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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano_Negra_(anarquisme)" title="Mano Negra (anarquisme) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mano Negra (anarquisme)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mano_Negra" title="La Mano Negra – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="La Mano Negra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mano_Negra" title="La Mano Negra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="La Mano Negra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mano_Negra" title="La Mano Negra – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="La Mano Negra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mano_Negra" title="La Mano Negra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="La Mano Negra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mano_Negra" title="Mano Negra – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mano Negra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mano_Negra" title="La Mano Negra – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="La Mano Negra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarna_R%C4%99ka_(Hiszpania)" title="Czarna Ręka (Hiszpania) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czarna Ręka (Hiszpania)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/La_Mano_Negra" title="La Mano Negra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="La Mano Negra" data-language-autonym="Português" 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ex%C3%A9cution_des_anarchistes_de_X%C3%A9r%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg/495px-Ex%C3%A9cution_des_anarchistes_de_X%C3%A9r%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Ex%C3%A9cution_des_anarchistes_de_X%C3%A9r%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg/660px-Ex%C3%A9cution_des_anarchistes_de_X%C3%A9r%C3%A8s_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1368" data-file-height="1553" /></a><figcaption>Anarchists condemned to death in Jerez</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mano-negra-proceso-Blanco-de-Benaocaz-30-6-1883-audiencia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mano-negra-proceso-Blanco-de-Benaocaz-30-6-1883-audiencia.jpg/280px-Mano-negra-proceso-Blanco-de-Benaocaz-30-6-1883-audiencia.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mano-negra-proceso-Blanco-de-Benaocaz-30-6-1883-audiencia.jpg/420px-Mano-negra-proceso-Blanco-de-Benaocaz-30-6-1883-audiencia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Mano-negra-proceso-Blanco-de-Benaocaz-30-6-1883-audiencia.jpg/560px-Mano-negra-proceso-Blanco-de-Benaocaz-30-6-1883-audiencia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1015" data-file-height="769" /></a><figcaption>Trial in the murder of <i>Blanco de Benaocaz</i></figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Black Hand</b> (<a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">La Mano Negra</i>) was a presumed secret, anarchist organization based in the <a href="/wiki/Andalusia" title="Andalusia">Andalusian</a> region of Spain and best known as the perpetrators of murders, arson, and crop fires in the early 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The events associated with the Black Hand took place in 1882 and 1883 amidst <a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">class struggle</a> in the Andalusian countryside, the spread of <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarcho-communism</a> distinct from <a href="/wiki/Collectivist_anarchism" title="Collectivist anarchism">collectivist anarchism</a>, and differences between legalists and <a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">illegalists</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Federaci%C3%B3n_de_Trabajadores_de_la_Regi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Española">Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Española</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETermes201191_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETermes201191-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mano_Negra_affair&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between the drought and poor harvests of 1881 and 1882, social tensions and hunger in Andalusia led to theft, robberies, and arson.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETermes201181_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETermes201181-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were raids on farms and riots in protest of lack of work. Insurgents demanded that the town council give them jobs in public works. Among the most serious urban riots, on November 3, 1882, in <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez de la Frontera</a>, about 60 people were arrested as the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Guard_(Spain)" title="Civil Guard (Spain)">Civil Guard</a> and army intervened.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013138-139_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013138-139-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Owners were fearful of the rioters, who otherwise did not act in personal aggression or face farmhouse guards and the Civil Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013139_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013139-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The liberal press in Madrid denounced the dire circumstances of Andalusian day laborers in late 1882. An editorial in the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/El_Imparcial_(1867%E2%80%931933)" title="El Imparcial (1867–1933)">El Imparcial</a></i> described the looting of bakeries and butchers out of hunger, and having to choose between alms, theft, and death. <a href="/wiki/Leopoldo_Alas" title="Leopoldo Alas">Leopoldo Alas</a> reported on hunger in Andalusia in a series of articles for <i>El Día</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013137-138_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013137-138-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the end of 1882, the rains had returned and Andalusian agricultural laborers of the new Federación de Trabajadores de la Región Española decided to strike to raise their salaries at the prospect of a good harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013138_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013138-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELida201056-57_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELida201056-57-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mano_Negra_affair&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finding_the_Black_Hand">Finding the Black Hand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mano_Negra_affair&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Finding the Black Hand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1883-La-Mano-Negra-carcel-de-Jerez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1883-La-Mano-Negra-carcel-de-Jerez.jpg/330px-1883-La-Mano-Negra-carcel-de-Jerez.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1883-La-Mano-Negra-carcel-de-Jerez.jpg/495px-1883-La-Mano-Negra-carcel-de-Jerez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/1883-La-Mano-Negra-carcel-de-Jerez.jpg/660px-1883-La-Mano-Negra-carcel-de-Jerez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="743" data-file-height="551" /></a><figcaption>Group of accused prisoners</figcaption></figure> <p>In early November 1882, a member of the Civil Guard in Western Andalusia sent the government a discovered copy of the "regulations" of a secret socialist organization: <i>la Mano Negra</i>, or "the Black Hand". In the official report that accompanied it, these regulations proved the conspiracy of a group starting fires, felling forests, and murdering others over prior months. These regulations were two documents: "The Black Hand: Regulation of the Society of the Poor, against their thieves and executioners, Andalusia", and another simply titled, "Statutes", which did not use the phrase "Black Hand" but explained the governing rules of a People's Court to be established in each locality to punish crimes of the bourgeoisie. The former spoke of "the rich".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013139-141_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013139-141-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government sent Civil Guard reinforcements to <a href="/wiki/Province_of_C%C3%A1diz" title="Province of Cádiz">Cádiz province</a> two weeks after receiving the documents. The 90 <i>guardias</i> arrived in Jerez on November 21 whereupon they proceeded, with the help of the Jerez municipal guard, to arrest many day laborers and FRTE members as assumed associates of the Black Hand. By early December, a newspaper reported that the <i>guardias</i> had captured hundreds of Black Hand internationalists, their weapons, and their documentation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013143-144_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013143-144-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within several weeks, 3,000 day laborers and anarchists had been imprisoned,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELida201056-57_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELida201056-57-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though labor historian <a href="/wiki/Josep_Termes" title="Josep Termes">Josep Termes</a> reported an even higher number: 2,000 in Cádiz and 3,000 in Jerez.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETermes201192_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETermes201192-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In reports sent to the Ministry of Labor, the most common reason for detention was membership in the Federación de Trabajadores (FTRE).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013148_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013148-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The federation's publication, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Revista_Social&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revista Social (page does not exist)">Revista Social</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revista_Social" class="extiw" title="es:Revista Social">es</a>]</span>,</i> decried the indiscriminate arrest of their members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013151_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013151-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Authenticating_the_documents">Authenticating the documents</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mano_Negra_affair&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Authenticating the documents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The authenticity of the documents, which the Civil Guard claimed to have found under a rock,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETermes201192_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETermes201192-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its proof of the Black Hand's existence has been the subject of multiple historians. <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Tu%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_Lara" title="Manuel Tuñón de Lara">Manuel Tuñón de Lara</a> thought that the document appeared fabricated. He doubted its test of authenticity to be legally or historically valid.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977249_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977249-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Josep Termes wrote that the Black Hand was a police fabrication and that the Civil Guard's found documents were from the older Núcleo Popular collection.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETermes201192_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETermes201192-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian <a href="/wiki/Clara_Lida" title="Clara Lida">Clara Lida</a> wrote that the underground documents' characteristics resembled those of the prior era and that the name "Black Hand" would inconspicuously fit alongside those of other European, clandestine groups in the anarchist and revolutionary tradition. The act of resurfacing documents from years ago to make dormant threats appear contemporary, Lida wrote, was a duplicitous manipulation of the sensationalist press to steer public opinion against the organized day laborers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELida201051-52_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELida201051-52-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Juan Avilés Farré wrote that the documents, most likely, were genuine but from two different organizations of unknown identity. The first document—"The Black Hand"—was likely acquired by the Jerez municipal guard several years earlier, sent by the Civil Guard to the Minister of War, and forgotten until someone attempted to solve the Jerez crimes of 1882. This document did not mention the First International. The second document came from the clandestine period of the First International's Spanish Regional Federation between 1873 and 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013142-143_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013142-143-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crimes_of_the_Black_Hand">Crimes of the Black Hand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mano_Negra_affair&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Crimes of the Black Hand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SanJoseDelValle-P1060370.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SanJoseDelValle-P1060370.JPG/250px-SanJoseDelValle-P1060370.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SanJoseDelValle-P1060370.JPG/375px-SanJoseDelValle-P1060370.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/SanJoseDelValle-P1060370.JPG/500px-SanJoseDelValle-P1060370.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Present day view of <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_del_Valle" title="San José del Valle">San José del Valle</a>, where the corpse of "El Blanco de <a href="/wiki/Benaocaz" title="Benaocaz">Benaocaz</a>" was discovered and attributed to the Black Hand</figcaption></figure> <p>The Cádiz and Madrid press did not question the existence of the Black Hand and, instead, sensationalized it. <i>El Cronista de Jerez</i> wrote that members of the Black Hand were killed in punishment when unable to carry out an assassination.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013143-144_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013143-144-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The FTRE's <i>Revista Social</i> condemned the press's emphasis on treating news production as if it were a competition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013150_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013150-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The press focused on three crimes attributed to the Black Hand, with emphasis on two. After the first wave of arrests, on December 4, a married couple, innkeepers, were killed on the road to <a href="/wiki/Trebujena" title="Trebujena">Trebujena</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Jerez_de_la_Frontera" title="Jerez de la Frontera">Jerez de la Frontera</a>. Two months later, on February 4, a young peasant named Bartolomé Gago, better known as "El Blanco de <a href="/wiki/Benaocaz" title="Benaocaz">Benaocaz</a>" was found interred in an open field on the outskirts of <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_del_Valle" title="San José del Valle">San José del Valle</a>, near Jerez. The murder was later said to have occurred the same day as the innkeepers'.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This murder became known as the crime of Parrilla. Around the same time, a young ranch guard killed in August 1882 was discovered to have been caused not by accident but an assault to his abdomen.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013152_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013152-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The government sent a special judge to Jerez to investigate the crimes in February 1883.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013144_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013144-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cortes also debated the matter in late February.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013145-147_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013145-147-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attempts_to_connect_Mano_Negra_and_the_FTRE">Attempts to connect Mano Negra and the FTRE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mano_Negra_affair&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Attempts to connect Mano Negra and the FTRE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The government, shopowners, and press—with the newspaper <i>El Liberal</i> as an exception<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013149_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013149-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—associated the Black Hand with the Federación de Trabajadores (FTRE)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977249_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977249-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for two purposes, according to historian Clara Lida: to halt the International's growing influence in the country, and more locally, to forestall farm workers from organizing and striking against the coming harvest.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELida201057-58_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELida201057-58-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The FTRE's Federal Committee denied any connection to the Black Hand and repeated its denouncement of <a href="/wiki/Illegalism" title="Illegalism">violence through propaganda</a> and any solidarity with such criminal groups. It emphasized the difference between the growing anarchosyndicalism of Catalonia and the illegalism of Andalusia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETermes201184;_86_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETermes201184;_86-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The anarchist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Peter Kropotkin</a>'s newspaper, <i>Le Révolté</i>, based in Geneva, sympathized with the workers attributed as part of the Black Hand and criticized the FTRE's lack of solidarity with them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013151_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013151-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March, the FTRE's Federal Committee published a manifesto against the government's attempts to associate the federation with the Black Hand.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETermes201196–98_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETermes201196–98-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legal_proceedings">Legal proceedings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mano_Negra_affair&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Legal proceedings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mano-negra-proceso-Blanco-de-Benaocaz-22-3-1884-sentencia-casacion.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mano-negra-proceso-Blanco-de-Benaocaz-22-3-1884-sentencia-casacion.jpg/250px-Mano-negra-proceso-Blanco-de-Benaocaz-22-3-1884-sentencia-casacion.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mano-negra-proceso-Blanco-de-Benaocaz-22-3-1884-sentencia-casacion.jpg/375px-Mano-negra-proceso-Blanco-de-Benaocaz-22-3-1884-sentencia-casacion.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Mano-negra-proceso-Blanco-de-Benaocaz-22-3-1884-sentencia-casacion.jpg/500px-Mano-negra-proceso-Blanco-de-Benaocaz-22-3-1884-sentencia-casacion.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1047" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Chamber of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Spain" title="Supreme Court of Spain">Spanish Supreme Court</a> at time of reading the sentence on the appeal of the trial for the murder of <i>El Blanco de <a href="/wiki/Benaocaz" title="Benaocaz">Benaocaz</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1883, the Jerez court sentenced seven people and eight accomplices to 17 years and four months of prison. Two people were acquitted, but the prosecutor appealed the sentence to the Supreme Court, who ruled in April 1884 in favor of the death penalty for all but one accused. Nine sentences were commuted to jail time and seven were executed by <a href="/wiki/Garrote" title="Garrote">garrote</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013157_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013157-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two months later in Jerez de la Frontera's Plaza del Mercado. Three days later, the judges were recognized by the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Isabella_the_Catholic" title="Order of Isabella the Catholic">Order of Isabella the Catholic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the murders of the innkeepers, one of the five people who attacked the husband at dawn on December 4 and stabbed the couple was shot dead at the scene of the crime. The other four were sentenced to death but never executed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013157-158_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013157-158-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the death of the ranch guard, two people were tried and one was sentenced to a long prison term.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013158;_163_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013158;_163-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Afterwards, the FRTE's <i>La Revista Social</i> showed solidarity with workers but not with the condemned. In the clandestine newspaper of <a href="/wiki/The_Disinherited_(group)" title="The Disinherited (group)">Los Desheredados</a>, an illegalist and anarcho-communist group that had split from the FTRE, lamented that the Jerez executions went uncontested.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013158-159_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013158-159-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Execucionsjerez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Execucionsjerez.jpg/220px-Execucionsjerez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Execucionsjerez.jpg/330px-Execucionsjerez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Execucionsjerez.jpg/440px-Execucionsjerez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption>Execution of four alleged members of the Black Hand</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_in_favor_of_the_condemned">Campaign in favor of the condemned</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mano_Negra_affair&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Campaign in favor of the condemned"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nearly two decades later, the Madrid-based, anarchist newspaper <i>Tierra y Libertad</i> launched a campaign to release the eight convicts who remained in jail. <a href="/wiki/Soledad_Gustavo" class="mw-redirect" title="Soledad Gustavo">Soledad Gustavo</a>, partner of <a href="/wiki/Joan_Montseny" title="Joan Montseny">Joan Montseny</a>, led the effort in January 1902 and was joined by other European newspapers, both anarchist and not. They held several meetings in Paris akin to those held in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/Montju%C3%AFc_trial" title="Montjuïc trial">Montjuïc trial</a>. They portrayed the convicts as heroes of anarchism, among the first to fight social iniquities, and victims of a large crime against the proletariat. Accordingly, the group portrayed the murdered, including <i>El Blanco de Benaocaz</i>, as traitors and informers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013161-163_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013161-163-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The convicts denounced their crimes in letters to the newspapers, writing that their confessions were coerced through torture. The Spanish government attempted to fight the campaign until early 1903, when it commuted the sentences to exile.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013163-164_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013163-164-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences">Consequences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mano_Negra_affair&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Consequences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The third congress of the FTRE, held in Valencia in October 1883, blamed the Black Hand affair for its reduced attendance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977251–252_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977251–252-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group again protested attempts to affiliate their organization with the Black Hand, condemned groups engaged in illegal acts, and agreed to dissolve the organization if it could not act legally.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETermes201188;_99_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETermes201188;_99-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Josep_Llunas_i_Pujals" title="Josep Llunas i Pujals">Josep Llunas</a>, a member of the FTRE Federal Committee, accused the government of using the Black Hand as pretext to repress anarchists.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977252_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977252-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fallout from the Black Hand affair pressured the FTRE Federal Committee, based in Barcelona, to retreat from the Andalusian movement to avoid guilt by association. They did not contest the government and press accounts of events. The Andalusian federations, in turn, were immediately angered. The result was an unbridgeable chasm within the FTRE that contributed to its decline in membership and dissolution five years later.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELida201058_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELida201058-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiographical_debate">Historiographical debate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mano_Negra_affair&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Historiographical debate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Placa_La_Mano_Negra.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Placa_La_Mano_Negra.jpg/220px-Placa_La_Mano_Negra.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Placa_La_Mano_Negra.jpg/330px-Placa_La_Mano_Negra.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Placa_La_Mano_Negra.jpg/440px-Placa_La_Mano_Negra.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Plaque in memory of the prosecutions against the Black Hand in front of the <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">CNT</a> headquarters in Jerez de la Frontera</figcaption></figure> <p>Historians offer differing accounts on the reality of the Black Hand organization. Tuñón de Lara affirms that there was no single organization, but small, anarcho-communist <a href="/wiki/Crime_syndicates" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime syndicates">crime syndicates</a> between secular rebellion and delinquency were used to justify the repression would precipitate the death of the FTRE.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977251_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977251-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Termes called the affair a <a href="/wiki/Frameup" title="Frameup">police set-up</a> while acknowledging that agrarian Andalusia did experience violence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETermes201191-92_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETermes201191-92-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Avilés Farré demurred that the question of the Black Hand's existence was less important than what became as a result: the documents were likely real, but there was ultimately no activity ascribed to the group or evidence that the group either successfully formed or committed any crimes. If the group existed, it left no trace and even those convicted of crimes associated with the Black Hand had not heard of the organization. The found documents were presented by the police as evidence of a broad conspiracy that would explain the wave of violence that had been occurring across western Andalusia. Its pugnacious name inferred a diffuse, mysterious fear, and had journalist appeal. While Avilés Farré interpreted the documents to be written by someone attempting to found a clandestine group for purposes of class warfare (i.e., not forged), likely by hidden associates of FTRE's <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_del_Valle" title="San José del Valle">San José del Valle</a> local, the historian said that there was no evidence that the group came into fruition or carried out its proposed threats.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013164-165_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013164-165-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whether the Black Hand affair was a <a href="/wiki/False_flag" title="False flag">false flag</a> fabrication or, more simply, an unfounded government attempt to quell the agricultural revolts was the subject of Republican politician and writer <a href="/wiki/Vicente_Blasco_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez" title="Vicente Blasco Ibáñez">Vicente Blasco Ibáñez</a>'s 1905 sociological novel, <i>La bodega</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historian and journalist <a href="/wiki/Juan_Madrid" title="Juan Madrid">Juan Madrid</a> wrote that the governmental interest in associating anarchists with any crime capable of tarnishing their image has been a constant throughout the history of Spain and the world.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mano_Negra_affair&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Mano Negra affair was the inspiration for a fictional South American guerrilla group in the comic series <i>Condor</i> written by the French writer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dominique_Rousseau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dominique Rousseau (page does not exist)">Dominique Rousseau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Rousseau_(illustrateur)" class="extiw" title="fr:Dominique Rousseau (illustrateur)">fr</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-chao_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chao-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reading this comic, French-Spanish singer <a href="/wiki/Manu_Chao" title="Manu Chao">Manu Chao</a> was inspired to choose "Mano Negra" as the name of <a href="/wiki/Mano_Negra_(band)" title="Mano Negra (band)">his band</a>—a decision approved by his father, <a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Chao" title="Ramón Chao">Ramón</a>, a journalist living in exile in France after fleeing the <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Francoist dictatorship</a>, who told him about the historical origins of the name.<sup id="cite_ref-chao_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chao-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mano_Negra_affair&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Spain" title="Anarchism in Spain">Anarchism in Spain</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mano_Negra_affair&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">La Mano Negra: Historia de una represión by José Luis Pantoja Antúnez y Manuel Ramírez López</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETermes201191-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETermes201191_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTermes2011">Termes 2011</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETermes201181-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETermes201181_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTermes2011">Termes 2011</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013138-139-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013138-139_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 138-139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013139-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013139_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013137-138-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013137-138_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 137-138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013138-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013138_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELida201056-57-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELida201056-57_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELida201056-57_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLida2010">Lida 2010</a>, p. 56-57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013139-141-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013139-141_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 139-141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013143-144-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013143-144_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013143-144_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 143-144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETermes201192-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETermes201192_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETermes201192_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETermes201192_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTermes2011">Termes 2011</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013148-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013148_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 148.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013151-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013151_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013151_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 151.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977249-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977249_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977249_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuñón_de_Lara1977">Tuñón de Lara 1977</a>, p. 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELida201051-52-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELida201051-52_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLida2010">Lida 2010</a>, p. 51-52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013142-143-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013142-143_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 142-143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013150-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013150_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 150.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jerez.es/fileadmin/Documentos/Archivo_Municipal/Boletin/la_alcubilla_DEFINITIVO.pdf">DOCUMENTO INÉDITO SOBRE LA MANO NEGRA: “Averiguación de lo ocurrido con respecto al suicidio del reo condenado a muerte Cayetano de la Cruz Expósito”</a> La Alcubilla. Boletín Digital de Historia de Jerez, Nº 0. DICIEMBRE de 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013152-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013152_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013144-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013144_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013145-147-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013145-147_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 145-147.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013149-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013149_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 149«La <i>Federación de los Trabajadores</i> nada tiene que la asemeje a sociedad secreta y oculta», [publicó <i>El Liberal</i>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELida201057-58-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELida201057-58_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLida2010">Lida 2010</a>, p. 57-58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETermes201184;_86-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETermes201184;_86_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTermes2011">Termes 2011</a>, p. 84; 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETermes201196–98-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETermes201196–98_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTermes2011">Termes 2011</a>, pp. 96–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013157-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013157_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luciano Boada y Valladolid, presidente, y Manuel López de Azcutia, teniente fiscal del Tribunal Supremo fueron condecorados con la <i>Gran Cruz del Orden de Isabel la Católica</i>. Véase: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/datos1/numeros/internet/Madrid/Diario%20oficial%20de%20avisos%20de%20Madrid/1884/188406/18840617/18840617_00000.pdf#search=%22manuel%20lopez%20azcutia%22&page=1">Diario oficial de avisos de Madrid 17.6.1884 Año CXXVI num.169</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013157-158-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013157-158_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 157-158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013158;_163-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013158;_163_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 158; 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013158-159-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013158-159_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 158-159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013161-163-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013161-163_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 161-163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013163-164-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013163-164_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 163-164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977251–252-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977251–252_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuñón_de_Lara1977">Tuñón de Lara 1977</a>, pp. 251–252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETermes201188;_99-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETermes201188;_99_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTermes2011">Termes 2011</a>, p. 88; 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977252-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977252_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuñón_de_Lara1977">Tuñón de Lara 1977</a>, p. 252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELida201058-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELida201058_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLida2010">Lida 2010</a>, p. 58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977251-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETuñón_de_Lara1977251_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTuñón_de_Lara1977">Tuñón de Lara 1977</a>, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETermes201191-92-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETermes201191-92_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTermes2011">Termes 2011</a>, p. 91-92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013164-165-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAvilés_Farré2013164-165_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013">Avilés Farré 2013</a>, p. 164-165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.msu.edu/user/nappodan/histbrev.htm"><i>La bodega</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061219142020/http://www.diariobahiadecadiz.com/noticias/reportajemanonegra1.htm"><i>Diario bahía de Cádiz</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chao-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-chao_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-chao_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMortaigne2013" class="citation book cs1">Mortaigne, Véronique (January 17, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OxCtghq9948C&pg=PT39">"Chapitre 4: La Mano Négra dévore la scène"</a>. <i>Manu Chao, un nomade contemporain</i>. Don Quichotte. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782359491197" title="Special:BookSources/9782359491197"><bdi>9782359491197</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 4,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapitre+4%3A+La+Mano+N%C3%A9gra+d%C3%A9vore+la+sc%C3%A8ne&rft.btitle=Manu+Chao%2C+un+nomade+contemporain&rft.pub=Don+Quichotte&rft.date=2013-01-17&rft.isbn=9782359491197&rft.aulast=Mortaigne&rft.aufirst=V%C3%A9ronique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxCtghq9948C%26pg%3DPT39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMano+Negra+affair" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mano_Negra_affair&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvilés_Farré2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Avil%C3%A9s_Farr%C3%A9" title="Juan Avilés Farré">Avilés Farré, Juan</a> (2013). <i>La Daga y la dinamita: los anarquistas y el nacimiento del terrorismo</i> (in Spanish). Barcelona: Tusquets. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8383-753-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8383-753-5"><bdi>978-84-8383-753-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/892212465">892212465</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Daga+y+la+dinamita%3A+los+anarquistas+y+el+nacimiento+del+terrorismo&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=Tusquets&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F892212465&rft.isbn=978-84-8383-753-5&rft.aulast=Avil%C3%A9s+Farr%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Juan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMano+Negra+affair" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLida2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clara_Lida" title="Clara Lida">Lida, Clara E.</a> (2010). "La Primera Internacional en España, entre la organización pública y la clandestinidad (1868–1889)". In <a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Casanova_Ruiz" class="mw-redirect" title="Julián Casanova Ruiz">Casanova, Julián</a> (ed.). <i>Tierra y Libertad. Cien años de anarquismo en España</i>. Barcelona: Crítica. pp. <span class="nowrap">33–</span>59. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9892-119-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9892-119-9"><bdi>978-84-9892-119-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/758615483">758615483</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=La+Primera+Internacional+en+Espa%C3%B1a%2C+entre+la+organizaci%C3%B3n+p%C3%BAblica+y+la+clandestinidad+%281868%E2%80%931889%29&rft.btitle=Tierra+y+Libertad.+Cien+a%C3%B1os+de+anarquismo+en+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E33-%3C%2Fspan%3E59&rft.pub=Cr%C3%ADtica&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F758615483&rft.isbn=978-84-9892-119-9&rft.aulast=Lida&rft.aufirst=Clara+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMano+Negra+affair" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTermes2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Josep_Termes" title="Josep Termes">Termes, Josep</a> (2011). <i>Historia del anarquismo en España (1870–1980)</i>. Barcelona: RBA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-9006-017-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-9006-017-9"><bdi>978-84-9006-017-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+del+anarquismo+en+Espa%C3%B1a+%281870%E2%80%931980%29&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pub=RBA&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-84-9006-017-9&rft.aulast=Termes&rft.aufirst=Josep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMano+Negra+affair" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuñón_de_Lara1977" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Tu%C3%B1%C3%B3n_de_Lara" title="Manuel Tuñón de Lara">Tuñón de Lara, Manuel</a> (1977). <i>El movimiento obrero en la historia de España</i>. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Barcelona: Laia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-7222-331-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-7222-331-8"><bdi>978-84-7222-331-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+movimiento+obrero+en+la+historia+de+Espa%C3%B1a&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Laia&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-84-7222-331-8&rft.aulast=Tu%C3%B1%C3%B3n+de+Lara&rft.aufirst=Manuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMano+Negra+affair" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mano_Negra_affair&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsenwein1989" class="citation book cs1">Esenwein, George Richard (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=13Hck24xgHUC&pg=PA85">"The "Black Hand" Mystery"</a>. <i>Anarchist Ideology and the Working-class Movement in Spain, 1868-1898</i>. University of California Press. pp. 84–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06398-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06398-3"><bdi>978-0-520-06398-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%22Black+Hand%22+Mystery&rft.btitle=Anarchist+Ideology+and+the+Working-class+Movement+in+Spain%2C+1868-1898&rft.pages=84-&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06398-3&rft.aulast=Esenwein&rft.aufirst=George+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D13Hck24xgHUC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMano+Negra+affair" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrasso2016" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Grasso, Claudio (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://e-revistas.uc3m.es/index.php/HISPNOV/article/view/2965">"El caso de la Mano Negra en la reciente historiografía española"</a>. <i>Hispania Nova</i> (in Spanish) (14): <span class="nowrap">66–</span>86. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1138-7319">1138-7319</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hispania+Nova&rft.atitle=El+caso+de+la+Mano+Negra+en+la+reciente+historiograf%C3%ADa+espa%C3%B1ola&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E66-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=2016&rft.issn=1138-7319&rft.aulast=Grasso&rft.aufirst=Claudio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fe-revistas.uc3m.es%2Findex.php%2FHISPNOV%2Farticle%2Fview%2F2965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMano+Negra+affair" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLida1969" class="citation journal cs1">Lida, Clara E. (December 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020859000003643">"Agrarian Anarchism in Andalusia: Documents on the Mano Negra"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/International_Review_of_Social_History" title="International Review of Social History">International Review of Social History</a></i>. <b>14</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">315–</span>352. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0020859000003643">10.1017/S0020859000003643</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1469-512X">1469-512X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Social+History&rft.atitle=Agrarian+Anarchism+in+Andalusia%3A+Documents+on+the+Mano+Negra&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E315-%3C%2Fspan%3E352&rft.date=1969-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0020859000003643&rft.issn=1469-512X&rft.aulast=Lida&rft.aufirst=Clara+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0020859000003643&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMano+Negra+affair" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaplan2015" class="citation book cs1">Kaplan, Temma (2015). <i><a href="/wiki/Anarchists_of_Andalusia,_1868%E2%80%931903" title="Anarchists of Andalusia, 1868–1903">Anarchists of Andalusia, 1868–1903</a></i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6971-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-6971-8"><bdi>978-1-4008-6971-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/949946764">949946764</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anarchists+of+Andalusia%2C+1868%E2%80%931903&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F949946764&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-6971-8&rft.aulast=Kaplan&rft.aufirst=Temma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMano+Negra+affair" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2020" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Paul (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uN_VDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT39"><i>A People Betrayed: A History of Corruption, Political Incompetence and Social Division in Modern Spain</i></a>. Liveright. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-870-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87140-870-9"><bdi>978-0-87140-870-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People+Betrayed%3A+A+History+of+Corruption%2C+Political+Incompetence+and+Social+Division+in+Modern+Spain&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Liveright&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-87140-870-9&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuN_VDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMano+Negra+affair" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYeoman2019" class="citation book cs1">Yeoman, James Michael (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=12SzDwAAQBAJ"><i>Print Culture and the Formation of the Anarchist Movement in Spain, 1890–1915</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-00-071215-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-00-071215-5"><bdi>978-1-00-071215-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Print+Culture+and+the+Formation+of+the+Anarchist+Movement+in+Spain%2C+1890%E2%80%931915&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-00-071215-5&rft.aulast=Yeoman&rft.aufirst=James+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D12SzDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMano+Negra+affair" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mano_Negra_affair&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:La_Mano_Negra" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:La Mano Negra">La Mano Negra</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portaloaca.com/historia/otroshistoria/94-la-leyenda-de-la-mano-negra.html">La leyenda de La Mano Negra</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laalcarriaobrera.blogspot.com/2008/03/alegato-fiscal-en-el-proceso-de-la-mano.html">Alegato del fiscal en el proceso de La Mano Negra</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://laalcarriaobrera.blogspot.com/2008/03/sentencia-del-proceso-de-la-mano-negra.html">Sentencia del proceso de La Mano Negra</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lavozdelsur.es/la-mano-negra-en-contexto">La Mano Negra en contexto</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191214044027/https://www.lavozdelsur.es/la-mano-negra-en-contexto/">Archived</a> December 14, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 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.portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/19px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/29px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/BlackFlagSymbol.svg/38px-BlackFlagSymbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="456" data-file-height="456" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Anarchism" title="Portal:Anarchism">Anarchism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/21px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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