: x
Quotation: "An early sign of slippage occurred when he agreed to sit for an interview with with Jacques Vallée, the single-most-respected investigator in the history of the field. Educated at the Sorbonne, an astrophysicist and futurist, model for the part played by François Truffaut in Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Vallée brought a rare touch of continental class to the US military/nerd-dominated ufology subculture."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">x Real life debunker-turned-believer <a href="/wiki/J._Allen_Hynek" title="J. Allen Hynek">J. Allen Hynek</a> made a cameo in the film.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a> In coming years, conspiracy figure John Lear and others would allege that powerful insiders had "subtly promoted" Close Encounters and other films to 'educate' the public.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 30
Quotation: ""In a 1987 press statement, John Lear, the estranged son of inventor William Lear, claimed not only that the U.S. government had close and continuing contacts with extraterrestrials, but that an inner circle of powerful officials had “subtly promoted” the films E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial and Close Encounters of the Third Kind so that the public would come to think of extraterrestrials as benevolent “space brothers.” Somewhat similar claims were made by conspiracy writer Milton William Cooper, who said that the films were “thinly disguised” descriptions of contacts that took place in the early 1950s between extraterrestrials and the government."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">30  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jesse_Marcel_and_Roswell">Jesse Marcel and Roswell</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Jesse Marcel and Roswell">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Roswell_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Roswell Incident">Roswell Incident</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marcel-roswell-debris_0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Marcel-roswell-debris_0.jpg/220px-Marcel-roswell-debris_0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Marcel-roswell-debris_0.jpg/330px-Marcel-roswell-debris_0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Marcel-roswell-debris_0.jpg/440px-Marcel-roswell-debris_0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1779" data-file-height="2320" /></a><figcaption>Jesse Marcel holding foil debris from the Roswell incident in 1947</figcaption></figure> In February 1978, UFO researcher <a href="/wiki/Stanton_T._Friedman" title="Stanton T. Friedman">Stanton Friedman</a> interviewed <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Marcel" title="Jesse Marcel">Jesse Marcel</a>, the only person known to have accompanied the Roswell debris from where it was recovered to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Worth">Fort Worth</a> where reporters saw material that was claimed to be part of the recovered object.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 81 <a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 92–93 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 246–251  Marcel's statements contradicted those he made to the press in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-FWStar-92">[88]</a> Marcel revealed that the 1947 "weather balloon" has been a cover story, saying: "They wanted some comments from me, but I wasn't at liberty to do that. So, all I could do is keep my mouth shut. And General Ramey is the one who discussed – told the newspapers, I mean the newsman, what it was, and to forget about it. It is nothing more than a weather observation balloon. Of course, we both knew differently."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-wyrar-94">[90]</a> Uncertain of the material's origin, Marcel would speculate the debris might have been extraterrestrial. In all his statements, Marcel consistently denied the presence of bodies.<a href="#cite_note-wwbV0-95">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-korff-csi-96">[92]</a> On February 28, 1980, <a href="/wiki/Sensationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sensationalist">sensationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Tabloid_journalism" title="Tabloid journalism">tabloid</a> the <a href="/wiki/National_Enquirer" title="National Enquirer">National Enquirer</a> brought large-scale attention to the Roswell story.<a href="#cite_note-GqgXu-97">[93]</a> In the 1990s, the US military published two reports disclosing the true nature of the crashed aircraft: a surveillance balloon from Project Mogul. Nevertheless, the Roswell incident continues to be of interest to the media, and conspiracy theories surrounding the event persist. Roswell has been described as "the world's most famous, most exhaustively investigated and most thoroughly debunked UFO claim".<a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Richard_Doty,_John_Lear,_and_the_"Dark_Side"">Richard Doty, John Lear, and the "Dark Side"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Richard Doty, John Lear, and the "Dark Side"">edit</a>]</div> In the 1980s, UFO conspiracy theories began to incorporate politics, alleging that the US Government was in league with an evil alien race. By way of contrast with prior UFO conspiracy theories about benevolent 'space brothers', author Jerome Clark named this new strain of thinking "ufology's dark side". <a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 97
Quotation: "By the early 1990s, therefore, at least some of the ufology literature had gone through several transformations. It had become intensely politicized. It insisted that powerful elements in the U.S. government were in continuing collaboration with an evil, alien race. And it claimed that in order to protect this information, the secret government was prepared to destroy American liberties. From 1986 to about 1990, the activities of Andrews, Lear, Cooper, and Valerian created a conspiracist form of UFO speculation, which Jerome Clark refers to as ufology’s "dark side.""" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">97  Richard Doty, who identified as a special agent with the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Office_of_Special_Investigations" title="Air Force Office of Special Investigations">Air Force Office of Special Investigations</a> at <a href="/wiki/Kirtland_Air_Force_Base" title="Kirtland Air Force Base">Kirtland AFB</a>, was a source for much of this new 'dark' mythology.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 253
Quotation: "The next major figure in the development of the alien myth was Set. Richard C. Doty, a special agent with the Air Force Office of Special Investigations at Kirtland AFB."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">253  Another important figure during this era was <a href="/wiki/John_Lear" title="John Lear">John Lear</a>, son of Learjet founder William Powell Lear.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 258
Quotation: "He met with Linda Moulton Howe and John Lear (son of Learjet inventor Bill Lear) who would have key roles in the spread and embellishment of Bennewitz’s ideas."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">258  Pilkington argues that in the second half of the 1980s, Lear was "probably the most influential source" of UFO conspiracy information.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a>: x  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cattle_mutilations_and_quiet_helicopters">Cattle mutilations and quiet helicopters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Cattle mutilations and quiet helicopters">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:242px"><div style="position:relative;width:240px;border:1px solid lightgray"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_New_Mexico_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="UFO conspiracy theories is located in New Mexico"><img alt="UFO conspiracy theories is located in New Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USA_New_Mexico_location_map.svg/240px-USA_New_Mexico_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USA_New_Mexico_location_map.svg/360px-USA_New_Mexico_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/USA_New_Mexico_location_map.svg/480px-USA_New_Mexico_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="1401" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:8.561%;left:32.167%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-8px;top:-8px"><img alt="Detonation Site" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Radiation_warning_symbol_4.svg/15px-Radiation_warning_symbol_4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Radiation_warning_symbol_4.svg/23px-Radiation_warning_symbol_4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Radiation_warning_symbol_4.svg/30px-Radiation_warning_symbol_4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="349" data-file-height="349" /></div><div class="pv" style="width:6em;top:9px;left:-3em"><div style="background-color:#FFFFFF">Detonation Site</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_New_Mexico_location_map.svg" title="File:USA New Mexico location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Project Gasbuggy detonation site, only 12 miles away from Dulce</div></div></div> During the 1970s, the Colorado-New Mexico border region was a hotspot for cattle mutilation reports, especially the small town of Dulce, New Mexico on the <a href="/wiki/Jicarilla_Apache_Indian_Reservation" class="mw-redirect" title="Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation">Jicarilla Apache Indian Reservation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a> Ranchers reported sightings of unusual lights, UFOs, and "<a href="/wiki/Black_helicopters" class="mw-redirect" title="Black helicopters">quiet helicopters</a>" associated with the mutilations.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 69–70
Quotation: "He links the pre-1993 sightings to reports of western cattle mutilations but claims that those thereafter “more often were seen in urban settings and flying in formation, or in the context of covert military maneuvers.”"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">69–70  Law enforcement recovered radar chaff, syringes, and a gas mask; Some of the corpses had rope marks and broken bones, as if they had been hoisted onto a helicopter and dropped onto he ground.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a>: <span title="Page / location: x
Quotation: "Back in the 1970s, Valdez’s investigation had focused on the ranch of Manuel Gomez, whose cattle had suffered particularly badly; alongside dead and mutilated animals he’d found caterpillar tracks, bits of paper, measuring tools, syringes, needles and a gas mask. One site was covered with radar-reflecting chaff, some of it stuffed into the dead cow’s mouth. Some of the animals had broken bones and what appeared to be rope marks on their limbs, suggesting that they had been hoisted up then dropped back on to the ground. Whoever was doing this to the cattle, they were organized, and human."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">x  After ranchers took to firing on unidentified helicopters, the US Bureau of Land Management was forced to ground all helicopters in Eastern Colorado.<a href="#cite_note-Goleman-99">[95]</a> Writing in 2010, Pilkington reflects: "The silent helicopter has now been revealed as not only a reality, but one that was flying as long ago as 1972. This was the <a href="/wiki/Stealth_helicopter#History" title="Stealth helicopter">Hughes 500P</a>, the P standing for Penetrator, an aircraft known by the few who flew it as ‘The Quiet One’."<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a> By 1976, some UFO conspiracy theorists argued that supposed <a href="/wiki/Cattle_mutilations" class="mw-redirect" title="Cattle mutilations">cattle mutilations</a> were caused by extra-terrestrial UFOs.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 85  In 1979, the idea of aliens causing "mutiliations" was ridiculed when it was reported that a mutilated bull had been drugged with <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">Thorazine</a>; Law enforcement told press: "We know this stuff is made here, and it isn't from outer space. Whoever is doing it is highly sophisticated, and they have a lot of resources. They're well organized".<a href="#cite_note-SF82_drugged-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a> Pilkington suggests the 'mutilations' may have been a covert epidemiological monitoring program, perhaps of radiation. In 1967, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Atomic_Energy_Commission" title="United States Atomic Energy Commission">United States Atomic Energy Commission</a> had detonated an underground nuclear device near Dulce as part of <a href="/wiki/Project_Gasbuggy" title="Project Gasbuggy">Project Gasbuggy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a>: <span title="Page / location: x
Quotation: "the most plausible explanation for the phenomenon has its roots in epidemiology. A number of researchers have raised the possibility that the mutilations were part of a clandestine study or experiment. The parts of the animal that are usually removed by the mutilators – lips, tongue, anus, udders and genitalia – are those most prone to contamination and infection. ... Perhaps the mutilating agency was looking for signs of environmental damage caused by radiation from the Gasbuggy test leaking into the surrounding area?"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">x <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 217  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doty_deceives_mutiliation_researchers">Doty deceives mutiliation researchers</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Doty deceives mutiliation researchers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mirage_Men" title="Mirage Men">Mirage Men</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bennewitz" title="Paul Bennewitz">Paul Bennewitz</a></div> The late 1970s also saw the beginning of controversy centered on <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bennewitz" title="Paul Bennewitz">Paul Bennewitz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 111 <a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a> On April 20, 1979, U.S. Attorney R. E. Thompson and US Senator <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Schmidt" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrison Schmidt">Harrison Schmidt</a> held a public meeting about cattle mutilations. The meeting was attended by about 80, one attendee was Paul Bennewitz, an amateur UFO investigator.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a>: 87–88  Bennewitz was befriended by Richard Doty, an Air Force Sergeant, who fed him false stories of a UFO conspiracy, government treaties with extraterrestrials, and alien harvesting of cattle.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a> This material inspired much of the post-1980 UFO mythology.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a>: <span title="Page / location: x
Quotation: "Doty and Bennewitz were the conduits, if not the source, for much of the UFO mythology that had emerged since the early 1980s. Stories about crashed UFOs, US government pacts with nasty ETs, alien harvesting of cattle and manipulation of human DNA, which had gained in potency and authenticity as they were retold through countless books, articles, films and TV documentaries."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">x  The earliest known reference to "MJ Twelve" comes from a 1981 document used in disinformation targeting Paul Bennewitz.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 258–259  Paul Bennewitz was ultimately hospitalized for paranoia.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 258
Quotation: "Bennewitz himself was becoming increasingly erratic—he claimed the aliens were coming through the walls at night and injecting him with chemicals. Finally, he suffered a mental breakdown and was hospitalized."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">258  Doty would appear in the 2013 documentary <a href="/wiki/Mirage_Men" title="Mirage Men">Mirage Men</a> to discuss his role in deceiving Bennewitz. While Doty claims Bennewitz was targeted for inadvertently recording classified technology at Kirtland Air Force Base, Pilkington argues that government agents likely targeted Bennewitz due to his participation in the 1979 meeting on cattle mutilations around Dulce.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a>: ch. 11 <a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Linda1981EmmyStrangeHarvest300dpi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Linda1981EmmyStrangeHarvest300dpi.jpg/150px-Linda1981EmmyStrangeHarvest300dpi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Linda1981EmmyStrangeHarvest300dpi.jpg/225px-Linda1981EmmyStrangeHarvest300dpi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Linda1981EmmyStrangeHarvest300dpi.jpg/300px-Linda1981EmmyStrangeHarvest300dpi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1882" data-file-height="2228" /></a><figcaption>Linda Moulton Howe in 1981</figcaption></figure> In 1979, <a href="/wiki/Linda_Moulton_Howe" title="Linda Moulton Howe">Linda Moulton Howe</a> was a documentarian exploring cattle mutilations.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 86
Quotation: "In 1979, Linda Moulton Howe, a Denver filmmaker, began work on a documentary that alleged a mutilation-UFO connection. The film, A Strange Harvest, was broadcast in 1980. She later stated that “I am convinced that one or more alien intelligences are affecting this planet. I would like to know who they are, what they want and why the government is silent.” Howe and others, influenced by her film and subsequent publications, began to speculate that aliens mutilated cattle in order to secure body parts or biological substances they needed for their own survival, and that the U.S. government was complicit in these efforts. The idea that aliens were engaged in some obscure effort to “harvest” or otherwise retrieve biological substances from the earth has turned out to be a fertile subject for speculation, which eventually came to include such suggestions as the breeding of alien-human hybrids"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">86 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 218 <a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a> In 1980, Moulton Howe's documentary "A Strange Harvest" alleged that cattle mutilations were connected to UFOs.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 86  In April 1983, Moulton Howe travelled to visit Richard Doty and Kirtland Air Force Base.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a>: x  At Kirtland, Doty showed Moulton Howe fabricated documents purporting to be presidential briefing papers. The documents told of UFOs crashes at Roswell, surviving aliens, MJ-12, and a UFO coverup. For decades, Doty denied Moulton Howe's retelling of these events, but in the late 2000s, he would acknowledge the exchange took place, admitting "We gave Linda [...] some bad information."<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a>: <span title="Page / location: x
Quotation: "We may not know exactly why, but we know they did it and, twenty-four years later, Doty admits that the exchange took place, much as Linda Howe described it. Its purpose was connected to AFOSI’s disinformation programme against Bennewitz. As Doty put it: ‘We gave Linda some good information, and some bad information. She chose the bad information.’"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">x  Howe became a "staunch advocate" for these 'dark' conspiracy theories that the U.S. government is working with aliens.<a href="#cite_note-Knight2003-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a> She would later be called one of "the gurus of American ufology".<a href="#cite_note-Schultz1999-103">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doty_and_Bill_Moore_spread_bogus_MJ-12_docs">Doty and Bill Moore spread bogus MJ-12 docs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Doty and Bill Moore spread bogus MJ-12 docs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">Majestic 12</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NCsKMZKgeHY">Bill Moore addresses MUFON, July 1 1989</a><a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 8–9 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 269 </td></tr></tbody></table> After the publication of The Roswell Incident, <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Doty" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard C. Doty">Richard C. Doty</a> and other individuals presenting themselves as Air Force Intelligence Officers approached Moore.<a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-2001-p213-104">[100]</a>: 213  They used the unfulfilled promise of hard evidence of extraterrestrial retrievals to recruit Moore, who kept notes on other ufologists and intentionally spread misinformation within the UFO community.<a href="#cite_note-Goldberg-2001-p213-104">[100]</a> On December 11, 1984, filmmaker Jaime Shandera received an anonymous parcel containing an undeveloped roll of film; When developed, the film was found to contain a copy of what is now known as the "Majestic 12 documents". Shandera received the package just after a phone call from Moore.<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a>: 170 <a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a>: 240  The documents detailed the creation of a group, "Majestic 12", was formed to handle Roswell debris.<a href="#cite_note-107">[103]</a>: 68–69  On October 14, 1988, actor <a href="/wiki/Mike_Farrell" title="Mike Farrell">Mike Farrell</a> hosted <a href="/wiki/UFO_Cover_Up%3F_Live" title="UFO Cover Up? Live">UFO Cover Up? Live</a>, a two-hour television special "focusing on the government's handling of information regarding UFOs" and "whether there has been any suppression of evidence supporting the existence of UFOs".<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 20 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 268  The program interviewed shadow-clad informants Falcon (Richard Doty) and Condor about the Majestic 12 documents.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a> The program was noted for its claim of an alien being, held at Area 51, who liked to eat strawberry ice cream.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a> The Majestic-12 materials have been heavily scrutinized and discredited.<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2016-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> criticized the complete lack of <a href="/wiki/Provenance" title="Provenance">provenance</a> of documents "miraculously dropped on a doorstep like something out of a fairy story, perhaps '<a href="/wiki/The_Elves_and_the_Shoemaker" title="The Elves and the Shoemaker">The Elves and the Shoemaker</a>'."<a href="#cite_note-DemonHaunted-108">[104]</a>: 88  Researchers noted the idiosyncratic date format not found in government documents from the time they were purported to originate, but widely used in Moore's personal notes.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 266  Some signatures appear to be photocopied from other documents.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> For example, a signature from President Harry Truman is identical to one from an October 1, 1947 letter to Vannevar Bush.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-Donovan2011b-111">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> After researchers noted many style and formatting errors, Moore admitted that he had typed and stamped the document as a facsimile.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 259  At a 1989 <a href="/wiki/Mutual_UFO_Network" title="Mutual UFO Network">Mutual UFO Network</a> conference, Moore confessed that he had intentionally fed fake evidence of extraterrestrials to UFO researchers, including Bennewitz.<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2016-15">[15]</a> Roswell conspiracy proponents turned on Moore, but not the broader conspiracy theory.<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a> Doty would later admit he had spread fabricated documents to UFO researchers in the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a>: 53  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lear_inspires_Bill_Cooper's_Behold_a_Pale_Horse">Lear inspires Bill Cooper's Behold a Pale Horse</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Lear inspires Bill Cooper's Behold a Pale Horse">edit</a>]</div> In the Summer of 1988, <a href="/wiki/Milton_William_Cooper" title="Milton William Cooper">Bill Cooper</a> made his first public comments on the ParaNet <a href="/wiki/Bulletin_Board_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletin Board System">Bulletin Board System</a>, an early UFO message board, claiming that in 1966 he was serving aboard the <a href="/wiki/USS_Tiru" title="USS Tiru">USS Tiru</a> when he and fellow Navy personnel witnessed a metal craft "larger than a football field" repeatedly enter and exit the water.<a href="#cite_note-PaleHorseRider-5">[5]</a>: 72–75  Cooper claimed he was instructed by superiors to never speak about the incident.<a href="#cite_note-PaleHorseRider-5">[5]</a>: 72–75  Biographer Mark Jacobson argues "the Tiru incident itself would not have done much to make Cooper's name in ufology. That opportunity came only a few days later" when he was contacted by fellow ParaNet poster <a href="/wiki/John_Olsen_Lear" class="mw-redirect" title="John Olsen Lear">John Lear</a>. Lear, the son of Learjet founder <a href="/wiki/Bill_Lear" title="Bill Lear">Bill Lear</a>, identified as a pilot who had flown missions for the CIA.<a href="#cite_note-PaleHorseRider-5">[5]</a>: ch 7  On August 25, 1988, Lear authored a post titled "The UFO Coverup" which incorporated <a href="/wiki/Dulce_Base" title="Dulce Base">elements of mythos</a> from <a href="/wiki/Paul_Bennewitz" title="Paul Bennewitz">Paul Bennewitz</a>, a ufologist who was later revealed to have been fed disinformation by American counter-intelligence agent <a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Doty" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard C. Doty">Richard C. Doty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PaleHorseRider-5">[5]</a>: ch 7 <a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a> Cooper soon visited Lear, and the two spent much time together from 1988 to 1990.<a href="#cite_note-PaleHorseRider-5">[5]</a>: ch 7  Cooper's views were heavily influenced by Lear and his story of alien collusion with secret governmental forces.<a href="#cite_note-Pioneer-115">[111]</a> In 1989, the two released an "indictment" against the US Government for "aiding and abetting and concealing this Alien Nation which exists in our borders".<a href="#cite_note-Pioneer-115">[111]</a> In 2018, columnist <a href="/wiki/Colin_Dickey" title="Colin Dickey">Colin Dickey</a> noted Lear and Cooper's influence, writing "in the early years [UFO writers] did not, by and large, embrace strong political positions. They were the tip of a spear asserting that the number one thing we had to fear was not little green men, but the government that colluded with them, appropriating their technology against us."<a href="#cite_note-Pioneer-115">[111]</a> Cooper and Lear's collaboration lasted until the 1989 MUFON conference where Bill Moore admitted to spreading lies to UFO researchers. In response, Cooper accused Lear of being a CIA plant.<a href="#cite_note-Pioneer-115">[111]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Hamilton_Mortimer_-_Death_on_a_Pale_Horse_-_Google_Art_Project_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/John_Hamilton_Mortimer_-_Death_on_a_Pale_Horse_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-John_Hamilton_Mortimer_-_Death_on_a_Pale_Horse_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/John_Hamilton_Mortimer_-_Death_on_a_Pale_Horse_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-John_Hamilton_Mortimer_-_Death_on_a_Pale_Horse_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/John_Hamilton_Mortimer_-_Death_on_a_Pale_Horse_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-John_Hamilton_Mortimer_-_Death_on_a_Pale_Horse_-_Google_Art_Project_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4699" data-file-height="4178" /></a><figcaption>"Death on a Pale Horse", an apocalyptic image from the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Revelation" title="Book of Revelation">Book of Revelation</a>, as depicted by 18th-century artist <a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_Mortimer" title="John Hamilton Mortimer">John Hamilton Mortimer</a></figcaption></figure> In 1991, Cooper published the influential conspiracy work Behold a Pale Horse which claimed that Kennedy was killed after he "informed <a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">Majestic 12</a> that he intended to reveal the presence of aliens to the American people".<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-PaleHorseRider-5">[5]</a> Behold a Pale Horse became 'wildly popular' with conspiracy theorists and went on to be one of the most-read books in the US prison system.<a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-PaleHorseRider-5">[5]</a> Cooper described the "Illuminati" as a secret international organization, controlled by the <a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilderberg Group">Bilderberg Group</a>, that conspired with the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Columbus" title="Knights of Columbus">Knights of Columbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Masons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skull_and_Bones" title="Skull and Bones">Skull and Bones</a>, and other organizations. Its ultimate goal, he said, was the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a>. According to Cooper, the Illuminati conspirators not only invented alien threats for their own gain, but actively conspired with extraterrestrials to take over the world.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 60  Cooper produced regular shortwave-radio broadcasts that were popular with conspiracy theorist and anti-government activists. Cooper reportedly met with <a href="/wiki/Timothy_McVeigh" title="Timothy McVeigh">Timothy McVeigh</a> shortly before the <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing" title="Oklahoma City bombing">Oklahoma City bombing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: ix  In November 2001, Cooper was shot and killed by law enforcement during an attempted arrest.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 165  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lear_introduces_Bob_Lazar">Lear introduces Bob Lazar</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Lear introduces Bob Lazar">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BobLazarTheLazarTapeAndExcerptsFromTheGovernmentBible000.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/BobLazarTheLazarTapeAndExcerptsFromTheGovernmentBible000.png" decoding="async" width="190" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="190" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>Bob Lazar in 1991</figcaption></figure> Lear introduced journalist <a href="/wiki/George_Knapp_(television_journalist)" title="George Knapp (television journalist)">George Knapp</a> to UFO whistle-blower <a href="/wiki/Bob_Lazar" title="Bob Lazar">Bob Lazar</a> and his tales of <a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8news-118">[114]</a> In November 1989, Bob Lazar appeared in a special interview with Knapp on Las Vegas TV station KLAS to discuss his alleged employment at S-4.<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 274 <a href="#cite_note-119">[115]</a> Lazar's claims were widely discredited. Lazar never obtained the degrees he claims to hold from MIT and Caltech.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> In 1990, Lazar was arrested for aiding and abetting a <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostitution</a> ring. This was reduced to felony <a href="/wiki/Procuring_(prostitution)" title="Procuring (prostitution)">pandering</a>, to which he pleaded guilty.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-lvrgui-123">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-lvrpro-124">[120]</a> By 1991, Nevada press reported tourists traveling to the Groom Lake region in hopes of glimpsing UFOs.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> Lear remained a prominent voice in the UFO conspiracy theory community until his death in 2022, making multiple appearances on TV and online shows, including <a href="/wiki/Coast_to_Coast_AM" title="Coast to Coast AM">Coast to Coast AM</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> Lazar continues to spread tales of Area 51 through media appearance. In 2018, he was featured in producer George Knapp and <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Corbell" title="Jeremy Corbell">Jeremy Corbell</a>'s documentary Bob Lazar: Area 51 & Flying Saucers<a href="#cite_note-DFP-127">[123]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Rogan" title="Joe Rogan">Joe Rogan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Joe_Rogan_Experience" title="The Joe Rogan Experience">podcast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-vice_BobL-128">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-roll_Lovi-130">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Doty_spreads_"Project_Serpo"_stories">Doty spreads "Project Serpo" stories</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Doty spreads "Project Serpo" stories">edit</a>]</div> In 2005, UFO researcher Victor Martinez received an anonymous email about Project Serpo, a supposed "exchange program" where Americans were sent to live on an alien homeworld.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a>: <span title="Page / location: x
Quotation: "So began the email received on 1 November 2005 by Victor Martinez, a substitute teacher on America’s west coast who ran what must have been one of the most remarkable email groups on the Internet.""" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">x  The anonymous informant and three other supposed-corroborating witnesses were revealed to be accounts operated by Rick Doty.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a>: <span title="Page / location: x
Quotation: "After engaging in some online cloak-and-dagger work, Broadbent found that the original Anonymous emails distributed to Victor Martinez’s email list in November 2005, and the corroborating emails sent by Rick Doty, Paul McGovern and at least two other alleged Defence Intelligence Agency ‘insiders’, all shared the same consumer broadband IP address – which identifies the local computer network that a computer is using – based in Albuquerque, New Mexico. This fingered Rick, the only member of the group known actually to exist outside of cyberspace, as the probable sender of the original emails, if not the source of the Serpo material itself."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">x  He participated in the 2013 documentary <a href="/wiki/Mirage_Men" title="Mirage Men">Mirage Men</a> about his campaign against Bennewitz, Howe, and others. Doty continues to spread UFO stories, appearing in conferences, films, and the <a href="/wiki/UFO_(American_TV_series)" title="UFO (American TV series)">2021 TV series UFO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conspiracies_conquer_media">Conspiracies conquer media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Conspiracies conquer media">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cattle_abduction_novelty_lamp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cattle_abduction_novelty_lamp.jpg/150px-Cattle_abduction_novelty_lamp.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cattle_abduction_novelty_lamp.jpg/225px-Cattle_abduction_novelty_lamp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Cattle_abduction_novelty_lamp.jpg/300px-Cattle_abduction_novelty_lamp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>A novelty lamp depicting gray aliens in a flying saucer abducting a cow</figcaption></figure> The 1990s saw as proliferation of conspiracy media along with the rise internet culture. Images of a gray alien were called the "<a href="/wiki/Smiley" title="Smiley">smiley face</a>" of the 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> The 1991 film <a href="/wiki/JFK_(film)" title="JFK (film)">JFK</a> popularized Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories, specifically the writings of <a href="/wiki/Jim_Marrs" title="Jim Marrs">Jim Marrs</a>. By 1997, Marrs was arguing that Kennedy's murder was connected to a UFO conspiracy.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 147  In the <a href="/wiki/Sneakers_(1992_film)" title="Sneakers (1992 film)">1992 comedy Sneakers</a>, Dan Ackroyd plays a conspiracy theorist convinced that Eisenhower made a treaty with space aliens to permit cattle mutilations.<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a>: x  <a href="#cite_note-134">[130]</a>: 805 <a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> In September 1993, The X-Files premiered focused on UFO conspiracy theories. Barkun observes that the show's oft-repeated mantra "Trust No One" serves to "neatly encapsulate the conspiracist's limitless suspicions",<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 2
Quotation: "“Trust no one” was one of the mantras repeated on The X-Files, and it neatly encapsulates the conspiracist’s limitless suspicions. Its association with a popular end-of-the-millennium television program is a measure of how prevalent conspiracy thinking has become.""" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">2  while Gulyas describes the series as "an exemplar of paranoid television, embracing the mounting paranoia and tensions of the 1990s".<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: xii  The X-Files incorporated elements of UFO conspiracy theories, including a shadowy cabal of conspirators, a Roswell coverup, Men in Black, and a 'treaty' allowing alien abduction. In the episode “<a href="/wiki/Musings_of_a_Cigarette_Smoking_Man" title="Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man">Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man</a>”, the series antagonist is revealed to have been responsible for assassinations of John F. Kennedy and Martin Luther King.<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 89–90
Quotation: "the Smoking Man is portrayed in being involved in CIA operations in the Belgian Congo and, unsurprisingly, the assassination of John F. Kennedy. ... The Smoking Man goes on to assassinate Martin Luther King Jr. five years later, after convincing J. Edgar Hoover and other authorities that King’s increasing references to Marxism and revolution made him a threat."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">89–90 <a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a>: <span title="Page / location: x
Quotation: "There have been numerous Cooper sightings in The X-File projects over the years. In one of the program’s most famous episodes, “The Musings of a Cigarette Smoking Man” (season 4, episode 7), the unnamed MJ-12–like operative known as the Cigarette Smoking Man assassinates President Kennedy, shooting him from a storm-drain opening. It wasn’t William Greer with a shellfish-toxin gun, but the motive was the same: Kennedy had to be killed before he blew the lid off the alien secret."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">x  The <a href="/wiki/The_X-Files_(film)" title="The X-Files (film)">1998 X-Files film</a> explicitly homaged Bill Cooper, with on-screen characters talking about "Silent Weapons for Quiet Wars"—an influential chapter title from Cooper's book.<a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a>: <span title="Page / location: x
Quotation: "In The X-Files: Fight the Future, a movie written by Carter, the Cooper references are more specific. At one point, a character played by Martin Landau alludes to “Silent Weapons for Quiet Wars,” the title of the most influential chapter in Behold a Pale Horse. There is a scene in which Agent Scully is stung by an infected bee. Agent Mulder calls for an ambulance, but when it arrives, the driver is not a medic but an assassin, shooting Mulder. When the ambulance pulls away, Cooper is spelled out on the back."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">x  The success of The X-Files inspired similar works. The 1994 made-for-TV movie <a href="/wiki/Roswell_(film)" title="Roswell (film)">Roswell</a>, broadcast on the Showtime Network, dramatized tales of a UFO crash and coverup. The 1996 blockbuster <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(1996_film)" title="Independence Day (1996 film)">Independence Day</a> introduced a global audience to the idea of a recovered Roswell craft being secretly studied at Area 51. Episodes of the 1996 show Dark Skies featured the tagline "History as we know it is a lie". The show provided an alternative history that "wove nearly every significant historical event of the past fifty years into a paranoid vision of extraterrestrial infiltration."<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: ch. 4  The following year, <a href="/wiki/Men_in_Black_(1997_film)" title="Men in Black (1997 film)">Men in Black</a> re-cast the supposed secret agents as comic heroes rather than sinister villains.<a href="#cite_note-Donovan2011-6">[6]</a>: 179  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id=""Alien_Autopsy"_hoax">"Alien Autopsy" hoax</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: "Alien Autopsy" hoax">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien Autopsy: Fact or Fiction</a> is a 1995 <a href="/wiki/Pseudo-documentary" title="Pseudo-documentary">pseudo-documentary</a> containing grainy black and white footage of a hoaxed alien <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 93  <a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> In 1995, film purporting to show an alien autopsy conducted shortly after the Roswell incident was released by British entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Ray_Santilli" title="Ray Santilli">Ray Santilli</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Frank2023p1101-138">[134]</a>: 1101  The footage aired on television networks around the world.<a href="#cite_note-saf-139">[135]</a> The program was an overnight sensation,<a href="#cite_note-Jose1-140">[136]</a>: 32  with <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a> magazine declaring that the film had sparked a debate "with an intensity not lavished on any home movie since the <a href="/wiki/Zapruder_film" title="Zapruder film">Zapruder film</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Time-141">[137]</a> The program was thoroughly debunked. The autopsy footage was filmed on an inexpensive set constructed in a London living room. Its alien bodies were hollow plaster casts filled with <a href="/wiki/Offal" title="Offal">offal</a>, sheep brains, and raspberry jam.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> Multiple participants in Alien Autopsy stated that misleading editing had removed their opinions that the footage was a hoax.<a href="#cite_note-Time-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jose1-140">[136]</a> Santilli admitted in 2006 that the film was a fake.<a href="#cite_note-Jose1-140">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="David_Icke_and_reptilians">David Icke and reptilians</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: David Icke and reptilians">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/David_Icke" title="David Icke">David Icke</a></div> The Branton Files are a series of documents espousing various conspiracy theories circulated on the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> since at least the mid-1990s. They are most often attributed to Bruce Alan Walton who claims to have been a victim of <a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">alien abduction</a> and had contact through "altered states of consciousness" with humans "living in the inner earth". The files have been characterized as "high fantasy" filled with "complex and convoluted conspiracism".<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 123 <a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2016-15">[15]</a> The content influenced David Icke.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 123–124  In the 1990s, author David Icke proposed that world elites are actually "reptilian" aliens.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 68
Quotation: ""British author David Icke (discussed in detail in chapter 6), who commands significant New Age and right-wing audiences, manages to construct a conspiracy whose categories include mind manipulation, tax-exempt foundations, elite military, the drugs and arms trades, religion, and politics—dragging in, along with the Bilderbergers, Illuminati, and other standard players, the Vatican, Christianity, Judaism, Islam, capitalism, fascism, communism, and Zionism, among others."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">68  Scholars note that the <a href="/wiki/V_(franchise)" title="V (franchise)">science-fiction franchise V</a> had told a similar story from 1983 to 1984.<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 30
Quotation: "Shows such as V would occasionally, especially during the 1990s, serve as fodder for conspiracy theorists. David Icke, a British conspiracy theorist and New Age guru, asserts that the ruling figures of human societies are, in fact, shape-shifting reptilians."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">30  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Phoenix_Lights">Phoenix Lights</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Phoenix Lights">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Lights" title="Phoenix Lights">Phoenix Lights</a></div> On March 13, 1997, there were widespread reports of unidentified lights over Nevada and Arizona. Days later, 39 members of UFO group Heaven's Gate were found dead in a mass suicide. Arizona Governor <a href="/wiki/Fife_Symington_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Fife Symington III">Fife Symington III</a> held a <a href="/wiki/Press_conference" title="Press conference">press conference</a>, joking that "they found who was responsible" and revealing an aide dressed in an alien costume. Later, in 2007, Symington reportedly told a UFO investigator he'd had a personal close encounter with an alien spacecraft but remained silent "because he didn't want to panic the populace". According to Symington, "I'm a pilot and I know just about every machine that flies. It was bigger than anything that I've ever seen. It remains a great mystery. Other people saw it, responsible people... I don't know why people would ridicule it".<a href="#cite_note-Beal-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> In the early 2000s, the concept of "disclosure" became increasingly popular in the UFO conspiracy community: that the government had classified and withheld information on alien contact and full disclosure was needed, and was pursued by activist lobbying groups. In 1993, <a href="/wiki/Steven_M._Greer" title="Steven M. Greer">Steven M. Greer</a> founded the Disclosure Project to promote the concept. In May 2001, Greer held a press conference at the <a href="/wiki/National_Press_Club_(United_States)" title="National Press Club (United States)">National Press Club</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> that demanded Congress hold hearings on "secret U.S. involvement with UFOs and extraterrestrials".<a href="#cite_note-Levine_Spectator_Jul_2023-147">[143]</a> Disclosure Project's claims were met with by derision by <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skeptics</a> and spokespeople for the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> According to religious scholar Joseph Laycock, the idea behind "disclosure" predates modern UFO culture: in 1946, the editor of <a href="/wiki/Amazing_Stories" title="Amazing Stories">Amazing Stories</a> magazine wrote, “If you think responsible parties in world governments are ignorant of the fact of space ships visiting Earth, you just don’t think the way we do”.<a href="#cite_note-Laycock-32">[32]</a> In December 2017, The New York Times published a story about the <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Aerospace_Threat_Identification_Program" title="Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program">Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program</a>, a Defense Intelligence Agency program to study "unidentified aerial phenomenon"<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20171216-149">[145]</a> The program's director, <a href="/wiki/Luis_Elizondo" title="Luis Elizondo">Luis Elizondo</a> claimed there is a government conspiracy to suppress evidence that UFOs are of "non-human" origin.<a href="#cite_note-politico-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burton_GQ_Nov_2021-151">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levine_Spectator_Jul_2023-147">[143]</a> U.S. news media and Congressional leadership were criticized for giving credibility to unverified stories of alien visitations and government cover ups. Some commentators expressed concerns about "UFO cults and cult-like behavior, violence and cyber-stalking by UFO zealots".<a href="#cite_note-Levine_Spectator_Jul_2023-147">[143]</a> Astronomers, science writers and other experts observed that the increase in media publicity and government interest contrasted with "the widely held sentiment among scientists that, for decades, the media has lavished too much attention on sensational claims that vague lights in the sky are actually extraterrestrial spacecraft". Despite pressure by "disclosure" advocates fueled by anecdotes and hearsay of a government cover up, skeptical investigator <a href="/wiki/Robert_Sheaffer" title="Robert Sheaffer">Robert Sheaffer</a> said "there is not going to be any "big reveal".<a href="#cite_note-SciAm2-152">[148]</a> In June 2020, <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>, when asked if he would consider releasing more information about the Roswell incident, said, "I won't talk to you about what I know about it, but it's very interesting."<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> In December 2020, former president Obama joked with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Colbert" title="Stephen Colbert">Stephen Colbert</a>, "It used to be that UFOs and Roswell was the biggest conspiracy. And now that seems so tame, the idea that the government might have an alien spaceship."<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> From 2019 to 2021, <a href="/wiki/David_Grusch" class="mw-redirect" title="David Grusch">David Grusch</a> was the representative of the <a href="/wiki/National_Reconnaissance_Office" title="National Reconnaissance Office">National Reconnaissance Office</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Unidentified_Aerial_Phenomena_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force">Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force</a>; Beginning in 2023, Grusch publicly claimed elements of the US government and its contractors were covering up evidence of UFOs and their reverse-engineering.<a href="#cite_note-Daragahi_2023-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-House-156">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Merchant-157">[153]</a> Within the UFO community, Grusch's claims were seen as an indication that long-awaited "disclosure" was imminent.<a href="#cite_note-Laycock-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-West1-158">[154]</a> Grusch "became a hot new topic in the UFO world" and his claims "ignited a new wave of interest in extraterrestrial life",<a href="#cite_note-Sparks-159">[155]</a> but his story was criticized for its lack of verifiable evidence. According to science writer <a href="/wiki/Mick_West" title="Mick West">Mick West</a>, "Grusch presented no documents (in public) and relied mostly on what he claimed to have been told by unnamed sources, things he could not share in detail".<a href="#cite_note-West1-158">[154]</a> Scholars note Grusch's claims of a government cover-up of alien visitation are "broadly considered untrue by the majority of the scientific community".<a href="#cite_note-Sparks-159">[155]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timeline">Timeline</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>March 1945 - Palmer's Amazing Stories publishes Shaver's "I Remember Lemuria!"<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 116 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 4 </li> <li>June 1946 - Palmer's Amazing Stories publishes Crisman's letter corroborating Shaver's claims<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 30
Quotation: "Before spotting the flying saucer in Washington, he wrote to Amazing Stories magazine, claiming that he had fought his way out of a cave in Burma during World War II, battling mysterious and evil underground creatures."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">30 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 13 </li> <li>July 1947 - Palmer hires original saucer witness Kenneth Arnold to investigate Crisman's Maury Island incident; USAF investigators killed in plane crash <a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 30
Quotation: "This particular connection begins on June 21, 1947, the dawn of the flying saucer age, and two men: Fred Crisman and Harold Dahl. These two men saw a UFO over Puget Sound near Maury Island. They collected debris that they claimed had been ejected from the supposed craft. They later claimed that government officials had threatened them."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">30 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 13 </li> <li>October 1947 - Palmer's Amazing Stories published letter by Shaver saying the truth behind the discs "will never be disclosed to common people".<a href="#cite_note-RToronto-9">[9]</a>: 159 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 12 </li> <li>December 26, 1949 - Keyhoe's article "The Flying Saucers Are Real" published in True<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 40–41 </li> <li>October 1949 - Scully's article on Aztec hoax introduces alien bodies<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 47–48 </li> <li>1952 - Arnold's The Coming of the Saucers introduces Maury Island hoax to wider audience<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 92 </li> <li>April 1952 - "Have We Visitors From Space" published in Life Magazine<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 58 </li> <li>July 31, 1952 - Samford press conference<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 65 </li> <li>1955 - Keyhoe authors The Flying Saucer Conspiracy links UFOs and Bermuda Triangle <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 111–113 </li> <li>1955 - Morris Jessup authors The Case for the UFO, an anonymously annotated copy of which introduces "The Philadelphia Experiment".<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 112 </li> <li>1956 - Ruppelt authors The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 113 </li> <li>1956 - Chop's film Unidentified Flying Objects: The True Story of Flying Saucers released</li> <li>1956 - Barker authors They Knew Too Much About Flying Saucers introduces Men in Black<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 82 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 106 </li> <li>January 22, 1958 - Keyhoe mic cut on live TV <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 129
Quotation: "The show, titled "UFOs: Enigma of the Skies," was telecast "live" on January 22, 1958. As Keyhoe began reading the script, his frustration boiled over and he began to ad-lib: And now I'm going to reveal something that has never been disclosed be- fore.... For the last six months, we have been working with a Congressional committee investigating official secrecy about UFOS. If all the evidence we have given this committee is made public in open hearings it will absolutely prove that the UFOs are real machines under intelligent control. Before Keyhoe finished the first sentence, his microphone was turned down so the home audience could not hear what he was saying. Millions of people thought the Air Force had (literally) "silenced" Keyhoe. He later claimed that "both CBS and the Armstrong Theater staff must have been warned by the Air Force: Don't permit any startling NICAP revelations, even if they have proof." Keyhoe emerged as the winner of the Armstrong Theater battle. Believers would point to it as an example of "silencing." To the public at large, CBS's cutting off of the audio gave Keyhoe's appearance an impact much greater than anything he said."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">129 </li> <li>March 20–21, 1966 - <a href="/wiki/Michigan_%22swamp_gas%22_UFO_reports" title="Michigan "swamp gas" UFO reports">Michigan "swamp gas" UFO reports</a> occur; Hynek's explanation is ridiculed<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 169–172 </li> <li>April 3, 1968 - 2001: A Space Odyssey released <a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a>: 82–84 </li> <li>October 31, 1968 - Crisman subpoenaed in Clay Shaw JFK assassination case<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 30 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 263 </li> <li>January 9, 1969 - Crisman accused of being one of the three tramps<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 263 </li> <li>1974 - Emenegger releases film UFOs: Past, Present, and Future introduces summoned landing<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 207 <a href="#cite_note-MirageMen-4">[4]</a>: ch 12 </li> <li>1974 - Carr alleges alien bodies from Aztec are stored in "Hangar 18"<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 40 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 321 </li> <li>1974 - Hynek alleges a 'Cosmic Watergate'<a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 6 </li> <li>1976 - Palmer links "flying saucers, The Shaver Mystery, The Kennedy’s assassinations, Watergate and Fred Crisman"<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 323
Quotation: "Crisman was the perfect suspect to create a “link” between UFOs, the occult, and the various assassination theories. His testimony was never released and he is now dead. Garrison’s investigation was worthless, relying on hearsay, nonexistent “links,” and spurious “unanswered questions.” Most of the “suspects” were dead by the time Garrison sought indictments."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">323 </li> <li>November 16, 1977 - Close Encounters of the Third Kind released <a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 30 <a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 44 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 234 </li> <li>November 1979 - Jesse Marcel suggests Roswell was extraterrestrial in Friedman documentary<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 81 <a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 92–93 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 246–251 </li> <li>November 12, 1980- Moulton Howe's documentary A Strange Harvest links cattle mutilations to UFOs.<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: <span title="Page / location: 30
Quotation: "In 1979, Linda Moulton Howe, a Denver filmmaker, began work on a documentary that alleged a mutilation-UFO connection. The film, A Strange Harvest, was broadcast in 1980. She later stated that “I am convinced that one or more alien intelligences are affecting this planet. I would like to know who they are, what they want and why the government is silent.” Howe and others, influenced by her film and subsequent publications, began to speculate that aliens mutilated cattle in order to secure body parts or biological substances they needed for their own survival, and that the U.S. government was complicit in these efforts. The idea that aliens were engaged in some obscure effort to “harvest” or otherwise retrieve biological substances from the earth has turned out to be a fertile subject for speculation, which eventually came to include such suggestions as the breeding of alien-human hybrids"" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">30 <a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 97 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 218 </li> <li>October 14, 1988 - UFO Cover Up? Live introduces Majestic 12 and Area 51 to wider audience <a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 20 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 268 </li> <li>July 1, 1989 - Bill Moore addresses MUFON <a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 8–9 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 269 </li> <li>November 1989 - Bob Lazar first televised interview<a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 274 </li> <li>1991 - Cooper's Behold a Pale Horse published <a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 36 <a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 42 <a href="#cite_note-Peebles-1">[1]</a>: 174–179 </li> <li>September 10, 1993 -The X-Files premieres <a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 33–35 <a href="#cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">[3]</a>: 33–34 </li> <li>July 3, 1996 - <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(1996_film)" title="Independence Day (1996 film)">Independence Day</a> premieres<a href="#cite_note-Barkun2006-2">[2]</a>: 30 </li> <li>July 2, 1997 - <a href="/wiki/Men_in_Black_(1997_film)" title="Men in Black (1997 film)">Men in Black</a> premieres</li> <li>December 16, 2017 - New York Times publishes story about AATIP and the Nimitz case</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">Alien abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookings_Report" title="Brookings Report">Brookings Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_mutilation" title="Cattle mutilation">Cattle mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_circle" title="Crop circle">Crop circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_saucer" title="Flying saucer">Flying saucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_extraterrestrial_beings" title="List of alleged extraterrestrial beings">List of alleged extraterrestrial beings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_major_UFO_sightings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of major UFO sightings">List of major UFO sightings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Blue_Book" title="Project Blue Book">Project Blue Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendlesham_Forest_incident" title="Rendlesham Forest incident">Rendlesham Forest incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident" title="Roswell incident">Roswell incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Area_51" title="Storm Area 51">Storm Area 51</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Notes and references">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Footnotes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/Amazing_Stories_v20n04_1946-07_cape1736">Amazing Stories July 1946</a>. The same issue carried a letter from Fred Crisman in which he claimed to have battled underground monsters in Burma (Peebles p.13, Gulyas 2015 p.30) </li> <li id="cite_note-auto5-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto5_37-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/Amazing_Stories_v21n10_1947-10_cape1736">Amazing Stories October 1947</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> 99.99 feet (30.47695 m) to be exact. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> The Strange Case of Dr. M.K. Jessup (1963) and The Enigma of M.K. Jessup (1971) </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Peebles-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-41">ap</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-42">aq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-43">ar</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-44">as</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-45">at</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-46">au</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-47">av</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-48">aw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-49">ax</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-50">ay</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-51">az</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-52">ba</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-53">bb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-54">bc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-55">bd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-56">be</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-57">bf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-58">bg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-59">bh</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-60">bi</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-61">bj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-62">bk</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-63">bl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-64">bm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-65">bn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-66">bo</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-67">bp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-68">bq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-69">br</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-70">bs</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-71">bt</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-72">bu</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-73">bv</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-74">bw</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-75">bx</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-76">by</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-77">bz</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-78">ca</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-79">cb</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-80">cc</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-81">cd</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-82">ce</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-83">cf</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-84">cg</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-85">ch</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-86">ci</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-87">cj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-88">ck</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-89">cl</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-90">cm</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-91">cn</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-92">co</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-93">cp</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-94">cq</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-95">cr</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Peebles_1-96">cs</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFPeebles1995" class="citation book cs1">Peebles, Curtis (December 25, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zjI4X7ZOvOIC">Watch the Skies!: A Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth</a>. Berkley Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780425151174" title="Special:BookSources/9780425151174"><bdi>9780425151174</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211223074720/https://books.google.com/books/about/Watch_the_Skies.html?id=zjI4X7ZOvOIC">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2021 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watch+the+Skies%21%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+Flying+Saucer+Myth&rft.pub=Berkley+Books&rft.date=1995-12-25&rft.isbn=9780425151174&rft.aulast=Peebles&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzjI4X7ZOvOIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barkun2006-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-36">ak</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-37">al</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-38">am</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-39">an</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-40">ao</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barkun2006_2-41">ap</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Barkun2006" class="citation book cs1">Michael Barkun (4 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LiwjVsNBw-cC&pg=PA86">A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America</a>. University of California Press. pp. 86–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24812-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-24812-0"><bdi>978-0-520-24812-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140626225656/http://books.google.com/books?id=LiwjVsNBw-cC&pg=PA86">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 18 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Culture+of+Conspiracy%3A+Apocalyptic+Visions+in+Contemporary+America&rft.pages=86-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2006-05-04&rft.isbn=978-0-520-24812-0&rft.au=Michael+Barkun&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLiwjVsNBw-cC%26pg%3DPA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gulyas2015-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-32">ag</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-33">ah</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-34">ai</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-35">aj</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2015_3-36">ak</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulyas2015" class="citation book cs1">Gulyas, Aaron (June 11, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=81LpCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA6">The Paranormal and the Paranoid: Conspiratorial Science Fiction Television</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5114-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4422-5114-4"><bdi>978-1-4422-5114-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Paranormal+and+the+Paranoid%3A+Conspiratorial+Science+Fiction+Television&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015-06-11&rft.isbn=978-1-4422-5114-4&rft.aulast=Gulyas&rft.aufirst=Aaron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D81LpCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MirageMen-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-21">v</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-22">w</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-23">x</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-24">y</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-25">z</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-26">aa</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-27">ab</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-28">ac</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-29">ad</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-30">ae</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-31">af</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MirageMen_4-32">ag</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPilkington2010" class="citation book cs1">Pilkington, Mark (July 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TQ3BBAAAQBAJ">Mirage Men: A Journey into Disinformation, Paranoia and UFOs</a>. Little, Brown Book Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781849012409" title="Special:BookSources/9781849012409"><bdi>9781849012409</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mirage+Men%3A+A+Journey+into+Disinformation%2C+Paranoia+and+UFOs.&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+Book+Group&rft.date=2010-07-29&rft.isbn=9781849012409&rft.aulast=Pilkington&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTQ3BBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PaleHorseRider-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PaleHorseRider_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PaleHorseRider_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PaleHorseRider_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PaleHorseRider_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PaleHorseRider_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PaleHorseRider_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PaleHorseRider_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PaleHorseRider_5-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PaleHorseRider_5-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PaleHorseRider_5-9">j</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2018" class="citation book cs1">Jacobson, Mark (September 4, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fbfsBAAAQBAJ">Pale Horse Rider: William Cooper, the Rise of Conspiracy, and the Fall of Trust in America</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-698-15798-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-698-15798-9"><bdi>978-0-698-15798-9</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pale+Horse+Rider%3A+William+Cooper%2C+the+Rise+of+Conspiracy%2C+and+the+Fall+of+Trust+in+America&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2018-09-04&rft.isbn=978-0-698-15798-9&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfbfsBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Donovan2011-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Donovan2011_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donovan2011_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donovan2011_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donovan2011_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donovan2011_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donovan2011_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donovan2011_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donovan2011_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donovan2011_6-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donovan2011_6-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donovan2011_6-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donovan2011_6-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Donovan2011_6-12">m</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarna_William_Donovan2011" class="citation book cs1">Barna William Donovan (20 July 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJkhqU1IXHAC&pg=PA50">Conspiracy Films: A Tour of Dark Places in the American Conscious</a>. McFarland. pp. 50–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8615-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-8615-1"><bdi>978-0-7864-8615-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200818235233/https://books.google.com/books?id=bJkhqU1IXHAC&pg=PA50">Archived</a> from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 16 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Films%3A+A+Tour+of+Dark+Places+in+the+American+Conscious&rft.pages=50-&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011-07-20&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-8615-1&rft.au=Barna+William+Donovan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJkhqU1IXHAC%26pg%3DPA50&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robertson_2021-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson_2021_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson_2021_7-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson_2021_7-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robertson_2021_7-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2021" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, David G. (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tkswEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">"They Knew Too Much: The Entangled History of Conspiracy Theories, UFOs, and New Religions"</a>. In Zeller, Ben (ed.). Handbook of UFO Religions. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 20. <a href="/wiki/Leiden" title="Leiden">Leiden</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 178–196. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004435537_009">10.1163/9789004435537_009</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43437-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-43437-0"><bdi>978-90-04-43437-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6691">1874-6691</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234923615">234923615</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210722002057/https://books.google.com/books?id=tkswEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA178">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-22. Retrieved 2021-07-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=They+Knew+Too+Much%3A+The+Entangled+History+of+Conspiracy+Theories%2C+UFOs%2C+and+New+Religions&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+UFO+Religions&rft.place=Leiden+and+Boston&rft.series=Brill+Handbooks+on+Contemporary+Religion&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E178-%3C%2Fspan%3E196&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004435537_009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234923615%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1874-6691&rft.isbn=978-90-04-43437-0&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtkswEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA178&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-csicop-8"><a href="#cite_ref-csicop_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKreidler2009" class="citation web cs1">Kreidler, Marc (January 1, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/2009/01/ufos-and-aliens-in-space/">"UFOs and Aliens in Space | Skeptical Inquirer"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211111113347/https://skepticalinquirer.org/2009/01/ufos-and-aliens-in-space/">Archived</a> from the original on November 11, 2021. Retrieved December 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UFOs+and+Aliens+in+Space+%26%23124%3B+Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.date=2009-01-01&rft.aulast=Kreidler&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskepticalinquirer.org%2F2009%2F01%2Fufos-and-aliens-in-space%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RToronto-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RToronto_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RToronto_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RToronto_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RToronto_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RToronto_9-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToronto2013" class="citation book cs1">Toronto, Richard (May 9, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-mMtqtZMoNYC">War over Lemuria: Richard Shaver, Ray Palmer and the Strangest Chapter of 1940s Science Fiction</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7307-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-7307-6"><bdi>978-0-7864-7307-6</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+over+Lemuria%3A+Richard+Shaver%2C+Ray+Palmer+and+the+Strangest+Chapter+of+1940s+Science+Fiction&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2013-05-09&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-7307-6&rft.aulast=Toronto&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-mMtqtZMoNYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nadis-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nadis_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nadis_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nadis_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nadis_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nadis_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nadis_10-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNadis2014" class="citation book cs1">Nadis, Fred (July 10, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qRoIEQAAQBAJ">The Man from Mars: Ray Palmer's Amazing Pulp Journey</a>. Penguin Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-399-16884-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-399-16884-0"><bdi>978-0-399-16884-0</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+from+Mars%3A+Ray+Palmer%27s+Amazing+Pulp+Journey&rft.pub=Penguin+Group&rft.date=2014-07-10&rft.isbn=978-0-399-16884-0&rft.aulast=Nadis&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqRoIEQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jkHK1-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jkHK1_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jkHK1_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossmanFrench2017" class="citation book cs1">Grossman, Wendy M.; French, Christopher C. (September 19, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eHo2DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT238">Why Statues Weep: The Best of the "Skeptic"</a>. Routledge. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134962525" title="Special:BookSources/9781134962525"><bdi>9781134962525</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Why+Statues+Weep%3A+The+Best+of+the+%22Skeptic%22&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017-09-19&rft.isbn=9781134962525&rft.aulast=Grossman&rft.aufirst=Wendy+M.&rft.au=French%2C+Christopher+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeHo2DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bullard-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bullard_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullard_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullard_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullard_12-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullard2016" class="citation book cs1">Bullard, Thomas E. (October 24, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1cfVtAEACAAJ">The Myth and Mystery of UFOs</a>. University Press of Kansas. p. 53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780700623389" title="Special:BookSources/9780700623389"><bdi>9780700623389</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+and+Mystery+of+UFOs&rft.pages=53&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2016-10-24&rft.isbn=9780700623389&rft.aulast=Bullard&rft.aufirst=Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1cfVtAEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russia-examples-13"><a href="#cite_ref-Russia-examples_13-0">^</a> Examples of Russian speculation: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/albany-democrat-herald-furor-over-myster/163230125/">"Furor Over Mystery Missiles Increases"</a>. Albany Democrat-Herald. Albany, Oregon. June 27, 1947. pp. 1, 6. <q>Some theorized they were experimental equipment of another nation, probably Russia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Albany+Democrat-Herald&rft.atitle=Furor+Over+Mystery+Missiles+Increases&rft.pages=1%2C+6&rft.date=1947-06-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Falbany-democrat-herald-furor-over-myster%2F163230125%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-san-bernardino-county-sun/108957921/">"Wild 'War with Russia' Sweeps Honolulu"</a>. The San Bernardino County Sun. San Bernardino, California. July 6, 1947. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+San+Bernardino+County+Sun&rft.atitle=Wild+%27War+with+Russia%27+Sweeps+Honolulu&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1947-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-san-bernardino-county-sun%2F108957921%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/deseret-news-atom-flying-saucers/140160275/">"FBI Probes 'Deadly Russ Clouds' Report"</a>. Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah. July 7, 1947. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Deseret+News&rft.atitle=FBI+Probes+%27Deadly+Russ+Clouds%27+Report&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1947-07-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fdeseret-news-atom-flying-saucers%2F140160275%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalerZieglerMoore2010" class="citation book cs1">Saler, Benson; Ziegler, Charles A.; Moore, Charles (June 22, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fBMgEAAAQBAJ">UFO Crash at Roswell: The Genesis of a Modern Myth</a>. Smithsonian Institution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-063-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-063-4"><bdi>978-1-58834-063-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UFO+Crash+at+Roswell%3A+The+Genesis+of+a+Modern+Myth&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2010-06-22&rft.isbn=978-1-58834-063-4&rft.aulast=Saler&rft.aufirst=Benson&rft.au=Ziegler%2C+Charles+A.&rft.au=Moore%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfBMgEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gulyas2016-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2016_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2016_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2016_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2016_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2016_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas2016_15-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaron_John_Gulyas2016" class="citation book cs1">Aaron John Gulyas (25 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=afcEDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA173">Conspiracy Theories: The Roots, Themes and Propagation of Paranoid Political and Cultural Narratives</a>. McFarland. pp. 173–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9726-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-9726-3"><bdi>978-0-7864-9726-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Theories%3A+The+Roots%2C+Themes+and+Propagation+of+Paranoid+Political+and+Cultural+Narratives&rft.pages=173-&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016-01-25&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-9726-3&rft.au=Aaron+John+Gulyas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DafcEDAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-thehill2017-16"><a href="#cite_ref-thehill2017_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2017" class="citation news cs1">Greenwood, Max (December 16, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehill.com/policy/defense/365250-pentagon-acknowledges-program-to-investigate-ufo-encounters-report/">"Pentagon acknowledges program to investigate UFO encounters: report"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hill_(newspaper)" title="The Hill (newspaper)">The Hill</a>. Retrieved December 17, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Pentagon+acknowledges+program+to+investigate+UFO+encounters%3A+report&rft.date=2017-12-16&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Max&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fpolicy%2Fdefense%2F365250-pentagon-acknowledges-program-to-investigate-ufo-encounters-report%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadford2018" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Radford" title="Benjamin Radford">Radford, Benjamin</a> (2018). "The Phantom Menace of UFO Revelation". <a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a>. 42 (4): 28–29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+Phantom+Menace+of+UFO+Revelation&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E28-%3C%2Fspan%3E29&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Radford&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid" class="citation web cs1">David, Leonard. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100727041953/http://www.space.com/news/spaceagencies/gordon_ufos_000728.html">"Gordon Cooper Touts New Book Leap of Faith"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/news/spaceagencies/gordon_ufos_000728.html">the original</a> on 27 July 2010. Retrieved 27 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Gordon+Cooper+Touts+New+Book+Leap+of+Faith&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fnews%2Fspaceagencies%2Fgordon_ufos_000728.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin" class="citation web cs1">Martin, Robert Scott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100327122001/http://www.space.com/sciencefiction/phenomena/cooper.html">"Gordon Cooper: No Mercury UFO"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Space.com" title="Space.com">Space.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.space.com/sciencefiction/phenomena/cooper.html">the original</a> on 27 March 2010. Retrieved 27 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Space.com&rft.atitle=Gordon+Cooper%3A+No+Mercury+UFO&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.aufirst=Robert+Scott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.space.com%2Fsciencefiction%2Fphenomena%2Fcooper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Skeptoid-20"><a href="#cite_ref-Skeptoid_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunning" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Dunning, Brian</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skeptoid.com/episodes/4218">"Skeptoid #218: The Astronauts and the Aliens"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Brian_Dunning_(author)#Skeptoid_podcasts" title="Brian Dunning (author)">Skeptoid</a>. Retrieved 27 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptoid&rft.atitle=Skeptoid+%23218%3A+The+Astronauts+and+the+Aliens&rft.aulast=Dunning&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskeptoid.com%2Fepisodes%2F4218&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberhart2023" class="citation web cs1">Eberhart, Chris (27 May 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/us/aliens-have-been-earth-long-time-stanford-professor">"Aliens 'have been on Earth a long time': Stanford Professor"</a>. Fox News. Retrieved 11 June 2023. <q>There are experts working on reverse engineering unknown crashed crafts.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Fox+News&rft.atitle=Aliens+%27have+been+on+Earth+a+long+time%27%3A+Stanford+Professor&rft.date=2023-05-27&rft.aulast=Eberhart&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fus%2Faliens-have-been-earth-long-time-stanford-professor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/haim-eshed-aliens-book-israel-trump-b1768777.html">"Aliens exist and Trump knows this but won't say anything in case we panic, claims Israeli scientist"</a>. The Independent. 2020-12-09. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201212234751/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/haim-eshed-aliens-book-israel-trump-b1768777.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-12-12. Retrieved 2020-12-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Aliens+exist+and+Trump+knows+this+but+won%27t+say+anything+in+case+we+panic%2C+claims+Israeli+scientist&rft.date=2020-12-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fhaim-eshed-aliens-book-israel-trump-b1768777.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-23"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLegaspi2017" class="citation magazine cs1">Legaspi, Althea (2017-10-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/tom-delonge-announces-stars-academy-for-outer-edges-of-science-research-125580/">"Tom DeLonge Announces Stars Academy for 'Outer Edges of Science' Research"</a>. Rolling Stone. Retrieved 2020-03-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Tom+DeLonge+Announces+Stars+Academy+for+%27Outer+Edges+of+Science%27+Research&rft.date=2017-10-12&rft.aulast=Legaspi&rft.aufirst=Althea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-news%2Ftom-delonge-announces-stars-academy-for-outer-edges-of-science-research-125580%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CS2sldbDdP0C">Remembering the space age: Proceedings of the 50th Anniversary Conference</a>. Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780160867118" title="Special:BookSources/9780160867118"><bdi>9780160867118</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211225143832/https://www.google.com/books/edition/Remembering_the_space_age_Proceedings_of/CS2sldbDdP0C">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-25. Retrieved 2021-04-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembering+the+space+age%3A+Proceedings+of+the+50th+Anniversary+Conference&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.isbn=9780160867118&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCS2sldbDdP0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s-RRCwAAQBAJ">2001: A Space Odyssey</a>. Penguin. September 2000. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781101664155" title="Special:BookSources/9781101664155"><bdi>9781101664155</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2001%3A+A+Space+Odyssey&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2000-09&rft.isbn=9781101664155&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds-RRCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGilligan1996" class="citation book cs1">McGilligan, Patrick (January 26, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AdQDYqBmmJYC&pg=PA25">Jack's Life: A Biography of Jack Nicholson</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780393313789" title="Special:BookSources/9780393313789"><bdi>9780393313789</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211222055449/https://books.google.com/books?id=AdQDYqBmmJYC&pg=PA25">Archived</a> from the original on December 22, 2021. Retrieved December 22, 2021 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jack%27s+Life%3A+A+Biography+of+Jack+Nicholson&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1996-01-26&rft.isbn=9780393313789&rft.aulast=McGilligan&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAdQDYqBmmJYC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ew.com/article/2016/12/08/john-glenn-frasier/">"Watch John Glenn's Appearance on 'Frasier'"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Entertainment+Weekly&rft.atitle=Watch+John+Glenn%27s+Appearance+on+%27Frasier%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Few.com%2Farticle%2F2016%2F12%2F08%2Fjohn-glenn-frasier%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/sidney-sheldon/the-doomsday-conspiracy/">"THE DOOMSDAY CONSPIRACY by Sidney Sheldon"</a>. Kirkus Reviews. Kirkus Media LLC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171207020310/https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/sidney-sheldon/the-doomsday-conspiracy/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 December 2017. Retrieved 6 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kirkus+Reviews&rft.atitle=THE+DOOMSDAY+CONSPIRACY+by+Sidney+Sheldon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Fsidney-sheldon%2Fthe-doomsday-conspiracy%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson1992-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson1992_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1992" class="citation cs2">Johnson, Hollis R. (1992), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/cdm/ref/collection/EoM/id/4358">"Worlds"</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Daniel_H._Ludlow" title="Daniel H. Ludlow">Ludlow, Daniel H</a> (ed.), <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Mormonism" title="Encyclopedia of Mormonism">Encyclopedia of Mormonism</a>, New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Macmillan Publishing">Macmillan Publishing</a>, pp. 1595–96, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-879602-0"><bdi>0-02-879602-0</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24502140">24502140</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Worlds&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Mormonism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1595-%3C%2Fspan%3E96&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24502140&rft.isbn=0-02-879602-0&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Hollis+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontentdm.lib.byu.edu%2Fcdm%2Fref%2Fcollection%2FEoM%2Fid%2F4358&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sltrib.com/religion/2023/09/05/matthew-bowman-why-some-latter-day/">"Matthew Bowman: Why some Latter-day Saints believe in UFOs and why these alien travelers fit with their religion"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matthew+Bowman%3A+Why+some+Latter-day+Saints+believe+in+UFOs+and+why+these+alien+travelers+fit+with+their+religion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sltrib.com%2Freligion%2F2023%2F09%2F05%2Fmatthew-bowman-why-some-latter-day%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DClarke-31"><a href="#cite_ref-DClarke_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke2015" class="citation book cs1">Clarke, David (14 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=K_R0CQAAQBAJ">How UFOs Conquered the World: The History of a Modern Myth</a>. Quarto Publishing Group USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78131-472-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78131-472-2"><bdi>978-1-78131-472-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+UFOs+Conquered+the+World%3A+The+History+of+a+Modern+Myth&rft.pub=Quarto+Publishing+Group+USA&rft.date=2015-05-14&rft.isbn=978-1-78131-472-2&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DK_R0CQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laycock-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Laycock_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laycock_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Laycock_32-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaycock2024" class="citation web cs1">Laycock, Joseph (25 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://religiondispatches.org/with-increase-in-government-inquiry-we-are-not-alone-follows-those-who-claim-alien-contact-through-meditation/">"Amid Anticipation of Government Disclosure, 'We Are Not Alone' Follows Those Who Claim Alien Contact Through Meditation"</a>. religiondispatches.org. Religion Dispatches. Retrieved 6 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=religiondispatches.org&rft.atitle=Amid+Anticipation+of+Government+Disclosure%2C+%27We+Are+Not+Alone%27+Follows+Those+Who+Claim+Alien+Contact+Through+Meditation&rft.date=2024-01-25&rft.aulast=Laycock&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freligiondispatches.org%2Fwith-increase-in-government-inquiry-we-are-not-alone-follows-those-who-claim-alien-contact-through-meditation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-G_Arnold-34"><a href="#cite_ref-G_Arnold_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2021" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Gordon (December 17, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8GBVEAAAQBAJ">Flying Saucers Over America: The UFO Craze of 1947</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476646527" title="Special:BookSources/9781476646527"><bdi>9781476646527</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flying+Saucers+Over+America%3A+The+UFO+Craze+of+1947&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2021-12-17&rft.isbn=9781476646527&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8GBVEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-olmsted184-35"><a href="#cite_ref-olmsted184_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlmsted2009" class="citation book cs1">Olmsted, Kathryn S. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u7Sd5vyOOtEC&pg=PA173">"Chapter 6: Trust No One: Conspiracies and Conspiracy Theories from the 1970s to the 1990s"</a>. Real Enemies: Conspiracy Theories and American Democracy, World War I to 9/11. Oxford University Press. pp. 173–204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975395-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-975395-6"><bdi>978-0-19-975395-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2016-03-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+Trust+No+One%3A+Conspiracies+and+Conspiracy+Theories+from+the+1970s+to+the+1990s&rft.btitle=Real+Enemies%3A+Conspiracy+Theories+and+American+Democracy%2C+World+War+I+to+9%2F11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E173-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-975395-6&rft.aulast=Olmsted&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du7Sd5vyOOtEC%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988">: 184  </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF"The_Roswell_Files"1997" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/vault/issue/1997-06-23/spread/120/">"The Roswell Files"</a>. TIME. Vol. 149, no. 25. June 23, 1997.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=The+Roswell+Files&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=25&rft.date=1997-06-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftime.com%2Fvault%2Fissue%2F1997-06-23%2Fspread%2F120%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Gray Barker’s Newsletter #5, March 1976, Letters to Editor, pg 15,cited in LeFevre (2014) pp 52-56 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gulyas20210-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas20210_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gulyas20210_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulyas2021" class="citation book cs1">Gulyas, Aaron John (November 8, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a_hPEAAAQBAJ">Conspiracy and Triumph: Theories of a Victorious Future for the Faithful</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476680767" title="Special:BookSources/9781476680767"><bdi>9781476680767</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211223072307/https://books.google.com/books?id=a_hPEAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on December 23, 2021. Retrieved December 23, 2021 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+and+Triumph%3A+Theories+of+a+Victorious+Future+for+the+Faithful&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2021-11-08&rft.isbn=9781476680767&rft.aulast=Gulyas&rft.aufirst=Aaron+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da_hPEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newspapers.com/image/321202817/">"19 Mar 1950, 1 - The Tribune at Newspapers.com"</a>. Newspapers.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211220032735/https://www.newspapers.com/image/321202817/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2021. Retrieved 25 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newspapers.com&rft.atitle=19+Mar+1950%2C+1+-+The+Tribune+at+Newspapers.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F321202817%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeyhoe1955" class="citation book cs1">Keyhoe, Donald Edward (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tD7bAAAAMAAJ">The Flying Saucer Conspiracy</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781523928668" title="Special:BookSources/9781523928668"><bdi>9781523928668</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Flying+Saucer+Conspiracy&rft.date=1955&rft.isbn=9781523928668&rft.aulast=Keyhoe&rft.aufirst=Donald+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtD7bAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeverson1952" class="citation news cs1">Severson, Thor (October 14, 1952). "Little Men Due Soon: Flying Saucer Landing Forecast". The Denver Post. Photograph by David Mathias. Denver, Colorado.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Denver+Post&rft.atitle=Little+Men+Due+Soon%3A+Flying+Saucer+Landing+Forecast&rft.date=1952-10-14&rft.aulast=Severson&rft.aufirst=Thor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-variety1-43"><a href="#cite_ref-variety1_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScully1949" class="citation news cs1">Scully, Frank (12 October 1949). "One Flying Saucer Lands In New Mexico". Variety. 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New York.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Flying+Saucers+Dismantled%2C+Secrets+May+Be+Lost&rft.date=1949-11-23&rft.aulast=Scully&rft.aufirst=Frank&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/variety176-1949-11">"Variety (November 1949)"</a>. New York, NY. 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Tauris</a>. p. 34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-845-11451-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-845-11451-0"><bdi>978-1-845-11451-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UFO+Religion%3A+Inside+Flying+Saucer+Cults+and+Culture&rft.place=London%3B+New+York&rft.pages=34&rft.pub=I.+B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-845-11451-0&rft.aulast=Reece&rft.aufirst=Gregory+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,811681,00.html">"Science: Visitors from Venus"</a>. Time. 9 January 1950.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Science%3A+Visitors+from+Venus&rft.date=1950-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C811681%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130330161411/http://www.physics.smu.edu/~pseudo/UFOs/Scully/Cahn1.pdf">"J. P. Cahn exposé, True Magazine, 1952"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.smu.edu/~pseudo/UFOs/Scully/Cahn1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on March 30, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=J.+P.+Cahn+expos%C3%A9%2C+True+Magazine%2C+1952&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.smu.edu%2F~pseudo%2FUFOs%2FScully%2FCahn1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cahn1-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Cahn1_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahn1952" class="citation news cs1">Cahn, J.P. (September 1952). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.smu.edu/~pseudo/UFOs/Scully/Cahn1.pdf">"The Flying Saucers and the Mysterious Little Men"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/True_(magazine)" title="True (magazine)">True</a>. pp. 17–19, 102–112. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130330161411/http://www.physics.smu.edu/~pseudo/UFOs/Scully/Cahn1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 March 2013. Retrieved 29 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=True&rft.atitle=The+Flying+Saucers+and+the+Mysterious+Little+Men&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E19%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E102-%3C%2Fspan%3E112&rft.date=1952-09&rft.aulast=Cahn&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.smu.edu%2F~pseudo%2FUFOs%2FScully%2FCahn1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cahn2-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Cahn2_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCahn1956" class="citation news cs1">Cahn, J.P. (August 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.physics.smu.edu/pseudo/UFOs/Scully/Cahn2.pdf">"Flying Saucer Swindlers"</a> (PDF). True. pp. 36–37, 69–72. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514181115/http://www.physics.smu.edu/pseudo/UFOs/Scully/Cahn2.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 14 May 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=True&rft.atitle=Flying+Saucer+Swindlers&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E36-%3C%2Fspan%3E37%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E69-%3C%2Fspan%3E72&rft.date=1956-08&rft.aulast=Cahn&rft.aufirst=J.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.physics.smu.edu%2Fpseudo%2FUFOs%2FScully%2FCahn2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartholomewHoward1998" class="citation book cs1">Bartholomew, Robert E.; Howard, George S. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ufosaliencontact00bart/page/193">UFOs & Alien Contact: Two Centuries of Mystery</a>. Amherst, NY: <a href="/wiki/Prometheus_Books" title="Prometheus Books">Prometheus Books</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ufosaliencontact00bart/page/193">193</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-573-92200-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-573-92200-5"><bdi>978-1-573-92200-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UFOs+%26+Alien+Contact%3A+Two+Centuries+of+Mystery&rft.place=Amherst%2C+NY&rft.pages=193&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-573-92200-5&rft.aulast=Bartholomew&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft.au=Howard%2C+George+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fufosaliencontact00bart%2Fpage%2F193&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAndrew1997" class="citation book cs1">McAndrew, James (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esd.whs.mil/Portals/54/Documents/FOID/Reading%20Room/UFOsandUAPs/RoswellReportCaseClosed.pdf?ver=2017-05-22-113519-430">The Roswell Report: Case Closed</a> (PDF). Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-049018-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-049018-7"><bdi>978-0-16-049018-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roswell+Report%3A+Case+Closed&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=US+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-16-049018-7&rft.aulast=McAndrew&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.esd.whs.mil%2FPortals%2F54%2FDocuments%2FFOID%2FReading%2520Room%2FUFOsandUAPs%2FRoswellReportCaseClosed.pdf%3Fver%3D2017-05-22-113519-430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2002/may/05/spaceexploration.research">"Cold War hysteria sparked UFO obsession, study finds"</a>. The Guardian. May 5, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211109225502/https://www.theguardian.com/science/2002/may/05/spaceexploration.research">Archived</a> from the original on November 9, 2021. Retrieved December 25, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Cold+War+hysteria+sparked+UFO+obsession%2C+study+finds&rft.date=2002-05-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fscience%2F2002%2Fmay%2F05%2Fspaceexploration.research&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LewisOnChop-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LewisOnChop_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LewisOnChop_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LewisOnChop_55-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis2000" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, James R. (December 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ib3OEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA304">UFOs and Popular Culture: An Encyclopedia of Contemporary Mythology</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-375-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-375-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-375-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UFOs+and+Popular+Culture%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+Contemporary+Mythology&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2000-12&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-375-9&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=James+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIb3OEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucanioCoville2002" class="citation book cs1">Lucanio, Patrick; Coville, Gary (June 25, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=chD8HUd5uXcC&pg=PA93">Smokin' Rockets: The Romance of Technology in American Film, Radio and Television, 1945-1962</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1233-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-1233-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-1233-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Smokin%27+Rockets%3A+The+Romance+of+Technology+in+American+Film%2C+Radio+and+Television%2C+1945-1962&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2002-06-25&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-1233-4&rft.aulast=Lucanio&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Coville%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DchD8HUd5uXcC%26pg%3DPA93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carroll_2015-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Carroll_2015_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Carroll" title="Robert Todd Carroll">Carroll, Robert Todd</a> (November 21, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/philadel.html">"Philadelphia experiment"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Skeptic%27s_Dictionary" title="The Skeptic's Dictionary">The Skeptic's Dictionary</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518005522/http://skepdic.com/philadel.html">Archived</a> from the original on May 18, 2021. Retrieved July 10, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Skeptic%27s+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Philadelphia+experiment&rft.date=2015-11-21&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Robert+Todd&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskepdic.com%2Fphiladel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHHC_1996-58"><a href="#cite_ref-NHHC_1996_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/philadelphia-experiment/philadelphia-experiment-onr-info-sheet.html">"Philadelphia Experiment: Office of Naval Research Information Sheet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Naval_History_and_Heritage_Command" title="Naval History and Heritage Command">Naval History and Heritage Command</a>. 1996-09-08. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210514055617/https://www.history.navy.mil/research/library/online-reading-room/title-list-alphabetically/p/philadelphia-experiment/philadelphia-experiment-onr-info-sheet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-14. Retrieved 2021-07-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Naval+History+and+Heritage+Command&rft.atitle=Philadelphia+Experiment%3A+Office+of+Naval+Research+Information+Sheet&rft.date=1996-09-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Flibrary%2Fonline-reading-room%2Ftitle-list-alphabetically%2Fp%2Fphiladelphia-experiment%2Fphiladelphia-experiment-onr-info-sheet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APRO_1969-59"><a href="#cite_ref-APRO_1969_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.de173.com/allende-letters-a-hoax/">"Allende Letters a Hoax"</a>. The A.P.R.O. Bulletin. Tucson, Arizona: <a href="/wiki/Aerial_Phenomena_Research_Organization" title="Aerial Phenomena Research Organization">Aerial Phenomena Research Organization</a>. July–August 1969. pp. 1, 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718234027/https://www.de173.com/allende-letters-a-hoax/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-18. Retrieved 2021-07-18 – via The Philadelphia Experiment From A–Z.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+A.P.R.O.+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Allende+Letters+a+Hoax&rft.pages=1%2C+3&rft.date=1969-07%2F1969-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.de173.com%2Fallende-letters-a-hoax%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/2021/08/solving-a-ufological-murder-the-case-of-morris-k-jessup/">"Solving a UFOlogical 'Murder': The Case of Morris K. Jessup | Skeptical Inquirer"</a>. 26 August 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solving+a+UFOlogical+%27Murder%27%3A+The+Case+of+Morris+K.+Jessup+%26%23124%3B+Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.date=2021-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskepticalinquirer.org%2F2021%2F08%2Fsolving-a-ufological-murder-the-case-of-morris-k-jessup%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/188427596/">"12 Jan 1975, Page 24 - The Greenville News at"</a>. Newspapers.com. 1975-01-12. Retrieved 2022-06-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=12+Jan+1975%2C+Page+24+-+The+Greenville+News+at&rft.pub=Newspapers.com&rft.date=1975-01-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F188427596%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> John C. Sherwood. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/show/gray_barker_my_friend_the_myth-maker/">"Gray Barker: My Friend, the Myth-Maker"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110512004941/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/gray_barker_my_friend_the_myth-maker/">Archived</a> 2011-05-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a>. May/June 1998. Retrieved on June 19, 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuyghe2001" class="citation web cs1">Huyghe, Patrick (June 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwYRW5zQnQcC">"Swamp Gas Times: My Two Decades on the UFO Beat"</a>. Cosimo, Inc. – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Swamp+Gas+Times%3A+My+Two+Decades+on+the+UFO+Beat&rft.pub=Cosimo%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001-06-01&rft.aulast=Huyghe&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwYRW5zQnQcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UPI;_October_22,_1992-65"><a href="#cite_ref-UPI;_October_22,_1992_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.upi.com/Archives/1992/10/22/Former-New-Orleans-DA-Kennedy-prober-Jim-Garrison-dies/9416719726400/">"Former New Orleans DA, Kennedy prober, Jim Garrison dies"</a>. upi.com. UPI. October 22, 1992. Retrieved February 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=upi.com&rft.atitle=Former+New+Orleans+DA%2C+Kennedy+prober%2C+Jim+Garrison+dies&rft.date=1992-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.upi.com%2FArchives%2F1992%2F10%2F22%2FFormer-New-Orleans-DA-Kennedy-prober-Jim-Garrison-dies%2F9416719726400%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWill1991" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will, George</a> (December 26, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/opinions/1991/12/26/jfk-paranoid-history/1353d5cd-9d26-4088-acf7-d3ba5a0f8a0d/">"'JFK': PARANOID HISTORY"</a>. The Washington Post. Retrieved February 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=%27JFK%27%3A+PARANOID+HISTORY&rft.date=1991-12-26&rft.aulast=Will&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fopinions%2F1991%2F12%2F26%2Fjfk-paranoid-history%2F1353d5cd-9d26-4088-acf7-d3ba5a0f8a0d%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosner1995" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Posner" title="Gerald Posner">Posner, Gerald</a> (August 6, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/06/magazine/garrison-gulty-another-case-closed.html">"Garrison Guilty. Another Case Closed"</a>. The New York Times Magazine. p. 41. Retrieved February 7, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times+Magazine&rft.atitle=Garrison+Guilty.+Another+Case+Closed.&rft.pages=41&rft.date=1995-08-06&rft.aulast=Posner&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F08%2F06%2Fmagazine%2Fgarrison-gulty-another-case-closed.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2008" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Gordon B. (September 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=unbDEAAAQBAJ">Conspiracy Theory in Film, Television, and Politics</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-722-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-722-4"><bdi>978-1-56720-722-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books. <q>Nominally a science fiction film, it nonetheless relies upon conspiratorial underpinnings within its core narrative</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Theory+in+Film%2C+Television%2C+and+Politics&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2008-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-56720-722-4&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Gordon+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DunbDEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaunius2019" class="citation book cs1">Launius, Roger D. (May 14, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QStqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT228">Apollo's Legacy: Perspectives on the Moon Landings</a>. Smithsonian Institution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-652-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58834-652-0"><bdi>978-1-58834-652-0</bdi></a> – via Google Books. <q>Accordingly, this brand of conspiracy theorist claim that NASA covered up what had been found, in the manner the discovery of a monolith at Clavius Crater on the Moon in 2001: A Space Odyssey</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apollo%27s+Legacy%3A+Perspectives+on+the+Moon+Landings&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=2019-05-14&rft.isbn=978-1-58834-652-0&rft.aulast=Launius&rft.aufirst=Roger+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQStqDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWildermuth2022" class="citation book cs1">Wildermuth, Mark E. (November 16, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yJGcEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA98">Alien-Invasion Films: Imperialism, Race and Gender in the American Security State, 1950-2020</a>. Springer Nature. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-031-11795-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-031-11795-4"><bdi>978-3-031-11795-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books. <q>2001: A Space Odyssey likewise anticipates changes in the mindset of the security state that occur in the next decade. By focusing on the idea of governmental conspiracy to hide the truth about alien invasion and visitation, it seems to anticipate the post-Nixonian culture of governmental conspiracy that emerges with the disclosure of the Pentagon Papers.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alien-Invasion+Films%3A+Imperialism%2C+Race+and+Gender+in+the+American+Security+State%2C+1950-2020&rft.pub=Springer+Nature&rft.date=2022-11-16&rft.isbn=978-3-031-11795-4&rft.aulast=Wildermuth&rft.aufirst=Mark+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyJGcEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuyghe2001" class="citation book cs1">Huyghe, Patrick (June 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WwYRW5zQnQcC&pg=PA29">Swamp Gas Times: My Two Decades on the UFO Beat</a>. Cosimo, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931044-27-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931044-27-1"><bdi>978-1-931044-27-1</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Swamp+Gas+Times%3A+My+Two+Decades+on+the+UFO+Beat&rft.pub=Cosimo%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2001-06-01&rft.isbn=978-1-931044-27-1&rft.aulast=Huyghe&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWwYRW5zQnQcC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBob_Matyi1977" class="citation news cs1">Bob Matyi (18 October 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/94299440/anyone-there-ufos-are-real-says-physic/">"Anyone there? UFOs are real, says physicist"</a>. Evansville Courier and Press. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evansville+Courier+and+Press&rft.atitle=Anyone+there%3F+UFOs+are+real%2C+says+physicist&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1977-10-18&rft.au=Bob+Matyi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F94299440%2Fanyone-there-ufos-are-real-says-physic%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeFevreLipson2013" class="citation book cs1">LeFevre, Charlette; Lipson, Philip (November 3, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1JQmnwEACAAJ">The Maury Island UFO Incident: The Story Behind the Air Force's First Military Plane Crash</a>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4936-7496-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4936-7496-1"><bdi>978-1-4936-7496-1</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maury+Island+UFO+Incident%3A+The+Story+Behind+the+Air+Force%27s+First+Military+Plane+Crash&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2013-11-03&rft.isbn=978-1-4936-7496-1&rft.aulast=LeFevre&rft.aufirst=Charlette&rft.au=Lipson%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1JQmnwEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker-2024-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Baker-2024_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker2024" class="citation magazine cs1">Baker, Nicholson (31 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/leslie-kean-ufo-sightings-aliens.html">"How We Lost Our Minds About UFOs"</a>. New York Magazine.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Magazine&rft.atitle=How+We+Lost+Our+Minds+About+UFOs&rft.date=2024-01-31&rft.aulast=Baker&rft.aufirst=Nicholson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnymag.com%2Fintelligencer%2Farticle%2Fleslie-kean-ufo-sightings-aliens.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller1966" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_G._Fuller" title="John G. Fuller">Fuller, John G.</a> (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/incidentatexeter0000john">Incident at Exeter</a>. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/712083">712083</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Incident+at+Exeter&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1966&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F712083&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=John+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fincidentatexeter0000john&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith-2000-p82-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-2000-p82_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith-2000-p82_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2000" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Toby (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9qSxyR0i6goC">Little Gray Men: Roswell and the Rise of a Popular Culture</a>. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2121-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8263-2121-3"><bdi>978-0-8263-2121-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little+Gray+Men%3A+Roswell+and+the+Rise+of+a+Popular+Culture&rft.place=Albuquerque&rft.pub=University+of+New+Mexico+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8263-2121-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Toby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9qSxyR0i6goC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDisch2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_M._Disch" title="Thomas M. Disch">Disch, Thomas M.</a> (July 5, 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0meRTMfDOt4C&pg=PA53">The Dreams Our Stuff Is Made of: How Science Fiction Conquered the World</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85978-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-85978-1"><bdi>978-0-684-85978-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Dreams+Our+Stuff+Is+Made+of%3A+How+Science+Fiction+Conquered+the+World&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2000-07-05&rft.isbn=978-0-684-85978-1&rft.aulast=Disch&rft.aufirst=Thomas+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0meRTMfDOt4C%26pg%3DPA53&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aadl.org/node/198259">"Air Force Freezes UFO Story"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ann_Arbor_Sun" title="Ann Arbor Sun">Ann Arbor Sun</a>. Zodiac News Service. November 1, 1974 – via Ann Arbor District Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ann+Arbor+Sun&rft.atitle=Air+Force+Freezes+UFO+Story&rft.date=1974-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faadl.org%2Fnode%2F198259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1974" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Jack (October 12, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/dayton-daily-news-no-green-men-here-bas/159065544/">"No Green Men Here, Base Officials Say"</a>. Dayton Daily News – via Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dayton+Daily+News&rft.atitle=No+Green+Men+Here%2C+Base+Officials+Say&rft.date=1974-10-12&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fdayton-daily-news-no-green-men-here-bas%2F159065544%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erdmann-p287-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Erdmann-p287_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErdmannBlock2000" class="citation book cs1">Erdmann, Terry J.; Block, Paula M. (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kDe3VS07YSMC&pg=PA287">Deep Space Nine Companion</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-50106-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-50106-8"><bdi>978-0-671-50106-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deep+Space+Nine+Companion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-671-50106-8&rft.aulast=Erdmann&rft.aufirst=Terry+J.&rft.au=Block%2C+Paula+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkDe3VS07YSMC%26pg%3DPA287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarr1997" class="citation magazine cs1">Carr, Timothy (July 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cdn.centerforinquiry.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/29/1997/07/22165005/p31.pdf">"Son of Originator of 'Alien Autopsy' Story Casts Doubt on Father's Credibility"</a> (PDF). Skeptical Inquirer. Vol. 21, no. 4.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=Son+of+Originator+of+%27Alien+Autopsy%27+Story+Casts+Doubt+on+Father%27s+Credibility&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1997-07&rft.aulast=Carr&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcdn.centerforinquiry.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F29%2F1997%2F07%2F22165005%2Fp31.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PWiwN-82"><a href="#cite_ref-PWiwN_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkomorowsky" class="citation web cs1">Skomorowsky, Anne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/alien-abduction-or-accidental-awareness/">"Alien Abduction or "Accidental Awareness"?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210427025801/https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/alien-abduction-or-accidental-awareness/">Archived</a> from the original on April 27, 2021. 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(1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ufospublicdeceiv0000klas_o9o5/">UFOs: The Public Deceived</a>. Buffalo, N.Y: Prometheus Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UFOs%3A+The+Public+Deceived&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+N.Y&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Klass&rft.aufirst=Phillip+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fufospublicdeceiv0000klas_o9o5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shermer-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Shermer_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShermer2012" class="citation web cs1">Shermer, Michael (August 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/12-08-15/">"Travis Walton's Alien Abduction"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Skeptic_(U.S._magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skeptic (U.S. magazine)">Skeptic</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Skeptics_Society" title="The Skeptics Society">The Skeptics Society</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120823221138/http://www.skeptic.com/eskeptic/12-08-15/">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2012. Retrieved April 27, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Skeptic&rft.atitle=Travis+Walton%27s+Alien+Abduction&rft.date=2012-08-15&rft.aulast=Shermer&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skeptic.com%2Feskeptic%2F12-08-15%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP-86"><a href="#cite_ref-AP_86-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=861&dat=19751113&id=1RJZAAAAIBAJ&pg=2223,2068472&hl=en">"Sheriff Skeptical of Story: Saucer Traveler Hiding After Returning To Earth"</a>. The Victoria Advocate. <a href="/wiki/Associated_Press" title="Associated Press">Associated Press</a>, Nov 13, 1975. Retrieved April 26, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Victoria+Advocate&rft.atitle=Sheriff+Skeptical+of+Story%3A+Saucer+Traveler+Hiding+After+Returning+To+Earth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D861%26dat%3D19751113%26id%3D1RJZAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D2223%2C2068472%26hl%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkal1998" class="citation book cs1">Skal, David J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=m4DiDUvrbqYC">Screams of Reason: Mad Science and Modern Culture</a>. W. W. Norton & Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04582-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-04582-6"><bdi>978-0-393-04582-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Screams+of+Reason%3A+Mad+Science+and+Modern+Culture&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-393-04582-6&rft.aulast=Skal&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dm4DiDUvrbqYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfordGraham2009" class="citation web cs1">Alford, Matthew; Graham, Robbie (4 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/filmblog/2009/sep/04/district-9-ufo-hollywood">"District 9 is lucky to have avoided a close encounter with the Pentagon"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=District+9+is+lucky+to+have+avoided+a+close+encounter+with+the+Pentagon&rft.date=2009-09-04&rft.aulast=Alford&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft.au=Graham%2C+Robbie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2Ffilmblog%2F2009%2Fsep%2F04%2Fdistrict-9-ufo-hollywood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeehan1998" class="citation book cs1">Meehan, Paul (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vHlZAAAAMAAJ">Saucer Movies: A UFOlogical History of the Cinema</a>. Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810835733" title="Special:BookSources/9780810835733"><bdi>9780810835733</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Saucer+Movies%3A+A+UFOlogical+History+of+the+Cinema&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780810835733&rft.aulast=Meehan&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvHlZAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBishop2005" class="citation book cs1">Bishop, Greg (15 February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HWYvNErLKHsC">Project Beta: The Story of Paul Bennewitz, National Security, and the Creation of a Modern UFO Myth</a>. Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-1339-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-1339-1"><bdi>978-1-4165-1339-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Project+Beta%3A+The+Story+of+Paul+Bennewitz%2C+National+Security%2C+and+the+Creation+of+a+Modern+UFO+Myth&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2005-02-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-1339-1&rft.aulast=Bishop&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHWYvNErLKHsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeehan2023" class="citation book cs1">Meehan, Paul (17 August 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wxXYEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA74">Alien Abduction in the Cinema: A History from the 1950s to Today</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-8827-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-8827-5"><bdi>978-1-4766-8827-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alien+Abduction+in+the+Cinema%3A+A+History+from+the+1950s+to+Today&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2023-08-17&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-8827-5&rft.aulast=Meehan&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwxXYEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA74&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FWStar-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FWStar_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"New Mexico Rancher's 'Flying Disk' Proves to Be Weather Balloon-Kite". <a href="/wiki/Fort_Worth_Star-Telegram" title="Fort Worth Star-Telegram">Fort Worth Star-Telegram</a>. 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Skeptical Inquirer. 21 (4). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140418144129/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/what_really_happened_at_roswell">Archived</a> from the original on April 18, 2014. Retrieved February 5, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=What+Really+Happened+at+Roswell&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1997-08&rft.aulast=Korff&rft.aufirst=Kal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskepticalinquirer.org%2F1997%2F07%2Fwhat-really-happened-at-roswell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GqgXu-97"><a href="#cite_ref-GqgXu_97-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClary2001" class="citation book cs1">Clary, David A. 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Skeptic. 10 (1): 60.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptic&rft.atitle=A+Roswell+requiem&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=60&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Gildenberg&rft.aufirst=B.D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goleman-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Goleman_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoleman2011" class="citation journal cs1">Goleman, Michael J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3098/ah.2011.85.3.398">"Wave of Mutilation: The Cattle Mutilation Phenomenon of the 1970s"</a>. Agricultural History. 85 (3): 398–417. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3098%2Fah.2011.85.3.398">10.3098/ah.2011.85.3.398</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21901905">21901905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Agricultural+History&rft.atitle=Wave+of+Mutilation%3A+The+Cattle+Mutilation+Phenomenon+of+the+1970s&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E398-%3C%2Fspan%3E417&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3098%2Fah.2011.85.3.398&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21901905&rft.aulast=Goleman&rft.aufirst=Michael+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3098%2Fah.2011.85.3.398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SF82_drugged-100"><a href="#cite_ref-SF82_drugged_100-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-santa-fe-new-mexican-police-find-dru/127526346/">"The Santa Fe New Mexican 02 May 1979, page 9"</a>. The Santa Fe New Mexican. 2 May 1979. p. 9.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Santa+Fe+New+Mexican&rft.atitle=The+Santa+Fe+New+Mexican+02+May+1979%2C+page+9&rft.pages=9&rft.date=1979-05-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-santa-fe-new-mexican-police-find-dru%2F127526346%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Greenwood, Barry and Brad Sparks, ‘The Secret Pratt Tapes and the Origins of MJ-12’, MUFON Symposium Proceedings 2007, as quoted in Mirage Men Ch. 11 p.88 </li> <li id="cite_note-Knight2003-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Knight2003_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Knight2003" class="citation book cs1">Peter Knight (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qMIDrggs8TsC&pg=PA125">Conspiracy Theories in American History: An Encyclopedia</a>. ABC-CLIO. pp. 125–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-812-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57607-812-9"><bdi>978-1-57607-812-9</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Theories+in+American+History%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=125-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-57607-812-9&rft.au=Peter+Knight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqMIDrggs8TsC%26pg%3DPA125&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schultz1999-103"><a href="#cite_ref-Schultz1999_103-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNancy_Lusignan_Schultz1999" class="citation book cs1">Nancy Lusignan Schultz (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fearitselfenemie00schu">Fear Itself: Enemies Real & Imagined in American Culture</a>. Purdue University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fearitselfenemie00schu/page/415">415</a>–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-115-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55753-115-5"><bdi>978-1-55753-115-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fear+Itself%3A+Enemies+Real+%26+Imagined+in+American+Culture&rft.pages=415-&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-55753-115-5&rft.au=Nancy+Lusignan+Schultz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffearitselfenemie00schu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Goldberg-2001-p213-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg-2001-p213_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Goldberg-2001-p213_104-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Alan_Goldberg" title="Robert Alan Goldberg">Goldberg, Robert Alan</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8e5YELGGFAC&pg=PA189">"Chapter 6: The Roswell Incident"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8e5YELGGFAC">Enemies Within: the Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13294-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13294-6"><bdi>978-0-300-13294-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6%3A+The+Roswell+Incident&rft.btitle=Enemies+Within%3A+the+Culture+of+Conspiracy+in+Modern+America&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13294-6&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ8e5YELGGFAC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorff1997" class="citation book cs1">Korff, Kal (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/roswellufocrashw0000korf">The Roswell UFO Crash: What They Don't Want You to Know</a> (First ed.). Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-127-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-127-5"><bdi>978-1-57392-127-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roswell+UFO+Crash%3A+What+They+Don%27t+Want+You+to+Know&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1-57392-127-5&rft.aulast=Korff&rft.aufirst=Kal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froswellufocrashw0000korf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlum1990" class="citation book cs1">Blum, Howard (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/outtheregovernme00blum">Out There: The Government's Secret Quest for Extraterrestrials</a>. New York: Simon and Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-66260-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-66260-8"><bdi>978-0-671-66260-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+There%3A+The+Government%27s+Secret+Quest+for+Extraterrestrials&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-671-66260-8&rft.aulast=Blum&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fouttheregovernme00blum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMay2016" class="citation book cs1">May, Andrew (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2O0QDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA62">Pseudoscience and Science Fiction</a>. Cham, Zug: Springer International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-319-42605-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-319-42605-1"><bdi>978-3-319-42605-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pseudoscience+and+Science+Fiction&rft.place=Cham%2C+Zug&rft.pub=Springer+International&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-319-42605-1&rft.aulast=May&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2O0QDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DemonHaunted-108"><a href="#cite_ref-DemonHaunted_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagan1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Sagan, Carl</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/B-001-001-709">The Demon-Haunted World</a> (Paperback ed.). London: Headline. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-5156-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7472-5156-9"><bdi>978-0-7472-5156-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Demon-Haunted+World&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Paperback&rft.pub=Headline&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-7472-5156-9&rft.aulast=Sagan&rft.aufirst=Carl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FB-001-001-709&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldberg2001">Goldberg 2001</a>, p. 206 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorff1997">Korff 1997</a>, p. 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-Donovan2011b-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Donovan2011b_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan2011" class="citation book cs1">Donovan, Barna William (2011-07-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bJkhqU1IXHAC&pg=PA107">Conspiracy Films: A Tour of Dark Places in the American Conscious</a>. McFarland. pp. 107–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786486151" title="Special:BookSources/9780786486151"><bdi>9780786486151</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161005205106/https://books.google.com/books?id=bJkhqU1IXHAC&pg=PA107">Archived</a> from the original on 2016-10-05. Retrieved 17 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Films%3A+A+Tour+of+Dark+Places+in+the+American+Conscious&rft.pages=107-&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2011-07-20&rft.isbn=9780786486151&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Barna+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbJkhqU1IXHAC%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vault.fbi.gov/Majestic%2012/Majestic%2012%20Part%201%20of%201/at_download/file">"FBI – Majestic 12 Part 1 of 1"</a>. An FBI archive containing details of "Majestic 12". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210131044307/https://vault.fbi.gov/Majestic%2012/Majestic%2012%20Part%201%20of%201/at_download/file">Archived</a> from the original on January 31, 2021. Retrieved April 10, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=An+FBI+archive+containing+details+of+%22Majestic+12%22&rft.atitle=FBI+%E2%80%93+Majestic+12+Part+1+of+1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvault.fbi.gov%2FMajestic%252012%2FMajestic%252012%2520Part%25201%2520of%25201%2Fat_download%2Ffile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldberg2001">Goldberg 2001</a>, pp. 207, 214 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKloor2019" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Keith_Kloor" title="Keith Kloor">Kloor, Keith</a> (2019). "UFOs Won't Go Away". Issues in Science and Technology. 35 (3): 39–56. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/26949023">26949023</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Issues+in+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=UFOs+Won%27t+Go+Away&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F26949023%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kloor&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pioneer-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pioneer_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pioneer_115-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pioneer_115-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pioneer_115-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDickey2018" class="citation magazine cs1">Dickey, Colin (August 28, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/150922/pioneer-paranoia">"A Pioneer of Paranoia"</a>. The New Republic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Republic&rft.atitle=A+Pioneer+of+Paranoia&rft.date=2018-08-28&rft.aulast=Dickey&rft.aufirst=Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewrepublic.com%2Farticle%2F150922%2Fpioneer-paranoia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Robert Alan (October 1, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8e5YELGGFAC">Enemies Within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300132946" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300132946"><bdi>978-0300132946</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211209063741/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8e5YELGGFAC">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2021 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enemies+Within%3A+The+Culture+of+Conspiracy+in+Modern+America&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10-01&rft.isbn=978-0300132946&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ8e5YELGGFAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2018" class="citation news cs1">Williams, John (September 2, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/02/books/pale-horse-rider-william-cooper-mark-jacobson-interview.html">"Tell Us 5 Things About Your Book: A Godfather of Conspiracy Thinking"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211210013841/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/02/books/pale-horse-rider-william-cooper-mark-jacobson-interview.html">Archived</a> from the original on December 10, 2021. Retrieved December 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Tell+Us+5+Things+About+Your+Book%3A+A+Godfather+of+Conspiracy+Thinking&rft.date=2018-09-02&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2018%2F09%2F02%2Fbooks%2Fpale-horse-rider-william-cooper-mark-jacobson-interview.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8news-118"><a href="#cite_ref-8news_118-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/ufo-activist-nevada-aviator-john-lear-dies/">"UFO activist, Nevada aviator John Lear dies at 79"</a>. KLAS. 31 March 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331210308/https://www.8newsnow.com/news/local-news/ufo-activist-nevada-aviator-john-lear-dies/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 31 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KLAS&rft.atitle=UFO+activist%2C+Nevada+aviator+John+Lear+dies+at+79&rft.date=2022-03-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.8newsnow.com%2Fnews%2Flocal-news%2Fufo-activist-nevada-aviator-john-lear-dies%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.8newsnow.com/story/3369879/bob-lazar-the-man-behind-area-51">KLAS-TV: 8 News Now: George Knapp, Investigative Reporter: "Bob Lazar The Man Behind Area 51: NEW: Area 51 Exposed</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150223132918/http://www.8newsnow.com/story/3369879/bob-lazar-the-man-behind-area-51">Archived</a> 2015-02-23 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> retrieved 21 March 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>: May 6, 1993, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ray_Rivenberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ray Rivenberg (page does not exist)">Rivenberg, Ray</a>, "Unusually Fanatical Observers Ike Struck Deal With Aliens!" </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130111183913/http://www.presidentialufo.com/articles-a-papers/379-the-true-story-of-area-51-a-look-at-the-actual-evidence">The Presidents UFO Website: The True Story of Area 51: A Look at the Actual Evidence</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>, Written by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Grant_Cameron&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grant Cameron (page does not exist)">Grant Cameron</a>, Monday, 03 October 2011 18:29 retrieved 21 March 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1993-05-06-vw-31950-story.html">"Unusually Fanatical Observers"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. February 4, 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Unusually+Fanatical+Observers&rft.date=2003-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1993-05-06-vw-31950-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lvrgui-123"><a href="#cite_ref-lvrgui_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1">"Source In Channel 8'S UFO Series Pleads Guilty to Pandering Charge". <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal" title="Las Vegas Review-Journal">Las Vegas Review-Journal</a>. 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August 21, 1990. p. 2c.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Las+Vegas+Review-Journal&rft.atitle=Judge+Gives+UFO+%27Witness%27+Lazar+Probation+on+pandering+charge&rft.pages=2c&rft.date=1990-08-21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/176156578">"The Los Angeles Times 20 Mar 1991, page Page 49"</a>. Newspapers.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Newspapers.com&rft.atitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times+20+Mar+1991%2C+page+Page+49&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F176156578&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coasttocoastam.com/guest/lear-john-6252/">"John Lear"</a>. Coast to Coast AM. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331171836/https://www.coasttocoastam.com/guest/lear-john-6252/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-03-31. Retrieved 2022-03-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Coast+to+Coast+AM&rft.atitle=John+Lear&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coasttocoastam.com%2Fguest%2Flear-john-6252%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DFP-127"><a href="#cite_ref-DFP_127-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReimink" class="citation web cs1">Reimink, Troy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freep.com/story/entertainment/movies/2019/04/10/bob-lazar-area-51-documentary-ufo-freep-film-festival/3419204002/">"In 'Bob Lazar: Area 51' documentary, director investigates UFO whistle-blower's story"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Free_Press" title="Detroit Free Press">Detroit Free Press</a>. Retrieved July 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Detroit+Free+Press&rft.atitle=In+%27Bob+Lazar%3A+Area+51%27+documentary%2C+director+investigates+UFO+whistle-blower%27s+story&rft.aulast=Reimink&rft.aufirst=Troy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.freep.com%2Fstory%2Fentertainment%2Fmovies%2F2019%2F04%2F10%2Fbob-lazar-area-51-documentary-ufo-freep-film-festival%2F3419204002%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vice_BobL-128"><a href="#cite_ref-vice_BobL_128-0">^</a> Cite error: The named reference <code>vice_BobL</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeddon2019" class="citation web cs1">Seddon, Dan (July 19, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitalspy.com/tv/a28443500/bob-lazar-area-51-netflix-flying-saucers/">"Area 51 details left out of Netflix's Bob Lazar documentary"</a>. Digital Spy. Retrieved 2020-08-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Spy&rft.atitle=Area+51+details+left+out+of+Netflix%27s+Bob+Lazar+documentary&rft.date=2019-07-19&rft.aulast=Seddon&rft.aufirst=Dan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalspy.com%2Ftv%2Fa28443500%2Fbob-lazar-area-51-netflix-flying-saucers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-roll_Lovi-130"><a href="#cite_ref-roll_Lovi_130-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodrick2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Rodrick, Stephen (2020-08-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-features/aliens-real-ufo-area-51-nevada-pentagon-history-1046067/">"Loving the Alien"</a>. Rolling Stone. Retrieved August 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rolling+Stone&rft.atitle=Loving+the+Alien&rft.date=2020-08-20&rft.aulast=Rodrick&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rollingstone.com%2Fculture%2Fculture-features%2Faliens-real-ufo-area-51-nevada-pentagon-history-1046067%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsposito2021" class="citation web cs1">Esposito, Veronica (17 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/tv-and-radio/2021/aug/17/ufo-jj-abrams-docseries-showtime">"'Our fascination is rooted in hope': Why we're so obsessed with UFOs"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Our+fascination+is+rooted+in+hope%27%3A+Why+we%27re+so+obsessed+with+UFOs&rft.date=2021-08-17&rft.aulast=Esposito&rft.aufirst=Veronica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftv-and-radio%2F2021%2Faug%2F17%2Fufo-jj-abrams-docseries-showtime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldberg2008" class="citation book cs1">Goldberg, Robert Alan (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z8e5YELGGFAC&pg=PA223">Enemies within: The Culture of Conspiracy in Modern America</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13294-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-13294-6"><bdi>978-0-300-13294-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Enemies+within%3A+The+Culture+of+Conspiracy+in+Modern+America&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2008-10&rft.isbn=978-0-300-13294-6&rft.aulast=Goldberg&rft.aufirst=Robert+Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZ8e5YELGGFAC%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsonLasker2003" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Phil Alden; Lasker, Lawrence (March 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n5vZPQAACAAJ">Sneakers: The Screenplay</a>. Harvest Moon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59300-130-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59300-130-8"><bdi>978-1-59300-130-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sneakers%3A+The+Screenplay&rft.pub=Harvest+Moon&rft.date=2003-03&rft.isbn=978-1-59300-130-8&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Phil+Alden&rft.au=Lasker%2C+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dn5vZPQAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWedding2023" class="citation book cs1">Wedding, Danny (6 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u-bzEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT805">Movies and Mental Illness: Using Films to Understand Psychopathology</a>. Hogrefe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61334-553-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61334-553-5"><bdi>978-1-61334-553-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Movies+and+Mental+Illness%3A+Using+Films+to+Understand+Psychopathology&rft.pub=Hogrefe&rft.date=2023-11-06&rft.isbn=978-1-61334-553-5&rft.aulast=Wedding&rft.aufirst=Danny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Du-bzEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-oklahoman-sneakers/165275525/">"Sneakers"</a>. The Daily Oklahoman. 11 September 1992. p. 42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Oklahoman&rft.atitle=Sneakers&rft.pages=42&rft.date=1992-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Farticle%2Fthe-daily-oklahoman-sneakers%2F165275525%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldberg2001">Goldberg 2001</a>, p. 219 </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKorff1997">Korff 1997</a>, pp. 203–217 </li> <li id="cite_note-Frank2023p1101-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Frank2023p1101_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrank2023" class="citation book cs1">Frank, Adam (2023). The Little Book of Aliens (ebook ed.). 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Chedd-Angier Production Company. 1997–1998. <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060101000000/http://www.pbs.org/saf/transcripts/transcript802.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2006-01-01.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scientific+American+Frontiers&rft.pub=Chedd-Angier+Production+Company&rft.date=1997%2F1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chedd-angier.com%2Ffrontiers%2Fseason8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jose1-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jose1_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jose1_140-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jose1_140-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevyMendlesohn2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_M._Levy" title="Michael M. Levy">Levy, Michael M</a>; Mendlesohn, Farah (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lvaKDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA32">Aliens in Popular Culture</a>. 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Retrieved August 3, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=house.gov&rft.atitle=David+C.+Grusch&rft.date=2023-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocs.house.gov%2Fmeetings%2FGO%2FGO06%2F20230726%2F116282%2FHHRG-118-GO06-Bio-GruschD-20230726.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merchant-157"><a href="#cite_ref-Merchant_157-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerchant2023" class="citation news cs1">Merchant, Nomaan (July 26, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/07/26/ufos-uaps-congress-whistleblower-spy-aliens/01081d9a-2bce-11ee-a948-a5b8a9b62d84_story.html">"Whistleblower tells Congress the US is concealing 'multi-decade' program that captures UFOs"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230726223917/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2023/07/26/ufos-uaps-congress-whistleblower-spy-aliens/01081d9a-2bce-11ee-a948-a5b8a9b62d84_story.html">Archived</a> from the original on July 26, 2023. Retrieved July 27, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Whistleblower+tells+Congress+the+US+is+concealing+%27multi-decade%27+program+that+captures+UFOs&rft.date=2023-07-26&rft.aulast=Merchant&rft.aufirst=Nomaan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fpolitics%2F2023%2F07%2F26%2Fufos-uaps-congress-whistleblower-spy-aliens%2F01081d9a-2bce-11ee-a948-a5b8a9b62d84_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-West1-158">^ <a href="#cite_ref-West1_158-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-West1_158-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest2023" class="citation web cs1">West, Mick (24 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/2023/10/ufo-whistleblowers-go-to-washington/">"UFO Whistleblowers Go to Washington"</a>. skepticalinquirer.org. Skeptical Inquirer. Retrieved 5 February 2025.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=skepticalinquirer.org&rft.atitle=UFO+Whistleblowers+Go+to+Washington&rft.date=2023-10-24&rft.aulast=West&rft.aufirst=Mick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskepticalinquirer.org%2F2023%2F10%2Fufo-whistleblowers-go-to-washington%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sparks-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sparks_159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sparks_159-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonSparks2024" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson, Nathanael; Sparks, Glenn (Nov 11, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jcom.sissa.it/article/pubid/JCOM_2308_2024_A02/">"Narrative misinformation from a credible source can be discredited with counternarrative"</a>. JCOM. 23 (8). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.22323%2F2.23080202">10.22323/2.23080202</a>. <q>Our focus in this study is on the claim that there has been a government coverup of alien visitation to Earth, a claim that is broadly considered untrue by the majority of the scientific community. Misinformation has been recently described as information that opposes the best currently available expert information, and the dominant expert narrative today is that such a conspiratorial government coverup is not true.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=JCOM&rft.atitle=Narrative+misinformation+from+a+credible+source+can+be+discredited+with+counternarrative&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=8&rft.date=2024-11-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.22323%2F2.23080202&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Nathanael&rft.au=Sparks%2C+Glenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjcom.sissa.it%2Farticle%2Fpubid%2FJCOM_2308_2024_A02%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2008" class="citation book cs1">Arnold, Gordon B. (September 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=unbDEAAAQBAJ">Conspiracy Theory in Film, Television, and Politics</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-722-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-722-4"><bdi>978-1-56720-722-4</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Theory+in+Film%2C+Television%2C+and+Politics&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+USA&rft.date=2008-09-30&rft.isbn=978-1-56720-722-4&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Gordon+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DunbDEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkun,_Michael2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barkun" title="Michael Barkun">Barkun, Michael</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cultureofconspir0000bark">A Culture of Conspiracy: Apocalyptic Visions in Contemporary America</a>. University of California Press; 1 edition. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23805-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-23805-3"><bdi>978-0-520-23805-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Culture+of+Conspiracy%3A+Apocalyptic+Visions+in+Contemporary+America&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press%3B+1+edition&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-520-23805-3&rft.au=Barkun%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcultureofconspir0000bark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurnett2006" class="citation book cs1">Burnett, Thom (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4QBjaEMELSsC">Conspiracy Encyclopedia: The Encyclopedia of Conspiracy Theories</a>. Franz Steiner Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84340-381-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84340-381-4"><bdi>978-1-84340-381-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Encyclopedia%3A+The+Encyclopedia+of+Conspiracy+Theories&rft.pub=Franz+Steiner+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-84340-381-4&rft.aulast=Burnett&rft.aufirst=Thom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4QBjaEMELSsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean1998" class="citation book cs1">Dean, Jodi (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/aliensinamericac00dean_1">Aliens in America: Conspiracy Cultures from Outerspace to Cyberspace</a>. Ithaca, N.Y. : Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3463-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-3463-1"><bdi>978-0-8014-3463-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aliens+in+America%3A+Conspiracy+Cultures+from+Outerspace+to+Cyberspace&rft.pub=Ithaca%2C+N.Y.+%3A+Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-3463-1&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Faliensinamericac00dean_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2010" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Matthew (12 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BpxdBwAAQBAJ">Conspiracy Theories in the Arab World: Sources and Politics</a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-96751-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-96751-1"><bdi>978-1-136-96751-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Theories+in+the+Arab+World%3A+Sources+and+Politics&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010-07-12&rft.isbn=978-1-136-96751-1&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBpxdBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulyas2014" class="citation book cs1">Gulyas, Aaron John (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0sW6BAAAQBAJ&pg=PT93">The Chaos Conundrum: Essays on UFOs, Ghosts & Other High Strangeness in Our Non-Rational and Atemporal World</a>. Luton, Bedfordshire: Andrews UK Limited. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9916975-8-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9916975-8-8"><bdi>978-0-9916975-8-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chaos+Conundrum%3A+Essays+on+UFOs%2C+Ghosts+%26+Other+High+Strangeness+in+Our+Non-Rational+and+Atemporal+World&rft.place=Luton%2C+Bedfordshire&rft.pub=Andrews+UK+Limited&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-9916975-8-8&rft.aulast=Gulyas&rft.aufirst=Aaron+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0sW6BAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGulyas2016" class="citation book cs1">Gulyas, Aaron John (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F3etCwAAQBAJ&pg=PT89">Conspiracy Theories: the Roots, Themes and Propagation of Paranoid Political and Cultural Narratives</a>. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2349-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4766-2349-8"><bdi>978-1-4766-2349-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conspiracy+Theories%3A+the+Roots%2C+Themes+and+Propagation+of+Paranoid+Political+and+Cultural+Narratives&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4766-2349-8&rft.aulast=Gulyas&rft.aufirst=Aaron+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF3etCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilligan2024" class="citation news cs1">Milligan, Tony (2 September 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/belief-in-alien-visits-to-earth-is-spiralling-out-of-control-heres-why-thats-so-dangerous-237789">"Belief in alien visits to Earth is spiralling out of control – here's why that's so dangerous"</a>. The Conversation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Belief+in+alien+visits+to+Earth+is+spiralling+out+of+control+%E2%80%93+here%27s+why+that%27s+so+dangerous&rft.date=2024-09-02&rft.aulast=Milligan&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fbelief-in-alien-visits-to-earth-is-spiralling-out-of-control-heres-why-thats-so-dangerous-237789&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoorePratt2007" class="citation web cs1">Moore, Bill; Pratt, Bob (2007) [9 July 1982]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20080227222334/http://www.mufon.com/documents/MJ-121982.pdf">"Pratt Sensitive"</a> (PDF) (Transcript of tape-recorded conversation). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mufon.com/documents/MJ-121982.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on February 27, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pratt+Sensitive&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Moore&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft.au=Pratt%2C+Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mufon.com%2Fdocuments%2FMJ-121982.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNickellMcGaha2012" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Nickell" title="Joe Nickell">Nickell, Joe</a>; McGaha, James (May–June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.csicop.org/si/show/the_roswellian_syndrome_how_some_ufo_myths_develop">"The Roswellian Syndrome: How Some UFO Myths Develop"</a>. Skeptical Inquirer. Vol. 36, no. 3. Committee for Skeptical Inquiry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130126110931/http://www.csicop.org/si/show/the_roswellian_syndrome_how_some_ufo_myths_develop/">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2013. Retrieved February 6, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+Roswellian+Syndrome%3A+How+Some+UFO+Myths+Develop&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2012-05%2F2012-06&rft.aulast=Nickell&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft.au=McGaha%2C+James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.csicop.org%2Fsi%2Fshow%2Fthe_roswellian_syndrome_how_some_ufo_myths_develop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeebles1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Curtis_Peebles" title="Curtis Peebles">Peebles, Curtis</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/watchskieschroni0000peeb_k3q2">Watch the Skies!: A Chronicle of the Flying Saucer Myth</a>. Washington, DC: The Smithsonian Institution. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-343-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56098-343-9"><bdi>978-1-56098-343-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watch+the+Skies%21%3A+A+Chronicle+of+the+Flying+Saucer+Myth&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pub=The+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56098-343-9&rft.aulast=Peebles&rft.aufirst=Curtis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwatchskieschroni0000peeb_k3q2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPflock2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Karl_T._Pflock" title="Karl T. Pflock">Pflock, Karl</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781573928946">Roswell: Inconvenient Facts and the Will to Believe</a>. Amherst, New York: Prometheus Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-894-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-894-6"><bdi>978-1-57392-894-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roswell%3A+Inconvenient+Facts+and+the+Will+to+Believe&rft.place=Amherst%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57392-894-6&rft.aulast=Pflock&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781573928946&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobertson2016" class="citation book cs1">Robertson, David G. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vXgwCwAAQBAJ">UFOs, Conspiracy Theories and the New Age: Millennial Conspiracism</a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-5321-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4742-5321-5"><bdi>978-1-4742-5321-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UFOs%2C+Conspiracy+Theories+and+the+New+Age%3A+Millennial+Conspiracism&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-4742-5321-5&rft.aulast=Robertson&rft.aufirst=David+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvXgwCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSheinin2018" class="citation journal cs1">Sheinin, David M. K. (28 March 2018). "Alien Sightings and OVNI Culture in Argentina". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Latin American History. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199366439.013.468">10.1093/acrefore/9780199366439.013.468</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936643-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-936643-9"><bdi>978-0-19-936643-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Latin+American+History&rft.atitle=Alien+Sightings+and+OVNI+Culture+in+Argentina&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199366439.013.468&rft.isbn=978-0-19-936643-9&rft.aulast=Sheinin&rft.aufirst=David+M.+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUFO+conspiracy+theories" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=UFO_conspiracy_theories&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/97unclass/ufo.html">CIA's Role in the Study of UFOs, 1947–90</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191001174318/https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/97unclass/ufo.html">Archived</a> 2019-10-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsa.gov/public_info/declass/ufo/index.shtml">National Security Agency UFO Documents Index</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150722060840/https://www.nsa.gov/public_info/declass/ufo/index.shtml">Archived</a> 2015-07-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?425446-1/20th-century-ufo-conspiracies">20th Century UFO Conspiracies</a>, a lecture by Emory University Professor Felix Harcourt</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="UFOs473" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UFOs" title="Template:UFOs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UFOs" title="Template talk:UFOs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UFOs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UFOs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="UFOs473" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_flying_object" title="Unidentified flying object">UFOs</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ufology" title="Ufology">Ufology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">Claimed sightings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_reported_UFO_sightings" title="List of reported UFO sightings">List of reported UFO sightings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_outer_space" title="UFO sightings in outer space">Sightings in outer space</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Pre-20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Ezekiel's Wheel (circa 622–570 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airship_of_Clonmacnoise" title="Airship of Clonmacnoise">Airship of Clonmacnoise</a> (740s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1561_celestial_phenomenon_over_Nuremberg" title="1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg">1561 celestial phenomenon over Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1566_celestial_phenomenon_over_Basel" title="1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel">1566 celestial phenomenon over Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1665_celestial_phenomenon_over_Stralsund" title="1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund">1665 celestial phenomenon over Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonilla_observation" title="Bonilla observation">José Bonilla observation (1883)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_airship#The_airship_wave_of_1896-1897" title="Mystery airship">Airship wave (1896–97)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora,_Texas,_UFO_incident" title="Aurora, Texas, UFO incident">Aurora (1897)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Los_Angeles" title="Battle of Los Angeles">Los Angeles (1942)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%84ngelholm_UFO_memorial" title="Ängelholm UFO memorial">Ängelholm UFO memorial (1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arnold_UFO_sighting" title="Kenneth Arnold UFO sighting">Kenneth Arnold (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1947_flying_disc_craze" title="1947 flying disc craze">1947 craze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_105_UFO_sighting" title="Flight 105 UFO sighting">Flight 105 (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident" title="Roswell incident">Roswell (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodes_UFO_photographs" title="Rhodes UFO photographs">Rhodes (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantell_UFO_incident" title="Mantell UFO incident">Mantell (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiles-Whitted_UFO_encounter" title="Chiles-Whitted UFO encounter">Chiles-Whitted (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorman_dogfight" title="Gorman dogfight">Gorman Dogfight (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_UFO_incident" title="Mariana UFO incident">Mariana (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMinnville_UFO_photographs" title="McMinnville UFO photographs">McMinnville photographs (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sperry_UFO_case" class="mw-redirect" title="Sperry UFO case">Sperry (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubbock_Lights" title="Lubbock Lights">Lubbock Lights (1951)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nash-Fortenberry_UFO_sighting" title="Nash-Fortenberry UFO sighting">Nash-Fortenberry (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Washington,_D.C._UFO_incident" title="1952 Washington, D.C. UFO incident">Washington, D.C. (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flatwoods_monster" title="Flatwoods monster">Flatwoods monster (1952)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly%E2%80%93Hopkinsville_encounter" title="Kelly–Hopkinsville encounter">Kelly–Hopkinsville (1955)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakenheath-Bentwaters_incident" title="Lakenheath-Bentwaters incident">Lakenheath-Bentwaters (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Villas_Boas" class="mw-redirect" title="Antônio Villas Boas">Antônio Villas Boas (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levelland_UFO_case" title="Levelland UFO case">Levelland (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_and_Betty_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Barney and Betty Hill">Barney and Betty Hill abduction (1961)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lonnie_Zamora_incident" title="Lonnie Zamora incident">Lonnie Zamora incident (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth_Spaceman" title="Solway Firth Spaceman">Solway Firth Spaceman (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter_incident" title="Exeter incident">Exeter (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kecksburg_UFO_incident" title="Kecksburg UFO incident">Kecksburg (1965)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westall_UFO" title="Westall UFO">Westall (1966)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Lake_Incident" title="Falcon Lake Incident">Falcon Lake (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shag_Harbour_UFO_incident" title="Shag Harbour UFO incident">Shag Harbour (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter_UFO_incident" title="Jimmy Carter UFO incident">Jimmy Carter (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force_UFO_sighting" title="Finnish Air Force UFO sighting">Finnish Air Force (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascagoula_Abduction" title="Pascagoula Abduction">Pascagoula Abduction (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lennon_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="John Lennon UFO incident">John Lennon UFO incident (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travis_Walton_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Travis Walton UFO incident">Travis Walton incident (1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Tehran_UFO_incident" title="1976 Tehran UFO incident">Tehran (1976)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk_phenomenon" title="Petrozavodsk phenomenon">Petrozavodsk phenomenon (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Prato" title="Operação Prato">Operação Prato (1977)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanfretta_UFO_Incident" title="Zanfretta UFO Incident">Zanfretta incident (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Frederick_Valentich" title="Disappearance of Frederick Valentich">Valentich disappearance (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaikoura_lights" title="Kaikoura lights">Kaikoura Lights (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_incident" title="Robert Taylor incident">Robert Taylor incident (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Johnson_incident" title="Val Johnson incident">Val Johnson incident (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manises_UFO_incident" title="Manises UFO incident">Manises (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cash%E2%80%93Landrum_incident" title="Cash–Landrum incident">Cash–Landrum incident (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendlesham_Forest_incident" title="Rendlesham Forest incident">Rendlesham Forest (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans-en-Provence_case" title="Trans-en-Provence case">Trans-en-Provence (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Air_Lines_Cargo_Flight_1628_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Air Lines Cargo Flight 1628 incident">Japan Air Lines (1986)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkley_Moor_UFO_incident" title="Ilkley Moor UFO incident">Ilkley Moor (1987)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh_UFO_incident" title="Voronezh UFO incident">Voronezh incident (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_UFO_wave" title="Belgian UFO wave">Belgian UFO wave (1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariel_School_UFO_incident" title="Ariel School UFO incident">Ariel School (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varginha_UFO_incident" title="Varginha UFO incident">Varginha (1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Lights" title="Phoenix Lights">Phoenix Lights (1997)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Nimitz_UFO_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Nimitz UFO incident">USS Nimitz UFO incident (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Mexico#2004" title="UFO sightings in Mexico">Campeche, Mexico (2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2006_O%27Hare_International_Airport_UFO_sighting" title="2006 O'Hare International Airport UFO sighting">O'Hare Airport (2006)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Alderney_UFO_sighting" title="2007 Alderney UFO sighting">Alderney (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Norwegian_spiral_anomaly" title="2009 Norwegian spiral anomaly">Norway (2009)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Theodore_Roosevelt_UFO_incidents" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Theodore Roosevelt UFO incidents">USS Theodore Roosevelt UFO incidents (2014)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetpack_man" title="Jetpack man">Jetpack man (2020–21)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_high-altitude_object_events_in_2023" title="List of high-altitude object events in 2023">High-altitude object events (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Grusch_UFO_whistleblower_claims" title="David Grusch UFO whistleblower claims">David Grusch claims (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Confirmed hoaxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maury_Island_incident" title="Maury Island incident">Maury Island hoax (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_saucer_hoax" title="Twin Falls saucer hoax">Twin Falls, Idaho hoax (1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_UFO_hoax" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec, New Mexico UFO hoax">Aztec, New Mexico hoax (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_British_flying_saucer_hoax" title="1967 British flying saucer hoax">Southern England (1967)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">Majestic 12 (1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident" title="Gulf Breeze UFO incident">Gulf Breeze (1987–88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien Autopsy (1995 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_UFO_hoax" title="Morristown UFO hoax">Morristown (2009)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sightings by country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Africa" title="UFO sightings in Africa">Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_South_Africa" title="UFO sightings in South Africa">South Africa</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Albania" title="UFO sightings in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Argentina" title="UFO sightings in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Australia" title="UFO sightings in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Belarus" title="UFO sightings in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Belgium" title="UFO sightings in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Brazil" title="UFO sightings in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Canada" title="UFO sightings in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_China" title="UFO sightings in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="UFO sightings in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_France" title="UFO sightings in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Greece" title="UFO sightings in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_India" title="UFO sightings in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Indonesia" title="UFO sightings in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Iran" title="UFO sightings in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Italy" title="UFO sightings in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Mexico" title="UFO sightings in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Nepal" title="UFO sightings in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_New_Zealand" title="UFO sightings in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Norway" title="UFO sightings in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Poland" title="UFO sightings in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Russia" title="UFO sightings in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Spain" title="UFO sightings in Spain">Spain</a> (<a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_Canary_Islands" title="UFO sightings in the Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_Sweden" title="UFO sightings in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="UFO sightings in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_sightings_in_the_United_States" title="UFO sightings in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of UFOs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_triangle_(UFO)" title="Black triangle (UFO)">Black triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_saucer" title="Flying saucer">Flying saucer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foo_fighter" title="Foo fighter">Foo fighter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghost_rockets" title="Ghost rockets">Ghost rockets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_fireballs" title="Green fireballs">Green fireballs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystery_airship" title="Mystery airship">Mystery airship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_jellyfish" title="Space jellyfish">Space jellyfish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_alleged_extraterrestrial_beings" title="List of alleged extraterrestrial beings">Types of alleged extraterrestrial beings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_being" title="Energy being">Energy beings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_alien" title="Grey alien">Grey aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insectoids_in_science_fiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Insectoids in science fiction">Insectoids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_green_men" title="Little green men">Little green men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_aliens" title="Nordic aliens">Nordic aliens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_humanoid" title="Reptilian humanoid">Reptilian humanoids</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studies and timeline</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investigation_of_UFO_reports_by_the_United_States_government" title="Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government">Investigation of UFO reports by the United States government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Flying_Saucers_Are_Real" title="The Flying Saucers Are Real">The Flying Saucers Are Real (1947–1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign">Project Sign (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Grudge" title="Project Grudge">Project Grudge (1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Saucer_Working_Party" title="Flying Saucer Working Party">Flying Saucer Working Party (1950)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Magnet_(UFO)" title="Project Magnet (UFO)">Project Magnet (1950–1962)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Blue_Book" title="Project Blue Book">Project Blue Book (1952–1970)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robertson_Panel" title="Robertson Panel">Robertson Panel (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Report_on_Unidentified_Flying_Objects" title="The Report on Unidentified Flying Objects">Ruppelt report (1956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Investigations_Committee_On_Aerial_Phenomena" title="National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena">National Investigations Committee On Aerial Phenomena (1956–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condon_Committee" title="Condon Committee">Condon Report (1966–1968)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_22" title="Institute 22">Institute 22 (1978–?)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Condign" title="Project Condign">Project Condign (1997–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Aerospace_Threat_Identification_Program" title="Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program">Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program (2007–2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Identification_studies_of_UFOs" title="Identification studies of UFOs">Identification studies of UFOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_Aerial_Phenomena_Task_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force">Unidentified Aerial Phenomena Task Force (current)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA%27s_UAP_independent_study_team" class="mw-redirect" title="NASA's UAP independent study team">NASA's UAP independent study team</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hypotheses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonnies#Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis" title="Mac Tonnies">Cryptoterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdimensional hypothesis">Interdimensional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_perspectives_on_UFO_belief" title="Psychological perspectives on UFO belief">Psychological perspectives on UFO belief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychosocial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychosocial hypothesis">Psychosocial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-traveller_UFO_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-traveller UFO hypothesis">Time-traveller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International_Posadist" title="Fourth International Posadist">Trotskyist-Posadism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Conspiracy theories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Area_51" title="Storm Area 51">Storm Area 51</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Lazar" title="Bob Lazar">Bob Lazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_Base" title="Dulce Base">Dulce Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Project Serpo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Involvement</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">Abduction claims</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_alien_abduction_claims" class="mw-redirect" title="History of alien abduction claims">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction_entities" title="Alien abduction entities">Entities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction_claimants" title="Alien abduction claimants">Claimants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrative_of_the_abduction_phenomenon" title="Narrative of the abduction phenomenon">Narrative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perspectives_on_the_abduction_phenomenon" title="Perspectives on the abduction phenomenon">Perspectives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niche_insurance" title="Niche insurance">Insurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_implants" title="Alien implants">Implants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattle_mutilation" title="Cattle mutilation">Cattle mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Close_encounter" title="Close encounter">Close encounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contactee" title="Contactee">Contactee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_circle" title="Crop circle">Crop circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_investigations_of_UFOs_by_governments" title="List of investigations of UFOs by governments">Government responses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GEIPAN" title="GEIPAN">GEIPAN</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO_organizations" title="List of UFO organizations">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ufologists" title="List of ufologists">Ufologists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UFOs_in_fiction" title="UFOs in fiction">Fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UFO_religion" title="UFO religion">Religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO_religions" title="List of UFO religions">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Skepticism</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scientific_skeptics" title="List of scientific skeptics">List of scientific skeptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Skeptical_Inquiry" title="Committee for Skeptical Inquiry">Committee for Skeptical Inquiry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government & Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2022_United_States_Congress_hearings_on_UFOs" title="2022 United States Congress hearings on UFOs">United States Congress hearings on UFOs (2022)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unidentified_Anomalous_Phenomena_Disclosure_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act">Unidentified Anomalous Phenomena Disclosure Act (UADPA), USA law (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Unidentified_flying_objects" title="Category:Unidentified flying objects">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conspiracy_theories333" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conspiracy_theories" title="Template:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conspiracy_theories" title="Template talk:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conspiracy_theories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conspiracy theories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Conspiracy_theories333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory" title="Conspiracy theory">Conspiracy theories</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">List of conspiracy theories</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Overview333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Overview</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiscience" title="Antiscience">Antiscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabal" title="Cabal">Cabals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deep_state" title="Deep state">deep state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89minence_grise" title="Éminence grise">éminence grise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_behind_the_throne" title="Power behind the throne">power behind the throne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_conspiracy" title="Civil conspiracy">Civil</a> / <a href="/wiki/Criminal_conspiracy" title="Criminal conspiracy">Criminal</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_conspiracies" title="List of political conspiracies">Political conspiracies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy" title="Conspiracy">Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crisis_actor" title="Crisis actor">Crisis actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deception" title="Deception">Deception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dystopia" title="Dystopia">Dystopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Espionage" title="Espionage">Espionage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_catastrophe_scenarios" title="Global catastrophe scenarios">Global catastrophe scenarios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_message" title="Hidden message">Hidden message</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">Pseudohistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secrecy" title="Secrecy">Secrecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_society" title="Secret society">Secret societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legends_and_myths" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends and myths">Urban legends and myths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Psychology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_polarization#Attitude_polarization" title="Group polarization">Attitude polarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">Cognitive dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_reinforcement" title="Communal reinforcement">Communal reinforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confirmation_bias" title="Confirmation bias">Confirmation bias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">Denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locus_of_control" title="Locus of control">Locus of control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manipulation_(psychology)" title="Manipulation (psychology)">Manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_psychogenic_illness" title="Mass psychogenic illness">Mass psychogenic illness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moral_panic" title="Moral panic">moral panics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranoia" title="Paranoia">Paranoia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_projection" title="Psychological projection">Psychological projection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Astronomy_and_outer_space333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Astronomy and outer space</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nibiru_cataclysm" title="Nibiru cataclysm">Nibiru cataclysm</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_astronauts" title="Ancient astronauts">Ancient astronauts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_landing_conspiracy_theories" title="Moon landing conspiracy theories">Apollo Moon landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_flat_Earth_beliefs" title="Modern flat Earth beliefs">Flat Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Earth" title="Hollow Earth">Hollow Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollow_Moon" title="Hollow Moon">Hollow Moon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reptilian_conspiracy_theory" title="Reptilian conspiracy theory">Reptilians</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="UFOs32" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">UFOs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alien_abduction" title="Alien abduction">Alien abduction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Area_51" title="Area 51">Area 51</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_satellite_conspiracy_theory" title="Black Knight satellite conspiracy theory">Black Knight satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Tonnies#Cryptoterrestrial_hypothesis" title="Mac Tonnies">Cryptoterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Extraterrestrial_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Extraterrestrial hypothesis">Extraterrestrial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Interdimensional_hypothesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Interdimensional hypothesis">Interdimensional hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulce_Base" title="Dulce Base">Dulce Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Sign" title="Project Sign">Estimate of the Situation</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Michigan_Triangle" title="Lake Michigan Triangle">Lake Michigan Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majestic_12" title="Majestic 12">MJ-12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_black" title="Men in black">Men in black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_UFOs" title="Nazi UFOs">Nazi UFOs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Die_Glocke_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Die Glocke (conspiracy theory)">Die Glocke</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planetary_objects_proposed_in_religion,_astrology,_ufology_and_pseudoscience#Serpo" title="Planetary objects proposed in religion, astrology, ufology and pseudoscience">Project Serpo</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hoaxes37" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Hoaxes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dundy_County_UFO_hoax" title="Dundy County UFO hoax">Dundy County</a> (1884)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maury_Island_incident" title="Maury Island incident">Maury Island</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roswell_incident#Roswell_in_UFO_conspiracy_theories_(1978–present)" title="Roswell incident">Roswell</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twin_Falls_saucer_hoax" title="Twin Falls saucer hoax">Twin Falls</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec,_New_Mexico_crashed_saucer_hoax" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec, New Mexico crashed saucer hoax">Aztec, New Mexico</a> (1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1967_British_flying_saucer_hoax" title="1967 British flying saucer hoax">Southern England</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UFO-related_hoaxes#Photograph_of_"an_alien"_taken_at_Ilkley_Moor_(1987)" title="List of UFO-related hoaxes">Ilkley Moor</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Breeze_UFO_incident" title="Gulf Breeze UFO incident">Gulf Breeze</a> (1987–88)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alien_Autopsy_(1995_film)" title="Alien Autopsy (1995 film)">Alien autopsy</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morristown_UFO_hoax" title="Morristown UFO hoax">Morristown</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Deaths_and_disappearances333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Deaths and disappearances</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Assassination" title="Assassination">Assassination</a> / <a href="/wiki/Suicide" title="Suicide">suicide</a> theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Assassination_theories" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Le_Prince#Disappearance" title="Louis Le Prince">Louis Le Prince</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kitchener,_1st_Earl_Kitchener#Death" title="Herbert Kitchener, 1st Earl Kitchener">Lord Kitchener</a> (1916)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_legacy_of_Tom_Thomson#Alternative_theories" title="Death and legacy of Tom Thomson">Tom Thomson</a> (1917)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_Sikorski%27s_death_controversy" title="Władysław Sikorski's death controversy">Władysław Sikorski</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Benito_Mussolini#Post-war_controversy" title="Death of Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_Adolf_Hitler%27s_death" title="Conspiracy theories about Adolf Hitler's death">Adolf Hitler</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Death of Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Killing_of_Johnny_Stompanato#Legacy_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Killing of Johnny Stompanato">Johnny Stompanato</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Marilyn_Monroe#Conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a> (1962)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="John F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">John F. Kennedy</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Harvey_Oswald#Foreign_involvement_in_his_murder" title="Lee Harvey Oswald">Lee Harvey Oswald</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lal_Bahadur_Shastri#Death" title="Lal Bahadur Shastri">Lal Bahadur Shastri</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disappearance_of_Harold_Holt#Conspiracy_theories" title="Disappearance of Harold Holt">Harold Holt</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Martin Luther King Jr. assassination conspiracy theories">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Robert F. Kennedy assassination conspiracy theories">Robert F. Kennedy</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Salvador_Allende" title="Death of Salvador Allende">Salvador Allende</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_kidnapping_and_murder_of_Aldo_Moro" title="Conspiracy theories about the kidnapping and murder of Aldo Moro">Aldo Moro</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renny_Ottolina#Death_and_legacy" title="Renny Ottolina">Renny Ottolina</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_I_conspiracy_theories" title="Pope John Paul I conspiracy theories">Pope John Paul I</a> (1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airey_Neave#Conspiracy_theories" title="Airey Neave">Airey Neave</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Olof_Palme#Murder_theories" title="Assassination of Olof Palme">Olof Palme</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Muhammad_Zia-ul-Haq#Theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state funeral of Muhammad Zia-ul-Haq">Zia-ul-Haq</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GEC-Marconi_scientist_deaths_conspiracy_theory" title="GEC-Marconi scientist deaths conspiracy theory">GEC-Marconi scientists</a> (1980s–90s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turgut_%C3%96zal#Death_and_exhumation" title="Turgut Özal">Turgut Özal</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Vince_Foster" title="Suicide of Vince Foster">Vince Foster</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suicide_of_Kurt_Cobain" title="Suicide of Kurt Cobain">Kurt Cobain</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin_assassination_conspiracy_theories" title="Yitzhak Rabin assassination conspiracy theories">Yitzhak Rabin</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_death_of_Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Conspiracy theories about the death of Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_murders" title="Vatican murders">Vatican murders</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_royal_massacre#Conspiracy_theories" title="Nepalese royal massacre">Nepalese royal family</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cause_of_Yasser_Arafat%27s_death#Theories_about_the_cause_of_death" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause of Yasser Arafat's death">Yasser Arafat</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Benazir_Bhutto#United_Nations_inquiry" title="Assassination of Benazir Bhutto">Benazir Bhutto</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osama_bin_Laden_death_conspiracy_theories" title="Osama bin Laden death conspiracy theories">Osama bin Laden</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Death of Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Seth_Rich" title="Murder of Seth Rich">Seth Rich</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alejandro_Castro_(activist)" title="Alejandro Castro (activist)">Alejandro Castro</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Jeffrey_Epstein#Homicide_suspicions_and_conspiracy_theories" title="Death of Jeffrey Epstein">Jeffrey Epstein</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Chan_Yin-lam" title="Death of Chan Yin-lam">Chan Yin-lam</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Sushant_Singh_Rajput#Public_reactions" title="Death of Sushant Singh Rajput">Sushant Singh Rajput</a> (2020)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McAfee#Death" title="John McAfee">John McAfee</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accidents / disasters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Celeste#Myths_and_false_histories" title="Mary Celeste">Mary Celeste</a> (1872)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_conspiracy_theories" title="Titanic conspiracy theories">RMS Titanic</a> (1912)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1923_Great_Kant%C5%8D_earthquake#Ensuing_violence" title="1923 Great Kantō earthquake">Great Kantō earthquake</a> (1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynmouth_Flood#Conspiracy_theory" title="Lynmouth Flood">Lynmouth Flood</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyatlov_Pass_incident" title="Dyatlov Pass incident">Dyatlov Pass</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lost_Cosmonauts" title="Lost Cosmonauts">Lost Cosmonauts</a> (1950s–60s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/JAT_Flight_367#Shootdown_conspiracy_theory" title="JAT Flight 367">JAT Flight 367</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Air_Lines_Flight_553#Conspiracy_theories" title="United Air Lines Flight 553">United Air Lines Flight 553</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Airways_Flight_295#Theories_regarding_the_cause_of_the_fire" title="South African Airways Flight 295">South African Airways Flight 295</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khamar-Daban_incident" title="Khamar-Daban incident">Khamar-Daban</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_the_MS_Estonia" title="Sinking of the MS Estonia">MS Estonia</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TWA_Flight_800_conspiracy_theories" title="TWA Flight 800 conspiracy theories">TWA Flight 800</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EgyptAir_Flight_990#Media_coverage" title="EgyptAir Flight 990">EgyptAir Flight 990</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_370_disappearance_theories" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 disappearance theories">Malaysia Airlines Flight 370</a> (2014)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other cases</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_historical_interpretations_of_Joan_of_Arc" title="Alternative historical interpretations of Joan of Arc">Joan of Arc</a> (1431)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemenite_Children_Affair" title="Yemenite Children Affair">Yemenite children</a> (1948–54)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elvis_sightings" title="Elvis sightings">Elvis Presley</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonestown#Conspiracy_theories" title="Jonestown">Jonestown</a> (1978)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Body double hoax</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_is_dead" title="Paul is dead">Paul McCartney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avril_Lavigne_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Avril Lavigne replacement conspiracy theory">Avril Lavigne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theory_about_Vladimir_Putin%27s_body_doubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theory about Vladimir Putin's body doubles">Vladimir Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melania_Trump_replacement_conspiracy_theory" title="Melania Trump replacement conspiracy theory">Melania Trump</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Energy,_environment333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Energy, environment</div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_21#Opposition" title="Agenda 21">Agenda 21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_drought_manipulation_conspiracy_theory" title="California drought manipulation conspiracy theory"> California drought manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_denial" title="Climate change denial">Climate change denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate change conspiracy theory">false theories</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_energy_suppression_conspiracy_theory" title="Free energy suppression conspiracy theory">Free energy suppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Frequency_Active_Auroral_Research_Program#Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program">HAARP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_mercury" title="Red mercury">Red mercury</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="False_flag_allegations333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">False flag</a> allegations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USS_Maine_(1889)#False_flag_operation_conspiracy_theories" title="USS Maine (1889)">USS Maine</a> (1898)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RMS_Lusitania#Controversies" title="RMS Lusitania">RMS Lusitania</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstag_fire#Dispute_about_Van_der_Lubbe's_role" title="Reichstag fire">Reichstag fire</a> (1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theory" title="Pearl Harbor advance-knowledge conspiracy theory">Pearl Harbor</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Liberty_incident#Ongoing_controversy_and_unresolved_questions" title="USS Liberty incident">USS Liberty</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lufthansa_Flight_615#Allegations_of_West_German_government_involvement" title="Lufthansa Flight 615">Lufthansa Flight 615</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wider%C3%B8e_Flight_933" title="Widerøe Flight 933">Widerøe Flight 933</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007_alternative_theories" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007 alternative theories">KAL Flight 007</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Mozambican_Tupolev_Tu-134_crash" title="1986 Mozambican Tupolev Tu-134 crash">Mozambican presidential jet</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103_conspiracy_theories" title="Pan Am Flight 103 conspiracy theories">Pan Am Flight 103</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_City_bombing_conspiracy_theories" title="Oklahoma City bombing conspiracy theories">Oklahoma City bombing</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_conspiracy_theories" title="9/11 conspiracy theories">9/11 attacks</a> (2001) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks_advance-knowledge_conspiracy_theories" title="September 11 attacks advance-knowledge conspiracy theories">advance knowledge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_controlled_demolition_conspiracy_theories" title="World Trade Center controlled demolition conspiracy theories">WTC collapse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Controversies_about_the_2004_Madrid_train_bombings" title="Controversies about the 2004 Madrid train bombings">Madrid train bombing</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7_July_2005_London_bombings#Conspiracy_theories" title="7 July 2005 London bombings">London bombings</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_air_disaster" title="Smolensk air disaster">Smolensk air disaster</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia_Airlines_Flight_17#Russian_media_coverage" title="Malaysia Airlines Flight 17">Malaysia Airlines Flight 17</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_7_October_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="Denial of the 7 October attacks">Denial of the 7 October attacks</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Gender_and_sexuality333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Gender and sexuality</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpha_and_beta_male" title="Alpha and beta male">Alpha/beta males</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBTQ_rhetoric" title="Anti-LGBTQ rhetoric">Anti-LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-gender_movement" title="Anti-gender movement">Anti-gender movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_chemicals_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT chemicals conspiracy theory">Chemicals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drag_panic" title="Drag panic">Drag panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_agenda" title="Gay agenda">Gay agenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gay_Nazis_myth" title="Gay Nazis myth">Gay Nazis myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_HIV/AIDS#1981–1982:_From_GRID_to_AIDS" title="History of HIV/AIDS">HIV/AIDS stigma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States#Public_perception" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Homintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Homintern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_scare" class="mw-redirect" title="Lavender scare">Lavender scare</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-LGBT_rhetoric#Recruitment" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-LGBT rhetoric">Recruitment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_grooming_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT grooming conspiracy theory">Grooming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litter_boxes_in_schools_hoax" title="Litter boxes in schools hoax">Litter box hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transvestigation" title="Transvestigation">Transvestigation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_pinching_conspiracy_theory" title="Finger pinching conspiracy theory">Finger pinching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamergate_(harassment_campaign)" title="Gamergate (harassment campaign)">GamerGate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incel#Ideology_present_in_incel_communities" title="Incel">Ideology in incel communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larries" title="Larries">Larries</a> / <a href="/wiki/Swifties#Gaylor" title="Swifties">Gaylors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satanic_panic" title="Satanic panic">Satanic panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soy_boy" title="Soy boy">Soy and masculinity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Health333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Health</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5G_misinformation" title="5G misinformation">5G misinformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccine_activism" title="Anti-vaccine activism">Anti-vaccination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vaccines_and_autism" title="Vaccines and autism">Autism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MMR_vaccine_and_autism" title="MMR vaccine and autism">MMR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiomersal_and_vaccines" title="Thiomersal and vaccines">Thiomersal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-vaccinationism_in_chiropractic" title="Anti-vaccinationism in chiropractic">In chiropractic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaccine_misinformation" title="Vaccine misinformation">Misinformation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspartame_controversy" title="Aspartame controversy">Aspartame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Pharma_conspiracy_theories" title="Big Pharma conspiracy theories">Big Pharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemtrail_conspiracy_theory" title="Chemtrail conspiracy theory">Chemtrails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation" title="COVID-19 misinformation">COVID-19</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivermectin_during_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic">Ivermectin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_lab_leak_theory" title="COVID-19 lab leak theory">Lab leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_vaccine_misinformation_and_hesitancy" title="COVID-19 vaccine misinformation and hesitancy">Vaccines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo_cancer" title="Turbo cancer">Turbo cancer</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 misinformation in Canada">Canada</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_in_the_Philippines" title="COVID-19 misinformation in the Philippines">Philippines</a> / <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_misinformation_by_the_United_States" title="COVID-19 misinformation by the United States">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebola_misinformation" title="Ebola misinformation">Ebola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_harassment" title="Electronic harassment">Electronic harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germ_theory_denialism" title="Germ theory denialism">Germ theory denialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GMO_conspiracy_theories" title="GMO conspiracy theories">GMOs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discredited_HIV/AIDS_origins_theories" title="Discredited HIV/AIDS origins theories">Origins theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oral_polio_vaccine_AIDS_hypothesis" title="Oral polio vaccine AIDS hypothesis">Oral polio AIDS hypothesis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1321_lepers%27_plot" title="1321 lepers' plot">Lepers' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medbed" title="Medbed">Medbeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SARS_conspiracy_theory" title="SARS conspiracy theory">SARS</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_fluoridation_controversy" class="mw-redirect" title="Water fluoridation controversy">Water fluoridation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1951_Pont-Saint-Esprit_mass_poisoning" title="1951 Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning">Pont-Saint-Esprit mass poisoning</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Race,_religion_and/or_ethnicity333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Race, religion and/or ethnicity</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagwa_Love_Trap_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagwa Love Trap conspiracy theory">Bhagwa Love Trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CERN_ritual_hoax" title="CERN ritual hoax">CERN ritual hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenophobia_and_racism_related_to_the_COVID-19_pandemic" title="Xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 and xenophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonic_conspiracy_theories" title="Masonic conspiracy theories">Freemasons</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Masonic_conspiracy_theories_in_the_French_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Masonic conspiracy theories in the French Revolution (page does not exist)">French Revolution</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9ories_du_complot_ma%C3%A7onnique_dans_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" class="extiw" title="fr:Théories du complot maçonnique dans la Révolution française">fr</a>]</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_concentration_camp#Discredited_extermination_camp_story" title="Warsaw concentration camp">Gas chambers for Poles in Warsaw</a> (1940s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_Losses" title="Other Losses">German POWs post-WWII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priory_of_Sion" title="Priory of Sion">Priory of Sion</a></li> <li>Product labeling <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halal_conspiracy_theories" title="Halal conspiracy theories">Halal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosher_tax_conspiracy_theory" title="Kosher tax conspiracy theory">Kosher</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartarian_Empire_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tartarian Empire (conspiracy theory)">Tartarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_Islam_controversy" title="War on Islam controversy">War against Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_genocide_conspiracy_theory" title="White genocide conspiracy theory">White genocide</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antisemitic_trope" title="Antisemitic trope">Antisemitic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blood_libel" title="Blood libel">Blood libel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cohen_Plan" title="Cohen Plan">Cohen Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Jews_during_the_Black_Death" title="Persecution of Jews during the Black Death">During the Black Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epsilon_Team" title="Epsilon Team">Epsilon Team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Soros_conspiracy_theories" title="George Soros conspiracy theories">George Soros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">Holocaust denial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_trivialization" title="Holocaust trivialization">Trivialization</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Jewish_conspiracy" title="International Jewish conspiracy">International Jewish conspiracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_300" title="Committee of 300">Committee of 300</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Bolshevism" title="Cultural Bolshevism">Cultural Bolshevism</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish Bolshevism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%BBydokomuna" title="Żydokomuna">Żydokomuna</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Masonic_conspiracy_theory" title="Judeo-Masonic conspiracy theory">Judeo-Masonic plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Protocols_of_the_Elders_of_Zion" title="The Protocols of the Elders of Zion">The Protocols of the Elders of Zion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_war_conspiracy_theory" title="Jewish war conspiracy theory">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionist_Occupation_Government_conspiracy_theory" title="Zionist Occupation Government conspiracy theory">Z.O.G.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeopolonia" title="Judeopolonia">Judeopolonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_deicide" title="Jewish deicide">Killing of Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalergi_Plan" title="Kalergi Plan">Kalergi Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_Order_(conspiracy_theory)" class="mw-redirect" title="New World Order (conspiracy theory)">New World Order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family#Conspiracy_theories" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Christian / <a href="/wiki/Anti-Christian_sentiment" title="Anti-Christian sentiment">Anti-Christian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Anti-Catholic_conspiracy_theories" title="List of conspiracy theories">Anti-Catholic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jesuit_conspiracy_theories" title="Jesuit conspiracy theories">Jesuits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popish_Plot" title="Popish Plot">Popish Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_conspiracy_theories" title="Vatican conspiracy theories">Vatican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Bible conspiracy theory">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_election_of_Giuseppe_Siri_theory" title="Papal election of Giuseppe Siri theory">Giuseppe Siri</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamophobia" title="Islamophobia">Islamophobic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counter-jihad" title="Counter-jihad">Counter-jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpIndia#Bihar_human_sacrifice_claims" title="OpIndia">Bihar human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurabia_conspiracy_theory" title="Eurabia conspiracy theory">Eurabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Replacement" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Replacement">Great Replacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_jihad_conspiracy_theory" title="Love jihad conspiracy theory">Love jihad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamo-leftism#2021_proposed_Vidal_inquiry" title="Islamo-leftism">Proposed "Islamo-leftism" inquiry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Horse_scandal" title="Trojan Horse scandal">Trojan Horse scandal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_denial" title="Genocide denial">Genocide denial</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Denial_of_mass_killings" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Denial of mass killings">Denial of mass killings</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide_denial" title="Armenian genocide denial">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_genocide#Views_in_Pakistan" title="Bangladesh genocide">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_genocide_denial" title="Cambodian genocide denial">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_denial" title="Holocaust denial">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holodomor_denial" title="Holodomor denial">Holodomor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre_denial" title="Nanjing Massacre denial">Nanjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwandan_genocide_denial" title="Rwandan genocide denial">Rwandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayfo#Denial_and_justification" title="Sayfo">Sayfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denial_of_the_genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Denial of the genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Serbs during WWII</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cow_vigilante_violence_in_India" title="Cow vigilante violence in India">Cow vigilante violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Greater Bangladesh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pakistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jinnahpur" title="Jinnahpur">Jinnahpur</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallano_gold" title="Tallano gold">Tallano gold</a></li></ul></li> <li>South Korea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finger-pinching_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Finger-pinching conspiracy theory">Finger-pinching</a></li></ul></li> <li>Thailand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finland_Plot" title="Finland Plot">Finland Plot</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas (outside the United States)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Argentina <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andinia_Plan" title="Andinia Plan">Andinia Plan</a></li></ul></li> <li>Canada <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avro_Canada_CF-105_Arrow#Cancellation" title="Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow">Avro Arrow cancellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leuchter_report" title="Leuchter report">Leuchter report</a></li></ul></li> <li>Peru <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Casa_Matusita" title="Casa Matusita">Casa Matusita</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daktari_Ranch_affair" title="Daktari Ranch affair">Daktari Ranch affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golpe_Azul" title="Golpe Azul">Golpe Azul</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Middle East / North Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_the_Arab_world" title="Conspiracy theories in the Arab world">In the Arab world</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10_agorot_controversy" title="10 agorot controversy">10 agorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_fire#Conspiracy_theories" title="Cairo fire">Cairo fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissinger_Plan_in_Lebanon" title="Kissinger Plan in Lebanon">Kissinger Plan in Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel-related_animal_conspiracy_theories" title="Israel-related animal conspiracy theories">Israel-related animal theories</a></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_about_the_overthrow_of_Mohammad_Reza_Pahlavi" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories about the overthrow of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi">Western-backed Iranian Revolution</a></li></ul></li> <li>Israel <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pallywood" title="Pallywood">Pallywood</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_payment_conspiracy" title="Alaska payment conspiracy">Alaska payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulles%27_Plan" title="Dulles' Plan">Dulles' Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_billion" title="Golden billion">Golden billion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagantsev_conspiracy" title="Tagantsev conspiracy">Petrograd Military Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigori_Rasputin" title="Grigori Rasputin">Rasputin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine_bioweapons_conspiracy_theory" title="Ukraine bioweapons conspiracy theory">Ukraine bioweapons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_Turkey" title="Conspiracy theories in Turkey">Turkey</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Turkish_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt#Staged_coup_reports" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Turkish coup d'état attempt">2016 coup attempt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ergenekon_(organization)" title="Ergenekon (organization)">Ergenekon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sledgehammer_(alleged_coup_plan)" title="Sledgehammer (alleged coup plan)">Operation Sledgehammer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gezi_Park_protests#Conspiracy_claims" title="Gezi Park protests">Gezi Park protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A8vres_syndrome" title="Sèvres syndrome">Sèvres syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conspiracy_theories#Üst_akıl" title="List of conspiracy theories">Üst akıl</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other European</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Euromyth" title="Euromyth">Euromyth</a></li> <li>Georgia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_War_Party" title="Global War Party">Global War Party</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Plot_(Ireland)" title="German Plot (Ireland)">German Plot</a></li></ul></li> <li>Italy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Itavia_Flight_870" title="Itavia Flight 870">Itavia Flight 870</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lithuania <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Statesmen_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Statesmen (conspiracy theory)">Statesmen</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman Republic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Catilinarian_conspiracy" title="First Catilinarian conspiracy">First Catilinarian conspiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mano_Negra_affair" title="Mano Negra affair">Mano Negra affair</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sweden <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lilla_Saltsj%C3%B6badsavtalet" title="Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet">Lilla Saltsjöbadsavtalet</a></li></ul></li> <li>UK <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clockwork_Orange_(plot)" title="Clockwork Orange (plot)">Clockwork Orange plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elm_Guest_House_hoax" title="Elm Guest House hoax">Elm Guest House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Wilson_plot_allegations" title="Harold Wilson plot allegations">Harold Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_pencil_conspiracy_theory" title="Voting pencil conspiracy theory">Voting pencil</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_in_United_States_politics" title="Conspiracy theories in United States politics">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Barack Obama <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_citizenship_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama citizenship conspiracy theories">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_religion_conspiracy_theories" title="Barack Obama religion conspiracy theories">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreams_from_My_Real_Father" title="Dreams from My Real Father">Parentage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_Barack_Obama_spying_on_Donald_Trump" title="Allegations of Barack Obama spying on Donald Trump">"Obamagate"</a> / <a href="/wiki/Spygate_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Spygate (conspiracy theory)">Spygate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biden%E2%80%93Ukraine_conspiracy_theory" title="Biden–Ukraine conspiracy theory">Biden–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_helicopter" title="Black helicopter">Black helicopters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_Kennedy_assassination_conspiracy_theory" title="CIA Kennedy assassination conspiracy theory">CIA and JFK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegations_of_CIA_assistance_to_Osama_bin_Laden" title="Allegations of CIA assistance to Osama bin Laden">CIA assistance to bin Laden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_body_count_conspiracy_theory" title="Clinton body count conspiracy theory">Clinton body count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Marxism_conspiracy_theory" title="Cultural Marxism conspiracy theory">Cultural Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Election_denial_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Election denial movement in the United States">Election denial movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FBI_secret_society_conspiracy_theory" title="FBI secret society conspiracy theory">FBI secret society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FEMA_camps_conspiracy_theory" title="FEMA camps conspiracy theory">FEMA camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Guidestones#Conspiracy_theories" title="Georgia Guidestones">Georgia Guidestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Helm_15_conspiracy_theories" title="Jade Helm 15 conspiracy theories">Jade Helm 15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montauk_Project" title="Montauk Project">Montauk Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Experiment" title="Philadelphia Experiment">Philadelphia Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizzagate_conspiracy_theory" title="Pizzagate conspiracy theory">Pizzagate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Plan_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="The Plan (Washington, D.C.)">The Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Azorian" title="Project Azorian">Project Azorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QAnon" title="QAnon">QAnon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pastel_QAnon" title="Pastel QAnon">Pastel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_incidents_involving_QAnon" title="Timeline of incidents involving QAnon">Incidents</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saddam%E2%80%93al-Qaeda_conspiracy_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Saddam–al-Qaeda conspiracy theory">Saddam–al-Qaeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook_Elementary_School_shooting_conspiracy_theories" title="Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting conspiracy theories">Sandy Hook</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springfield_pet-eating_hoax" title="Springfield pet-eating hoax">Springfield pet-eating hoax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories_related_to_the_Trump%E2%80%93Ukraine_scandal" title="Conspiracy theories related to the Trump–Ukraine scandal">Trump–Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vast_right-wing_conspiracy_(term)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vast right-wing conspiracy (term)">"Vast right-wing conspiracy"</a></li> <li>Vietnam War <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War_POW/MIA_issue" title="Vietnam War POW/MIA issue">POW/MIA issue</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_stab-in-the-back_myth" title="Vietnam stab-in-the-back myth">Stab-in-the-back myth</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="2020_election106" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Conspiracy_allegations" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">2020 election</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italygate" title="Italygate">Italygate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Pence_Card" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">"Pence Card"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Maricopa_County_presidential_ballot_audit" title="2021 Maricopa County presidential ballot audit">Maricopa County ballot audit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attempts_to_overturn_the_2020_United_States_presidential_election#Stop_the_Steal" title="Attempts to overturn the 2020 United States presidential election">Stop the Steal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Internet_theory" title="Dead Internet theory">Dead Internet theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NESARA" title="NESARA">NESARA/GESARA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Coke#Conspiracy_theories" title="New Coke">New Coke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_time_conspiracy_theory" title="Phantom time conspiracy theory">Phantom time</a> / <a href="/wiki/New_chronology_(Fomenko)" title="New chronology (Fomenko)">New chronology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_government_(conspiracy_theory)" title="Shadow government (conspiracy theory)">Shadow government claims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilderberg_Meeting#Conspiracy_theories" title="Bilderberg Meeting">Bilderberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illuminati" title="Illuminati">Illuminati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synarchism" title="Synarchism">synarchism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_authorship_question" title="Shakespeare authorship question">Shakespearean authorship</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pseudolaw" title="Pseudolaw">Pseudolaw</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admiralty_law#Conspiracy_theory" title="Admiralty law">Admiralty law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_on_the_land_movement" title="Freeman on the land movement">Freeman on the land movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redemption_movement" title="Redemption movement">Redemption movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_citizen_movement" title="Sovereign citizen movement">Sovereign citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strawman_theory" title="Strawman theory">Strawman theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_protester_conspiracy_arguments" title="Tax protester conspiracy arguments">Tax protesters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satirical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acre_conspiracy" title="Acre conspiracy">Acre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bielefeld_conspiracy" title="Bielefeld conspiracy">Bielefeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birds_Aren%27t_Real" title="Birds Aren't Real">Birds Aren't Real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%27s_field" title="Li's field">Li's field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz%E2%80%93Zodiac_Killer_meme" title="Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme">Ted Cruz–Zodiac Killer meme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="See_also333" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">See also</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argument_from_ignorance" title="Argument from ignorance">Argument from ignorance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_Encyclopedia" title="Conspiracy Encyclopedia">Conspiracy Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_fiction" title="Conspiracy fiction">Conspiracy fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspirituality" title="Conspirituality">Conspirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogma" title="Dogma">Dogma</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudoskepticism" title="Pseudoskepticism">pseudoskepticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsifiability" title="Falsifiability">Falsifiability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fringe_science" title="Fringe science">Fringe science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_negationism" title="Historical negationism">Historical negationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_youth_radicalization" title="Online youth radicalization">Online youth radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prejudice" title="Prejudice">Prejudice</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hate_speech" title="Hate speech">Hate speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radicalization" title="Radicalization">Radicalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_by_press_conference" title="Science by press conference">Science by press conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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Template:Cite_web"," 4.05% 150.650 28 Template:Cite_news"," 2.86% 106.313 6 Template:Harvnb"," 2.73% 101.565 1 Template:Ufo"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.024","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":12659503,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"Branton_Files\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF\u0026quot;The_Roswell_Files\u0026quot;1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAaron_John_Gulyas2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAlfordGraham2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFArnold2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFArnold2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaker2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarkun,_Michael2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBarna_William_Donovan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBartholomewHoward1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeal2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBender2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBishop2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlum1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBob_Matyi1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBullard2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurnett2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBurton2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCahn1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCahn1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarr1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarroll2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClary2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooper2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCooperBlumenthalKean2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorliss,_Richard1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaragahi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDean1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiaz2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDickey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDisch2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonovan2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEberhart2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErdmannBlock2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEsposito2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrank2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFuller1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGildenberg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoldberg2008\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGoleman2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGray2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwood2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrossmanFrench2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGulyas2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGulyas2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGulyas2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGulyas2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHammons2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHuyghe2001\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJacobson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnson1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnsonSparks2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKeyhoe1955\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlass1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKloor2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKorff1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKreidler2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaunius2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaycock2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeFevreLipson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLegaspi2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevyMendlesohn2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLucanioCoville2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMadhani2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMay2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAndrew1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCullagh2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcGilligan1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeehan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeehan2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMerchant2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Barkun2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMilligan2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoorePratt2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNadis2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNancy_Lusignan_Schultz1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNickellMcGaha2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOlmsted2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeebles1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeebles1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Knight2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPflock2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPilkington2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPosner1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadford2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReece2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReimink\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobertson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinsonLasker2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRodrick2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSagan1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSalerZieglerMoore2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScully1949\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSeddon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeverson1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShanks2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSheinin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShermer2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkal1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkomorowsky\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSusan_A._Clancy2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToronto2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWedding2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWildermuth2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWill1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams2018\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 67,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 13,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 28,\n [\"Cite periodical\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 38,\n [\"Conspiracy theories\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 2,\n [\"DEFAULTSORT:Conspiracy theories about UFOs\"] = 1,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 2,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Fringe section\"] = 1,\n [\"Fringe theories\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 6,\n [\"Lead rewrite\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map+\"] = 1,\n [\"Location map~\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 12,\n [\"Multiple issues\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Rp\"] = 244,\n [\"Scientific American Frontiers\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Skeptoid\"] = 1,\n [\"Split section\"] = 1,\n [\"Tone\"] = 1,\n [\"UFOs\"] = 1,\n [\"Ufo\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 4,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\nciteref_patterns = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","660","25.4"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","600","23.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","320","12.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","240","9.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","6.2"],["type","120","4.6"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","60","2.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","60","2.3"],["(for generator) \u003Cmw.lua:684\u003E","40","1.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","40","1.5"],["[others]","300","11.5"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-api-ext.codfw.main-7c769b4885-jjzcx","timestamp":"20250225180751","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"UFO conspiracy theories","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/UFO_conspiracy_theories","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2715405","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q2715405","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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