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distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_Austronesian_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_Austronesian_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 List of Austronesian peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_Austronesian_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Prehistory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Paleolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Paleolithic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neolithic_China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic_China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Neolithic China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic_China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_other_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_other_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Relations with other groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_other_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Migration_from_Taiwan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_from_Taiwan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Migration from Taiwan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_from_Taiwan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Alternative_views" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Alternative_views"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Alternative views </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Alternative_views-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Historical period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ships_and_sailing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ships_and_sailing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Ships and sailing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ships_and_sailing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pottery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pottery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Pottery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pottery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jade_carving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jade_carving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Jade carving </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jade_carving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rock_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rock_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Rock art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rock_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Body_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Body_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Body art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Body_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tattooing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tattooing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.1 Tattooing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tattooing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dental_modification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dental_modification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7.2 Dental modification </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dental_modification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Writing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Writing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Writing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genetic_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Genetic studies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Genetic_studies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Genetic studies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Genetic_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Evidence_from_agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evidence_from_agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Evidence from agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evidence_from_agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Columbian_contact_with_the_Americas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Columbian_contact_with_the_Americas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Pre-Columbian contact with the Americas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Columbian_contact_with_the_Americas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Austronesian peoples</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" > 47 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesiese_volke" title="Austronesiese volke – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Austronesiese volke" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%A8_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="شعوب أسترونيزية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="شعوب أسترونيزية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblos_austronesios" title="Pueblos austronesios – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pueblos austronesios" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="آسترونزیالار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آسترونزیالار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A2m-t%C3%B3_b%C3%AEn-cho%CC%8Dk" title="Lâm-tó bîn-cho̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lâm-tó bîn-cho̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8B" title="Австронезия халыҡтары – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Австронезия халыҡтары" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Аўстранезійцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аўстранезійцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_tawong_Austronesyo" title="Mga tawong Austronesyo – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Mga tawong Austronesyo" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobles_austron%C3%A8sics" title="Pobles austronèsics – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pobles austronèsics" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesere" title="Austronesere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Austronesere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblos_austronesios" title="Pueblos austronesios – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblos austronesios" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesiar" title="Austronesiar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Austronesiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A2%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C" title="مردمان آسترونزیایی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردمان آسترونزیایی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austron%C3%A9siens" title="Austronésiens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Austronésiens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobos_austronesios" title="Pobos austronesios – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobos austronesios" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C%EB%84%A4%EC%8B%9C%EC%95%84%EC%A1%B1" title="오스트로네시아족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오스트로네시아족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronezijski_narodi" title="Austronezijski narodi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Austronezijski narodi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagiti_tattao_nga_Austronesio" title="Dagiti tattao nga Austronesio – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Dagiti tattao nga Austronesio" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rumpun_suku_bangsa_Austronesia" title="Rumpun suku bangsa Austronesia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Rumpun suku bangsa Austronesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesiani" title="Austronesiani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Austronesiani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9D_(%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D)" title="אוסטרונזים (עמים) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוסטרונזים (עמים)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%95%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%AE%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%AE%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ავსტრონეზიელი ხალხები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ავსტრონეზიელი ხალხები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Австронезиялыктар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Австронезиялыктар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesiani" title="Austronesiani – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Austronesiani" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronezie%C4%8Diai" title="Austroneziečiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Austroneziečiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aostr%C3%B4neziana_(vahoaka)" title="Aostrôneziana (vahoaka) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Aostrôneziana (vahoaka)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%93%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AD%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%99%E0%B5%BE" title="ഓസ്ട്രനേഷ്യൻ ജനവിഭാഗങ്ങൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഓസ്ട്രനേഷ്യൻ ജനവിഭാഗങ്ങൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Austronesia" title="Orang Austronesia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Orang Austronesia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesi%C3%ABrs" title="Austronesiërs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Austronesiërs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="オーストロネシア人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オーストロネシア人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%95" title="ਆਸਟਰੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ ਲੋਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਆਸਟਰੋਨੇਸ਼ੀਆਈ ਲੋਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finacadan_no_katimolay_a_kanatal" title="Finacadan no katimolay a kanatal – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Finacadan no katimolay a kanatal" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9" title="آسٹرونیشیائی لوک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آسٹرونیشیائی لوک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludy_austronezyjskie" title="Ludy austronezyjskie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludy austronezyjskie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austron%C3%A9sios" title="Austronésios – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Austronésios" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B" title="Австронезийские народы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Австронезийские народы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Austronesian peoples" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Аустронежани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Аустронежани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austronesialaiset_kansat" title="Austronesialaiset kansat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Austronesialaiset kansat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Austronesyo" title="Mga Austronesyo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Austronesyo" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="ஆசுத்திரோனீசிய மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஆசுத்திரோனீசிய மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avustronezyal%C4%B1lar" title="Avustronezyalılar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Avustronezyalılar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8" title="Австронезійські народи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Австронезійські народи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_Nam_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o" title="Người Nam Đảo – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Nam Đảo" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B3%B6%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="南島民族 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="南島民族" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B3%B6%E4%BA%BA" title="南島人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="南島人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%B2%9B%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="南岛民族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南岛民族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Austronesian people</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwanese_aborigines.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Taiwanese_aborigines.JPG/280px-Taiwanese_aborigines.JPG" decoding="async" width="280" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Taiwanese_aborigines.JPG/420px-Taiwanese_aborigines.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Taiwanese_aborigines.JPG/560px-Taiwanese_aborigines.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2977" data-file-height="2164" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Amis_people" title="Amis people">Amis people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> performing a traditional tribal dance</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 400 million</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 270 million (2020)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 109.3 million (2020)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Madagascar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Madagascar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 24 million (2016)<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 21.3 million (2023)<a href="#cite_note-2023_population-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4.7 million<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1.9 million<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/20px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/31px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg/40px-Flag_of_Papua_New_Guinea.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /> <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1.3 million[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/23px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/35px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Flag_of_East_Timor.svg/46px-Flag_of_East_Timor.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1.2 million (2015)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Flag_of_Vietnam.svg/45px-Flag_of_Vietnam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1.2 million (2019)<a href="#cite_note-census-9">[9]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/23px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/35px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Fiji.svg/46px-Flag_of_Fiji.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 936,375 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 855,000 (2006)<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 576,300<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 600,303 (2024)<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Solomon_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 478,000 (2005)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Brunei.svg/46px-Flag_of_Brunei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="720" /> <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 450,000 (2006)<a href="#cite_note-brunei-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 302,000 (2019)<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Vanuatu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 272,000 <a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-18">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_French_Polynesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 230,000 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-pop2017-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-ethnicities-20">[20]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Samoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 195,000 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-census2016-21">[21]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/23px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/35px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Flag_of_Guam.svg/46px-Flag_of_Guam.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="396" /> <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 150,000 (2010)<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Flag_of_Hawaii.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hawaii.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 157,445 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kiribati.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kiribati.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Kiribati" title="Kiribati">Kiribati</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 119,940 (2020)<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_FLNKS.svg/23px-Flag_of_FLNKS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_FLNKS.svg/35px-Flag_of_FLNKS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_FLNKS.svg/46px-Flag_of_FLNKS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 106,000 (2019)<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 102,000<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Tonga.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tonga.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 100,000 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/23px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/35px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Flag_of_Suriname.svg/45px-Flag_of_Suriname.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 93,000 (2017)<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Marshall_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 72,000 (2015)<a href="#cite_note-CIAMARSHALL_ISLANDS-30">[30]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/23px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/35px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg/46px-Flag_of_American_Samoa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/American_Samoa" title="American Samoa">American Samoa</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 55,000 (2010)<a href="#cite_note-2010_United_States_Census-31">[31]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 40,189 (2012)<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 38,700 (2016)<a href="#cite_note-censusest-33">[33]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 31,600 (2019)<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 19,000<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/23px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/35px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Palau.svg/46px-Flag_of_Palau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 16,500 (2011)<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Wallis_and_Futuna.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wallis_and_Futuna.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Wallis_and_Futuna.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wallis_and_Futuna.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Flag_of_Wallis_and_Futuna.svg/45px-Flag_of_Wallis_and_Futuna.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 11,600 (2018)<a href="#cite_note-census_2018-38">[38]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Flag_of_Nauru.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nauru.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Nauru" title="Nauru">Nauru</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 11,200 (2011)<a href="#cite_note-Nauru_Census-39">[39]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tuvalu.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 11,200 (2012)<a href="#cite_note-1C2012-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-2C2012-41">[41]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Cook_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 9,300 (2010)<a href="#cite_note-CIACI-42">[42]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg/46px-Flag_of_Rapa_Nui%2C_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="400" /> <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> (<a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Rapa Nui</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2,290 (2002)<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/23px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/35px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Flag_of_Niue.svg/46px-Flag_of_Niue.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1,937<a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-18">[18]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li><li>Indigenous <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animistic</a> <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk religions</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Austronesian peoples, sometimes referred to as Austronesian-speaking peoples,<a href="#cite_note-solheimterm-44">[44]</a> are a large group of peoples in <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, coastal <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> that speak <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2006-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> They also include indigenous ethnic minorities in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2006-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blust2013-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cheke2010-48">[48]</a> The nations and territories predominantly populated by Austronesian-speaking peoples are sometimes known collectively as Austronesia.<a href="#cite_note-Ku2019-49">[49]</a> They originated from a <a href="/wiki/Early_human_migrations" title="Early human migrations">prehistoric seaborne migration</a>, known as the Austronesian expansion, from <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, circa 3000 to 1500 BCE. Austronesians reached the northernmost Philippines, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Batanes" title="Batanes">Batanes Islands</a>, by around 2200 BCE. They used sails some time before 2000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Horridge_2006-50">[50]</a>: 144  In conjunction with their use of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels" title="Austronesian vessels">other maritime technologies</a> (notably <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamarans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">outrigger boats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">lashed-lug boats</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">crab claw sail</a>), this enabled phases of rapid dispersal into the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a>, culminating in the settlement of New Zealand <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1250 CE.<a href="#cite_note-Blust2019-51">[51]</a> During the initial part of the migrations, they encountered and assimilated (or were assimilated by) the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> populations that had migrated earlier into Maritime Southeast Asia and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>. They reached as far as <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> to the west,<a href="#cite_note-Pierron_E6498–E6506-52">[52]</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> to the south. At the furthest extent, they might have also reached the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Van_Tilburg_1994-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Aside from language, Austronesian peoples widely share cultural characteristics, including such traditions and traditional technologies as <a href="/wiki/Tattooing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattooing">tattooing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stilt_houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Stilt houses">stilt houses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> carving, <a href="/wiki/Wetland_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetland agriculture">wetland agriculture</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> motifs. They also share <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">domesticated plants and animals</a> that were carried along with the migrations, including <a href="/wiki/History_of_rice_cultivation" title="History of rice cultivation">rice</a>, bananas, coconuts, <a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dioscorea" title="Dioscorea">Dioscorea</a> <a href="/wiki/Yam_(vegetable)" title="Yam (vegetable)">yams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paper_mulberry" title="Paper mulberry">paper mulberry</a>, chickens, pigs, and <a href="/wiki/Domestication_of_the_dog#Dogs_enter_Island_Southeast_Asia_and_Oceania" title="Domestication of the dog">dogs</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_research">History of research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History of research">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Malay_race" title="Malay race">Malay race</a></div> The linguistic connections between <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, particularly the similarities between <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Numeral_(linguistics)" title="Numeral (linguistics)">numerals</a>, were recognized early in the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">colonial era</a> by European authors.<a href="#cite_note-Crowley-56">[56]</a> The first formal publication on these relationships was in 1708 by Dutch <a href="/wiki/Oriental_studies" title="Oriental studies">Orientalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Adriaan_Reland" title="Adriaan Reland">Adriaan Reland</a>, who recognized a "common language" from Madagascar to western Polynesia, although Dutch explorer <a href="/wiki/Cornelis_de_Houtman" title="Cornelis de Houtman">Cornelis de Houtman</a> observed linguistic links between Madagascar and the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a> a century earlier, in 1603.<a href="#cite_note-Blust2013-47">[47]</a> German <a href="/wiki/Natural_history" title="Natural history">naturalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Reinhold_Forster" title="Johann Reinhold Forster">Johann Reinhold Forster</a>, who traveled with <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> on <a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="Second voyage of James Cook">his second voyage</a>, also recognized the similarities of Polynesian languages to those of Island Southeast Asia. In his book <a href="/wiki/Observations_Made_during_a_Voyage_round_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Observations Made during a Voyage round the World">Observations Made during a Voyage round the World</a> (1778), he posited that the ultimate origins of the Polynesians might have been the lowland regions of the Philippines and proposed that they arrived to the islands via long-distance voyaging.<a href="#cite_note-Hudjashov-57">[57]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blumenbach%27s_five_races.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Blumenbach%27s_five_races.JPG/220px-Blumenbach%27s_five_races.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Blumenbach%27s_five_races.JPG/330px-Blumenbach%27s_five_races.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Blumenbach%27s_five_races.JPG/440px-Blumenbach%27s_five_races.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Skulls representing <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a>'s "five races" in De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa (1795). The <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahitian people">Tahitian</a> skull labelled "O-taheitae" represented what he called the "<a href="/wiki/Malay_race" title="Malay race">Malay race</a>".</figcaption></figure> The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Philology" title="Philology">philologist</a> <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Herv%C3%A1s" title="Lorenzo Hervás">Lorenzo Hervás</a> later devoted a large part of his Idea dell'universo (1778–1787) to the establishment of a <a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">language family</a> linking the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a>, Madagascar, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moluccas" class="mw-redirect" title="Moluccas">Moluccas</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_in_the_Pacific_Ocean" title="List of islands in the Pacific Ocean">Pacific Islands</a> eastward to <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>. Multiple other authors corroborated this classification (except for the erroneous inclusion of <a href="/wiki/Maldivian_language" title="Maldivian language">Maldivian</a>), and the language family came to be known as "Malayo-Polynesian", first coined by the German linguist <a href="/wiki/Franz_Bopp" title="Franz Bopp">Franz Bopp</a> in 1841 (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: malayisch-polynesisch).<a href="#cite_note-Crowley-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ross-58">[58]</a> The connections between Southeast Asia, Madagascar, and the Pacific Islands were also noted by other European explorers, including the Orientalist <a href="/wiki/William_Marsden_(orientalist)" title="William Marsden (orientalist)">William Marsden</a> and the naturalist <a href="/wiki/Johann_Reinhold_Forster" title="Johann Reinhold Forster">Johann Reinhold Forster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-douglas2008ch2-59">[59]</a> <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a> added Austronesians as the fifth category to his <a href="/wiki/Race_(human_categorization)" title="Race (human categorization)">"varieties"</a> of humans in the second edition of De Generis Humani Varietate Nativa (1781). He initially grouped them by geography and thus called Austronesians the "people from the southern world". In the third edition, published in 1795, he named Austronesians the "<a href="/wiki/Malay_race" title="Malay race">Malay race</a>", or the "<a href="/wiki/Brown_(racial_classification)" title="Brown (racial classification)">brown race</a>", after correspondence with <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a>, who was part of the <a href="/wiki/First_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="First voyage of James Cook">first voyage of James Cook</a>.<a href="#cite_note-douglas2008ch2-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhopal-60">[60]</a> Blumenbach used the term "Malay" due to his belief that most Austronesians spoke the "Malay idiom" (i.e., the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a>), though he inadvertently caused the later confusion of his racial category with the <a href="/wiki/Malay_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay (ethnic group)">Malay ethnic group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aliran-61">[61]</a> The other varieties Blumenbach identified were the "Caucasians" (white), "Mongolians" (yellow), "Ethiopians" (black), and "Americans" (red). Blumenbach's definition of the "Malay" race is largely identical to the modern distribution of the Austronesian peoples, including not only Islander Southeast Asians but also the people of Madagascar and the Pacific Islands. Although Blumenbach's work was later used in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_racism" title="Scientific racism">scientific racism</a>, Blumenbach was a <a href="/wiki/Monogenism" title="Monogenism">monogenist</a> and did not believe the human "varieties" were inherently inferior to each other. Rather, he believed that the Malay race was a combination of the "Ethiopian" and "Caucasian" varieties.<a href="#cite_note-douglas2008ch2-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhopal-60">[60]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:New_Physiognomy_-_or_signs_of_character,_as_manifested_through_temperament_and_external_forms,_and_especially_in_the_%22the_human_face_divine._(1889)_(14782056275).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/New_Physiognomy_-_or_signs_of_character%2C_as_manifested_through_temperament_and_external_forms%2C_and_especially_in_the_%22the_human_face_divine._%281889%29_%2814782056275%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/New_Physiognomy_-_or_signs_of_character%2C_as_manifested_through_temperament_and_external_forms%2C_and_especially_in_the_%22the_human_face_divine._%281889%29_%2814782056275%29.jpg/495px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/New_Physiognomy_-_or_signs_of_character%2C_as_manifested_through_temperament_and_external_forms%2C_and_especially_in_the_%22the_human_face_divine._%281889%29_%2814782056275%29.jpg/660px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1746" /></a><figcaption>The New Physiognomy map (1889), printed by the <a href="/wiki/Fowler_%26_Wells_Company" title="Fowler & Wells Company">Fowler & Wells Company</a>, depicting <a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a>'s five human races. The region inhabited by the "<a href="/wiki/Malay_race" title="Malay race">Malay race</a>" is shown enclosed in dotted lines. Like in most 19th-century sources, Islander <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a> are excluded. <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, which was <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">annexed by the Qing dynasty</a> in the 17th century, is also excluded.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Malay variety. Tawny-coloured; hair black, soft, curly, thick and plentiful; head moderately narrowed; forehead slightly swelling; nose full, rather wide, as it were diffuse, end thick; mouth large, upper jaw somewhat prominent with parts of the face when seen in profile, sufficiently prominent and distinct from each other. This last variety includes the islanders of the Pacific Ocean, together with the inhabitants of the Marianas, the Philippine, the Molucca and the Sunda Islands, and of the Malayan peninsula. I wish to call it the Malay, because the majority of the men of this variety, especially those who inhabit the Indian islands close to the Malacca peninsula, as well as the Sandwich, the Society, and the Friendly Islanders, and also the Malambi of Madagascar down to the inhabitants of Easter Island, use the Malay idiom.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Johann_Friedrich_Blumenbach" title="Johann Friedrich Blumenbach">Johann Friedrich Blumenbach</a>, The anthropological treatises of Johann Friedrich Blumenbach, translated by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bendyshe" title="Thomas Bendyshe">Thomas Bendyshe</a>, 1865.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a></cite></div></blockquote> By the 19th century, however, a classification of Austronesians as being a subset of the "Mongolian" race was favoured, as was <a href="/wiki/Polygenism" title="Polygenism">polygenism</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesian" title="Australo-Melanesian">Australo-Melanesian</a> populations of Southeast Asia and Melanesia (whom Blumenbach initially classified as a "subrace" of the "Malay" race) were also now being treated as a separate "Ethiopian" race by authors like <a href="/wiki/Georges_Cuvier" title="Georges Cuvier">Georges Cuvier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Malte-Brun" title="Conrad Malte-Brun">Conrad Malte-Brun</a> (who first coined the term "<a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>" as Océanique), <a href="/wiki/Julien-Joseph_Virey" title="Julien-Joseph Virey">Julien-Joseph Virey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Lesson" title="René Lesson">René Lesson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-douglas2008ch2-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-britannica1888-63">[63]</a> The British naturalist <a href="/wiki/James_Cowles_Prichard" title="James Cowles Prichard">James Cowles Prichard</a> originally followed Blumenbach by treating Papuans and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> as being descendants of the same stock as Austronesians. But by his third edition of Researches into the Physical History of Man (1836–1847), his work had become more racialized due to the influence of polygenism. He classified the peoples of Austronesia into two groups: the "Malayo-Polynesians" (roughly equivalent to the Austronesian peoples) and the "Kelænonesians" (roughly equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Australo-Melanesians">Australo-Melanesians</a>). He further subdivided the latter into the "Alfourous" (also "Haraforas" or "Alfoërs", the Native Australians), and the "Pelagian or Oceanic Negroes" (the <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a> and western Polynesians). Despite this, he acknowledges that "Malayo-Polynesians" and "Pelagian Negroes" had "remarkable characters in common", particularly in terms of language and <a href="/wiki/Craniometry" title="Craniometry">craniometry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-douglas2008ch2-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-Crowley-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ross-58">[58]</a> In linguistics, the Malayo-Polynesian language family also initially excluded <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, due to the perceived physical differences between the inhabitants of these regions from Malayo-Polynesian speakers. However, there was growing evidence of their linguistic relationship to Malayo-Polynesian languages, notably from studies on the <a href="/wiki/Melanesian_languages" title="Melanesian languages">Melanesian languages</a> by <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_der_Gabelentz" title="Georg von der Gabelentz">Georg von der Gabelentz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Henry_Codrington" title="Robert Henry Codrington">Robert Henry Codrington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Herbert_Ray" title="Sidney Herbert Ray">Sidney Herbert Ray</a>. Codrington coined and used the term "Ocean" language family rather than "Malayo-Polynesian" in 1891, in opposition to the exclusion of Melanesian and Micronesian languages. This was adopted by Ray, who defined the "Oceanic" language family as encompassing the languages of Southeast Asia and Madagascar, Micronesia, Melanesia, and Polynesia.<a href="#cite_note-Blust2013-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Codrington-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ray-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fox-66">[66]</a> In 1899, the Austrian linguist and ethnologist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schmidt_(linguist)" title="Wilhelm Schmidt (linguist)">Wilhelm Schmidt</a> coined the term "Austronesian" (German: austronesisch, from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/auster" class="extiw" title="wikt:auster">auster</a>, "south wind"; and Greek <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BD%E1%BF%86%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:νῆσος">νῆσος</a>, "island") to refer to the language family.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Schmidt had the same motivations as Codrington: he proposed the term as a replacement to "Malayo-Polynesian", because he also opposed the implied exclusion of the languages of Melanesia and Micronesia in the latter name.<a href="#cite_note-Crowley-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ross-58">[58]</a> It became the accepted name for the language family, with <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Oceanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian languages</a> being retained as names for subgroups.<a href="#cite_note-Blust2013-47">[47]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austronesian_family.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Austronesian_family.png/220px-Austronesian_family.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Austronesian_family.png/330px-Austronesian_family.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Austronesian_family.png/440px-Austronesian_family.png 2x" data-file-width="2748" data-file-height="2005" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Blust</a>, 1999)<a href="#cite_note-Blust1999-68">[68]</a></figcaption></figure> The term "Austronesian", or more accurately "Austronesian-speaking peoples", came to refer to people who speak the languages of the Austronesian language family. Some authors, however, object to the use of the term to refer to people, as they question whether there really is any biological or cultural shared ancestry between all Austronesian-speaking groups.<a href="#cite_note-solheimterm-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Baldick-69">[69]</a> This is especially true for authors who reject the prevailing "Out of Taiwan" hypothesis and instead offer scenarios where the Austronesian languages spread among preexisting static populations through borrowing or convergence, with little or no population movements.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2006-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-blench2012-70">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boracay_boat_sunset.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Boracay_boat_sunset.jpg/220px-Boracay_boat_sunset.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Boracay_boat_sunset.jpg/330px-Boracay_boat_sunset.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Boracay_boat_sunset.jpg/440px-Boracay_boat_sunset.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1301" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a> sailboats from <a href="/wiki/Boracay" title="Boracay">Boracay</a>, Philippines. <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger canoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">crab claw sails</a> are hallmarks of the Austronesian maritime culture.<a href="#cite_note-Doran1981-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dierking2007-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-Horridge1986-73">[73]</a></figcaption></figure> Despite these objections, the general consensus is that the archeological, cultural, genetic, and especially linguistic evidence all separately indicate varying degrees of shared ancestry among Austronesian-speaking peoples that justifies their treatment as a "<a href="/wiki/Phylogenetics" title="Phylogenetics">phylogenetic</a> unit". This has led to the use of the term "Austronesian" in academic literature to refer not only to the Austronesian languages but also the Austronesian-speaking peoples, their societies, and the geographic area of <a href="/wiki/Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesia">Austronesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Baldick-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2006-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-blench2012-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abels-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wibisono2006-75">[75]</a> Some Austronesian-speaking groups are not direct descendants of Austronesians and acquired their languages through <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a>, but this is believed to have happened only in a few instances, since the Austronesian expansion was too rapid for language shifts to have occurred fast enough.<a href="#cite_note-BellwoodHung2011-76">[76]</a> In parts of <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>, migrations and paternal admixture from <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papuan</a> groups after the Austronesian expansion (estimated to have started at around 500 BCE) also resulted in gradual population turnover. These secondary migrations were incremental and happened gradually enough that the culture and language of these groups remained Austronesian, even though in modern times, they are genetically more Papuan.<a href="#cite_note-Posth-77">[77]</a> In the vast majority of cases, the language and material culture of Austronesian-speaking groups descend directly through generational continuity, especially in islands that were previously uninhabited.<a href="#cite_note-BellwoodHung2011-76">[76]</a> Serious research into the Austronesian languages and its speakers has been ongoing since the 19th century. Modern scholarship on Austronesian dispersion models is generally credited to two influential papers in the late 20th century: The Colonisation of the Pacific: A Genetic Trail (<a href="/wiki/Adrian_V._S._Hill" title="Adrian V. S. Hill">Hill</a> & <a href="/wiki/Susan_Serjeantson" title="Susan Serjeantson">Serjeantson</a>, eds., 1989) and The Austronesian Dispersal and the Origin of Languages (<a href="/wiki/Peter_Bellwood" title="Peter Bellwood">Bellwood</a>, 1991).<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood_1991-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-hill&serjeanston1989-79">[79]</a> The topic is particularly interesting to scientists for the remarkably unique characteristics of the Austronesian speakers: their extent, diversity, and rapid dispersal.<a href="#cite_note-Simanjuntak2006-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blench2016-81">[81]</a> Regardless, certain disagreements still exist among researchers with regards to chronology, origin, dispersal, adaptations to the island environments, interactions with preexisting populations in areas they settled, and cultural developments over time. The mainstream accepted hypothesis is the "Out of Taiwan" model first proposed by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bellwood" title="Peter Bellwood">Peter Bellwood</a>. But there are multiple rival models that create a sort of "pseudo-competition" among their supporters due to narrow focus on data from limited geographic areas or disciplines.<a href="#cite_note-Simanjuntak2006-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blench2016-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Solheim1984-82">[82]</a> The most notable of which is the "Out of Sundaland" (or "Out of Island Southeast Asia") model. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian navigation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian navigation</a></div> Austronesians were the first humans with seafaring vessels that could cross large distances on the open ocean; this technology allowed them to colonize a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-Meacham-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hung2022-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hung2011-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zotomayor-86">[86]</a> Prior to the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">colonial era</a>, the Austronesian language family was the most widespread in the world, spanning half the planet from <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a> in the eastern <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> to <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> in the western <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2006-45">[45]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rangiroa,_Tuamotus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rangiroa%2C_Tuamotus.jpg/220px-Rangiroa%2C_Tuamotus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rangiroa%2C_Tuamotus.jpg/330px-Rangiroa%2C_Tuamotus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Rangiroa%2C_Tuamotus.jpg/440px-Rangiroa%2C_Tuamotus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>Coconuts on <a href="/wiki/Rangiroa" title="Rangiroa">Rangiroa</a> island in the Tuamotus, French Polynesia; a typical island landscape in Austronesia. Coconuts are native to tropical Asia and were spread as <a href="/wiki/Canoe_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Canoe plants">canoe plants</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> by Austronesians.<a href="#cite_note-Burney2004-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dewar1993-89">[89]</a></figcaption></figure> Languages of the Austronesian family are today spoken by about 386 million people (4.9% of the global population), making it the fifth-largest language family by number of speakers. Major Austronesian languages include <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> (around 250–270 million in Indonesia alone in its own literary standard, named <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>), <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Filipino_language" title="Filipino language">Filipino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a>). The family contains 1,257 languages, the second-largest number of any language family.<a href="#cite_note-Blust2016-90">[90]</a> The geographic region that encompasses native Austronesian-speaking populations is sometimes referred to as "Austronesia".<a href="#cite_note-Abels-74">[74]</a> Other geographic names for various subregions include <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islands" title="Greater Sunda Islands">Greater Sunda Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malay_Archipelago" title="Malay Archipelago">Malay Archipelago</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands">Pacific Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a>. In Indonesia, the nationalistic term <a href="/wiki/Nusantara_(archipelago)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusantara (archipelago)">Nusantara</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a>, is also popularly used for the Indonesian islands.<a href="#cite_note-Abels-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austronesia_with_hypothetical_greatest_expansion_extent_(Blench,_2009)_01.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Austronesia_with_hypothetical_greatest_expansion_extent_%28Blench%2C_2009%29_01.png/330px-Austronesia_with_hypothetical_greatest_expansion_extent_%28Blench%2C_2009%29_01.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Austronesia_with_hypothetical_greatest_expansion_extent_%28Blench%2C_2009%29_01.png/495px-Austronesia_with_hypothetical_greatest_expansion_extent_%28Blench%2C_2009%29_01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Austronesia_with_hypothetical_greatest_expansion_extent_%28Blench%2C_2009%29_01.png/660px-Austronesia_with_hypothetical_greatest_expansion_extent_%28Blench%2C_2009%29_01.png 2x" data-file-width="8696" data-file-height="3920" /></a><figcaption>Extent of contemporary Austronesia and possible further migrations and contact (Blench, 2009)<a href="#cite_note-Blench2009Remap-92">[92]</a></figcaption></figure> Austronesian regions are almost exclusively islands in the Pacific and Indian oceans, with predominantly <a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">tropical</a> or <a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">subtropical</a> climates with considerable seasonal rainfall.<a href="#cite_note-Blust2013-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bulbeck2008-93">[93]</a> Inhabitants of these regions include <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a>, most ethnic groups in <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>. Also included are the <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malays</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporeans" title="Malay Singaporeans">Singapore</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> of <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaii</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Chile</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islanders</a> of Australia; the non-<a href="/wiki/Papuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan people">Papuan peoples</a> of <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> and coastal <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Bushi_language" title="Bushi language">Shibushi</a> speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a> and Shibushi speakers of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a>. Austronesians are also found in the regions of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Thailand" title="Southern Thailand">Southern Thailand</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cham</a> areas in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Mergui_Archipelago" title="Mergui Archipelago">Mergui Archipelago</a> of Myanmar.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2006-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blust2013-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cheke2010-48">[48]</a> Additionally, modern-era migration has brought Austronesian-speaking people to the United States, Canada, Australia, the UK, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainland Europe">mainland Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a>, South Africa, <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asian countries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Goss2000-94">[94]</a> Some authors also propose further settlements and contacts in the past in areas that are not inhabited by Austronesian speakers today. These range from likely hypotheses to very controversial claims with minimal evidence. In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Roger Blench</a> compiled an expanded map of Austronesia that encompassed these claims based on a variety of evidence, such as historical accounts, loanwords, <a href="/wiki/Introduced_species" title="Introduced species">introduced plants and animals</a>, genetics, archeological sites, and material culture. They include areas like the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_coast" title="Pacific coast">Pacific coast</a> of the Americas, Japan, the <a href="/wiki/Yaeyama_Islands" title="Yaeyama Islands">Yaeyama Islands</a>, the Australian coast, Sri Lanka and coastal <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> islands, <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>, South Africa, and <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blench2009Remap-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_Austronesian_peoples">List of Austronesian peoples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: List of Austronesian peoples">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_Language_Families_(wikicolors).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Human_Language_Families_%28wikicolors%29.png/390px-Human_Language_Families_%28wikicolors%29.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Human_Language_Families_%28wikicolors%29.png/585px-Human_Language_Families_%28wikicolors%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Human_Language_Families_%28wikicolors%29.png/780px-Human_Language_Families_%28wikicolors%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1339" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the distribution of the Austronesian language family (light rose pink). It roughly corresponds to the distribution of all Austronesian peoples.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_a_Samoan_man_carrying_two_containers_over_his_shoulder_(AM_86644-1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Portrait_of_a_Samoan_man_carrying_two_containers_over_his_shoulder_%28AM_86644-1%29.jpg/220px-Portrait_of_a_Samoan_man_carrying_two_containers_over_his_shoulder_%28AM_86644-1%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Portrait_of_a_Samoan_man_carrying_two_containers_over_his_shoulder_%28AM_86644-1%29.jpg/330px-Portrait_of_a_Samoan_man_carrying_two_containers_over_his_shoulder_%28AM_86644-1%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Portrait_of_a_Samoan_man_carrying_two_containers_over_his_shoulder_%28AM_86644-1%29.jpg/440px-Portrait_of_a_Samoan_man_carrying_two_containers_over_his_shoulder_%28AM_86644-1%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1275" data-file-height="939" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoan</a> man carrying two containers over his shoulder</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Prins_Poeroebojo_majoor_van_de_generale_staf_en_broer_van_de_kroonprins_van_Yogyakarta_met_zijn_echtgenote_en_bedienden_Java_TMnr_60040201.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Prins_Poeroebojo_majoor_van_de_generale_staf_en_broer_van_de_kroonprins_van_Yogyakarta_met_zijn_echtgenote_en_bedienden_Java_TMnr_60040201.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Prins_Poeroebojo_majoor_van_de_generale_staf_en_broer_van_de_kroonprins_van_Yogyakarta_met_zijn_echtgenote_en_bedienden_Java_TMnr_60040201.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Prins_Poeroebojo_majoor_van_de_generale_staf_en_broer_van_de_kroonprins_van_Yogyakarta_met_zijn_echtgenote_en_bedienden_Java_TMnr_60040201.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese people</a> of Indonesia are the largest Austronesian ethnic group.</figcaption></figure> Austronesian peoples include the following groupings by name and geographic location (incomplete): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese Aborigines">Formosan</a>: <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ami people">Amis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atayal_people" title="Atayal people">Atayal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunun_people" title="Bunun people">Bunun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paiwan_people" title="Paiwan people">Paiwan</a>, collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> groups (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang/Lundayeh</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Chamic</a> group: <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>, Cham areas of Vietnam (remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> kingdom, which covered central and southern Vietnam) as well as <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>, in northern Sumatra (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cham_(Asia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham (Asia)">Chams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jarai_people" title="Jarai people">Jarai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Utsuls" title="Utsuls">Utsuls</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Luzon" title="Central Luzon">Central Luzon</a> group: (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Kapampangan_people" title="Kapampangan people">Kapampangan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sambal_people" title="Sambal people">Sambal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorot">Igorot</a> (Cordillerans): <a href="/wiki/Cordillera_Administrative_Region" title="Cordillera Administrative Region">Cordilleras</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Balangao" class="mw-redirect" title="Balangao">Balangao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibaloi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibaloi">Ibaloi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ifugao_people" title="Ifugao people">Ifugao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itneg_people" title="Itneg people">Itneg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kankanaey_people" title="Kankanaey people">Kankanaey</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Kamayo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamayo">Kamayo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandaya_language" title="Mandaya language">Mandaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mansaka_language" title="Mansaka language">Mansaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalagan_people" title="Kalagan people">Kalagan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manobo_languages" title="Manobo languages">Manobo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasaday" title="Tasaday">Tasaday</a>, <a href="/wiki/T%27boli" class="mw-redirect" title="T'boli">T'boli</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malagasy_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy people">Malagasy</a>: <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Betsileo" class="mw-redirect" title="Betsileo">Betsileo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Merina" class="mw-redirect" title="Merina">Merina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sihanaka" title="Sihanaka">Sihanaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bezanozano" title="Bezanozano">Bezanozano</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a>: <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Fijians" title="Fijians">Fijians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kanak_people" title="Kanak people">Kanak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ni-Vanuatu" title="Ni-Vanuatu">Ni-Vanuatu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesians</a>: <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Carolinian_people" title="Carolinian people">Carolinian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palauans" class="mw-redirect" title="Palauans">Palauans</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moken" title="Moken">Moken</a>: <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a>: <a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Bangsamoro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> & <a href="/wiki/Sulu_Archipelago" title="Sulu Archipelago">Sulu Archipelago</a>, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Maguindanao_people" title="Maguindanao people">Maguindanao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Iranun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maranao_people" title="Maranao people">Maranao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tausug_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tausug people">Tausug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yakan_people" title="Yakan people">Yakan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama-Bajau people">Sama-Bajau</a>)</li> <li>Northern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> lowlanders (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pangasinan_people" title="Pangasinan people">Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ibanag_people" title="Ibanag people">Ibanag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itawes" class="mw-redirect" title="Itawes">Itawes</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a>: <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiian" class="mw-redirect" title="Native Hawaiian">Native Hawaiians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tongans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongans">Tongans</a>)</li> <li>Southern Luzon lowlanders (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bicolano_people" title="Bicolano people">Bicolano</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Islands" title="Sunda Islands">Sunda</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> language and ethnic groups, including <a href="/wiki/Malay_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay (ethnic group)">Malay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batak_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Batak people">Batak</a> (geographically includes Malaysia, Brunei, <a href="/wiki/Patani_(historical_region)" title="Patani (historical region)">Pattani</a>, Singapore, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, parts of Sri Lanka, southern Myanmar, and much of western and central Indonesia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a>: <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas</a> and neighbouring islands (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Aklanon_people" title="Aklanon people">Aklanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boholano_people" title="Boholano people">Boholano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_people" title="Cebuano people">Cebuano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiligaynon_people" title="Hiligaynon people">Hiligaynon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masbate%C3%B1o_people" title="Masbateño people">Masbateño</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waray_people" title="Waray people">Waray</a>)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Prehistory">edit</a>]</div> The broad consensus on Austronesian origins is the "two-layer model", where an original <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> indigenous population in <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> were assimilated to varying degrees by incoming migrations of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> Austronesian-speaking peoples from Taiwan and <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>, in southern China, from around 4,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blench2016-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matsumura2018-95">[95]</a> Austronesians also mixed with other preexisting populations as well as later migrant populations among the islands they settled, resulting in further genetic input. The most notable are the <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a>-speaking peoples in western Island Southeast Asia (<a href="/wiki/Peninsular_Malaysia" title="Peninsular Malaysia">peninsular Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>);<a href="#cite_note-Simanjuntak2017-96">[96]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu peoples</a> in <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a><a href="#cite_note-Pierron_E6498–E6506-52">[52]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a>; as well as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_people" title="Japanese people">Japanese</a>,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arab_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab people">Arab</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> traders and migrants in more recent centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Lipson2014-100">[100]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Paleolithic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Peopling of Southeast Asia">Peopling of Southeast Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">History of Indigenous Australians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aborigines">Australian Aborigines</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg/220px-Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg/330px-Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg/440px-Map_of_Sunda_and_Sahul.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="976" data-file-height="907" /></a><figcaption>Map of Sunda and Sahul, showing the lowest sea level that occurred when island southeast Asia was first settled by modern humans</figcaption></figure> Island Southeast Asia was <a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Peopling of Southeast Asia">settled by modern humans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> following <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dispersal" title="Southern Dispersal">coastal migration routes</a>, presumably starting before 70,000 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a> from <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, long before the development of Austronesian cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Rasmussen-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jett2017-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jinam2017-103">[103]</a> These populations are typified by having dark skin, curly hair, and short statures, leading Europeans to believe, in the 19th century, that they were related to <a href="/wiki/African_Pygmies" title="African Pygmies">African Pygmies</a>. However, despite these physical similarities, genetic studies have shown that they are more closely related to other Eurasian populations than to Africans.<a href="#cite_note-Waruno2017-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jinam2017-103">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peopling_of_eurasia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Peopling_of_eurasia.jpg/220px-Peopling_of_eurasia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Peopling_of_eurasia.jpg/330px-Peopling_of_eurasia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Peopling_of_eurasia.jpg/440px-Peopling_of_eurasia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="447" /></a><figcaption>Representation of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Dispersal" title="Southern Dispersal">coastal migration model</a>, with the indication of the later development of <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA_haplogroup" title="Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroup">mitochondrial haplogroups.</a></figcaption></figure> The lowered sea levels of the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> made some of the modern-day islands of <a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a> accessible via land bridges. However, the spread of humans across the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Wallace line">Wallace line</a> and into <a href="/wiki/Sahul" title="Sahul">Sahul</a> necessitated crossing bodies of water. Remains of stone tools and marine shells in Liang Sarru, <a href="/wiki/Salibabu" class="mw-redirect" title="Salibabu">Salibabu Island</a>, North Sulawesi, dated to 32,000–35,000 years ago, is possible evidence for the longest sea voyage by Paleolithic humans ever recorded. The island was previously uninhabited by humans or <a href="/wiki/Hominin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominin">hominins</a> and can only be reached from either <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Sangihe_Islands" title="Sangihe Islands">Sangihe Islands</a> by crossing an expanse of water at least 100 km (62 mi) wide, even during the low sea levels of the Pleistocene. Other evidence of early maritime transport are the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> tools with the same source on neighboring islands. These include the Philippine obsidian network (<a href="/wiki/Mindoro" title="Mindoro">Mindoro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, ca.33,000-28,000 BP), and the <a href="/wiki/Wallacea" title="Wallacea">Wallacea</a> obsidian network (<a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atauro" title="Atauro">Atauro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kisar" title="Kisar">Kisar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alor_Island" title="Alor Island">Alor</a>, ca.22,000 BP). However, the method of crossing remains unknown and could have ranged from simple <a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">rafts</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">dugout canoes</a> by the terminal Pleistocene.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood_2017-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> These early settlers are generally historically referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesians" class="mw-redirect" title="Australo-Melanesians">Australo-Melanesians</a>", though the terminology is problematic, as they are genetically diverse, and most groups within Austronesia have significant Austronesian admixture and culture. The unmixed descendants of these groups today include the interior <a href="/wiki/Papuans" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuans">Papuans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lipson2014-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jinam2017-103">[103]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Negrito_outrigger.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Negrito_outrigger.jpg/220px-Negrito_outrigger.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Negrito_outrigger.jpg/330px-Negrito_outrigger.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Negrito_outrigger.jpg/440px-Negrito_outrigger.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2779" data-file-height="1867" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Aeta_people" title="Aeta people">Aeta</a> fishermen in an <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">outrigger canoe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, Philippines (c. 1899)</figcaption></figure> In modern literature, descendants of these groups, located in Island Southeast Asia west of <a href="/wiki/Halmahera" title="Halmahera">Halmahera</a>, are usually collectively referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negritos</a>", while descendants of these groups east of Halmahera (excluding <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>) are referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Papuans" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuans">Papuans</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Waruno2017-104">[104]</a> They can also be divided into two broad groups based on <a href="/wiki/Denisovan_admixture" class="mw-redirect" title="Denisovan admixture">Denisovan admixture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Philippine_Negrito_languages" title="Philippine Negrito languages">Philippine Negritos</a>, Papuans, <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a>, and Indigenous Australians display Denisovan admixture, while Malaysian and western Indonesian Negritos (<a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Orang Asli</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Andamanese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Andamanese people">Andamanese islanders</a> do not.<a href="#cite_note-Jinam2017-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cooper2013-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[note 1]</a> Mahdi (2017) also uses the term "Qata" (from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a> *qata) to distinguish the indigenous populations of Southeast Asia, versus "Tau" (from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> *Cau) for the later settlers from Taiwan and mainland China. Both are based on proto-forms for the word "person" in <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian languages</a> that referred to darker-skinned and lighter-skinned groups, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-Waruno2017-104">[104]</a> Jinam et al. (2017) also proposed the term "First Sundaland People" in place of "Negrito", as a more accurate name for the original population of Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Jinam2017-103">[103]</a> These populations are genetically distinct from later Austronesians, but through fairly extensive population admixture, most modern Austronesians have varying levels of ancestry from these groups. The same is true for some populations historically considered "non-Austronesians", due to physical differences—like Philippine Negritos, Orang Asli, and Austronesian-speaking Melanesians, all of whom have Austronesian admixture.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2006-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lipson2014-100">[100]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a>, for example, the admixture is around 20 to 30% Papuan and 70 to 80% Austronesian. The Melanesians in <a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a> are roughly around 20% Austronesian and 80% Papuan, while in the natives of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a>, the admixture is around 50% Austronesian and 50% Papuan. Similarly, in the Philippines, the groups traditionally considered to be "Negrito" vary between 30 and 50% Austronesian.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2006-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lipson2014-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jinam2017-103">[103]</a> The high degree of assimilation among Austronesian, Negrito, and Papuan groups indicates that the Austronesian expansion was largely peaceful. Rather than violent displacement, the settlers and the indigenous groups absorbed each other.<a href="#cite_note-Waterson20092-111">[110]</a> It is believed that in some cases, like in the <a href="/wiki/Toalean_culture" title="Toalean culture">Toalean culture</a> of Sulawesi (c. 8,000–1,500 BP), it is even more accurate to say that the densely populated indigenous hunter-gatherer groups absorbed the incoming Austronesian farmers, rather than the other way around.<a href="#cite_note-Bulbeck2000-112">[111]</a> Mahdi (2016) further asserts that Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *tau-mata ("person")<a href="#cite_note-113">[note 2]</a> is derived from a composite protoform *Cau ma-qata, combining "Tau" and "Qata" and indicative of the mixing of the two ancestral population types in these regions.<a href="#cite_note-mahdi2016-114">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Neolithic_China">Neolithic China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Neolithic China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Dapenkeng_culture" title="Dapenkeng culture">Dapenkeng culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Neolithic China">Neolithic China</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer,_and_possible_language_family_homelands_(archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer%2C_and_possible_language_family_homelands_%28archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown%29.png/220px-Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer%2C_and_possible_language_family_homelands_%28archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer%2C_and_possible_language_family_homelands_%28archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown%29.png/330px-Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer%2C_and_possible_language_family_homelands_%28archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer%2C_and_possible_language_family_homelands_%28archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown%29.png/440px-Likely_routes_of_early_rice_transfer%2C_and_possible_language_family_homelands_%28archaeological_sites_in_China_and_SE_Asia_shown%29.png 2x" data-file-width="2294" data-file-height="1804" /></a><figcaption>Possible <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">language family homelands</a> and the spread of <a href="/wiki/History_of_rice_cultivation#Southeast_Asia" title="History of rice cultivation">rice into Southeast Asia</a> (ca. 5,500–2,500 BP). The approximate coastlines during the early <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> are shown in lighter blue.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-115">[113]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yue_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Yue_statue.jpg/170px-Yue_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="324" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Yue_statue.jpg/255px-Yue_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Yue_statue.jpg/340px-Yue_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="954" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Yue_(state)" title="Yue (state)">Yue</a> statue of a tattooed <a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a> man in the <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang_Provincial_Museum" title="Zhejiang Provincial Museum">Zhejiang Provincial Museum</a> (c. 3rd century BCE)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suggested_Migration_Route_for_Early_Austronesians_Into_and_Out_of_Taiwan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Suggested_Migration_Route_for_Early_Austronesians_Into_and_Out_of_Taiwan.jpg/220px-Suggested_Migration_Route_for_Early_Austronesians_Into_and_Out_of_Taiwan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Suggested_Migration_Route_for_Early_Austronesians_Into_and_Out_of_Taiwan.jpg/330px-Suggested_Migration_Route_for_Early_Austronesians_Into_and_Out_of_Taiwan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Suggested_Migration_Route_for_Early_Austronesians_Into_and_Out_of_Taiwan.jpg/440px-Suggested_Migration_Route_for_Early_Austronesians_Into_and_Out_of_Taiwan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Suggested early migration route of early Austronesians into and out of Taiwan, based on ancient and modern <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Human mitochondrial DNA">mtDNA</a> data. This hypothesis assumes the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Austronesian_languages" title="Sino-Austronesian languages">Sino-Austronesian</a> grouping, a minority view among linguists. (Ko et al.., 2014)<a href="#cite_note-Ko2014-116">[114]</a></figcaption></figure> The broad consensus on the <a href="/wiki/Urheimat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urheimat">Urheimat</a> (homeland) of Austronesian languages as well as the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> early Austronesian peoples is accepted to be <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, as well as the <a href="/wiki/Penghu_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Penghu Islands">Penghu Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fox2004-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Melton1998-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mirabal2013-119">[117]</a> They are believed to have descended from ancestral populations in coastal mainland southern China, which are generally referred to as the "pre‑Austronesians".<a href="#cite_note-120">[note 3]</a> Through these pre-Austronesians, Austronesians <a href="#Relations_with_other_groups">may also share a common ancestry</a> with neighboring groups in Neolithic southern China.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood1988-121">[118]</a> These Neolithic pre-Austronesians from the coast of southeastern China are believed to have migrated to Taiwan between approximately 10,000 and 6000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Gray-et-al2009-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blust1999-68">[68]</a> Other research has suggested that, according to radiocarbon dates, Austronesians may have migrated from mainland China to Taiwan as late as 4000 BCE (<a href="/wiki/Dapenkeng_culture" title="Dapenkeng culture">Dapenkeng culture</a>).<a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a> They continued to maintain regular contact with the mainland until 1500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a> The identity of the Neolithic pre-Austronesian cultures in China is contentious. Tracing Austronesian prehistory in <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a> and Taiwan has been difficult due to the <a href="/wiki/Southward_expansion_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Southward expansion of the Han dynasty">southward expansion of the Han dynasty</a> (2nd century BCE) and the recent <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Qing dynasty annexation of Taiwan</a> (1683 CE).<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-115">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2008-126">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-Liu2012-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-Major2016-128">[125]</a> Today, the only Austronesian language in southern China is <a href="/wiki/Tsat_language" title="Tsat language">Tsat</a>, spoken in <a href="/wiki/Hainan" title="Hainan">Hainan</a>. The politicization of archaeology is also problematic, particularly erroneous reconstructions among some Chinese archaeologists of non-Sinitic sites as <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blench2008-129">[126]</a> Some authors, favoring the <a href="#Out_of_Sundaland">"Out of Sundaland"</a> model, like <a href="/wiki/William_Meacham" title="William Meacham">William Meacham</a>, reject the southern Chinese mainland origin of pre-Austronesians entirely.<a href="#cite_note-Meacham1996-130">[127]</a> Nevertheless, based on linguistic, archaeological, and genetic evidence, Austronesians are most strongly associated with the early farming <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">cultures</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> basin that <a href="/wiki/Rice_domestication" class="mw-redirect" title="Rice domestication">domesticated rice</a> from around 13,500 to 8,200 <a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">BP</a>. They display typical Austronesian technological hallmarks, including <a href="/wiki/Dental_evulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental evulsion">tooth removal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teeth_blackening" title="Teeth blackening">teeth blackening</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> carving, tattooing, <a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">stilt houses</a>, advanced boatbuilding, <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wetland_agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Wetland agriculture">wetland agriculture</a>, and the domestication of dogs, pigs, and chickens. These include the <a href="/wiki/Kuahuqiao_site" title="Kuahuqiao site">Kuahuqiao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Hemudu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majiabang_culture" title="Majiabang culture">Majiabang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Songze_culture" title="Songze culture">Songze</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture">Liangzhu</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dapenkeng" class="mw-redirect" title="Dapenkeng">Dapenkeng</a> cultures that occupied the coastal regions between the Yangtze River delta and the <a href="/wiki/Min_River_(Fujian)" title="Min River (Fujian)">Min River</a> delta.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2014-131">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blench2009EURASEAA-132">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-Li-134">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Relations_with_other_groups">Relations with other groups</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Relations with other groups">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages#Hypothesized_relations" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages § Hypothesized relations</a></div> Based on linguistic evidence, there have been proposals linking Austronesians with other linguistic families into <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_macrofamilies" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic macrofamilies">linguistic macrofamilies</a> that are relevant to the identity of the pre-Austronesian populations. The most notable are the connections of Austronesians to the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai">Kra-Dai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sinitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinitic">Sinitic</a> peoples (as <a href="/wiki/Austric" class="mw-redirect" title="Austric">Austric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austro-Tai" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Tai">Austro-Tai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sino-Austronesian_languages" title="Sino-Austronesian languages">Sino-Austronesian</a>, respectively). These are still not widely accepted, as evidence of these relationships are still tenuous, and the methods used are highly contentious.<a href="#cite_note-Ross2008-135">[132]</a> In support of both the Austric and Austro-Tai hypothesis, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Blust" title="Robert Blust">Robert Blust</a> connects the lower Yangtze Neolithic Austro-Tai entity with the rice-cultivating Austroasiatic cultures, assuming the center of East Asian rice domestication, and putative Austric homeland, to be located in the Yunnan/Burma border area,<a href="#cite_note-SagartEtAl2017-136">[133]</a>: 188  instead of the Yangtze River basin, as is currently accepted.<a href="#cite_note-Normile-137">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vaughanetal2008-138">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-harris-139">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zhang2012-140">[137]</a> Under that view, there was an east–west genetic alignment, resulting from a rice-based population expansion, in the southern part of East Asia: Austroasiatic-Kra-Dai-Austronesian, with unrelated Sino-Tibetan occupying a more northerly tier.<a href="#cite_note-SagartEtAl2017-136">[133]</a>: 188  Depending on the author, other hypotheses have also included other language families like <a href="/wiki/Hmong-Mien" class="mw-redirect" title="Hmong-Mien">Hmong-Mien</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Japonic_languages" title="Japonic languages">Japanese-Ryukyuan</a> into the larger Austric hypothesis.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_proposed_route_of_Austroasiatic_and_Austronesian_migration_into_Indonesia_and_the_geographic_distribution_of_sites_that_have_produced_red-slipped_and_cord-marked_pottery.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_proposed_route_of_Austroasiatic_and_Austronesian_migration_into_Indonesia_and_the_geographic_distribution_of_sites_that_have_produced_red-slipped_and_cord-marked_pottery.png/220px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_proposed_route_of_Austroasiatic_and_Austronesian_migration_into_Indonesia_and_the_geographic_distribution_of_sites_that_have_produced_red-slipped_and_cord-marked_pottery.png/330px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/The_proposed_route_of_Austroasiatic_and_Austronesian_migration_into_Indonesia_and_the_geographic_distribution_of_sites_that_have_produced_red-slipped_and_cord-marked_pottery.png/440px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Proposed routes of Austroasiatic and Austronesian migrations into Indonesia (Simanjuntak, 2017)<a href="#cite_note-Simanjuntak2017-96">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> While the Austric hypothesis remains contentious, there is genetic evidence that at least in western <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a>, there had been earlier <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> overland migrations (pre-4,000 BP) by Austroasiatic-speaking peoples into what is now the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islands" title="Greater Sunda Islands">Greater Sunda Islands</a> when the sea levels were lower, in the early <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a>. These peoples were assimilated linguistically and culturally by incoming Austronesian peoples in what is now modern-day Indonesia and Malaysia.<a href="#cite_note-Simanjuntak2017-96">[96]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Genesis_of_Daic_languages_and_their_relation_with_Austronesians.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Genesis_of_Daic_languages_and_their_relation_with_Austronesians.png/220px-Genesis_of_Daic_languages_and_their_relation_with_Austronesians.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Genesis_of_Daic_languages_and_their_relation_with_Austronesians.png/330px-Genesis_of_Daic_languages_and_their_relation_with_Austronesians.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Genesis_of_Daic_languages_and_their_relation_with_Austronesians.png/440px-Genesis_of_Daic_languages_and_their_relation_with_Austronesians.png 2x" data-file-width="1519" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption>Proposed genesis of <a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai">Daic languages</a> and their relation with Austronesians (Blench, 2018)<a href="#cite_note-Blench2018-142">[139]</a></figcaption></figure> Several authors have also proposed that Kra-Dai speakers may actually be an ancient daughter subgroup of Austronesians that migrated back to the <a href="/wiki/Pearl_River_Delta" title="Pearl River Delta">Pearl River Delta</a> from Taiwan and/or <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, shortly after the Austronesian expansion, later migrating further westwards to Hainan, <a href="/wiki/Mainland_Southeast_Asia" title="Mainland Southeast Asia">Mainland Southeast Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a>. They propose that the distinctiveness of Kra-Dai (it is <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monosyllabic_language" title="Monosyllabic language">monosyllabic</a>) was the result of linguistic restructuring due to contact with Hmong-Mien and Sinitic cultures. Aside from linguistic evidence, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Blench" title="Roger Blench">Roger Blench</a> has also noted cultural similarities between the two groups, like facial tattooing, tooth removal or <a href="/wiki/Tooth_sharpening" class="mw-redirect" title="Tooth sharpening">ablation</a>, teeth blackening, snake (or dragon) cults, and the multiple-tongued <a href="/wiki/Jaw_harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaw harp">jaw harps</a> shared by the indigenous Taiwanese and Kra-Dai-speakers. However, archaeological evidence for this is still sparse.<a href="#cite_note-Ross2008-135">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blench2009EURASEAA-132">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blench2018-142">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blench2017Spirits-143">[140]</a> This is believed to be similar to what happened to the <a href="/wiki/Cham_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Cham people">Cham people</a>, who were originally Austronesian settlers (likely from <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>) to southern Vietnam around 2100–1900 BP and had languages similar to <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>. Their languages underwent several restructuring events to <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a> due to contact with the nearby tonal languages of Mainland Southeast Asia and Hainan.<a href="#cite_note-Blench2017Spirits-143">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-144">[141]</a> Although the populations of the Malay peninsula, Sumatra, Java, and neighboring islands are Austronesian-speaking, they have significantly high admixture from Mainland Southeast Asian populations. These areas were already populated (most probably by speakers of Austroasiatic languages) before they were reached by the Austronesian expansion, roughly 3,000 years ago. Currently, only the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Aslians</a> still speak Austroasiatic languages. However, some of the languages in the region show signs of underlying Austroasiatic substrates.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to <a href="/wiki/Juha_Janhunen" title="Juha Janhunen">Juha Janhunen</a> and Ann Kumar, Austronesians may have also settled parts of southern Japan, especially on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Kyushu" title="Kyushu">Kyushu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a>, and influenced or created the Japanese hierarchical society. It is suggested that Japanese tribes like the <a href="/wiki/Hayato_people" title="Hayato people">Hayato people</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kumaso" title="Kumaso">Kumaso</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Azumi_people" title="Azumi people">Azumi</a> were of Austronesian origin. Until today, local traditions and festivals show similarities to Malayo-Polynesian culture.<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[146]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mainland_pre-Austronesian_cultures.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainland_pre-Austronesian_cultures.png/220px-Mainland_pre-Austronesian_cultures.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainland_pre-Austronesian_cultures.png/330px-Mainland_pre-Austronesian_cultures.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Mainland_pre-Austronesian_cultures.png/440px-Mainland_pre-Austronesian_cultures.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1422" /></a><figcaption>Early waves of migration to Taiwan, proposed by Roger Blench (2014)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Sino-Austronesian_languages" title="Sino-Austronesian languages">Sino-Austronesian hypothesis</a>, on the other hand, is a relatively new hypothesis by <a href="/wiki/Laurent_Sagart" title="Laurent Sagart">Laurent Sagart</a>, first proposed in 1990. It argues for a north–south linguistic genetic relationship between Chinese and Austronesian. This is based on sound correspondences in basic vocabulary and morphological parallels.<a href="#cite_note-SagartEtAl2017-136">[133]</a>: 188  Sagart places special significance in shared vocabulary on cereal crops, citing them as evidence of shared linguistic origin. However, this has largely been rejected by other linguists. The sound correspondences between Old Chinese and Proto-Austronesian can also be explained as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan interaction sphere</a>, when pre-Austronesians from the Yangtze region came into regular contact with Proto-Sinitic speakers in the <a href="/wiki/Shandong_Peninsula" title="Shandong Peninsula">Shandong Peninsula</a>, around the 4th to 3rd millennia BCE. This corresponded with the widespread introduction of rice cultivation to Proto-Sinitic speakers and conversely, millet cultivation to Pre-Austronesians.<a href="#cite_note-vanDriem-150">[147]</a> An Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Stratum_(linguistics)" title="Stratum (linguistics)">substratum</a> in formerly Austronesian territories that have been <a href="/wiki/Sinicized" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinicized">Sinicized</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Southward_expansion_of_the_Han_dynasty" title="Southward expansion of the Han dynasty">Han expansion</a> is also another explanation for the correspondences that do not require a genetic relationship.<a href="#cite_note-Vovin_1997-151">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-van_Driem1998-152">[149]</a> In relation to Sino-Austronesian models and the Longshan interaction sphere, Roger Blench (2014) suggests that the single migration model for the spread of the Neolithic into Taiwan is problematic, pointing out the genetic and linguistic inconsistencies between different Taiwanese Austronesian groups.<a href="#cite_note-Blench2014-153">[150]</a>: 1–17  The surviving Austronesian populations in Taiwan should rather be considered as the result of various Neolithic migration waves from the mainland and back-migration from the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-Blench2014-153">[150]</a>: 1–17  These incoming migrants almost certainly spoke languages related to Austronesian or pre-Austronesian, although their phonology and grammar would have been quite diverse.<a href="#cite_note-Blench2014-153">[150]</a> Blench considers the Austronesians in Taiwan to have been a <a href="/wiki/Melting_pot" title="Melting pot">melting pot</a> of immigrants from various parts of the coast of <a href="/wiki/Eastern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern China">East China</a> that had been migrating to Taiwan by 4000 BP. These immigrants included people from the <a href="/wiki/Foxtail_millet" title="Foxtail millet">foxtail millet</a>-cultivating <a href="/wiki/Longshan_culture" title="Longshan culture">Longshan culture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a> (with Longshan-type cultures found in southern Taiwan), the fishing-based Dapenkeng culture of coastal Fujian, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yuanshan_culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yuanshan culture (page does not exist)">Yuanshan culture</a> of northernmost Taiwan, which Blench suggests may have originated from the coast of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>. Based on geography and cultural vocabulary, Blench believes that the Yuanshan people may have spoken <a href="/wiki/East_Formosan_languages" title="East Formosan languages">Northeast Formosan languages</a>. Thus, Blench believes that there is in fact no "apical" ancestor of Austronesian in the sense that there was no true single <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian language</a> that gave rise to present-day Austronesian languages. Instead, multiple migrations of various pre-Austronesian peoples and languages from the Chinese mainland that were related but distinct came together to form what we now know as Austronesian in Taiwan. Hence, Blench considers the single-migration model into Taiwan by pre-Austronesians to be inconsistent with both the archaeological and linguistic (lexical) evidence.<a href="#cite_note-Blench2014-153">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_from_Taiwan">Migration from Taiwan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Migration from Taiwan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages#History" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian languages § History</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsou_youth_of_Taiwan_(pre-1945).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tsou_youth_of_Taiwan_%28pre-1945%29.jpg/170px-Tsou_youth_of_Taiwan_%28pre-1945%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tsou_youth_of_Taiwan_%28pre-1945%29.jpg/255px-Tsou_youth_of_Taiwan_%28pre-1945%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Tsou_youth_of_Taiwan_%28pre-1945%29.jpg/340px-Tsou_youth_of_Taiwan_%28pre-1945%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="1148" /></a><figcaption>Colorized photograph of a <a href="/wiki/Tsou_people" title="Tsou people">Tsou</a> warrior from Taiwan wearing traditional clothing (pre-World War II)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/390px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/585px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg/780px-Chronological_dispersal_of_Austronesian_people_across_the_Pacific.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1053" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the migration of the Austronesians from Taiwan</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg/220px-Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg/330px-Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg/440px-Hokule%27aSailing2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a>, a modern replica of a <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">double-hulled</a> <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">voyaging</a> <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">canoe</a>, is an example of a <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamaran</a>, another of the early sailing innovations of Austronesians</figcaption></figure> The Austronesian expansion (also called the "Out of Taiwan" model) is a large-scale migration of Austronesians from Taiwan, occurring around 3000 to 1500 BCE. <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">Population growth</a> primarily fueled this migration. These first settlers settled in northern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, in the archipelago of the Philippines, intermingling with the earlier <a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesian" title="Australo-Melanesian">Australo-Melanesian</a> population who had inhabited the islands since about 23,000 years earlier. Over the next thousand years, Austronesian peoples migrated southeast to the rest of the Philippines, and into the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a> and Borneo.<a href="#cite_note-Gray-et-al2009-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pawley2002-154">[151]</a> From southwestern Borneo, Austronesians spread further west in a single migration event to both <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> and the coastal regions of southern Vietnam, becoming the ancestors of the speakers of the <a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chamic_languages" title="Chamic languages">Chamic</a> branches of the Austronesian language family.<a href="#cite_note-Blust2019-51">[51]</a> Soon after reaching the Philippines, Austronesians colonized the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a> by 1500 BCE or even earlier, becoming the first humans to reach <a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro</a> migration was also unique in that it was the only Austronesian migration to the Pacific Islands to successfully retain rice cultivation. <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yap" title="Yap">Yap</a> were settled by separate voyages by 1000 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Blust2019-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gray-et-al2009-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pawley2002-154">[151]</a> Another important migration branch was by the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a>, which rapidly spread into the islands off the coast of northern <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> and into the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> and other parts of coastal New Guinea and <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a> by 1200 BCE. They reached the islands of <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> by around 900 to 800 BCE. This remained the furthest extent of the Austronesian expansion into Polynesia until around 700 CE, when there was another surge of island colonization. It reached the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesas">Marquesas</a> by 700 CE; <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> by 900 CE; <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a> by 1000 CE; and New Zealand by 1200 CE.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood_1991-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-gibbons-155">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Freeman-156">[153]</a> For a few centuries, the Polynesian islands were connected by bidirectional long-distance sailing, with the exception of Rapa Nui, which had limited further contact due to its isolated geographical location.<a href="#cite_note-Blust2019-51">[51]</a> Island groups like the <a href="/wiki/Pitcairns" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitcairns">Pitcairns</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kermadec_Islands" title="Kermadec Islands">Kermadec Islands</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Norfolk Islands">Norfolk Islands</a> were also formerly settled by Austronesians but later abandoned.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-156">[153]</a> There is also putative evidence, based in the spread of the <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>, that Austronesians may have reached South America from Polynesia, where they might have traded with the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Van_Tilburg_1994-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-54">[54]</a> In the Indian Ocean, Austronesians in Maritime Southeast Asia <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian maritime trade network">established trade links</a> with <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Herrera-157">[154]</a> They also established early long-distance contacts with Africa, possibly as early as before 500 BCE, based on archaeological evidence like banana <a href="/wiki/Phytolith" title="Phytolith">phytoliths</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> and remains of Neolithic chicken bones in <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Tofanelli-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adelaar-159">[156]</a> By the end of the first millennium BCE, Austronesians were already sailing <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">maritime trade routes</a> linking the <a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han dynasty</a> of China with the western Indian Ocean trade in India, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>, and Africa.<a href="#cite_note-Beaujard2019-160">[157]</a>: 610–611  An Austronesian group, originally from the <a href="/wiki/Makassar_Strait" title="Makassar Strait">Makassar Strait</a> region around <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Pierron-161">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heiske-162">[159]</a> eventually <a href="/wiki/History_of_Madagascar#A_common_Austronesian_origin:_The_Vahoaka_Ntaolo" title="History of Madagascar">settled</a> <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, either directly from Southeast Asia or from preexisting mixed Austronesian-<a href="/wiki/Bantu_peoples" title="Bantu peoples">Bantu</a> populations from <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>. Estimates for when this occurred vary, from the 5th to 7th centuries CE.<a href="#cite_note-Beaujard2019-160">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-Claude-163">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tofanelli-158">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-Adelaar-159">[156]</a> It is likely that the Austronesians that settled Madagascar followed a coastal route through South Asia and East Africa, rather than directly across the Indian Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-Blust2019-51">[51]</a> Genetic evidence suggests that some individuals of Austronesian descent reached Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a>.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alternative_views">Alternative views</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Alternative views">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network</a></div> A competing hypothesis to the "Out of Taiwan" model is the "Out of <a href="/wiki/Sundaland" title="Sundaland">Sundaland</a>" hypothesis, favored by a minority of authors. Notable proponents include <a href="/wiki/William_Meacham" title="William Meacham">William Meacham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Oppenheimer" title="Stephen Oppenheimer">Stephen Oppenheimer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Solheim" title="Wilhelm Solheim">Wilhelm Solheim</a>. For various reasons, they have proposed that the homelands of Austronesians were within <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> (ISEA), particularly in the Sundaland landmass drowned during the end of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Period" title="Last Glacial Period">Last Glacial Period</a> by rising sea levels. Proponents of these hypotheses point to the ancient origins of <a href="/wiki/Human_mitochondrial_genetics" title="Human mitochondrial genetics">mtDNA</a> in Southeast Asian populations, pre-dating the Austronesian expansion, as proof that Austronesians originated from within Island Southeast Asia.<a href="#cite_note-meacham1984-165">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-Solheim-166">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-Oppenheimer1998-167">[164]</a> However, these have been repudiated by studies using <a href="/wiki/Whole_genome_sequencing" title="Whole genome sequencing">whole genome sequencing</a>, which have found that all ISEA populations had genes originating from aboriginal Taiwanese.<a href="#cite_note-lipson-168">[165]</a> Contrary to the claim of a south-to-north migration in the "Out of Sundaland" hypothesis, the new whole genome analysis strongly confirms the north-to-south dispersal of the Austronesian peoples in the prevailing "Out of Taiwan" hypothesis. Researchers have further pointed out that while humans have been living in Sundaland for at least 40,000 years, the Austronesian people were recent arrivals. The results of the previous studies failed to take into account admixture with the more ancient but unrelated <a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papuan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan people">Papuan</a> populations.<a href="#cite_note-Rochmyaningsih-169">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-lipson-168">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historical_period">Historical period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historical period">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Austronesian_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Austronesian peoples">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Austronesian+peoples%22">"Austronesian peoples"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Austronesian+peoples%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Austronesian+peoples%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Austronesian+peoples%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Austronesian+peoples%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Austronesian+peoples%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (February 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liliuokalani_in_London_(PPWD-16-4.014).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Liliuokalani_in_London_%28PPWD-16-4.014%29.jpg/170px-Liliuokalani_in_London_%28PPWD-16-4.014%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Liliuokalani_in_London_%28PPWD-16-4.014%29.jpg/255px-Liliuokalani_in_London_%28PPWD-16-4.014%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Liliuokalani_in_London_%28PPWD-16-4.014%29.jpg/340px-Liliuokalani_in_London_%28PPWD-16-4.014%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9355" data-file-height="11498" /></a><figcaption>Queen <a href="/wiki/Lili%CA%BBuokalani" title="Liliʻuokalani">Liliʻuokalani</a>, the last sovereign monarch of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Kingdom of Hawaii</a></figcaption></figure> By the beginning of the first millennium CE, most of the Austronesian inhabitants in <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a> began trading with India and China. The adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Hinduism in Southeast Asia">Hindu</a> statecraft model allowed the creation of <a href="/wiki/Indianized_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indianized kingdom">Indianized kingdoms</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rajahnate_of_Butuan" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajahnate of Butuan">Butuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Melayu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mataram_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Mataram Kingdom">Mataram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bali_Kingdom" title="Bali Kingdom">Bali</a>. Between the 5th and the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> were established as the main religion in the region. Muslim traders from the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Peninsula" title="Arabian Peninsula">Arabian Peninsula</a> were thought to have brought <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> by the 10th century. This was established as the dominant religion in the Malay archipelago by the 16th century. The Austronesian inhabitants of <a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a> were unaffected by this cultural trade and retained their indigenous culture in the Pacific region.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Larantuka" title="Kingdom of Larantuka">Kingdom of Larantuka</a> in <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a>, East Nusa Tenggara, was the only <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a>) <a href="/wiki/Native_Indonesians" title="Native Indonesians">indigenous</a> kingdom in Indonesia and in Southeast Asia, with its first king named Lorenzo.<a href="#cite_note-kps-171">[168]</a> Western Europeans in search of spices and gold later colonized most of the Austronesian-speaking countries of the Asia-Pacific region, beginning in the 16th century, with the Portuguese and Spanish colonization of the Philippines, <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a>, and some parts of Indonesia (present-day <a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a>); the Dutch colonization of the Indonesian archipelago; the British colonization of Malaysia and Oceania; the French colonization of <a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a>; and later, the <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">American governance of the Pacific</a>. Meanwhile, the British, Germans, French, Americans, and Japanese began establishing spheres of influence within the Pacific islands during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Japanese later invaded most of Southeast Asia and some parts of the Pacific during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The latter half of the 20th century initiated independence of modern-day Indonesia, Malaysia, East Timor, and many of the Pacific island nations, as well as the re-independence of the Philippines. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> The native culture of Austronesia varies from region to region. The early Austronesian peoples considered the sea as the basic feature of their life.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Following their diaspora to Southeast Asia and Oceania, they migrated by boat to other islands. Boats of different sizes and shapes have been found in every Austronesian culture, from Madagascar, Maritime Southeast Asia, to Polynesia, and have different names. In Southeast Asia, head-hunting was restricted to the highlands as a result of warfare. Mummification is only found among the highland Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Filipinos" title="Filipinos">Filipinos</a> and in some Indonesian groups in Celebes and Borneo.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ships_and_sailing">Ships and sailing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Ships and sailing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger canoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw sail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja sail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug boat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian maritime trade network">Austronesian maritime trade network</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesian vessels</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austronesian_Sail_Types.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Austronesian_Sail_Types.png/220px-Austronesian_Sail_Types.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Austronesian_Sail_Types.png/330px-Austronesian_Sail_Types.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Austronesian_Sail_Types.png/440px-Austronesian_Sail_Types.png 2x" data-file-width="994" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption>Traditional Austronesian generalized sail types. C, D, E, and F are types of <a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">crab claw sails</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Doran1981-71">[71]</a> A: Double sprit (<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>) B: <a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Common sprit</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>) C: Oceanic sprit (<a href="/wiki/Tahiti" title="Tahiti">Tahiti</a>) D: Oceanic sprit (<a href="/wiki/Marquesas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesas">Marquesas</a>) E: Oceanic sprit (Philippines) F: Crane sprit (<a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands" title="Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a>) G: <a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Rectangular boom lug</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>) H: <a href="/wiki/Lug_sail" title="Lug sail">Square boom lug</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a>) I: <a href="/wiki/Lug_sail" title="Lug sail">Trapezial boom lug</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>)</figcaption></figure> Seagoing <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamaran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">outrigger ship</a> technologies were the most important innovations of the Austronesian peoples.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood_2017-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hung2022-84">[84]</a> They were the first humans with vessels capable of crossing vast distances of water. The crossing from the Philippines to the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a> at around 1500 BCE, a distance of more than 2,500 km (1,600 mi), is likely the world's first and longest ocean crossing of that time.<a href="#cite_note-Meacham-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hung2022-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hung2011-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zotomayor-86">[86]</a> These maritime technologies enabled them to colonize the Indo-Pacific in prehistoric times. Austronesian groups continue to be the primary users of outrigger canoes today.<a href="#cite_note-Hung2022-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hung2011-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Succession_of_forms_in_the_development_of_the_Austronesian_boat.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Succession_of_forms_in_the_development_of_the_Austronesian_boat.png/310px-Succession_of_forms_in_the_development_of_the_Austronesian_boat.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Succession_of_forms_in_the_development_of_the_Austronesian_boat.png/465px-Succession_of_forms_in_the_development_of_the_Austronesian_boat.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Succession_of_forms_in_the_development_of_the_Austronesian_boat.png/620px-Succession_of_forms_in_the_development_of_the_Austronesian_boat.png 2x" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="1260" /></a><figcaption>Succession of forms in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Austronesian boat</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-172">[169]</a></figcaption></figure> Early researchers like Heine-Geldern (1932) and Hornell (1943) once believed that catamarans evolved from outrigger canoes, but modern authors specializing in Austronesian cultures, like Doran (1981) and Mahdi (1988), now believe it to be the opposite.<a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-172">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doran1981-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doran1974-173">[170]</a> Two canoes bound together developed directly from minimal raft technologies of two logs tied together. Over time, the double-hulled canoe form developed into the asymmetric double canoe, where one hull is smaller than the other. Eventually the smaller hull became the prototype outrigger, giving way to the single outrigger canoe, then to the reversible single outrigger canoe. Finally, the single outrigger types developed into the double outrigger canoe (or <a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">trimarans</a>).<a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-172">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doran1981-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doran1974-173">[170]</a> This would also explain why older Austronesian populations in <a href="/wiki/Island_Southeast_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Island Southeast Asia">Island Southeast Asia</a> tend to favor double outrigger canoes, as it keeps the boats stable when <a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">tacking</a>. However, there are small regions where catamarans and single-outrigger canoes are still used. In contrast, more distant outlying descendant populations in <a href="/wiki/Micronesia" title="Micronesia">Micronesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a> retained the double-hull and the single-outrigger canoe types, but the technology for double outriggers never reached them (although it exists in western <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>). To deal with the problem of the boat's instability when the outrigger faces leeward when tacking, they instead developed the <a href="/wiki/Shunting_(sailing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunting (sailing)">shunting</a> technique in sailing, in conjunction with reversible<a href="#cite_note-174">[note 4]</a> single-outriggers.<a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-172">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doran1981-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-Doran1974-173">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-Beheim-175">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hornell1932-176">[172]</a> The simplest form of all ancestral Austronesian boats had five parts. The bottom consisted of a single piece of hollowed-out log. At the sides were two planks, and two horseshoe-shaped wood pieces formed the <a href="/wiki/Prow" class="mw-redirect" title="Prow">prow</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stern" title="Stern">stern</a>. These were fitted tightly together edge-to-edge, with <a href="/wiki/Dowel" title="Dowel">dowels</a> inserted into holes in between, and then lashed to each other with ropes (made from <a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a> or fibre) wrapped around protruding lugs on the planks. This characteristic and ancient Austronesian boatbuilding practice is known as the "<a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug" class="mw-redirect" title="Lashed-lug">lashed-lug</a>" technique. They were commonly <a href="/wiki/Caulk" title="Caulk">caulked</a> with pastes made from various plants as well as <a href="/wiki/Paper_mulberry" title="Paper mulberry">tapa bark</a> and fibres that would expand when wet, further tightening joints and making the hull watertight. They formed the shell of the boat, which was then reinforced by horizontal ribs. Shipwrecks of Austronesian ships can be identified from this construction as well as the absence of metal nails. Austronesian ships traditionally had no central rudders but were instead steered using an oar on one side.<a href="#cite_note-horridge2008-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-lacsina-178">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-Heng-179">[175]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:590px;max-width:590px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:73px;max-width:73px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:47px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:500px_photo_(48946772).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/500px_photo_%2848946772%29.jpeg/71px-500px_photo_%2848946772%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="71" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/500px_photo_%2848946772%29.jpeg/107px-500px_photo_%2848946772%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/500px_photo_%2848946772%29.jpeg/142px-500px_photo_%2848946772%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:73px;max-width:73px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:47px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Hokule%27a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hokule%27a.jpg/71px-Hokule%27a.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hokule%27a.jpg/107px-Hokule%27a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Hokule%27a.jpg/142px-Hokule%27a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1152" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:73px;max-width:73px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:47px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg/71px-Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg/107px-Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg/142px-Boracay_paraw_sailboats_015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:80px;max-width:80px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:47px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Proa1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Proa1.jpg/78px-Proa1.jpg" decoding="async" width="78" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Proa1.jpg/117px-Proa1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Proa1.jpg/156px-Proa1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1032" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:87px;max-width:87px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:47px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Maquette_Prao_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Marine_Paris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Maquette_Prao_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Marine_Paris.jpg/85px-Maquette_Prao_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Marine_Paris.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Maquette_Prao_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Marine_Paris.jpg/128px-Maquette_Prao_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Marine_Paris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Maquette_Prao_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Marine_Paris.jpg/170px-Maquette_Prao_Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_Marine_Paris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:50px;max-width:50px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:47px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Samudra_Raksa_dari_depan,_dengan_layar_terkembang_seperti_sayap_angsa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Samudra_Raksa_dari_depan%2C_dengan_layar_terkembang_seperti_sayap_angsa.jpg/48px-Samudra_Raksa_dari_depan%2C_dengan_layar_terkembang_seperti_sayap_angsa.jpg" decoding="async" width="48" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Samudra_Raksa_dari_depan%2C_dengan_layar_terkembang_seperti_sayap_angsa.jpg/72px-Samudra_Raksa_dari_depan%2C_dengan_layar_terkembang_seperti_sayap_angsa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Samudra_Raksa_dari_depan%2C_dengan_layar_terkembang_seperti_sayap_angsa.jpg/96px-Samudra_Raksa_dari_depan%2C_dengan_layar_terkembang_seperti_sayap_angsa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2381" data-file-height="2381" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:73px;max-width:73px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:47px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Waka_at_Waitangi_in_the_early_morning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Waka_at_Waitangi_in_the_early_morning.jpg/71px-Waka_at_Waitangi_in_the_early_morning.jpg" decoding="async" width="71" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Waka_at_Waitangi_in_the_early_morning.jpg/107px-Waka_at_Waitangi_in_the_early_morning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Waka_at_Waitangi_in_the_early_morning.jpg/142px-Waka_at_Waitangi_in_the_early_morning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:65px;max-width:65px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:47px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Boat_in_Nosy_Komba,_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Boat_in_Nosy_Komba%2C_Madagascar.jpg/63px-Boat_in_Nosy_Komba%2C_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="63" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Boat_in_Nosy_Komba%2C_Madagascar.jpg/95px-Boat_in_Nosy_Komba%2C_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Boat_in_Nosy_Komba%2C_Madagascar.jpg/126px-Boat_in_Nosy_Komba%2C_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="750" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Typical Austronesian ship designs, left to right (also see <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesian vessels</a>): <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tao_people" title="Tao people">Tao people</a> of <a href="/wiki/Orchid_Island" title="Orchid Island">Orchid Island</a> carrying their <a href="/wiki/Ipanitika" title="Ipanitika">Ipanitika</a> boat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a>, a modern replica of a Polynesian voyaging <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamaran</a> (wa'a kaulua) with <a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">crab claw sails</a></li> <li>A Filipino <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">double-outrigger</a> (<a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">trimaran</a>) <a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">paraw</a> with a crab claw sail</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands" title="Caroline Islands">Carolinian</a> single-outrigger <a href="/wiki/Wa_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wa (boat)">wa</a> with a crab claw sail</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesian</a> single-outrigger <a href="/wiki/Tepukei" title="Tepukei">tepukei</a> with a forward-mounted crab claw sail, from the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li>A Javanese <a href="/wiki/Borobudur_ship" title="Borobudur ship">Borobudur ship</a> with two canted rectangular <a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">tanja sails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">Waka</a>, narrow <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> <a href="/wiki/War_canoe" title="War canoe">war canoes</a> propelled by paddling</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy people">Malagasy</a> single-outrigger <a href="/wiki/Lakana" class="mw-redirect" title="Lakana">lakana</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Square_sail" class="mw-redirect" title="Square sail">square sail</a> set on a V-shaped arrangement of spars<a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div> The ancestral rig was the mastless triangular crab claw sail, which had two booms that could be tilted to the wind. These were built in the double-canoe configuration or had a single outrigger on the windward side. In Island Southeast Asia, these developed into double outriggers on each side, which provided greater stability. The triangular crab claw sails also later developed into square or rectangular <a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">tanja sails</a>, which, like crab claw sails, had distinctive booms spanning the upper and lower edges. Fixed masts also developed later in both Southeast Asia (usually as bipod or tripod masts) and Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-horridge2008-177">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-lacsina-178">[174]</a> Austronesians traditionally made their sails from woven mats of the resilient and salt-resistant <a href="/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">pandanus</a> leaves. These sails allowed them to embark on long-distance voyaging. In some cases, however, they were one-way voyages. The failure to establish populations in <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a> and New Zealand is believed to have isolated their settlements from the rest of Polynesia.<a href="#cite_note-Kirch2012-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gallaher2014-182">[178]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/330px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/495px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png/660px-Austronesian_maritime_trade_network_in_the_Indian_Ocean.png 2x" data-file-width="2895" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">proto-historic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">historic</a> maritime trade network in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a><a href="#cite_note-Manguin2016-183">[179]</a></figcaption></figure> The ancient <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> of Vietnam also uniquely developed basket-hulled boats whose hulls were composed of woven and <a href="/wiki/Resin" title="Resin">resin</a>-caulked bamboo, either entirely or in conjunction with plank <a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">strakes</a>. They ranged from small <a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">coracles</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=O_th%C3%BAng&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="O thúng (page does not exist)">o thúng</a>) to large oceangoing trading ships like the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ghe_m%C3%A0nh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ghe mành (page does not exist)">ghe mành</a>.<a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a> The acquisition of catamaran and outrigger technology by non-Austronesian peoples in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">southern India</a> is due to the result of very early Austronesian contact with the region, including the <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Islands" title="Laccadive Islands">Laccadive Islands</a>, estimated to have occurred around 1000 to 600 BCE and onwards. This may have possibly included limited colonization by people who have since been assimilated. This is still evident in Sri Lankan and South Indian languages. For example, <a href="/wiki/Tamil_language" title="Tamil language">Tamil</a> paṭavu, <a href="/wiki/Telugu_language" title="Telugu language">Telugu</a> paḍava, and <a href="/wiki/Kannada_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kannada language">Kannada</a> paḍahu, all meaning "ship", are all derived from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Hesperonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Hesperonesian">Proto-Hesperonesian</a> *padaw, "sailboat", with Austronesian cognates like <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_language" title="Sundanese language">Sundanese</a> parahu, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a> <a href="/wiki/Perahu" class="mw-redirect" title="Perahu">perahu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kadazan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kadazan language">Kadazan</a> padau, <a href="/wiki/Maranao_language" title="Maranao language">Maranao</a> padaw, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1w" class="mw-redirect" title="Paráw">paráw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> folau, <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> halau, and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> wharau.<a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-172">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> Austronesian architecture is diverse but often shares certain characteristics that indicate a common origin. The <a href="/wiki/Comparative_method" title="Comparative method">reconstructed</a> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Austronesian">Proto-Austronesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Proto-Malayo-Polynesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Malayo-Polynesian">Proto-Malayo-Polynesian</a> forms of various terms for "house", "building", or "<a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">granary</a>" among the different linguistic subgroups of Austronesians include *rumaq ("house");<a href="#cite_note-186">[note 5]</a> *balay ("public building", "community house", or "guest house");<a href="#cite_note-187">[note 6]</a> *lepaw ("hut", "field hut", or "granary");<a href="#cite_note-188">[note 7]</a> *kamaliR ("bachelor's house", or "men's house");<a href="#cite_note-189">[note 8]</a> and *banua ("inhabited land", or "community territory").<a href="#cite_note-190">[note 9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fox1993-191">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-blust&trussel2013-192">[183]</a> Austronesian structures commonly have raised floors. The structures are raised on <a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">piles</a>, usually with space underneath also utilized for storage or <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_animals_of_Austronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated animals of Austronesia">domestic animals</a>. The raised design has multiple advantages, including mitigating damage during flooding and (in very tall examples) acting as defensive structures during conflicts. The house posts are also distinctively capped with larger-diameter discs at the top, to prevent vermin and pests from entering the structures by climbing them. Austronesian houses and other structures are usually built in wetlands and alongside bodies of water but can also be constructed in the highlands or even directly on shallow water.<a href="#cite_note-Sato1991-193">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arbi2013-194">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-bin_Tajudeen-195">[186]</a> Building structures on pilings is believed to be derived from the design of raised granaries and storehouses, which are highly important status symbols among the ancestrally rice-cultivating Austronesians.<a href="#cite_note-Sato1991-193">[184]</a><a href="#cite_note-bin_Tajudeen-195">[186]</a> The rice granary shrine was also the archetypal religious building among Austronesian cultures and was used to store carvings of ancestor spirits and local deities.<a href="#cite_note-bin_Tajudeen-195">[186]</a> Another common feature are <a href="/wiki/Pitched_roof" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitched roof">pitched roofs</a> with ornamented <a href="/wiki/Gable" title="Gable">gables</a>. The most notable of these are saddlebacked roofs, a design common for <a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">longhouses</a> used for village meetings or ceremonies. The overall effect of this is reminiscent of a boat, underlining the strong maritime connections of Austronesian cultures. The boat motif is common throughout, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indonesia" title="Eastern Indonesia">Eastern Indonesia</a>. In some ethnic groups, the houses are built on platforms that resemble <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamarans</a>. Among the <a href="/wiki/Nage_people" title="Nage people">Nage people</a>, a woven representation of a boat is added to the ridge of the roof; among the <a href="/wiki/Manggarai_people" title="Manggarai people">Manggarai people</a>, the roofs of houses are shaped like an upside-down boat; while among the people of <a href="/wiki/Tanimbar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanimbar">Tanimbar</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Flores" title="Flores">Flores</a>, the ridge itself is carved into a representation of a boat. Furthermore, elements of Austronesian structures (as well as society in general) are often referred to in terminologies used for boats and sailing. These include calling elements of structures "masts", "sails", or "rudders", or calling the village leaders "captains" or "steersmen". In the case of the Philippines, the villages themselves are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Barangay" title="Barangay">barangay</a>, from an alternate form of <a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">balangay</a>, a type of sailboat used for trading and colonization.<a href="#cite_note-Waterson20092-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arbi2013-194">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kendall1976-196">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-bin_Tajudeen-195">[186]</a> Austronesian buildings have spiritual significance, often containing what has been coined by anthropologist <a href="/wiki/James_J._Fox" title="James J. Fox">James J. Fox</a> as a "ritual attractor". These are specific posts, beams, platforms, altars, and so on that embody the house as a whole, usually consecrated at the time of building.<a href="#cite_note-Fox1993-191">[182]</a> The Austronesian house itself also often symbolizes various aspects of indigenous Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>. In the majority of cases, the loft of the house (usually placed above the <a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">hearth</a>), is considered to be the domain of deities and spirits. It is essentially a raised granary built into the structure of the house itself and functioning as a second floor. It is commonly used to store sacred objects (like effigies of granary idols or deceased ancestors), heirlooms, and other important objects. These areas are usually not part of the regular living space and may only be accessible to certain members of the family or after performing a specific ritual. Other parts of the house may also be associated with certain deities, and thus certain activities like receiving guests or conducting marriage ceremonies can only be performed in specific areas.<a href="#cite_note-Sato1991-193">[184]</a> While rice cultivation wasn't among the technologies carried into <a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a>, raised storehouses still survived. The pātaka of the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a> is an example. The largest pātaka are elaborately adorned with carvings and are often the tallest buildings in the Māori <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81" title="Pā">pā</a>. These were used to store implements, weapons, ships, and other valuables; while smaller pātaka were used to store provisions. A special type of pātaka, supported by a single tall post, also had ritual importance and was used to isolate high-born children during their training for leadership.<a href="#cite_note-Sato1991-193">[184]</a> The majority of Austronesian structures are not permanent. They are made from perishable materials like wood, bamboo, plant fibre, and leaves. Similar to traditional Austronesian boats, they do not use nails but are traditionally constructed solely by joints, weaving, ties, and <a href="/wiki/Dowel" title="Dowel">dowels</a>. Elements of the structures are repaired and replaced regularly or as they get damaged. Because of this, archaeological records of prehistoric Austronesian structures are usually limited to traces of house posts, with no way of determining the original building plans.<a href="#cite_note-Lico2008-197">[188]</a> Indirect evidence of traditional Austronesian architecture, however, can be gleaned from their contemporary representations in art, such as <a href="/wiki/Friezes" class="mw-redirect" title="Friezes">friezes</a> on the walls of later <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Hindu-Buddhist</a> stone temples (like in reliefs at <a href="/wiki/Borobudur" title="Borobudur">Borobudur</a> and <a href="/wiki/Prambanan" title="Prambanan">Prambanan</a>). But these are limited to the recent centuries. They can also be reconstructed linguistically from shared terms for architectural elements, like ridge poles, thatch, rafters, house posts, hearths, notched log ladders, storage racks, public buildings, and so on. Linguistic evidence also makes it clear that stilt houses were already present among Austronesian groups since at least the <a href="/wiki/Late_Neolithic" title="Late Neolithic">Late Neolithic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Arbi2013-194">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-bin_Tajudeen-195">[186]</a> In modern Indonesia, varying styles are collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Rumah_adat" title="Rumah adat">rumah adat</a>. Arbi et al. (2013) have also noted the striking similarities between Austronesian architecture and Japanese traditional raised architecture (<a href="/wiki/Shinmei-zukuri" title="Shinmei-zukuri">shinmei-zukuri</a>). Particularly the buildings of the <a href="/wiki/Ise_Grand_Shrine" class="mw-redirect" title="Ise Grand Shrine">Ise Grand Shrine</a>, which contrast with the <a href="/wiki/Pit-houses" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit-houses">pit-houses</a> typical of the Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Yayoi_period" title="Yayoi period">Yayoi period</a>. They propose significant Neolithic contact between the people of southern Japan and Austronesians or pre-Austronesians that occurred prior to the spread of <a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> cultural influence to the islands.<a href="#cite_note-Arbi2013-194">[185]</a> Rice cultivation is also believed to have been introduced to Japan from a para-Austronesian group from coastal eastern China.<a href="#cite_note-Robbeets2017-198">[189]</a> Waterson (2009) has also argued that the architectural tradition of stilt houses is originally Austronesian and that similar building traditions in Japan and mainland Asia (notably among <a href="/wiki/Kra-Dai" class="mw-redirect" title="Kra-Dai">Kra-Dai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a>-speaking groups) correspond to contacts with a prehistoric Austronesian network.<a href="#cite_note-bin_Tajudeen-195">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-Waterson20092-111">[110]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Beinan_Taitung_Taiwan_Aboriginal-Stilt-House-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aboriginal Taiwanese architecture"><img alt="Aboriginal Taiwanese architecture" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Beinan_Taitung_Taiwan_Aboriginal-Stilt-House-01.jpg/270px-Beinan_Taitung_Taiwan_Aboriginal-Stilt-House-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Beinan_Taitung_Taiwan_Aboriginal-Stilt-House-01.jpg/405px-Beinan_Taitung_Taiwan_Aboriginal-Stilt-House-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Beinan_Taitung_Taiwan_Aboriginal-Stilt-House-01.jpg/540px-Beinan_Taitung_Taiwan_Aboriginal-Stilt-House-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5596" data-file-height="3731" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Aboriginal Taiwanese architecture</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 183.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 181.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippinen_Basilan_seezigeuner_ph03p42.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sama-Bajau villages are typically built directly on shallow water."><img alt="Sama-Bajau villages are typically built directly on shallow water." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Philippinen_Basilan_seezigeuner_ph03p42.jpg/272px-Philippinen_Basilan_seezigeuner_ph03p42.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Philippinen_Basilan_seezigeuner_ph03p42.jpg/408px-Philippinen_Basilan_seezigeuner_ph03p42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Philippinen_Basilan_seezigeuner_ph03p42.jpg/544px-Philippinen_Basilan_seezigeuner_ph03p42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sama-Bajau people">Sama-Bajau</a> villages are typically built directly on shallow water.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The raised bale houses of the Ifugao people, with capped house posts[184]"><img alt="The raised bale houses of the Ifugao people, with capped house posts[184]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg/240px-Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg/360px-Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg/480px-Traditional_stilt_houses_in_Bangaan_of_the_Ifugao_people.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The raised bale houses of the <a href="/wiki/Ifugao_people" title="Ifugao people">Ifugao people</a>, with capped house posts<a href="#cite_note-Sato1991-193">[184]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 184px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 182px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Toraja_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tongkonan houses of the Toraja people, with the distinctive saddleback roofs reminiscent of boats[185]"><img alt="Tongkonan houses of the Toraja people, with the distinctive saddleback roofs reminiscent of boats[185]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Toraja_house.jpg/273px-Toraja_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Toraja_house.jpg/410px-Toraja_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Toraja_house.jpg/547px-Toraja_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3108" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tongkonan" title="Tongkonan">Tongkonan</a> houses of the <a href="/wiki/Toraja_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja people">Toraja people</a>, with the distinctive saddleback roofs reminiscent of boats<a href="#cite_note-Arbi2013-194">[185]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Details_on_a_bai_at_the_National_Museum_in_Palau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bai meeting house of the Palauan people, with colourfully decorated gables"><img alt="Bai meeting house of the Palauan people, with colourfully decorated gables" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Details_on_a_bai_at_the_National_Museum_in_Palau.jpg/271px-Details_on_a_bai_at_the_National_Museum_in_Palau.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Details_on_a_bai_at_the_National_Museum_in_Palau.jpg/406px-Details_on_a_bai_at_the_National_Museum_in_Palau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Details_on_a_bai_at_the_National_Museum_in_Palau.jpg/542px-Details_on_a_bai_at_the_National_Museum_in_Palau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bai meeting house of the <a href="/wiki/Palauan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palauan people">Palauan people</a>, with colourfully decorated gables</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 87.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 85.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Besakana_traditional_Merina_andriana_house_Rova_Antananarivo_Madagascar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Besakana of the Merina people"><img alt="Besakana of the Merina people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Besakana_traditional_Merina_andriana_house_Rova_Antananarivo_Madagascar.jpg/128px-Besakana_traditional_Merina_andriana_house_Rova_Antananarivo_Madagascar.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Besakana_traditional_Merina_andriana_house_Rova_Antananarivo_Madagascar.jpg/193px-Besakana_traditional_Merina_andriana_house_Rova_Antananarivo_Madagascar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Besakana_traditional_Merina_andriana_house_Rova_Antananarivo_Madagascar.jpg/257px-Besakana_traditional_Merina_andriana_house_Rova_Antananarivo_Madagascar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="613" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Besakana" class="mw-redirect" title="Besakana">Besakana</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Merina_people" title="Merina people">Merina people</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Little_world,_Aichi_prefecture_-_Gentry_House_of_Bali_in_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balé meten of the Balinese people"><img alt="Balé meten of the Balinese people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Little_world%2C_Aichi_prefecture_-_Gentry_House_of_Bali_in_Indonesia.jpg/240px-Little_world%2C_Aichi_prefecture_-_Gentry_House_of_Bali_in_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Little_world%2C_Aichi_prefecture_-_Gentry_House_of_Bali_in_Indonesia.jpg/360px-Little_world%2C_Aichi_prefecture_-_Gentry_House_of_Bali_in_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Little_world%2C_Aichi_prefecture_-_Gentry_House_of_Bali_in_Indonesia.jpg/480px-Little_world%2C_Aichi_prefecture_-_Gentry_House_of_Bali_in_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4128" data-file-height="3096" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Balinese_traditional_house" title="Balinese traditional house">Balé meten</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese people</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:House_in_suburbs_of_Manila,_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bahay kubo of the Tagalog people"><img alt="Bahay kubo of the Tagalog people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/House_in_suburbs_of_Manila%2C_1899.jpg/270px-House_in_suburbs_of_Manila%2C_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/House_in_suburbs_of_Manila%2C_1899.jpg/405px-House_in_suburbs_of_Manila%2C_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/House_in_suburbs_of_Manila%2C_1899.jpg/540px-House_in_suburbs_of_Manila%2C_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="1824" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bahay_kubo" title="Bahay kubo">Bahay kubo</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog people</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Maori_pataka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Māori pātaka storehouses"><img alt="Māori pātaka storehouses" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Maori_pataka.jpg/240px-Maori_pataka.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Maori_pataka.jpg/360px-Maori_pataka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Maori_pataka.jpg/480px-Maori_pataka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a> pātaka storehouses</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Fijian_chiefs_cottage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bure of the Fijian people"><img alt="Bure of the Fijian people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fijian_chiefs_cottage.jpg/284px-Fijian_chiefs_cottage.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fijian_chiefs_cottage.jpg/427px-Fijian_chiefs_cottage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Fijian_chiefs_cottage.jpg/569px-Fijian_chiefs_cottage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="380" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bure_(Fiji)" title="Bure (Fiji)">Bure</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fijian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Fijian people">Fijian people</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Houses_bondokodi_sumba.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Uma mbatangu of the Sumba people"><img alt="Uma mbatangu of the Sumba people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Houses_bondokodi_sumba.JPG/240px-Houses_bondokodi_sumba.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Houses_bondokodi_sumba.JPG/360px-Houses_bondokodi_sumba.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Houses_bondokodi_sumba.JPG/480px-Houses_bondokodi_sumba.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Uma mbatangu of the <a href="/wiki/Sumba_people" title="Sumba people">Sumba people</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Batak_Toba_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jabu of the Toba Batak people"><img alt="Jabu of the Toba Batak people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Batak_Toba_House.jpg/240px-Batak_Toba_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Batak_Toba_House.jpg/360px-Batak_Toba_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Batak_Toba_House.jpg/480px-Batak_Toba_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Batak_architecture" title="Batak architecture">Jabu</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_people" title="Toba Batak people">Toba Batak people</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:TMII_Aceh_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rumoh of the Acehnese people"><img alt="Rumoh of the Acehnese people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/TMII_Aceh_House.jpg/240px-TMII_Aceh_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/TMII_Aceh_House.jpg/360px-TMII_Aceh_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/TMII_Aceh_House.jpg/480px-TMII_Aceh_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="1701" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rumoh_Aceh" title="Rumoh Aceh">Rumoh</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese people</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumah_Gadang_Minangkabau.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rumah gadang of the Minangkabau people"><img alt="Rumah gadang of the Minangkabau people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Rumah_Gadang_Minangkabau.jpg/270px-Rumah_Gadang_Minangkabau.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Rumah_Gadang_Minangkabau.jpg/405px-Rumah_Gadang_Minangkabau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Rumah_Gadang_Minangkabau.jpg/540px-Rumah_Gadang_Minangkabau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="720" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Rumah_gadang" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumah gadang">Rumah gadang</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau people</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 204.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 202.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumah_kedah.gif" class="mw-file-description" title="Rumah limas Kedah of the Malay people"><img alt="Rumah limas Kedah of the Malay people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c4/Rumah_kedah.gif/304px-Rumah_kedah.gif" decoding="async" width="203" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c4/Rumah_kedah.gif/456px-Rumah_kedah.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c4/Rumah_kedah.gif 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="296" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Malay_house" title="Malay house">Rumah limas Kedah</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Malay people</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 191.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 189.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Maranao_Torogan_(c._1908_-_1924),_Philippines.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Torogan of the Maranao people, with decorative wing-like awang boat prows (panolong)[190]"><img alt="Torogan of the Maranao people, with decorative wing-like awang boat prows (panolong)[190]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Maranao_Torogan_%28c._1908_-_1924%29%2C_Philippines.jpg/284px-Maranao_Torogan_%28c._1908_-_1924%29%2C_Philippines.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Maranao_Torogan_%28c._1908_-_1924%29%2C_Philippines.jpg/426px-Maranao_Torogan_%28c._1908_-_1924%29%2C_Philippines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Maranao_Torogan_%28c._1908_-_1924%29%2C_Philippines.jpg/568px-Maranao_Torogan_%28c._1908_-_1924%29%2C_Philippines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1014" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Torogan" title="Torogan">Torogan</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Maranao_people" title="Maranao people">Maranao people</a>, with decorative wing-like <a href="/wiki/Awang_(boat)" title="Awang (boat)">awang</a> boat <a href="/wiki/Prow" class="mw-redirect" title="Prow">prows</a> (panolong)<a href="#cite_note-Klassen-199">[190]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1n_B5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The B5 structure, a stone storehouse with distinctive boat-shaped roofs exemplifying Champa architecture in Mỹ Sơn, southern Vietnam. (c. 10th century)[191][192]"><img alt="The B5 structure, a stone storehouse with distinctive boat-shaped roofs exemplifying Champa architecture in Mỹ Sơn, southern Vietnam. (c. 10th century)[191][192]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1n_B5.jpg/240px-M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1n_B5.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1n_B5.jpg/360px-M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1n_B5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1n_B5.jpg/479px-M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1n_B5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5481" data-file-height="4118" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The B5 structure, a stone storehouse with distinctive boat-shaped roofs exemplifying <a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a> architecture in <a href="/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1n" title="Mỹ Sơn">Mỹ Sơn</a>, southern Vietnam. (c. 10th century)<a href="#cite_note-phuong2006-200">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hubert2012-201">[192]</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pottery">Pottery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Pottery">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tapayan" title="Tapayan">Tapayan</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:354px;max-width:354px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Manunggul_Jar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manunggul_Jar.jpg/188px-Manunggul_Jar.jpg" decoding="async" width="188" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manunggul_Jar.jpg/282px-Manunggul_Jar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Manunggul_Jar.jpg/376px-Manunggul_Jar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1762" data-file-height="1980" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Pottery_burial_jar_Sa_Huynh_Cultue.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pottery_burial_jar_Sa_Huynh_Cultue.JPG/158px-Pottery_burial_jar_Sa_Huynh_Cultue.JPG" decoding="async" width="158" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pottery_burial_jar_Sa_Huynh_Cultue.JPG/237px-Pottery_burial_jar_Sa_Huynh_Cultue.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pottery_burial_jar_Sa_Huynh_Cultue.JPG/316px-Pottery_burial_jar_Sa_Huynh_Cultue.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: The <a href="/wiki/Manunggul_Jar" title="Manunggul Jar">Manunggul Jar</a>, a secondary <a href="/wiki/Burial_jar" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial jar">burial jar</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Tabon_Caves" title="Tabon Caves">Tabon Caves</a> of Palawan, Philippines (c. 890–710 BCE) Right: Capped burial jar from the <a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh culture</a> of central Vietnam (1000 BCE-200 CE)</div></div></div></div> Outside of Taiwan, assemblages of red-slipped pottery, plainware, and incised and stamped pottery associated with Austronesian migrations are first documented from around 2000 to 1800 BCE in the northern Philippines, from sites in the <a href="/wiki/Batanes_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Batanes Islands">Batanes Islands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cagayan_Valley" title="Cagayan Valley">Cagayan Valley</a> of Northern Luzon. From there, pottery technology rapidly spread to the east, south, and southwest.<a href="#cite_note-heath2017-202">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-carson2013-203">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hung2011-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cast_of_a_Pot_Sherd_MET_vs1980_153_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cast_of_a_Pot_Sherd_MET_vs1980_153_2.jpg/220px-Cast_of_a_Pot_Sherd_MET_vs1980_153_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cast_of_a_Pot_Sherd_MET_vs1980_153_2.jpg/330px-Cast_of_a_Pot_Sherd_MET_vs1980_153_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Cast_of_a_Pot_Sherd_MET_vs1980_153_2.jpg/440px-Cast_of_a_Pot_Sherd_MET_vs1980_153_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1056" data-file-height="775" /></a><figcaption>Cast of a <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a> red-slipped earthenware shard from the <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_Islands" title="Santa Cruz Islands">Santa Cruz Islands</a> (c. 1000 BCE), showing dentate-stamped, circle-stamped, and cross-in-circle decorations. The latter two are shared elements of Neolithic red-slipped pottery from the Nagsabaran Site in the Philippines.</figcaption></figure> This type of pottery dispersed south and southwest to the rest of Island Southeast Asia. The eastward and southward branches of the migrations converged in <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>, resulting in what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a>, centered around the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>.<a href="#cite_note-heath2017-202">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-carson2013-203">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hung2011-85">[85]</a> The oldest known pottery assemblages in <a href="/wiki/Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> are circle- and punctate/dentate-stamped pottery in the <a href="/wiki/Marianas_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Marianas Islands">Marianas Islands</a>, securely dated to 1500 BCE–1300 BCE from multiple archaeological sites. It predates the earliest Lapita culture pottery assemblages (c. 1350 –1300 BCE) and bears closest resemblance to a subset of the more diverse Nagsabaran pottery of the northern Philippines. It is currently disputed whether this is indicative of a direct ancient voyage from the northern Philippines to the Marianas. Hung et al. (2011) proposed a direct deliberate voyage from eastern <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, which would make it the longest sea crossing undertaken by that time in human history.<a href="#cite_note-Hung2011-85">[85]</a> This has also been proposed by earlier authors like Blust (2000) and Reid (2002), based on linguistics.<a href="#cite_note-Hung2011-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blust2000-204">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reid2002-205">[196]</a> Winter et al. (2012), on the other hand, dismissed the similarities as being generic rather than specific to the region. This is from both analysis of the microscopic structure of the shards (indicating manufacturing techniques) and the impossibility of drift voyaging from Luzon, due to the prevailing wind and currents. Instead of a voyage directly from Luzon, they instead proposed an origin either from a direct single voyage from <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> (southern Philippines) or <a href="/wiki/Morotai" class="mw-redirect" title="Morotai">Morotai</a> (Maluku Islands) to <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>; or two voyages, with way stations in <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> or <a href="/wiki/Yap" title="Yap">Yap</a>.<a href="#cite_note-206">[197]</a> Hung et al. (2012) pointed out in response that no pottery assemblages older than 2,000 years old have been found in Morotai, which also has a Papuan-speaking population. They also mentioned that present-day data on wind and currents is not a reliable way of ascertaining migration routes, and that the voyages settling <a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a> would have been deliberate, not uncontrolled drifting. Similar presumptions by <a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Thor Heyerdahl</a> led to his erroneous conclusion that Polynesia was settled from the Americas. Pottery manufacturing techniques are also diverse, even within a single community. Thus, analysis of manufacturing methods is less significant than comparison of decorative systems. Nevertheless, Hung et al. (2012) emphasized that they also did not discount other sources (yet undiscovered) from the southern Philippines. They also proposed the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Visayas" title="Eastern Visayas">Eastern Visayas</a> as a likely point of origin. Sources south of the Philippines remain unlikely without further archaeological findings due to their related pottery assemblages being younger than 1500 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Hung2012-207">[198]</a> The dentate-stamped pottery of the Lapita culture (c. 1350–1300 BCE) retained elements also found in the Nagsabaran pottery in the Philippines, including stamped circles as well as the cross-in-circle motif.<a href="#cite_note-wilson2018-208">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hung2011-85">[85]</a> They carried pottery technology as far as <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> in Polynesia. Pottery technology in Tonga, however, became reduced to undecorated <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/plainware" class="extiw" title="wikt:plainware">plainware</a> within only two centuries before abruptly disappearing completely by around 400 BCE. The reasons for this are still unknown. Pottery was absent in subsequent migrations to the rest of Remote Oceania, being replaced instead with carved wooden or bamboo containers, <a href="/wiki/Bottle_gourd" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottle gourd">bottle gourds</a>, and baskets.<a href="#cite_note-Burley2018-209">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-carson2013-203">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burley1998-210">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-wilson2018-208">[199]</a> However, the geometric designs and stylized figures used in the pottery are still present in other surviving art forms, such as tattooing, weaving, and <a href="/wiki/Barkcloth" title="Barkcloth">barkcloth</a> patterns.<a href="#cite_note-Wagelie-211">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-wilson2018-208">[199]</a> A common practice among Austronesians in a large area of Island Southeast Asia is the use of <a href="/wiki/Burial_jars" class="mw-redirect" title="Burial jars">burial jars</a>, which emerged during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Neolithic" title="Late Neolithic">Late Neolithic</a> and flourished in the first millennium CE. They are characteristic of a region bordered by the Philippines to the north, southern <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a> in the southwest, and <a href="/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba">Sumba</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a> in the southeast. However, these didn't comprise a single tradition but can be grouped into at least fourteen different traditions scattered across the islands. In most cases, the earliest burial jars used were large indigenous <a href="/wiki/Earthenware" title="Earthenware">earthenware</a> jars, followed by indigenous or imported <a href="/wiki/Stoneware" title="Stoneware">stoneware</a> jars (<a href="/wiki/Martaban_jar" class="mw-redirect" title="Martaban jar">martaban</a>), and finally imported <a href="/wiki/Porcelain" title="Porcelain">porcelain</a> jars acquired from the burgeoning maritime trade with China and Mainland Southeast Asia around the 14th century CE.<a href="#cite_note-bulbeck2017-212">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Music and dance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian music">Indonesian music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian music">Malaysian music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippine_folk_music" title="Philippine folk music">Philippine folk music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Polynesian music">Polynesian music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melanesian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Melanesian music">Melanesian music</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Malagasy music">Malagasy music</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Slit_drums" class="mw-redirect" title="Slit drums">Slit drums</a> are indigenous Austronesian musical instruments invented and used by Southeast Asian-Austronesian and Oceanic-Austronesian ethnic groups. <a href="/wiki/Gong" title="Gong">Gong</a> ensembles are also a common musical heritage of Island Southeast Asia. The casting of gong instruments is believed to have originated from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> cultures of Mainland Southeast Asia. It spread to the Austronesian islands initially through trade as prestige goods. However, mainland Asian gongs were never used in ensembles; the innovation of using gong sets is uniquely Austronesian. Gong ensembles are found in western Malayo-Polynesian groups, though they never penetrated much further east. There are roughly two gong ensemble traditions among Austronesians, which also produced gongs in ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-Blench2017Spirits-143">[140]</a> In western Island Southeast Asia, these traditions are collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a>, being centred on the island of <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a> in Indonesia. They include the celempung of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a>, talempung of northern <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, caklempung of central Sumatra, chalempung of southern Sumatra, bonang of Java, kromong of western <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, engkromong of <a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a>, and trompong of western <a href="/wiki/Nusa_Tenggara" class="mw-redirect" title="Nusa Tenggara">Nusa Tenggara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blench2017Spirits-143">[140]</a> In eastern Island Southeast Asia, these traditions are known as <a href="/wiki/Kulintang" title="Kulintang">kulintang</a> and are centred in <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sulu_archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulu archipelago">Sulu archipelago</a> of the southern Philippines. They include the kulintangan of <a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palawan" title="Palawan">Palawan</a>, kolintang of northern <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, kulintang of <a href="/wiki/Halmahera" title="Halmahera">Halmahera</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timor" title="Timor">Timor</a>, and totobuang of the southern <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blench2017Spirits-143">[140]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Jaw_harps,_flutes,_and_a_slit_drum_from_the_Maranao,_Molbog,_and_Sama_people_(Philippines).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kubing jaw harps, flutes, and a kagul slit drum from the Philippines"><img alt="Kubing jaw harps, flutes, and a kagul slit drum from the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jaw_harps%2C_flutes%2C_and_a_slit_drum_from_the_Maranao%2C_Molbog%2C_and_Sama_people_%28Philippines%29.jpg/270px-Jaw_harps%2C_flutes%2C_and_a_slit_drum_from_the_Maranao%2C_Molbog%2C_and_Sama_people_%28Philippines%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jaw_harps%2C_flutes%2C_and_a_slit_drum_from_the_Maranao%2C_Molbog%2C_and_Sama_people_%28Philippines%29.jpg/405px-Jaw_harps%2C_flutes%2C_and_a_slit_drum_from_the_Maranao%2C_Molbog%2C_and_Sama_people_%28Philippines%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Jaw_harps%2C_flutes%2C_and_a_slit_drum_from_the_Maranao%2C_Molbog%2C_and_Sama_people_%28Philippines%29.jpg/540px-Jaw_harps%2C_flutes%2C_and_a_slit_drum_from_the_Maranao%2C_Molbog%2C_and_Sama_people_%28Philippines%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kubing <a href="/wiki/Jaw_harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaw harp">jaw harps</a>, flutes, and a kagul <a href="/wiki/Slit_drum" title="Slit drum">slit drum</a> from the Philippines</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Karinding-West_Javan_je%27ws_harp.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Karinding jaw harps of the Sundanese people, Indonesia"><img alt="Karinding jaw harps of the Sundanese people, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Karinding-West_Javan_je%27ws_harp.JPG/270px-Karinding-West_Javan_je%27ws_harp.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Karinding-West_Javan_je%27ws_harp.JPG/405px-Karinding-West_Javan_je%27ws_harp.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Karinding-West_Javan_je%27ws_harp.JPG/540px-Karinding-West_Javan_je%27ws_harp.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Karinding" title="Karinding">Karinding</a> jaw harps of the <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese people</a>, Indonesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:YanAriefSapeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sapeh, traditional lutes of the Orang Ulu people of Malaysia"><img alt="Sapeh, traditional lutes of the Orang Ulu people of Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/YanAriefSapeh.jpg/240px-YanAriefSapeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/YanAriefSapeh.jpg/360px-YanAriefSapeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e9/YanAriefSapeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sapeh" title="Sapeh">Sapeh</a>, traditional <a href="/wiki/Lute" title="Lute">lutes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Orang_Ulu" title="Orang Ulu">Orang Ulu</a> people of Malaysia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 70.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 68.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Wooden_slit_drums_from_Vanuatu,_Bernice_P._Bishop_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Atingting kon, wooden slit drums from Vanuatu"><img alt="Atingting kon, wooden slit drums from Vanuatu" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wooden_slit_drums_from_Vanuatu%2C_Bernice_P._Bishop_Museum.JPG/103px-Wooden_slit_drums_from_Vanuatu%2C_Bernice_P._Bishop_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wooden_slit_drums_from_Vanuatu%2C_Bernice_P._Bishop_Museum.JPG/154px-Wooden_slit_drums_from_Vanuatu%2C_Bernice_P._Bishop_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wooden_slit_drums_from_Vanuatu%2C_Bernice_P._Bishop_Museum.JPG/206px-Wooden_slit_drums_from_Vanuatu%2C_Bernice_P._Bishop_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1796" data-file-height="3140" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Atingting kon, wooden slit drums from <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Indonesian gamelan ensemble"><img alt="An Indonesian gamelan ensemble" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg/270px-Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg/405px-Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg/540px-Traditional_indonesian_instruments02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Indonesian <a href="/wiki/Gamelan" title="Gamelan">gamelan</a> ensemble</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 168.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 166.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hula_Kahiko_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A kanaka maoli (native) from Hawaii performing the hula"><img alt="A kanaka maoli (native) from Hawaii performing the hula" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hula_Kahiko_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park_01.jpg/250px-Hula_Kahiko_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hula_Kahiko_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park_01.jpg/375px-Hula_Kahiko_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Hula_Kahiko_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park_01.jpg/499px-Hula_Kahiko_Hawaii_Volcanoes_National_Park_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1851" data-file-height="1335" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">kanaka maoli (native)</a> from Hawaii performing the <a href="/wiki/Hula_Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hula Dance">hula</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 81.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 79.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Young_Maori_man_dancing.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kapa haka of the Māori people"><img alt="Kapa haka of the Māori people" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Young_Maori_man_dancing.jpg/119px-Young_Maori_man_dancing.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Young_Maori_man_dancing.jpg/179px-Young_Maori_man_dancing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Young_Maori_man_dancing.jpg/239px-Young_Maori_man_dancing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2006" data-file-height="3024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kapa_haka" title="Kapa haka">Kapa haka</a> of the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_song_and_dance_Tana_Toraja.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Traditional song and dance at a funeral in Tana Toraja, Sulawesi, Indonesia"><img alt="Traditional song and dance at a funeral in Tana Toraja, Sulawesi, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Traditional_song_and_dance_Tana_Toraja.jpg/240px-Traditional_song_and_dance_Tana_Toraja.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Traditional_song_and_dance_Tana_Toraja.jpg/360px-Traditional_song_and_dance_Tana_Toraja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Traditional_song_and_dance_Tana_Toraja.jpg/480px-Traditional_song_and_dance_Tana_Toraja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Traditional song and dance at a funeral in Tana <a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Toraja</a>, Sulawesi, Indonesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 93.333333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 91.333333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ramawijaya_dan_Shinta_pada_Sendratari_Ramayana_Prambanan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ramayana Ballet, traditional theatre dance from Java, Indonesia"><img alt="Ramayana Ballet, traditional theatre dance from Java, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ramawijaya_dan_Shinta_pada_Sendratari_Ramayana_Prambanan.jpg/137px-Ramawijaya_dan_Shinta_pada_Sendratari_Ramayana_Prambanan.jpg" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ramawijaya_dan_Shinta_pada_Sendratari_Ramayana_Prambanan.jpg/205px-Ramawijaya_dan_Shinta_pada_Sendratari_Ramayana_Prambanan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Ramawijaya_dan_Shinta_pada_Sendratari_Ramayana_Prambanan.jpg/273px-Ramawijaya_dan_Shinta_pada_Sendratari_Ramayana_Prambanan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="4800" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ramayana_Ballet" title="Ramayana Ballet">Ramayana Ballet</a>, traditional theatre dance from <a href="/wiki/Javanese_dance" title="Javanese dance">Java</a>, Indonesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Gadispalembang.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gending Sriwijaya, traditional dance from Palembang, Indonesia"><img alt="Gending Sriwijaya, traditional dance from Palembang, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Gadispalembang.jpg/271px-Gadispalembang.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Gadispalembang.jpg/407px-Gadispalembang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1d/Gadispalembang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="332" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gending_Sriwijaya" title="Gending Sriwijaya">Gending Sriwijaya</a>, traditional dance from <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a>, Indonesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><a href="/wiki/File:KABASARAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A Minahasan Kabasaran war dancer from Tomohon, North Sulawesi, Indonesia"><img alt="A Minahasan Kabasaran war dancer from Tomohon, North Sulawesi, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/KABASARAN.jpg/270px-KABASARAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/KABASARAN.jpg/405px-KABASARAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/KABASARAN.jpg/540px-KABASARAN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2432" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Minahasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Minahasan">Minahasan</a> <a href="/wiki/Kabasaran" title="Kabasaran">Kabasaran</a> war dancer from <a href="/wiki/Tomohon" title="Tomohon">Tomohon</a>, North Sulawesi, Indonesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kecak_dancers_cliffside_Uluwatu.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kecak dancers from Bali, Indonesia"><img alt="Kecak dancers from Bali, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kecak_dancers_cliffside_Uluwatu.jpg/271px-Kecak_dancers_cliffside_Uluwatu.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kecak_dancers_cliffside_Uluwatu.jpg/406px-Kecak_dancers_cliffside_Uluwatu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kecak_dancers_cliffside_Uluwatu.jpg/542px-Kecak_dancers_cliffside_Uluwatu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="681" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kecak" title="Kecak">Kecak</a> dancers from <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, Indonesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 230px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 228px;"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Hudoq_Dancers.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hudoq, traditional dance from Kalimantan, Indonesia"><img alt="Hudoq, traditional dance from Kalimantan, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Hudoq_Dancers.jpg/342px-The_Hudoq_Dancers.jpg" decoding="async" width="228" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Hudoq_Dancers.jpg/513px-The_Hudoq_Dancers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/The_Hudoq_Dancers.jpg/684px-The_Hudoq_Dancers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="763" data-file-height="402" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hudoq" title="Hudoq">Hudoq</a>, traditional dance from <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, Indonesia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jade_carving">Jade carving</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Jade carving">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Jade_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime Jade Road">Maritime Jade Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh culture">Sa Huynh culture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kalanay_Cave" title="Kalanay Cave">Kalanay Cave</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 202.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 200.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lingling-o-X3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Igorot gold double-headed pendants (lingling-o) from the Philippines"><img alt="Igorot gold double-headed pendants (lingling-o) from the Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lingling-o-X3.jpg/301px-Lingling-o-X3.jpg" decoding="async" width="201" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lingling-o-X3.jpg/451px-Lingling-o-X3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Lingling-o-X3.jpg/602px-Lingling-o-X3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1700" data-file-height="1018" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Igorot_people" title="Igorot people">Igorot</a> gold double-headed pendants (<a href="/wiki/Lingling-o" title="Lingling-o">lingling-o</a>) from the Philippines</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Bicephalous_pendant_(Jade),_Artefacts_of_Phu_Hoa_site(Dong_Nai_province)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sa Huỳnh white jade double-headed pendant from Vietnam"><img alt="Sa Huỳnh white jade double-headed pendant from Vietnam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bicephalous_pendant_%28Jade%29%2C_Artefacts_of_Phu_Hoa_site%28Dong_Nai_province%29_01.jpg/264px-Bicephalous_pendant_%28Jade%29%2C_Artefacts_of_Phu_Hoa_site%28Dong_Nai_province%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bicephalous_pendant_%28Jade%29%2C_Artefacts_of_Phu_Hoa_site%28Dong_Nai_province%29_01.jpg/395px-Bicephalous_pendant_%28Jade%29%2C_Artefacts_of_Phu_Hoa_site%28Dong_Nai_province%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Bicephalous_pendant_%28Jade%29%2C_Artefacts_of_Phu_Hoa_site%28Dong_Nai_province%29_01.jpg/527px-Bicephalous_pendant_%28Jade%29%2C_Artefacts_of_Phu_Hoa_site%28Dong_Nai_province%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="730" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a> <a href="/wiki/White_jade" class="mw-redirect" title="White jade">white jade</a> double-headed pendant from Vietnam</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 187.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 185.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Ear_pendant_(peka_peka),_Maori_people,_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art,_3351.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Māori greenstone double-headed pendant (pekapeka) from New Zealand"><img alt="Māori greenstone double-headed pendant (pekapeka) from New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ear_pendant_%28peka_peka%29%2C_Maori_people%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_3351.JPG/278px-Ear_pendant_%28peka_peka%29%2C_Maori_people%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_3351.JPG" decoding="async" width="186" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ear_pendant_%28peka_peka%29%2C_Maori_people%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_3351.JPG/417px-Ear_pendant_%28peka_peka%29%2C_Maori_people%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_3351.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Ear_pendant_%28peka_peka%29%2C_Maori_people%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_3351.JPG/556px-Ear_pendant_%28peka_peka%29%2C_Maori_people%2C_Honolulu_Museum_of_Art%2C_3351.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2154" data-file-height="1395" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> <a href="/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">greenstone</a> double-headed pendant (pekapeka) from New Zealand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 88.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 86.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Pounamu_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Māori hei matau jade pendant"><img alt="Māori hei matau jade pendant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pounamu_3.jpg/130px-Pounamu_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="87" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pounamu_3.jpg/195px-Pounamu_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Pounamu_3.jpg/260px-Pounamu_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="1723" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Māori <a href="/wiki/Hei_matau" title="Hei matau">hei matau</a> jade pendant</div> </li> </ul> The ancestral pre-Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture">Liangzhu culture</a> (3400–2250 BCE) of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> delta was one of the ancient centres of <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a> carving. Jade was spread to Taiwan by around 3,000 BCE, then further into the Philippines at 2,000 BCE and Vietnam at 1,800–1,500 BCE. All of them began to produce various tools and ornaments in indigenous jade workshops, including <a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">adzes</a>, bracelets, beads, and rings.<a href="#cite_note-hung2006-213">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hung2007-214">[205]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jade_culture_distribution.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jade_culture_distribution.jpg/220px-Jade_culture_distribution.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jade_culture_distribution.jpg/330px-Jade_culture_distribution.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Jade_culture_distribution.jpg/440px-Jade_culture_distribution.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Distribution of <a href="/wiki/Nephrite_jade" class="mw-redirect" title="Nephrite jade">nephrite jade</a> artifacts (<a href="/wiki/Lingling-o" title="Lingling-o">lingling-o</a>) sourced from Taiwan and the Philippines and transported via a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">maritime trade network</a>, starting from at least <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000 BCE</figcaption></figure> The most notable jade products of these regions were the vast amounts of <a href="/wiki/Penannular_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Penannular (disambiguation)">penannular</a> (in the form of an incomplete circle) and double-headed earrings and pendants known as <a href="/wiki/Lingling-o" title="Lingling-o">lingling-o</a>, primarily produced in the Philippines and the <a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh culture</a> of Vietnam, mostly with raw jade material sourced from eastern Taiwan. These typically depicted two-headed animals or were ring-shaped with side projections. They were indicative of a very active ancient maritime trading region, known as the <a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere</a>, that imported and exported raw jade and finished jade ornaments. They were produced during a period from 500 BCE to as late as 1000 CE, although later examples were replaced with metal, wood, bone, clay, green <a href="/wiki/Mica" title="Mica">mica</a>, black <a href="/wiki/Nephrite" title="Nephrite">nephrite</a>, or shell materials, rather than green jade.<a href="#cite_note-Hung-215">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-hung2006-213">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011jade-216">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hung2007-214">[205]</a> Polished and ground stone adzes, <a href="/wiki/Chisel" title="Chisel">gouges</a>, and other implements, some of which are made from jade-like stone, have also been recorded in areas of <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a> associated with the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a>. These were considered valuable currency and were primarily used to trade for goods.<a href="#cite_note-White1892-217">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-Edwards2013-218">[209]</a> In 2012, a Lapita <a href="/wiki/Jadeite" title="Jadeite">jadeite</a> gouge used for wood carving was found on <a href="/wiki/Emirau_Island" title="Emirau Island">Emirau Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a>. It was dated to around 3,300 BCE, but the origin of the jade material is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-Harlow2012-219">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-Summerhayes2010-220">[211]</a> Similar stone tools have also been found in <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sand2016-221">[212]</a> Jade was absent in most of <a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a>, due to the lack of deposits. However, there is putative evidence that Polynesians may have remained familiar with jade and may acquired it through prehistoric trade contacts with New Caledonia, Island Melanesia, and/or New Zealand.<a href="#cite_note-White1892-217">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-Best1912-222">[213]</a> Jade-carving traditions reappeared among the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori people</a> of New Zealand. These were produced from locally sourced <a href="/wiki/Pounamu" title="Pounamu">pounamu</a> (greenstone) and were used to produce <a href="/wiki/Taonga" title="Taonga">taonga</a> (treasure). They include various tools and weapons like adzes, scrapers, fishing hooks, and <a href="/wiki/Mere_(weapon)" title="Mere (weapon)">mere</a>, as well as ornaments like the <a href="/wiki/Hei-tiki" title="Hei-tiki">hei-tiki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hei_matau" title="Hei matau">hei matau</a>. Certain ornaments like the pekapeka (double-headed animal pendant) and the kākā pōria (bird leg ring) bear remarkably strong resemblances to the double-headed and ring-type lingling‑o.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011jade-216">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-Keane2006-223">[214]</a> Bellwood et al. (2011) has suggested that the reappearance of these motifs might be evidence of a preserved tradition of Southeast Asian jade motifs (perhaps carved in perishable wood, bone, or shell by Polynesians prior to the reacquisition of a jade source), or they might even be the result of later <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> contact between eastern Polynesia and the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011jade-216">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rock_art">Rock art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rock art">edit</a>]</div> There are approximately six to seven hundred <a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">rock art</a> sites discovered in Southeast Asia and <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>, as well as over eight hundred <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic</a> sites. The sites specifically associated with the Austronesian expansion contain examples of indigenous <a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">pictograms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a>. Within Southeast Asia, the sites associated with Austronesians can be divided into three general rock art traditions: the Megalithic Culture of <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Sunda_Islands" title="Greater Sunda Islands">Greater Sunda Islands</a>; the Austronesian Painting Tradition (APT) of the <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a>, coastal <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>, and Island Melanesia; and the Austronesian Engraving Style (AES) of <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> and Island Melanesia.<a href="#cite_note-Tan2016-224">[215]</a> Despite proximity, these traditions can be distinguished readily from the <a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesian" title="Australo-Melanesian">Australo-Melanesian</a> rock art traditions of Australia (except the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islands" title="Torres Strait Islands">Torres Strait Islands</a>) as well as the interior highlands of New Guinea, indicating the borders of the extent of the Austronesian expansion.<a href="#cite_note-wilson2018-208">[199]</a> Dating rock art is difficult, but some of the sites subjected to <a href="/wiki/Absolute_dating" title="Absolute dating">direct dating</a> pre-date Austronesian arrival, like the <a href="/wiki/Lene_Hara_cave" title="Lene Hara cave">Lene Hara paintings</a> of East Timor, which have an age range of 6,300 to 26,000 BP. Conversely, others are more recent and can be dated indirectly by their subjects. The depictions of pottery, ships, and metal objects, for example, put certain rock art sites at a range of 2,000 to 4,000 BP. Some hunter-gatherer groups have also continued to produce rock art well into the present period, as evidenced by their modern subjects.<a href="#cite_note-Tan2016-224">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tan2014-225">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lape2007-226">[217]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-nolines" style="max-width: 1145px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Twee_Europese_dames_en_een_man_staan_voor_een_afgodsbeeld_te_Napu_Menado_TMnr_10000852.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Watu Molindo ("the entertainer stone"), one of the megaliths in Bada Valley, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, usually found near megalithic stone vats known as kalamba.[218]"><img alt="Watu Molindo ("the entertainer stone"), one of the megaliths in Bada Valley, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, usually found near megalithic stone vats known as kalamba.[218]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Twee_Europese_dames_en_een_man_staan_voor_een_afgodsbeeld_te_Napu_Menado_TMnr_10000852.jpg/85px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Twee_Europese_dames_en_een_man_staan_voor_een_afgodsbeeld_te_Napu_Menado_TMnr_10000852.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Twee_Europese_dames_en_een_man_staan_voor_een_afgodsbeeld_te_Napu_Menado_TMnr_10000852.jpg/127px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Twee_Europese_dames_en_een_man_staan_voor_een_afgodsbeeld_te_Napu_Menado_TMnr_10000852.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Twee_Europese_dames_en_een_man_staan_voor_een_afgodsbeeld_te_Napu_Menado_TMnr_10000852.jpg/170px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Twee_Europese_dames_en_een_man_staan_voor_een_afgodsbeeld_te_Napu_Menado_TMnr_10000852.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="700" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Watu Molindo ("the entertainer stone"), one of the megaliths in <a href="/wiki/Bada_Valley" title="Bada Valley">Bada Valley</a>, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, usually found near megalithic stone vats known as kalamba.<a href="#cite_note-Steimer-Herbet2018-227">[218]</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:GuaTewet_tree_of_life-LHFage.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hand stencils in the "Tree of Life" cave painting in Gua Tewet, Kalimantan, Indonesia"><img alt="Hand stencils in the "Tree of Life" cave painting in Gua Tewet, Kalimantan, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/GuaTewet_tree_of_life-LHFage.jpg/94px-GuaTewet_tree_of_life-LHFage.jpg" decoding="async" width="94" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/GuaTewet_tree_of_life-LHFage.jpg/141px-GuaTewet_tree_of_life-LHFage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/GuaTewet_tree_of_life-LHFage.jpg/188px-GuaTewet_tree_of_life-LHFage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1947" data-file-height="2481" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Hand stencils in the "Tree of Life" cave painting in Gua Tewet, <a href="/wiki/Kalimantan" title="Kalimantan">Kalimantan</a>, Indonesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Funerary_Monoliths,_Karassic_Village,_Tana_Toraja_1425.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Toraja megaliths memorializing the deceased in Sulawesi, Indonesia"><img alt="Toraja megaliths memorializing the deceased in Sulawesi, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Funerary_Monoliths%2C_Karassic_Village%2C_Tana_Toraja_1425.jpg/160px-Funerary_Monoliths%2C_Karassic_Village%2C_Tana_Toraja_1425.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Funerary_Monoliths%2C_Karassic_Village%2C_Tana_Toraja_1425.jpg/240px-Funerary_Monoliths%2C_Karassic_Village%2C_Tana_Toraja_1425.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Funerary_Monoliths%2C_Karassic_Village%2C_Tana_Toraja_1425.jpg/320px-Funerary_Monoliths%2C_Karassic_Village%2C_Tana_Toraja_1425.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Toraja</a> megaliths memorializing the deceased in <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, Indonesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Niah_Cave_painting_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Boats and human figures in a cave painting in the Niah National Park of Sarawak, Malaysia; an example of the Austronesian Painting Traditions"><img alt="Boats and human figures in a cave painting in the Niah National Park of Sarawak, Malaysia; an example of the Austronesian Painting Traditions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Niah_Cave_painting_-_panoramio.jpg/181px-Niah_Cave_painting_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Niah_Cave_painting_-_panoramio.jpg/271px-Niah_Cave_painting_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Niah_Cave_painting_-_panoramio.jpg/362px-Niah_Cave_painting_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Boats and human figures in a cave painting in the <a href="/wiki/Niah_National_Park" title="Niah National Park">Niah National Park</a> of Sarawak, Malaysia; an example of the Austronesian Painting Traditions</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PaitaP%C3%A9trogl.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Petroglyphs in Vanuatu, with the concentric circles and swirling designs characteristic of the Austronesian Engraving Style"><img alt="Petroglyphs in Vanuatu, with the concentric circles and swirling designs characteristic of the Austronesian Engraving Style" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/PaitaP%C3%A9trogl.jpg/160px-PaitaP%C3%A9trogl.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/PaitaP%C3%A9trogl.jpg/240px-PaitaP%C3%A9trogl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/PaitaP%C3%A9trogl.jpg/320px-PaitaP%C3%A9trogl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyphs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>, with the concentric circles and swirling designs characteristic of the Austronesian Engraving Style</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Latte_stones_in_Hagatna.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Haligi pillars from the Latte period of Guam. These served as supports for raised buildings."><img alt="Haligi pillars from the Latte period of Guam. These served as supports for raised buildings." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Latte_stones_in_Hagatna.jpg/160px-Latte_stones_in_Hagatna.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Latte_stones_in_Hagatna.jpg/240px-Latte_stones_in_Hagatna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Latte_stones_in_Hagatna.jpg/320px-Latte_stones_in_Hagatna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Latte_stone" title="Latte stone">Haligi</a> pillars from the <a href="/wiki/Latte_stone" title="Latte stone">Latte period</a> of Guam. These served as supports for raised buildings.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nan_Madol_5.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The ruins of Nan Madol, a stone city built on artificial islets in Pohnpei"><img alt="The ruins of Nan Madol, a stone city built on artificial islets in Pohnpei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nan_Madol_5.jpg/160px-Nan_Madol_5.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nan_Madol_5.jpg/240px-Nan_Madol_5.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Nan_Madol_5.jpg/320px-Nan_Madol_5.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Nan_Madol" title="Nan Madol">Nan Madol</a>, a stone city built on artificial islets in <a href="/wiki/Pohnpei" title="Pohnpei">Pohnpei</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yap_Stone_Money.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A rai stone, large stone discs used as currency in Yap"><img alt="A rai stone, large stone discs used as currency in Yap" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Yap_Stone_Money.jpg/147px-Yap_Stone_Money.jpg" decoding="async" width="147" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Yap_Stone_Money.jpg/221px-Yap_Stone_Money.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Yap_Stone_Money.jpg/294px-Yap_Stone_Money.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="735" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Rai_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Rai stone">rai stone</a>, large stone discs used as currency in <a href="/wiki/Yap" title="Yap">Yap</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Marae,_Raiatea_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A marae sacred site in Raiatea, French Polynesia"><img alt="A marae sacred site in Raiatea, French Polynesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Marae%2C_Raiatea_2.jpg/220px-Marae%2C_Raiatea_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Marae%2C_Raiatea_2.jpg/330px-Marae%2C_Raiatea_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Marae%2C_Raiatea_2.jpg/440px-Marae%2C_Raiatea_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2204" data-file-height="1111" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Marae" title="Marae">marae</a> sacred site in <a href="/wiki/Raiatea" class="mw-redirect" title="Raiatea">Raiatea</a>, French Polynesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Hawaiian_petroglyph_of_a_dog_(8603570773).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hawaiian petroglyph depicting a poi dog (ʻīlio)"><img alt="Hawaiian petroglyph depicting a poi dog (ʻīlio)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hawaiian_petroglyph_of_a_dog_%288603570773%29.jpg/161px-Hawaiian_petroglyph_of_a_dog_%288603570773%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hawaiian_petroglyph_of_a_dog_%288603570773%29.jpg/241px-Hawaiian_petroglyph_of_a_dog_%288603570773%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Hawaiian_petroglyph_of_a_dog_%288603570773%29.jpg/321px-Hawaiian_petroglyph_of_a_dog_%288603570773%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1936" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiian</a> petroglyph depicting a <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Poi_Dog" title="Hawaiian Poi Dog">poi dog</a> (ʻīlio)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Image_from_page_290_of_%22History_and_traditions_of_the_Maoris_of_the_west_coast,_North_Island_of_New_Zealand_prior_to_1840%22_(1910).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carving of Rongo, the Māori deity (atua) of kūmara, from Taranaki, North Island, New Zealand"><img alt="Carving of Rongo, the Māori deity (atua) of kūmara, from Taranaki, North Island, New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Image_from_page_290_of_%22History_and_traditions_of_the_Maoris_of_the_west_coast%2C_North_Island_of_New_Zealand_prior_to_1840%22_%281910%29.jpg/75px-Image_from_page_290_of_%22History_and_traditions_of_the_Maoris_of_the_west_coast%2C_North_Island_of_New_Zealand_prior_to_1840%22_%281910%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Image_from_page_290_of_%22History_and_traditions_of_the_Maoris_of_the_west_coast%2C_North_Island_of_New_Zealand_prior_to_1840%22_%281910%29.jpg/113px-Image_from_page_290_of_%22History_and_traditions_of_the_Maoris_of_the_west_coast%2C_North_Island_of_New_Zealand_prior_to_1840%22_%281910%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Image_from_page_290_of_%22History_and_traditions_of_the_Maoris_of_the_west_coast%2C_North_Island_of_New_Zealand_prior_to_1840%22_%281910%29.jpg/151px-Image_from_page_290_of_%22History_and_traditions_of_the_Maoris_of_the_west_coast%2C_North_Island_of_New_Zealand_prior_to_1840%22_%281910%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1316" data-file-height="2088" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Carving of <a href="/wiki/Rongo" title="Rongo">Rongo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori</a> deity (<a href="/wiki/Atua" title="Atua">atua</a>) of <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">kūmara</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Taranaki" title="Taranaki">Taranaki</a>, North Island, New Zealand</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 225px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 220px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kealakekua_Bay_heiau_illustration.jpeg" class="mw-file-description" title="A 1782 illustration of a heiau temple in Hawaii"><img alt="A 1782 illustration of a heiau temple in Hawaii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kealakekua_Bay_heiau_illustration.jpeg/175px-Kealakekua_Bay_heiau_illustration.jpeg" decoding="async" width="175" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kealakekua_Bay_heiau_illustration.jpeg/263px-Kealakekua_Bay_heiau_illustration.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Kealakekua_Bay_heiau_illustration.jpeg/351px-Kealakekua_Bay_heiau_illustration.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="3650" data-file-height="2500" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A 1782 illustration of a <a href="/wiki/Heiau" title="Heiau">heiau</a> temple in Hawaii</div> </li> </ul> The Megalithic Culture is mostly limited to western Island Southeast Asia, with the greatest concentration being western Indonesia. While most sites are not dated, the age ranges of dating sites are between the 2nd to 16th century CE. They are divided into two phases: The first is an older megalithic tradition associated with the Neolithic Austronesian rectangular axe culture (2,500 to 1,500 BCE), while the second is the 3rd- or 4th-century BCE megalithic tradition associated with the (non-Austronesian) <a href="/wiki/Dong_Son_culture" title="Dong Son culture">Dong Son culture</a> of Vietnam. Prasetyo (2006) suggests that the megalithic traditions are not originally Austronesian but rather innovations acquired through trade with India and China, but this has little to no evidence in the intervening regions in Thailand, Vietnam, and the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-Tan2016-224">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-Prasetyo2006-228">[219]</a> The Austronesian Painting Traditions are the most common types of rock art in Island Southeast Asia. They consist of scenes and pictograms typically found in rock shelters and caves near coastal areas. They are characteristically rendered in red <a href="/wiki/Ochre" title="Ochre">ochre</a> pigments for the earlier forms, later sometimes superseded by paintings done in black charcoal pigments. Their sites are mostly clustered in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Indonesia" title="Eastern Indonesia">Eastern Indonesia</a> and Island Melanesia, although a few examples can be found in the rest of Island Southeast Asia. Their occurrence has a high correlation to Austronesian-speaking areas, further evidenced by the appearance of bronze artifacts in the paintings. They are mostly found near the coastlines. Their common motifs include hand stencils, "sun-ray" designs, boats, and active human figures with headdresses or weapons and other paraphernalia. They also feature geometric motifs similar to those of the Austronesian Engraving Style.<a href="#cite_note-Tan2016-224">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor2015-229">[220]</a> Some paintings are also associated with traces of human burials and funerary rites, including <a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">ship burials</a>. The representations of boats themselves are believed to be connected to the widespread "ship of the dead" Austronesian funerary practices.<a href="#cite_note-O'Connor2015-229">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-chazine2005-230">[221]</a> The earliest APT site dated is from <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> and was found to be around 3,000 BP, corresponding to the initial migration wave of the Austronesians. These early sites are largely characterized by face motifs and hand stencils. Later sites, from 1,500 BP onwards, however, begin to show regional divergence in their art styles. APT can be readily distinguished from older <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a>-era Australo-Melanesian cave paintings by their motifs, color, and composition, though they can often be found in the same locality. The most recognizable motifs of APT (like boats) do not occur in cave paintings (or engravings) that definitely pre-date the Austronesian arrival—the sole exception being the stenciled hand motif. Some APT examples are also characteristically found in relatively inaccessible locations, including very high up in cliffsides overlooking the sea. No traces of APT have been found in Taiwan or the Philippines, though there is continuity in the motifs of spirals and concentric circles found in ancestral petroglyphs.<a href="#cite_note-Tan2016-224">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor2015-229">[220]</a> AES, which consists of petroglyphs carved into rock surfaces, is far less common than APT. The majority of these sites are in coastal New Guinea and Island Melanesia. AES sites, which can be tentatively traced back to the similar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wanshan_Rock_Carvings_Archeological_Site&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wanshan Rock Carvings Archeological Site (page does not exist)">Wanshan petroglyphs</a> of Taiwan, are believed to be largely correlated to the prehistoric extent of the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita culture</a>. The common motif of this tradition is curvilinear geometric engravings like spirals, concentric circles, and face-like forms. These resemble the geometric motifs in APT, though they are considered to be two separate artistic traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Tan2016-224">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-O'Connor2015-229">[220]</a> AES is particularly dominant in the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>, where engravings are far more abundant than painted sites.<a href="#cite_note-wilson2018-208">[199]</a> O'Connor et al. (2015) proposes that APT developed during the initial rapid southward Austronesian expansion, and not before, possibly as a response to the communication challenges brought about by the new maritime mode of living. Along with AES, these material symbols and associated rituals and technologies may have been manifestations of "powerful ideologies" spread by Austronesian settlers that were central to the "Neolithization" and rapid assimilation of the various non-Austronesian indigenous populations of ISEA and Melanesia.<a href="#cite_note-O'Connor2015-229">[220]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yapese_stone_money_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Yapese_stone_money_2007.jpg/260px-Yapese_stone_money_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Yapese_stone_money_2007.jpg/390px-Yapese_stone_money_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Yapese_stone_money_2007.jpg/520px-Yapese_stone_money_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rai_stones" title="Rai stones">Rai stones</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Yap" title="Yap">Yap</a> islands, Micronesia</figcaption></figure> The easternmost islands of Island Melanesia (Vanuatu, Fiji, and New Caledonia) are considered part of <a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote Oceania</a>, as they are beyond the inter-island visibility threshold. These island groups begin to show divergence from the APT and AES traditions of <a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near Oceania</a>. While their art traditions show a clear continuation of the APT and AES traditions, they also feature innovations unique to each island group, like the increasing use of black charcoal, rectilinear motifs, and being more commonly found inside sacred caves rather than on open cliffsides.<a href="#cite_note-wilson2018-208">[199]</a> In Micronesia, the rock art traditions can be divided into three general regions: western, central, and eastern. The divisions reflect the various major migration waves from the Philippines into the <a href="/wiki/Mariana_Islands" title="Mariana Islands">Mariana Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palau" title="Palau">Palau</a> in 3,500 BP; a Lapita culture back-migration from Island Melanesia into central and eastern Micronesia around 2,200 BP; and finally, a back-migration from western Polynesia into eastern Micronesia around 1,000 BP.<a href="#cite_note-wilson2018-208">[199]</a> In western Micronesia (Palau, Yap, Guam, and the Northern Mariana Islands), rock art primarily consists of paintings on high cave ceilings and sea-facing cliffs. It is very similar to APT in terms of its motifs as well as its placement in relatively inaccessible locations. Common motifs include hand stencils, faces, turtles and fish, concentric circles, and characteristic four-pointed stars. Petroglyphs are rare and mainly consist of human forms with triangular bodies without heads or arms. This is believed to be connected to the funerary rite of removing the heads from the bodies of deceased relatives.<a href="#cite_note-wilson2018-208">[199]</a> A notable megalithic tradition in western Micronesia are the <a href="/wiki/Latte_stone" title="Latte stone">haligi</a> stone pillars of the <a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro people</a>. These are capped stone pillars that are believed to have served as supports for raised buildings. They are associated with the Latte period (900 to 1700 CE), when a new wave of migrants from Southeast Asia reintroduced <a href="/wiki/Rice#Domestication" title="Rice">rice cultivation</a> to the islands. Another megalithic tradition is that of the <a href="/wiki/Rai_stones" title="Rai stones">rai stones</a>, massive doughnut-shaped discs of rock that were used as currency on Yap.<a href="#cite_note-Carson2012-231">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-Peterson2012-232">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[224]</a> Rock art in central Micronesia (<a href="/wiki/Chuuk_State" title="Chuuk State">Chuuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pohnpei" title="Pohnpei">Pohnpei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kosrae" title="Kosrae">Kosrae</a>), in contrast, is dominated by rock engravings with motifs tying it to the rock art traditions of Island Melanesia. They include curvilinear shapes like spirals and concentric circles, tree-like shapes, and the distinctive "enveloped cross" motif. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pohnpaid_petroglyphs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pohnpaid petroglyphs (page does not exist)">Pohnpaid petroglyphs</a> are the largest assemblage of rock engravings in the region, with motifs dominated by footprints, enveloped crosses, and outlined "sword-paddles".<a href="#cite_note-wilson2018-208">[199]</a> Central Micronesia also hosts the ruins of the stone cities of <a href="/wiki/Nan_Madol" title="Nan Madol">Nan Madol</a> (1,180–1,200 CE) and <a href="/wiki/Leluh_archaeological_site" title="Leluh archaeological site">Leluh</a> (1,200–1,800 CE), on the islands of Pohnpei and Kosrae, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-wilson2018-208">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Richards2015-234">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[226]</a> In the low-lying <a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">atolls</a> of eastern Micronesia, rock art is rare-to-nonexistent, due to the absence of suitable rock surfaces for painting or engraving.<a href="#cite_note-wilson2018-208">[199]</a> In Polynesia, rock art is dominated by petroglyphs, rather than paintings, and they show less variation than the rock art of Near Oceania and ISEA. In the western Polynesian islands nearest to Island Melanesia, rock art is rare (like in <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>) or absent entirely (like in the <a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a>). However, petroglyphs are abundant on the islands in the further reaches of the Polynesian triangle, particularly on Hawaii, the <a href="/wiki/Marquesas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marquesas">Marquesas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a>. Rapa Nui has the densest concentration of engravings in Polynesia as a whole, while the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pu%CA%BBuloa_petroglyphs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Puʻuloa petroglyphs (page does not exist)">Puʻuloa petroglyphs</a> site on Hawaii has the largest number of petroglyphs in a single site, at over 21,000 engravings.<a href="#cite_note-wilson2018-208">[199]</a> Polynesia also features megalithic sacred ceremonial centres generally known as <a href="/wiki/Marae" title="Marae">marae</a>. On Tonga and Samoa, the existing rock art sites consist mostly of engravings with motifs including curvilinear shapes, human figures, "jellyfish", turtles, birds, and footprints. These are typically carved in natural rock formations or marae sites.<a href="#cite_note-wilson2018-208">[199]</a> In the central-eastern Polynesian islands, which include the Marquesas and the <a href="/wiki/Society_Islands" title="Society Islands">Society Islands</a>, petroglyphs are more numerous. They show the archetypal Polynesian motifs of turtles, faces, cup-like depressions (cupules), stick-like human figures, boats, fish, curvilinear shapes, and concentric circles. Like in western Polynesia, they are typically carved into marae sites or in rocks beside streams. The existing rock paintings also display the same motifs but are rendered in different styles.<a href="#cite_note-wilson2018-208">[199]</a> On the Hawaiian islands, the abundant petroglyphs are remarkably all similar in execution. Their common subjects include stick-like human figures, dogs, boats, sails, paddles, footprints, and ceremonial headdresses. Depictions of marine life, however, are rare, unlike in the rest of Polynesia. They are typically carved into boulders, lava rock formations, and cliffsides. Red paintings of dogs on cliffsides and caves can also be found on <a href="/wiki/Kauai" title="Kauai">Kauʻai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maui" title="Maui">Maui</a>.<a href="#cite_note-wilson2018-208">[199]</a> The megalithic traditions of Hawaii can be exemplified by the <a href="/wiki/Heiau" title="Heiau">heiau</a> sacred sites, which can range from simple earth terraces to standing stones. On Rapa Nui, the engravings are distinctive but still show similarities to the techniques and motifs of the Marquesas. Their motifs commonly include disembodied parts of the human body (<a href="/wiki/Vagina_and_vulva_in_art" title="Vagina and vulva in art">vulvae</a> in particular), animals, plants, ceremonial objects, and boats. A prominent motif is also that of the "birdman" figure, which is associated with the <a href="/wiki/Tangata_manu" title="Tangata manu">tangata manu</a> cult of <a href="/wiki/Makemake_(deity)" title="Makemake (deity)">Makemake</a>. The best-known rock art assemblage of Rapa Nui, however, are the <a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moai</a> megaliths. A few paintings, mostly of birds and boats, have also been discovered, which are associated with the engravings, rather than being separate artforms.<a href="#cite_note-wilson2018-208">[199]</a> The rock art in New Zealand can be divided into two regions. <a href="/wiki/North_Island" title="North Island">North Island</a> features more engravings than paintings, while <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a> is unique in that it is the only Polynesian island where there are more paintings than engravings. New Zealand rock paintings are done in red and black pigments and can sometimes be found at inaccessible heights. They typically depict human figures (particularly a front-facing human figure with flexed arms), birds, lizards, dogs, fish, and what has been identified as "birdmen". Engravings in open spaces like cliffsides are generally of spirals and curvilinear shapes, while engravings in enclosed caves and shelters depict faces and boats. The same motifs can also be seen in <a href="/wiki/Dendroglyph" class="mw-redirect" title="Dendroglyph">dendroglyphs</a> on living trees.<a href="#cite_note-wilson2018-208">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Body_art">Body art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Body art">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:360px;max-width:360px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Bontoc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bontoc.jpg/170px-Bontoc.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bontoc.jpg/255px-Bontoc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Bontoc.jpg/340px-Bontoc.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1017" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:184px;max-width:184px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Femme_Maori_1998-23050-173.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Femme_Maori_1998-23050-173.jpg/182px-Femme_Maori_1998-23050-173.jpg" decoding="async" width="182" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Femme_Maori_1998-23050-173.jpg/273px-Femme_Maori_1998-23050-173.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Femme_Maori_1998-23050-173.jpg/364px-Femme_Maori_1998-23050-173.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="756" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: A young <a href="/wiki/Bontoc_people" title="Bontoc people">Bontoc</a> man from the Philippines (c. 1908) with tattoos on the chest and arms (chaklag). These indicate that the man was a warrior who had <a href="/wiki/Headhunting" title="Headhunting">taken heads</a> during battle.<a href="#cite_note-krut1-236">[227]</a> Right: A young <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> woman with traditional tattoos (<a href="/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">moko</a>) on the lips and chin (c. 1860–1879). These were symbols of status and rank as well as being considered marks of beauty.</div></div></div></div> <a href="/wiki/Body_art" title="Body art">Body art</a> among Austronesian peoples is common, especially elaborate <a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattooing</a>, which is one of the most well-known pan-Austronesian traditions.<a href="#cite_note-kirch-237">[228]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tattooing">Tattooing</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Tattooing">edit</a>]</div> In modern times, tattoos are usually associated with Polynesian culture, due to the highly influential accounts of <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a> in his explorations of the Pacific in the 18th century. Cook introduced the word "tattoo" (archaic: "tattaow", "tattow") into the English vocabulary from <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_language" title="Tahitian language">Tahitian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> tātau ("to tap"). However, tattoos existed prominently in various other Austronesian groups prior to contact with other cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Douglas2005-238">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bellwood-239">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ellis2008-240">[231]</a> Tattoos had various functions among Austronesian societies. Among men, they were strongly linked to the widespread practice of <a href="/wiki/Head-hunting" class="mw-redirect" title="Head-hunting">head-hunting</a> raids. In head-hunting societies, tattoos were records of how many heads the warrior had taken in battle, and they were part of the <a href="/wiki/Initiation_rite" class="mw-redirect" title="Initiation rite">initiation rites</a> into adulthood. The number and location of tattoos, therefore, were indicative of a warrior's status and prowess.<a href="#cite_note-DeMello2014-241">[232]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Two_elder_Atayal_women.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Two_elder_Atayal_women.jpg/220px-Two_elder_Atayal_women.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Two_elder_Atayal_women.jpg/330px-Two_elder_Atayal_women.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Two_elder_Atayal_women.jpg/440px-Two_elder_Atayal_women.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Elder <a href="/wiki/Tayal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayal people">Tayal</a> women from <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Taiwanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Taiwanese">Taiwan</a>, with facial tattoos</figcaption></figure> Among the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Taiwanese" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Taiwanese">Indigenous Taiwanese</a>, tattoos were present for both men and women. Among the <a href="/wiki/Tayal_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tayal people">Tayal</a>, facial tattoos were dominant. They indicated maturity and skill in weaving and farming for women and skill in hunting and battle for men. As in most of Austronesia, tattooing traditions in Taiwan have largely disappeared due to the <a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a> of native peoples after the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Chinese colonization</a> of the island in the 17th century, as well as conversion to <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Most of the remaining tattoos are only found among elders.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] One of the earliest descriptions of Austronesian tattoos by Europeans was during the 16th-century <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Philippines_(1521%E2%80%931898)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Philippines (1521–1898)">Spanish expeditions to the Philippines</a>, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/Magellan_expedition" title="Magellan expedition">first voyage of circumnavigation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Magellan" title="Ferdinand Magellan">Ferdinand Magellan</a>. The Spanish encountered the heavily tattooed <a href="/wiki/Visayan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Visayan people">Visayan people</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Visayas" title="Visayas">Visayas Islands</a>, whom they named the <a href="/wiki/Pintados" class="mw-redirect" title="Pintados">Pintados</a> (Spanish for "the painted ones").<a href="#cite_note-Krutak2017-242">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-cummins-243">[234]</a> However, Philippine tattooing traditions (<a href="/wiki/Batok" title="Batok">batok</a>) have mostly been lost as the natives of the islands converted to Christianity and <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, though they are still practiced in isolated groups in the highlands of <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mindanao" title="Mindanao">Mindanao</a>. Philippine tattoos were usually geometric patterns or stylized depictions of animals, plants, and human figures.<a href="#cite_note-masf-244">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-batek-245">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-dint-246">[237]</a> Some of the few remaining traditional tattoos in the Philippines are among elders of the <a href="/wiki/Igorot" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorot">Igorot</a> peoples. Most of these were records of war exploits against the Japanese during <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">World War II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-krut-247">[238]</a> Among the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> of New Zealand, tattoos (<a href="/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">moko</a>) were originally carved into the skin using bone chisels (uhi) rather than through puncturing, as in usual practice.<a href="#cite_note-best-248">[239]</a> In addition to being pigmented, the skin was also left raised into ridges of swirling patterns.<a href="#cite_note-249">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-lach-250">[241]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dental_modification">Dental modification</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Dental modification">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Tandenvijlen_TMnr_10002931.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Tandenvijlen_TMnr_10002931.jpg/170px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Tandenvijlen_TMnr_10002931.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Tandenvijlen_TMnr_10002931.jpg/255px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Tandenvijlen_TMnr_10002931.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Tandenvijlen_TMnr_10002931.jpg/340px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Tandenvijlen_TMnr_10002931.jpg 2x" data-file-width="668" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teeth_filing" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth filing">Teeth filing</a> on a <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai</a> man in the <a href="/wiki/Mentawai_Islands_Regency" title="Mentawai Islands Regency">Mentawai Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, c. 1938</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Teeth_blackening" title="Teeth blackening">Teeth blackening</a> was the custom of dyeing one's teeth black with various <a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">tannin</a>-rich plant dyes. It was practiced throughout almost the entire range of Austronesia, including Island Southeast Asia, Madagascar, Micronesia, and Island Melanesia, reaching as far east as <a href="/wiki/Malaita" title="Malaita">Malaita</a>. However, it was absent in Polynesia. It also existed in non-Austronesian populations in Mainland Southeast Asia and Japan. The practice was primarily preventative, as it reduced the chances of developing <a href="/wiki/Tooth_decay" title="Tooth decay">tooth decay</a>, similar to modern <a href="/wiki/Dental_sealant" title="Dental sealant">dental sealants</a>. It also had cultural significance and was seen as beautiful. A common sentiment was that blackened teeth separated humans from animals.<a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2011a-251">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2011b-252">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2016-253">[244]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2012-254">[245]</a> Teeth blackening was often done in conjunction with other modifications to the teeth associated with beauty standards, including <a href="/wiki/Dental_evulsion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental evulsion">dental evulsion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Teeth_filing" class="mw-redirect" title="Teeth filing">filing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lewis2003-255">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion">edit</a>]</div> The religious traditions of the Austronesian people focus mostly on ancestral spirits, nature spirits, and gods, making it a complex <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animistic</a> religion. Mythologies vary by culture and geographical location but share common basic aspects, such as <a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">ancestor worship</a>, animism, <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>, and the belief in a <a href="/wiki/Spirit_world_(Spiritualism)" title="Spirit world (Spiritualism)">spirit world</a> and powerful deities.<a href="#cite_note-256">[247]</a> There is also a great amount of shared mythology and a common belief in <a href="/wiki/Mana_(Oceanian_mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mana (Oceanian mythology)">Mana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-257">[248]</a> Many of these beliefs have gradually been replaced. Examples of native religions include: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Philippine_folk_religions" title="Indigenous Philippine folk religions">Indigenous Philippine folk religions</a> (including beliefs in <a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Anito</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sunda_Wiwitan" title="Sunda Wiwitan">Sunda Wiwitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kejawen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kejawen">Kejawen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaharingan" title="Kaharingan">Kaharingan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Religion_of_M%C4%81ori_people" title="Religion of Māori people">Māori religion</a>. Many Austronesian religious beliefs have been incorporated into foreign religions, such as Hinduism, Buddhism, Christianity, and Islam, which Austronesian peoples were introduced to later.<a href="#cite_note-258">[249]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 94.666666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 92.666666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Poteau_fun%C3%A9raire,_aloalo,_d%C3%A9tail,_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aloalo funerary pole of the Sakalava people of Madagascar"><img alt="Aloalo funerary pole of the Sakalava people of Madagascar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Poteau_fun%C3%A9raire%2C_aloalo%2C_d%C3%A9tail%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg/139px-Poteau_fun%C3%A9raire%2C_aloalo%2C_d%C3%A9tail%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg" decoding="async" width="93" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Poteau_fun%C3%A9raire%2C_aloalo%2C_d%C3%A9tail%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg/209px-Poteau_fun%C3%A9raire%2C_aloalo%2C_d%C3%A9tail%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Poteau_fun%C3%A9raire%2C_aloalo%2C_d%C3%A9tail%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg/279px-Poteau_fun%C3%A9raire%2C_aloalo%2C_d%C3%A9tail%2C_Mus%C3%A9e_du_quai_Branly.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6016" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Aloalo" title="Aloalo">Aloalo</a> funerary pole of the <a href="/wiki/Sakalava_people" title="Sakalava people">Sakalava people</a> of Madagascar</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 193.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Nias_Ahnenfiguren_Museum_Rietberg_RIN_403.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Adu zatua ancestor carvings of the Nias people of western Indonesia"><img alt="Adu zatua ancestor carvings of the Nias people of western Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nias_Ahnenfiguren_Museum_Rietberg_RIN_403.jpg/290px-Nias_Ahnenfiguren_Museum_Rietberg_RIN_403.jpg" decoding="async" width="194" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nias_Ahnenfiguren_Museum_Rietberg_RIN_403.jpg/435px-Nias_Ahnenfiguren_Museum_Rietberg_RIN_403.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Nias_Ahnenfiguren_Museum_Rietberg_RIN_403.jpg/579px-Nias_Ahnenfiguren_Museum_Rietberg_RIN_403.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3185" data-file-height="2310" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Adu zatua ancestor carvings of the <a href="/wiki/Nias_people" title="Nias people">Nias people</a> of western Indonesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 194.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 192.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Anitos_of_Northern_tribes_(c._1900,_Philippines).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taotao carvings of anito ancestor spirits from the Ifugao people, Philippines"><img alt="Taotao carvings of anito ancestor spirits from the Ifugao people, Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Anitos_of_Northern_tribes_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg/289px-Anitos_of_Northern_tribes_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="193" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Anitos_of_Northern_tribes_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg/433px-Anitos_of_Northern_tribes_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Anitos_of_Northern_tribes_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg/577px-Anitos_of_Northern_tribes_%28c._1900%2C_Philippines%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="684" data-file-height="498" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">Taotao</a> carvings of <a href="/wiki/Anito" title="Anito">anito</a> ancestor spirits from the <a href="/wiki/Ifugao_people" title="Ifugao people">Ifugao people</a>, Philippines</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tikimarquesas.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Stone tiki from Hiva Oa, Marquesas"><img alt="Stone tiki from Hiva Oa, Marquesas" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tikimarquesas.jpg/315px-Tikimarquesas.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tikimarquesas.jpg/473px-Tikimarquesas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Tikimarquesas.jpg/630px-Tikimarquesas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3118" data-file-height="2078" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Stone <a href="/wiki/Tiki" title="Tiki">tiki</a> from <a href="/wiki/Hiva_Oa" title="Hiva Oa">Hiva Oa</a>, Marquesas</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 106.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 104.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Kii_at_Puuhonua_O_Honaunau_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ki'i carving at Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau, Hawaii"><img alt="Ki'i carving at Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau, Hawaii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kii_at_Puuhonua_O_Honaunau_01.jpg/157px-Kii_at_Puuhonua_O_Honaunau_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kii_at_Puuhonua_O_Honaunau_01.jpg/236px-Kii_at_Puuhonua_O_Honaunau_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Kii_at_Puuhonua_O_Honaunau_01.jpg/315px-Kii_at_Puuhonua_O_Honaunau_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ki%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Ki'i">Ki'i</a> carving at <a href="/wiki/Pu%CA%BBuhonua_o_H%C5%8Dnaunau_National_Historical_Park" title="Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau National Historical Park">Puʻuhonua o Hōnaunau</a>, Hawaii</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 172px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 170px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Maori_wooden_carvings_in_the_Rotorua_Museum-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Māori poupou from the Ruato tomb of Rotorua"><img alt="Māori poupou from the Ruato tomb of Rotorua" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Maori_wooden_carvings_in_the_Rotorua_Museum-2.jpg/255px-Maori_wooden_carvings_in_the_Rotorua_Museum-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Maori_wooden_carvings_in_the_Rotorua_Museum-2.jpg/383px-Maori_wooden_carvings_in_the_Rotorua_Museum-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Maori_wooden_carvings_in_the_Rotorua_Museum-2.jpg/510px-Maori_wooden_carvings_in_the_Rotorua_Museum-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3846" data-file-height="3168" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Māori <a href="/wiki/Poupou_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poupou (architecture)">poupou</a> from the Ruato tomb of <a href="/wiki/Rotorua" title="Rotorua">Rotorua</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:AhuTongariki.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Moai in Ahu Tongariki, Rapa Nui"><img alt="Moai in Ahu Tongariki, Rapa Nui" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/AhuTongariki.JPG/280px-AhuTongariki.JPG" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/AhuTongariki.JPG/420px-AhuTongariki.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/AhuTongariki.JPG/560px-AhuTongariki.JPG 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">Moai</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ahu_Tongariki" title="Ahu Tongariki">Ahu Tongariki</a>, Rapa Nui</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 121.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 119.33333333333px;"><a href="/wiki/File:KITLV_87643_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Sculptures_at_Artja_Domas_near_Buitenzorg_-_Before_1900.tif" class="mw-file-description" title="Sundanese, specifically Baduy Arca Domas (eight hundred sculptures) near Bogor, Indonesia."><img alt="Sundanese, specifically Baduy Arca Domas (eight hundred sculptures) near Bogor, Indonesia." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/KITLV_87643_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Sculptures_at_Artja_Domas_near_Buitenzorg_-_Before_1900.tif/lossy-page1-179px-KITLV_87643_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Sculptures_at_Artja_Domas_near_Buitenzorg_-_Before_1900.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/KITLV_87643_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Sculptures_at_Artja_Domas_near_Buitenzorg_-_Before_1900.tif/lossy-page1-268px-KITLV_87643_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Sculptures_at_Artja_Domas_near_Buitenzorg_-_Before_1900.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/KITLV_87643_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Sculptures_at_Artja_Domas_near_Buitenzorg_-_Before_1900.tif/lossy-page1-358px-KITLV_87643_-_Isidore_van_Kinsbergen_-_Sculptures_at_Artja_Domas_near_Buitenzorg_-_Before_1900.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3669" data-file-height="4304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a>, specifically <a href="/wiki/Baduy_people" title="Baduy people">Baduy</a> Arca Domas (eight hundred sculptures) near <a href="/wiki/Bogor" title="Bogor">Bogor</a>, Indonesia.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Tana_Toraja,_Tampangallo,_coffins_and_tau_taus_(6823243058).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Toraja tau tau (wooden statue of the deceased) in South Sulawesi, Indonesia"><img alt="Toraja tau tau (wooden statue of the deceased) in South Sulawesi, Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tana_Toraja%2C_Tampangallo%2C_coffins_and_tau_taus_%286823243058%29.jpg/315px-Tana_Toraja%2C_Tampangallo%2C_coffins_and_tau_taus_%286823243058%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tana_Toraja%2C_Tampangallo%2C_coffins_and_tau_taus_%286823243058%29.jpg/473px-Tana_Toraja%2C_Tampangallo%2C_coffins_and_tau_taus_%286823243058%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Tana_Toraja%2C_Tampangallo%2C_coffins_and_tau_taus_%286823243058%29.jpg/630px-Tana_Toraja%2C_Tampangallo%2C_coffins_and_tau_taus_%286823243058%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Toraja</a> <a href="/wiki/Tau_tau" title="Tau tau">tau tau</a> (wooden statue of the deceased) in <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a>, Indonesia</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 188.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 186.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Balinese_Traditional_House_Shrines_1452.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Balinese small familial house shrines to honor the households' ancestors in Indonesia"><img alt="Balinese small familial house shrines to honor the households' ancestors in Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Balinese_Traditional_House_Shrines_1452.jpg/280px-Balinese_Traditional_House_Shrines_1452.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Balinese_Traditional_House_Shrines_1452.jpg/420px-Balinese_Traditional_House_Shrines_1452.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Balinese_Traditional_House_Shrines_1452.jpg/560px-Balinese_Traditional_House_Shrines_1452.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a> small familial house shrines to <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead" title="Veneration of the dead">honor the households' ancestors</a> in Indonesia</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Writing">Writing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Writing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Decipherment_of_rongorongo" title="Decipherment of rongorongo">Decipherment of rongorongo</a></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 338.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 336.66666666667px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_(color)_edit1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tablet B of rongorongo, an undeciphered system of glyphs from Rapa Nui"><img alt="Tablet B of rongorongo, an undeciphered system of glyphs from Rapa Nui" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2d/Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28color%29_edit1.jpg/505px-Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28color%29_edit1.jpg" decoding="async" width="337" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/2d/Rongorongo_B-v_Aruku-Kurenga_%28color%29_edit1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="649" data-file-height="270" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Tablet B of <a href="/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo">rongorongo</a>, an undeciphered system of glyphs from <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 212px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Petroglifos_en_Orongo_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An example of the abundant petroglyphs in Orongo, Rapa Nui, associated with the tangata manu cult of Makemake. Rongorongo does not appear in any of these petroglyphs."><img alt="An example of the abundant petroglyphs in Orongo, Rapa Nui, associated with the tangata manu cult of Makemake. Rongorongo does not appear in any of these petroglyphs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Petroglifos_en_Orongo_I.jpg/315px-Petroglifos_en_Orongo_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Petroglifos_en_Orongo_I.jpg/473px-Petroglifos_en_Orongo_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Petroglifos_en_Orongo_I.jpg/630px-Petroglifos_en_Orongo_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2304" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">An example of the abundant <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orongo" title="Orongo">Orongo</a>, Rapa Nui, associated with the <a href="/wiki/Tangata_manu" title="Tangata manu">tangata manu</a> cult of <a href="/wiki/Makemake_(deity)" title="Makemake (deity)">Makemake</a>. Rongorongo does not appear in any of these petroglyphs.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 186px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 184px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Talang_Tuo_Inscription.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Talang Tuo inscription, a 7th-century Srivijaya stele featuring Old Malay written in a derivative of the Pallava script"><img alt="The Talang Tuo inscription, a 7th-century Srivijaya stele featuring Old Malay written in a derivative of the Pallava script" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Talang_Tuo_Inscription.jpg/276px-Talang_Tuo_Inscription.jpg" decoding="async" width="184" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Talang_Tuo_Inscription.jpg/414px-Talang_Tuo_Inscription.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Talang_Tuo_Inscription.jpg/552px-Talang_Tuo_Inscription.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2551" data-file-height="1941" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Talang_Tuo_inscription" title="Talang Tuo inscription">Talang Tuo inscription</a>, a 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Stele" title="Stele">stele</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Old_Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Malay">Old Malay</a> written in a derivative of the <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava script</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 178px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 176px;"><a href="/wiki/File:DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Page from Doctrina Cristiana Española Y Tagala (1593) featuring the Baybayin script alongside the Latin alphabet"><img alt="Page from Doctrina Cristiana Española Y Tagala (1593) featuring the Baybayin script alongside the Latin alphabet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg/264px-DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg" decoding="async" width="176" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg/396px-DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg/527px-DoctrinaChristianaEspanolaYTagala8-9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2085" data-file-height="1661" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Page from <a href="/wiki/Doctrina_Christiana" title="Doctrina Christiana">Doctrina Cristiana</a> Española Y Tagala (1593) featuring the <a href="/wiki/Baybayin_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Baybayin script">Baybayin script</a> alongside the Latin alphabet</div> </li> </ul> With the possible exception of <a href="/wiki/Rongorongo" title="Rongorongo">rongorongo</a> on <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a>, Austronesians did not have an indigenous writing system but rather adopted or developed writing systems after contact with various non-Austronesian cultures.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer1997-259">[250]</a> There existed various forms of symbolic communication using <a href="#Rock_art">pictograms and petroglyphs</a>, but these did not encode language.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Rongorongo, said to have originally been called kohau motu mo rongorongo ("lines of inscriptions for chanting out"), is the only pre-contact indigenous Austronesian system of glyphs that appear to be true writing or at least <a href="/wiki/Proto-writing" title="Proto-writing">proto-writing</a>. They consist of around 120 glyphs, ranging from representations of plants to animals, celestial objects, and geometric shapes. They were inscribed into wooden tablets about 12 to 20 in (30 to 51 cm) long using shark teeth and obsidian flakes. The wood allegedly came from <a href="/wiki/Sophora_toromiro" title="Sophora toromiro">toromiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thespesia_populnea" title="Thespesia populnea">makoʻi</a> trees, which is notable given that Rapa Nui was completely deforested at the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Easter_Island" title="History of Easter Island">time of European contact</a>. Of the surviving two dozen tablets, a few were made from trees introduced after European contact, as well as wood originating from European ships and <a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin2004-260">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fischer1997-259">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Orliac2005-261">[252]</a> Rapa Nui also has a rich assemblage of <a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">petroglyphs</a> largely associated with the <a href="/wiki/Tangata_manu" title="Tangata manu">tangata manu</a> ("birdman") cult of <a href="/wiki/Makemake_(deity)" title="Makemake (deity)">Makemake</a>. Although some rongorongo glyphs may have been derived from these petroglyphs, rongorongo does not appear in any of the abundant rock carvings in Rapa Nui and seems to be restricted to the wooden tablets.<a href="#cite_note-Lee1992-262">[253]</a> The tablets were first described by an outsider in 1864 by the Catholic missionary <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Eyraud" title="Eugène Eyraud">Eugène Eyraud</a>, who said they were found "in all the houses". However, he paid them little attention, and they remained unnoticed by the outside world. It wasn't until 1869 that one of the tablets came into the possession of <a href="/wiki/Florentin-%C3%89tienne_Jaussen" title="Florentin-Étienne Jaussen">Florentin-Étienne Jaussen</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Papeete" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Papeete">Bishop of Tahiti</a>. He brought the tablets to the world's attention and instructed the Rapa Nui mission to gather more information about them. But by then, most of the tablets were allegedly already destroyed, presumed to have been used as fuel by the natives on the deforested island.<a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin2004-260">[251]</a> At the time of discovery of the tablets, Rapa Nui had undergone severe depopulation. This was largely due to the loss of the island's last trees and the Peruvian and Chilean <a href="/wiki/Blackbirding" title="Blackbirding">slave raids</a> in the early 1860s. The literate ruling classes of the <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui people</a> (including the royal family and the religious caste) and the majority of the island's population were kidnapped or killed in the slave raids. Most of those taken died after only one or two years in captivity from harsh working conditions and European diseases. Succeeding epidemics of <a href="/wiki/Smallpox" title="Smallpox">smallpox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> further decimated the island's population to the point that there were not enough people to bury the dead. The last remnants of the Rapa Nui people were assimilated by the <a href="/wiki/Tahitian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahitian people">Tahitians</a> who were later brought to the island in an effort to repopulate it, further resulting in the loss of most of the Old <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_language" title="Rapa Nui language">Rapa Nui language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fischer1997-259">[250]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lontara_computer_font_sample-salapa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lontara_computer_font_sample-salapa.jpg/300px-Lontara_computer_font_sample-salapa.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lontara_computer_font_sample-salapa.jpg/450px-Lontara_computer_font_sample-salapa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Lontara_computer_font_sample-salapa.jpg/600px-Lontara_computer_font_sample-salapa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1444" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara script</a> used by <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Buginesse</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, Indonesia</figcaption></figure> Oral tradition holds that the ruling classes were the only ones who could read the tablets, and the ability to decipher the tablets was lost along with them. Numerous attempts have been made to read the tablets, starting from a few years after their discovery. But to this day, none have proven successful. Some authors have proposed that rongorongo may have been an attempt to imitate European script after the idea of writing was introduced during the "signing" of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Easter_Island#European_contacts" title="History of Easter Island">1770 Spanish Treaty of Annexation</a> or through knowledge of European writing acquired elsewhere. They cite various reasons, including the lack of attestation of rongorongo prior to the 1860s, the clearly more recent provenance of some of the tablets, the lack of antecedents, and the lack of additional archaeological evidence since its discovery. Others argue that it was merely a <a href="/wiki/Mnemonic" title="Mnemonic">mnemonic</a> list of symbols meant to guide incantations. Whether rongorongo is merely an example of <a href="/wiki/Trans-cultural_diffusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Trans-cultural diffusion">trans-cultural diffusion</a> or a true indigenous Austronesian writing system (and one of the few independent inventions of writing in human history) remains unknown.<a href="#cite_note-McLaughlin2004-260">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fischer1997-259">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wieczorek2016-263">[254]</a> In Southeast Asia, the first true writing systems of pre-modern Austronesian cultures were all derived from the <a href="/wiki/Grantha_script" title="Grantha script">Grantha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pallava_script" title="Pallava script">Pallava</a> Brahmic scripts, all of which are <a href="/wiki/Abugida" title="Abugida">abugidas</a> from South India. Various forms of abugidas spread throughout Austronesian cultures in Southeast Asia as kingdoms became <a href="/wiki/Greater_India#Indianization_of_South_East_Asia" title="Greater India">Indianized</a> through early maritime trading. The oldest use of abugida scripts in Austronesian cultures are 4th-century stone inscriptions written in <a href="/wiki/Cham_script" title="Cham script">Cham</a>, from Vietnam. There are numerous other Brahmic-derived writing systems among Southeast Asian Austronesians, usually specific to a certain ethnic group. Notable examples include <a href="/wiki/Balinese_script" title="Balinese script">Balinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batak_script" title="Batak script">Batak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baybayin" title="Baybayin">Baybayin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buhid_script" title="Buhid script">Buhid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hanunuo_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanunuo script">Hanunó'o</a>, <a href="/wiki/Javanese_script" title="Javanese script">Javanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kulitan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulitan alphabet">Kulitan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lontara_script" title="Lontara script">Lontara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Kawi" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Kawi">Old Kawi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rejang_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rejang script">Rejang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rencong_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rencong script">Rencong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sundanese_script" title="Sundanese script">Sundanese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tagbanwa_script" title="Tagbanwa script">Tagbanwa</a>. They vary from having letters with rounded shapes to characters with sharp <a href="/wiki/Cuneiform" title="Cuneiform">cuneiform</a>-like angles, as a result of the difference in writing mediums, with the former being ideal for writing on soft leaves and the latter on bamboo panels. The use of the scripts ranged from mundane records to encoding esoteric knowledge on <a href="/wiki/Magico-religious" class="mw-redirect" title="Magico-religious">magico-religious</a> rituals and <a href="/wiki/Folk_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk medicine">folk medicine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adelaar2005-264">[255]</a> In regions that converted to Islam, <a href="/wiki/Abjad" title="Abjad">abjads</a> derived from the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_script" title="Arabic script">Arabic script</a> started replacing the earlier abugidas at around the 13th century in Southeast Asia. <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> adopted the Arabic script in the 14th century. Abjads, however, have an even greater inherent problem with encoding Austronesian languages than abugidas, because Austronesian languages have more varied and salient[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] vowels that the Arabic script usually cannot encode. As a result, the Austronesian adaptations such as the <a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pegon_script" title="Pegon script">Pegon scripts</a> have been modified with a system of <a href="/wiki/Diacritics" class="mw-redirect" title="Diacritics">diacritics</a> that encode sounds, both vowels and consonants, native to Austronesian languages but absent in <a href="/wiki/Semitic_languages" title="Semitic languages">Semitic ones</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Adelaar2005-264">[255]</a> With the advent of the <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonial Era">Colonial Era</a>, almost all of these writing systems have been replaced with alphabets adapted from the <a href="/wiki/Latin_alphabet" title="Latin alphabet">Latin</a>, as in the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_alphabet" title="Hawaiian alphabet">Hawaiian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filipino_alphabet" title="Filipino alphabet">Filipino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Malay_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay alphabet">Malay alphabet</a>. However, several Formosan languages had been written in <a href="/wiki/Zhuyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhuyin">zhuyin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cia-Cia_language" title="Cia-Cia language">Cia-Cia</a> off <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a> has experimented with <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">hangul</a>. On <a href="/wiki/Woleai" title="Woleai">Woleai</a> and surrounding islands, a <a href="/wiki/Woleai_script" title="Woleai script">script</a> was developed for the <a href="/wiki/Woleaian_language" title="Woleaian language">Woleaian language</a> in the early 20th century. Approximately 20% of the script's letterforms were borrowed from Latin letters; the remaining characters seem to have been derived from indigenous iconography. Despite this heavy Latin influence, the script was a <a href="/wiki/Syllabary" title="Syllabary">syllabary</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a> has a unique tradition of <a href="/wiki/Sand_drawing#Vanuatu_(Sandroings)" title="Sand drawing">sand drawing</a>, in which images are created by a single continuous line drawn in the sand. It is believed to have functioned as a means of symbolic communication in pre-contact <a href="/wiki/Island_Melanesia" title="Island Melanesia">Island Melanesia</a>, especially between travelers and ethnic groups that do not speak the same language. The sand drawings consist of around 300 different designs and seem to be shared across language groups.<a href="#cite_note-Zagala2004-265">[256]</a> In the 1990s, elements of the drawings were adapted into a modern <a href="/wiki/Constructed_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructed script">constructed script</a> called <a href="/wiki/Avoiuli" title="Avoiuli">Avoiuli</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Turaga_nation" title="Turaga nation">Turaga indigenous movement</a> on <a href="/wiki/Pentecost_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecost Island">Pentecost Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Genetic_studies">Genetic studies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Genetic studies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Filipinos" title="Genetic studies on Filipinos">Genetic studies on Filipinos</a></div> Genetic studies have been conducted on Austronesian peoples.<a href="#cite_note-267">[258]</a> <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M119" title="Haplogroup O-M119">Haplogroup O1a</a>, marked by the M119 <a href="/wiki/Single-nucleotide_polymorphism" title="Single-nucleotide polymorphism">SNP</a>, is frequently detected in <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Native Taiwanese</a> and people of the northern Philippines as well as some people in Indonesia, Malaysia, and non-Austronesian populations in <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">southern China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[259]</a> A 2007 analysis of the DNA recovered from human remains in archaeological sites of prehistoric peoples along the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> in China also shows high frequencies of Haplogroup O1 in the Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Liangzhu_culture" title="Liangzhu culture">Liangzhu culture</a>, linking them to Austronesian and <a href="/wiki/Tai%E2%80%93Kadai_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai–Kadai languages">Tai-Kadai</a> peoples. The Liangzhu culture existed in coastal areas around the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River Delta">mouth of the Yangtze</a>. Haplogroup O1 was absent in other archaeological sites inland. The authors of the study suggest that this may be evidence of two different human migration routes during the peopling of Eastern Asia; one coastal and the other inland, with little gene flow between them.<a href="#cite_note-Li-134">[131]</a> An important breakthrough in studies in Austronesian genetics was the identification of the "Polynesian motif" (haplogroup B4a1a1) in 1989, a specific nine-base-pair deletion mutation in <a href="/wiki/Mitochondrial_DNA" title="Mitochondrial DNA">mitochondrial DNA</a>. Several studies have shown that it is shared by Polynesians and Island Southeast Asians,<a href="#cite_note-Kirch2010-269">[260]</a> with a sub-branch also identified in Madagascar, indicating shared maternal ancestry among Austronesians.<a href="#cite_note-Razafindrazaka-270">[261]</a> Austronesian-speaking regions also have high-to-moderate frequencies of Haplogroup O1 of the <a href="/wiki/Y-DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-DNA">Y-DNA</a> (including Madagascar), indicating shared paternal ancestry, with the exception of Polynesia where the <a href="/wiki/Papuans" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuans">Papuan</a>-derived Haplogroup C2a1 predominates (although lower frequencies of Austronesian <a href="/wiki/Haplogroup_O-M122" title="Haplogroup O-M122">Haplogroup O-M122</a> also exist). This indicates that the <a href="/wiki/Lapita_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapita people">Lapita people</a>, the direct ancestors of Polynesians, were likely <a href="/wiki/Matrilocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilocal">matrilocal</a>, assimilating Papuan men from outside the community by marriage in Near Oceania, prior to the Polynesian expansion into Remote Oceania.<a href="#cite_note-Kirch2010-269">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-Razafindrazaka-270">[261]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matisoo-Smith2012-271">[262]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hudjashov-57">[57]</a> Moodley et al. (2009) identified two distinct populations of the <a href="/wiki/Gut_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Gut bacteria">gut bacteria</a> <a href="/wiki/Helicobacter_pylori" title="Helicobacter pylori">Helicobacter pylori</a> that accompanied human migrations into Island Southeast Asia and Oceania, called hpSahul and hspMāori. The study sampled Native Australians, Native Taiwanese, highlanders in New Guinea, and Melanesians and Polynesians in New Caledonia, which were then compared with other H. pylori haplotypes from Europeans, Asians, Pacific Islanders, and others. They found that hpSahul diverged from mainland Asian H. pylori populations approximately 31,000 to 37,000 years ago and have remained isolated for 23,000 to 32,000 years, confirming the <a href="/wiki/Australo-Melanesian" title="Australo-Melanesian">Australo-Melanesian</a> substratum in Island Southeast Asia and New Guinea. hspMāori, on the other hand, is a subpopulation of hpEastAsia, previously isolated from Polynesians (Māori, Tongans, Samoans) in New Zealand, and three individuals from the Philippines and Japan. The study found hspMāori from Native Taiwanese, Melanesians, Polynesians, and two inhabitants from the Torres Strait Islands, all of which are Austronesian sources. As expected, hspMāori showed greatest genetic diversity in Taiwan, while all non-Taiwanese hspMāori populations belonged to a single lineage they called the "Pacific clade". They also calculated the isolation-with-migration model (IMa), which showed that the divergence of the Pacific clade of hspMāori was unidirectional from Taiwan to the Pacific. This is consistent with the Out-of-Taiwan model of Austronesian expansion.<a href="#cite_note-Moodley-272">[263]</a> On 16 January 2020, the <a href="/wiki/Personal_genomics" title="Personal genomics">personal genomics</a> company <a href="/wiki/23andMe" title="23andMe">23andMe</a> added the category "Filipino & Austronesian" after customers with no known Filipino ancestors were getting false positives for 5% or more "Filipino" ancestry in their ancestry composition report (the proportion was as high as 75% in <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a>, 71% in <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>, 68% in <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, 18% in Hawaii, and 34% in Madagascar). The company's scientists surmised that this was due to the shared Austronesian genetic heritage being incorrectly identified as Filipino ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-Esselmann-273">[264]</a> A study about the ancestral composition of modern ethnic groups in the Philippines from 2021 similarly suggests that distinctive <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_people" title="East Asian people">Basal-East Asian</a> (East-Eurasian) ancestry originated in Mainland Southeast Asia at ~50,000 BCE and expanded through multiple migration waves southwards and northwards, respectively. Basal-East Asian ancestry as well as later Austroasiatic ancestry from Mainland Southeast Asia, arrived into the Philippines prior to the Austronesian expansion. Austronesian speakers themselves are suggested to have arrived in Taiwan and the northern Philippines between 10,000 to 7,000 years ago from coastal <a href="/wiki/Fujian" title="Fujian">Fujian</a>. The authors concluded that the Austronesian expansion into Island Southeast Asia and Polynesia was outgoing from the Philippines rather than Taiwan and that modern Austronesian-speaking people mostly have ancestry from the earliest Basal-East Asians, Austroasiatic migrants from Mainland Southeast Asia, and Austronesian-speaking seafarers from the Philippines.<a href="#cite_note-Larena-274">[265]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evidence_from_agriculture">Evidence from agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Evidence from agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_rice_cultivation" title="History of rice cultivation">History of rice cultivation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genomics_of_domestication" class="mw-redirect" title="Genomics of domestication">Genomics of domestication</a></div> The Austronesian migrations were accompanied by a set of <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">domesticated, semi-domesticated, and commensal plants and animals</a> transported via <a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">outrigger ships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">catamarans</a> that enabled early Austronesians to thrive in their mostly island environments.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2004-275">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reilly2012-276">[267]</a> These include <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated plants">crops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domesticated_animals" class="mw-redirect" title="Domesticated animals">animals</a> believed to have originated from the <a href="/wiki/Hemudu_culture" title="Hemudu culture">Hemudu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majiabang_culture" title="Majiabang culture">Majiabang cultures</a> in the hypothetical pre-Austronesian homelands in mainland China,<a href="#cite_note-Liu2012-127">[124]</a> as well as other plants and animals believed to have been first domesticated from within Taiwan, Maritime Southeast Asia, and New Guinea.<a href="#cite_note-Bourke2009-277">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-Denham2011-278">[269]</a> Some of these plants are sometimes also known as "<a href="/wiki/Canoe_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Canoe plants">canoe plants</a>", especially in the context of Polynesian migrations.<a href="#cite_note-279">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-Kitalong2011-280">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-Theroux2002-281">[272]</a> They provide another source of evidence for Austronesian population movements.<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2004-275">[266]</a> Notable examples of these crops include <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconuts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Baudouin2008-282">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gunn2011-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burney2004-87">[87]</a> <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">bananas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Denham2011-278">[269]</a><a href="#cite_note-Perrier2009-283">[274]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Bellwood2011-115">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Daniels1993-284">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-Paterson2012-285">[276]</a> <a href="/wiki/Paper_mulberry" title="Paper mulberry">paper mulberry</a> (tapa tree),<a href="#cite_note-Seelenfreund2010-286">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-González-Lorca-287">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/Breadfruit" title="Breadfruit">breadfruit</a>,<a href="#cite_note-zerega-288">[279]</a> <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Denham2011-278">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Purple_yam" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple yam">ube</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Paz1999-289">[280]</a> <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a> (including the practice of <a href="/wiki/Betel_chewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Betel chewing">betel chewing</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-144">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Dalby2002-290">[281]</a> <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a>,<a href="#cite_note-KikusawaReid-291">[282]</a> <a href="/wiki/Candlenut" class="mw-redirect" title="Candlenut">candlenut</a>,<a href="#cite_note-BlenchFruits-292">[283]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pandanus" title="Pandanus">pandan</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Kirch2012-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gallaher2014-182">[178]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Citrus" title="Citrus">citruses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BlenchFruits-292">[283]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato_cultivation_in_Polynesia" title="Sweet potato cultivation in Polynesia">cultivation of sweet potatoes in Polynesia</a> may also be evidence of prehistoric Austronesian contact with the Americas, though this remains disputed.<a href="#cite_note-293">[284]</a> The domesticated animals carried in Austronesian voyages include dogs,<a href="#cite_note-Blust-asu-294">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-Greig2018-2-295">[286]</a> pigs,<a href="#cite_note-Piper-296">[287]</a> and chickens.<a href="#cite_note-Piper-296">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thomson-297">[288]</a> Austronesians also introduced these crops and domesticated animals westward via trade links. Island Southeast Asians established <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spice trade</a> links with the <a href="/wiki/Dravidians" class="mw-redirect" title="Dravidians">Dravidian-speaking</a> regions in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern India">Southern India</a> by around 1500 to 600 BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-144">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fuller2015-298">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bellina2014-299">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mahdi1999-172">[169]</a> These early contacts resulted in the introduction of Austronesian crops and material culture to South Asia,<a href="#cite_note-Fuller2015-298">[289]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Betel_nut_chewing" title="Betel nut chewing">betel nut chewing</a>, coconuts, <a href="/wiki/Sandalwood" title="Sandalwood">sandalwood</a>, domesticated bananas,<a href="#cite_note-Fuller2015-298">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-Zumbroich2007-144">[141]</a> sugarcane,<a href="#cite_note-danielsmenzies1996-300">[291]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clove" title="Clove">cloves</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nutmeg" title="Nutmeg">nutmeg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Olivera-301">[292]</a> South Asian crops like the <a href="/wiki/Mung_bean" title="Mung bean">mung bean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horsegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Horsegram">horsegram</a> were also present in Southeast Asia by 400–100 BCE, indicating the exchange was reciprocal.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller2015-298">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-Glover2011-302">[293]</a> There is also indirect evidence of very early Austronesian contacts with Africa, based on the presence and spread of Austronesian domesticates like bananas, <a href="/wiki/Taro" title="Taro">taro</a>, chickens, and <a href="/wiki/Purple_yam" class="mw-redirect" title="Purple yam">purple yam</a> in Africa in the first millennium BCE.<a href="#cite_note-Fuller2015-298">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Columbian_contact_with_the_Americas">Pre-Columbian contact with the Americas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Pre-Columbian contact with the Americas">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories</a></div> A genomic analysis in 2020 showed Austronesian contact with South America around 1150–1200 CE, the earliest one being between <a href="/wiki/Fatu_Hiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Fatu Hiva">Fatu Hiva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-304">[295]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">Ancient maritime history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domesticated_plants_and_animals_of_Austronesia" title="Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia">Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia">Ethnic groups in Southeast Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> The absence of Denisovan admixture in western Southeast Asian populations seems to indicate that interbreeding between modern humans and Denisovans happened within Southeast Asia itself, possibly east of the <a href="/wiki/Wallace_Line" title="Wallace Line">Wallace Line</a>, and not in mainland <a href="/wiki/Eurasia" title="Eurasia">Eurasia</a> (Reich et al., 2011; Cooper & Stringer, 2013) </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">Cognates</a> include <a href="/wiki/Sangir_language" title="Sangir language">Sangir</a> taumata, <a href="/wiki/Molima_language" title="Molima language">Molima</a> tomotau, <a href="/wiki/Kola_language" title="Kola language">Kola</a> tamata, <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> tamata, <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> tangata, and <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> kanaka </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> Sometimes confusingly also as "early Austronesians" or "proto-Austronesians". The latter should not be confused with the reconstructed <a href="/wiki/Proto-Austronesian_language" title="Proto-Austronesian language">Proto-Austronesian language</a> (PAN), which the pre-Austronesians did not speak. (Bellwood, 1988) </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> The boat is symmetrical front and back, and the <a href="/wiki/Prow" class="mw-redirect" title="Prow">prow</a> alternately becomes the <a href="/wiki/Stern_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stern (ship)">stern</a> and vice versa when sailing against the wind </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">Cognates</a> include <a href="/wiki/Paiwan_language" title="Paiwan language">Paiwan</a> umaq, <a href="/wiki/Tboli_language" title="Tboli language">T'boli</a> lumak, <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> rumah, <a href="/wiki/Acehnese_language" title="Acehnese language">Acehnese</a> rumòh, <a href="/wiki/Sawai_language" title="Sawai language">Sawai</a> um, <a href="/wiki/Rotinese_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotinese language">Rotinese</a> uma, <a href="/wiki/Torau_language" title="Torau language">Torau</a> ruma, and <a href="/wiki/Chuukese_language" title="Chuukese language">Chuukese</a> iimw. </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> Cognates include <a href="/wiki/Tagalog_language" title="Tagalog language">Tagalog</a> <a href="/wiki/Bahay_kubo" title="Bahay kubo">báhay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cebuano_language" title="Cebuano language">Cebuano</a> baláy, Malay balai, <a href="/wiki/Balinese_language" title="Balinese language">Balinese</a> bale, <a href="/wiki/Fijian_language" title="Fijian language">Fijian</a> vale, <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> hale, and <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Māori</a> whare. </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> Cognates include <a href="/wiki/Kavalan_language" title="Kavalan language">Kavalan</a> repaw, <a href="/wiki/Kenyah_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kenyah language">Kenyah</a> lepaw, Malay lepau, and <a href="/wiki/Sika_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sika language">Sika</a> lepo. </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> Cognates include <a href="/wiki/Yami_language" title="Yami language">Yami</a> kamalig, Tagalog kamálig, <a href="/wiki/Old_Javanese" title="Old Javanese">Old Javanese</a> kamalir, <a href="/wiki/Hawu_language" title="Hawu language">Hawu</a> kemali, and <a href="/wiki/Papitalai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Papitalai language">Papitalai</a> kamal. </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> Cognates include Cebuano banwá, <a href="/wiki/Iban_language" title="Iban language">Iban</a> menoa, <a href="/wiki/Banggai_language" title="Banggai language">Banggai</a> bonua, <a href="/wiki/Selaru_language" title="Selaru language">Selaru</a> hnua, Sawai pnu, Fijian vanua, <a href="/wiki/Samoan_language" title="Samoan language">Samoan</a> fanua, Hawaiian honua, and Māori whenua. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved 5 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+Census+Demographic+Profile&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fdata%2Ftables%2F2023%2Fdec%2F2020-census-demographic-profile.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130207215244/http://www.dol.govt.nz/publications/research/population-movement-pacific-perspective-future-prospects/05.asp">"Population movement in the Pacific: A perspective on future prospects"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+th0052)">the original</a> on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+movement+in+the+Pacific%3A+A+perspective+on+future+prospects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bth0052%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160207232321/http://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=13777&lang=en">"2015 Census shows population growth moderating"</a>. Government of Timor-Leste. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=13777&lang=en">the original</a> on 7 February 2016. Retrieved 24 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2015+Census+shows+population+growth+moderating&rft.pub=Government+of+Timor-Leste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimor-leste.gov.tl%2F%3Fp%3D13777%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census-9"><a href="#cite_ref-census_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeneral_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/General_Statistics_Office_of_Vietnam" title="General Statistics Office of Vietnam">General Statistics Office of Vietnam</a> (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gso.gov.vn/wp-content/uploads/2019/12/Ket-qua-toan-bo-Tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-2019.pdf">"Completed Results of the 2019 Viet Nam Population and Housing Census"</a> (PDF). Statistical Publishing House (Vietnam). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-604-75-1532-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-604-75-1532-5"><bdi>978-604-75-1532-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Completed+Results+of+the+2019+Viet+Nam+Population+and+Housing+Census%22&rft.pub=Statistical+Publishing+House+%28Vietnam%29&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-604-75-1532-5&rft.au=General+Statistics+Office+of+Vietnam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gso.gov.vn%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2019%2F12%2FKet-qua-toan-bo-Tong-dieu-tra-dan-so-va-nha-o-2019.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403140105/http://www.fiji.gov.fj/uploads/FijiToday2005-06.pdf">"Fiji Today 2005 / 2006"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiji.gov.fj/uploads/FijiToday2005-06.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 April 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fiji+Today+2005+%2F+2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiji.gov.fj%2Fuploads%2FFijiToday2005-06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130207215244/http://www.dol.govt.nz/publications/research/population-movement-pacific-perspective-future-prospects/05.asp">"Population movement in the Pacific: A perspective on future prospects"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.govt.nz/publications/research/population-movement-pacific-perspective-future-prospects/05.asp">the original</a> on 7 February 2013. Retrieved 22 July 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+movement+in+the+Pacific%3A+A+perspective+on+future+prospects&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dol.govt.nz%2Fpublications%2Fresearch%2Fpopulation-movement-pacific-perspective-future-prospects%2F05.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/62F419D4-5946-407A-9553-DA9E7A847622/0/09ethnicgroup.xls">"Archived copy"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071127012335/http://www.stats.govt.nz/NR/rdonlyres/62F419D4-5946-407A-9553-DA9E7A847622/0/09ethnicgroup.xls">Archived</a> from the original on 27 November 2007. Retrieved 23 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archived+copy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.stats.govt.nz%2FNR%2Frdonlyres%2F62F419D4-5946-407A-9553-DA9E7A847622%2F0%2F09ethnicgroup.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: archived copy as title (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_archived_copy_as_title" title="Category:CS1 maint: archived copy as title">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> About 13.5% of Singapore Residents are of Malay descent. In addition to these, many Chinese Singaporeans are also of mixed Austronesian descent. See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704025338/http://www.singstat.gov.sg/keystats/c2000/indicators.pdf">"Key Indicators of the Resident Population"</a> (PDF). Singapore Department of Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singstat.gov.sg/keystats/c2000/indicators.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 4 July 2007. Retrieved 25 April 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Key+Indicators+of+the+Resident+Population&rft.pub=Singapore+Department+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singstat.gov.sg%2Fkeystats%2Fc2000%2Findicators.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamzy2016" class="citation web cs1">Ramzy, Austin (1 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/02/world/asia/taiwan-aborigines-tsai-apology.html">"Taiwan's President Apologizes to Aborigines for Centuries of Injustice"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200605024042/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/02/world/asia/taiwan-aborigines-tsai-apology.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Taiwan%27s+President+Apologizes+to+Aborigines+for+Centuries+of+Injustice&rft.date=2016-08-01&rft.aulast=Ramzy&rft.aufirst=Austin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F08%2F02%2Fworld%2Fasia%2Ftaiwan-aborigines-tsai-apology.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-brunei-15"><a href="#cite_ref-brunei_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/brunei/">"Brunei"</a>. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. July 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Brunei&rft.date=2018-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbrunei%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Ethnic%20Minorities.pdf">"Ethnic Minorities, Census of Cambodia 2019"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240303183707/https://www.nis.gov.kh/nis/Census2019/Ethnic%20Minorities.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 3 March 2024. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Minorities%2C+Census+of+Cambodia+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nis.gov.kh%2Fnis%2FCensus2019%2FEthnic%2520Minorities.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_17-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/">"World Population Prospects 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_WPP_2022_18-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://population.un.org/wpp/Download/Files/1_Indicators%20(Standard)/EXCEL_FILES/1_General/WPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx">"World Population Prospects 2022: Demographic indicators by region, subregion and country, annually for 1950-2100"</a> (XSLX) ("Total Population, as of 1 July (thousands)"). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Department_of_Economic_and_Social_Affairs" title="United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs">United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs</a>, Population Division. Retrieved 17 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Population+Prospects+2022%3A+Demographic+indicators+by+region%2C+subregion+and+country%2C+annually+for+1950-2100&rft.pub=United+Nations+Department+of+Economic+and+Social+Affairs%2C+Population+Division&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpopulation.un.org%2Fwpp%2FDownload%2FFiles%2F1_Indicators%2520%28Standard%29%2FEXCEL_FILES%2F1_General%2FWPP2022_GEN_F01_DEMOGRAPHIC_INDICATORS_COMPACT_REV1.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pop2017-19"><a href="#cite_ref-pop2017_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180209030600/http://ispf.pf/bases/Recensements/2017">"La population légale au 17 août 2017: 275 918 habitants"</a>. ISPF. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ispf.pf/bases/Recensements/2017">the original</a> on 9 February 2018. Retrieved 16 February 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+population+l%C3%A9gale+au+17+ao%C3%BBt+2017%3A+275+918+habitants&rft.pub=ISPF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ispf.pf%2Fbases%2FRecensements%2F2017&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ethnicities-20"><a href="#cite_ref-ethnicities_20-0">^</a> Most recent ethnic census, in 1988. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/2042/14394/1/HERMES_2002_32-33_367.pdf">"Frontières ethniques et redéfinition du cadre politique à Tahiti"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090326032004/http://documents.irevues.inist.fr/bitstream/2042/14394/1/HERMES_2002_32-33_367.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2009. Retrieved 31 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fronti%C3%A8res+ethniques+et+red%C3%A9finition+du+cadre+politique+%C3%A0+Tahiti&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocuments.irevues.inist.fr%2Fbitstream%2F2042%2F14394%2F1%2FHERMES_2002_32-33_367.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> Approximately 87.7% of the total population (275,918) are of unmixed or mixed Polynesian descent. </li> <li id="cite_note-census2016-21"><a href="#cite_ref-census2016_21-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403053500/http://www.sbs.gov.ws/index.php/population-demography-and-vital-statistics">"Population & Demography Indicator Summary"</a>. Samoa Bureau of Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sbs.gov.ws/index.php/population-demography-and-vital-statistics">the original</a> on 3 April 2019. Retrieved 25 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+%26+Demography+Indicator+Summary&rft.pub=Samoa+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sbs.gov.ws%2Findex.php%2Fpopulation-demography-and-vital-statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-12.pdf">"The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander Population: 2010"</a> (PDF). census.gov. US Census Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170724093631/https://www.census.gov/prod/cen2010/briefs/c2010br-12.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 11 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=census.gov&rft.atitle=The+Native+Hawaiian+and+Other+Pacific+Islander+Population%3A+2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.census.gov%2Fprod%2Fcen2010%2Fbriefs%2Fc2010br-12.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.census.gov/table?g=040XX00US15&d=DEC+Demographic+Profile">"2020 United States Census Profile of General Population and Housing Characteristics"</a>. Retrieved 31 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2020+United+States+Census+Profile+of+General+Population+and+Housing+Characteristics&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.census.gov%2Ftable%3Fg%3D040XX00US15%26d%3DDEC%2BDemographic%2BProfile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170108172952/http://www.mfed.gov.ki/statistics/">"Kiribati Stats at a Glance"</a>. Kiribati National Statistics Office. Ministry of Finance & Economic Development, Government of Kiribati. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mfed.gov.ki/statistics/">the original</a> on 8 January 2017. Retrieved 17 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Kiribati+National+Statistics+Office&rft.atitle=Kiribati+Stats+at+a+Glance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mfed.gov.ki%2Fstatistics%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isee.nc/population/recensement/structure-de-la-population-et-evolutions">"La Nouvelle-Calédonie compte 271 407 habitants en 2019"</a>. Institut de la statistique et des études économiques. ISEE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141113142325/http://www.isee.nc/population/recensement/structure-de-la-population-et-evolutions">Archived</a> from the original on 13 November 2014. Retrieved 17 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institut+de+la+statistique+et+des+%C3%A9tudes+%C3%A9conomiques&rft.atitle=La+Nouvelle-Cal%C3%A9donie+compte+271+407+habitants+en+2019.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.isee.nc%2Fpopulation%2Frecensement%2Fstructure-de-la-population-et-evolutions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1281138">"Recensement de la population en Nouvelle-Calédonie en 2009"</a>. insee.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229124333/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/1281138">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 17 January 202039.1% if the population are native <a href="/wiki/Kanak_people" title="Kanak people">Kanak</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=insee.fr&rft.atitle=Recensement+de+la+population+en+Nouvelle-Cal%C3%A9donie+en+2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F1281138&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Approximately 90.4% of the total population (113,131) is native Pacific Islander. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://tonga.prism.spc.int/PublicDocuments/Census%20of%20Population%20and%20Housing_/04_2016/01_2016_Census_Preliminary_Count_Results.pdf">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180227034312/http://tonga.prism.spc.int/PublicDocuments/Census%20of%20Population%20and%20Housing_/04_2016/01_2016_Census_Preliminary_Count_Results.pdf">Archived</a> 27 February 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Tonga 2016 Census Results (11 November 2016). </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/suriname/">"Suriname"</a>. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved 29 April 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Suriname&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fsuriname%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAMARSHALL_ISLANDS-30"><a href="#cite_ref-CIAMARSHALL_ISLANDS_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/marshall-islands/">"Australia-Oceania: Marshall Islands"</a>. CIA The World Factbook. Retrieved 17 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia-Oceania%3A+Marshall+Islands&rft.pub=CIA+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fmarshall-islands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2010_United_States_Census-31"><a href="#cite_ref-2010_United_States_Census_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120723145237/http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn177.html">"Census 2010 News | U.S. Census Bureau Releases 2010 Census Population Counts for American Samoa"</a>. <a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_Census" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 United States Census">2010 United States Census</a>. census.gov. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://2010.census.gov/news/releases/operations/cb11-cn177.html">the original</a> on 23 July 2012. Retrieved 1 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=2010+United+States+Census&rft.atitle=Census+2010+News+%26%23124%3B+U.S.+Census+Bureau+Releases+2010+Census+Population+Counts+for+American+Samoa&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F2010.census.gov%2Fnews%2Freleases%2Foperations%2Fcb11-cn177.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3">"A2: Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012"</a>. Census of Population& Housing, 2011. Department of Census& Statistics, Sri Lanka. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180310011932/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3">Archived</a> from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 25 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Census+of+Population%26+Housing%2C+2011&rft.atitle=A2%3A+Population+by+ethnic+group+according+to+districts%2C+2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.statistics.gov.lk%2FPopHouSat%2FCPH2011%2Findex.php%3FfileName%3Dpop42%26gp%3DActivities%26tpl%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-censusest-33"><a href="#cite_ref-censusest_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3238.0.55.001">"3238.0.55.001 – Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2016"</a>. Australian Bureau of Statistics. 31 August 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200229233152/https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/3238.0.55.001">Archived</a> from the original on 29 February 2020. Retrieved 27 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft.atitle=3238.0.55.001+%E2%80%93+Estimates+of+Aboriginal+and+Torres+Strait+Islander+Australians%2C+June+2016&rft.date=2018-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.abs.gov.au%2Fausstats%2Fabs%40.nsf%2Fmf%2F3238.0.55.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_Project" class="citation web cs1">Joshua Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13437/BM">"Malay in Myanmar (Burma)"</a>. Joshua Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016041320/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13437/BM">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Malay+in+Myanmar+%28Burma%29&rft.pub=Joshua+Project&rft.au=Joshua+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F13437%2FBM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_Project" class="citation web cs1">Joshua Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13769/BM">"Moken, Salon in Myanmar (Burma)"</a>. Joshua Project. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191016041321/https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/13769/BM">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2019. Retrieved 15 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moken%2C+Salon+in+Myanmar+%28Burma%29&rft.pub=Joshua+Project&rft.au=Joshua+Project&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F13769%2FBM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFData_Access_and_Dissemination_Systems_(DADS)" class="citation web cs1">Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200212212938/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DPMP_MPDP1&prodType=table">"American FactFinder – Results"</a>. U.S. Census Bureau. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DPMP_MPDP1&prodType=table">the original</a> on 12 February 2020. Retrieved 17 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=American+FactFinder+%E2%80%93+Results&rft.pub=U.S.+Census+Bureau&rft.au=Data+Access+and+Dissemination+Systems+%28DADS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffactfinder.census.gov%2Ffaces%2Ftableservices%2Fjsf%2Fpages%2Fproductview.xhtml%3Fpid%3DDEC_10_DPMP_MPDP1%26prodType%3Dtable&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> Approximately 34.9% of the total population (53,883) are native Pacific Islander </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Approximately 92.2% of the total population (18,024) is of Austronesian descent. </li> <li id="cite_note-census_2018-38"><a href="#cite_ref-census_2018_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFINSEE" class="citation web cs1">INSEE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3685976?sommaire=2121453">"Les populations légales de Wallis et Futuna en 2018"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414053320/https://www.insee.fr/fr/statistiques/3685976?sommaire=2121453">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2019. Retrieved 7 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Les+populations+l%C3%A9gales+de+Wallis+et+Futuna+en+2018&rft.au=INSEE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.insee.fr%2Ffr%2Fstatistiques%2F3685976%3Fsommaire%3D2121453&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nauru_Census-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Nauru_Census_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924120203/http://www.spc.int/prism/nauru/PublicDocuments/Census/Nauru_2011_Census_Report_FINAL.pdf">"National Report on Population ad Housing"</a> (PDF). Nauru Bureau of Statistics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spc.int/prism/nauru/PublicDocuments/Census/Nauru_2011_Census_Report_FINAL.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=National+Report+on+Population+ad+Housing&rft.pub=Nauru+Bureau+of+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.spc.int%2Fprism%2Fnauru%2FPublicDocuments%2FCensus%2FNauru_2011_Census_Report_FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1C2012-40"><a href="#cite_ref-1C2012_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tuvalu.popgis.spc.int/#l=en;i=ethnic.t_tuvaluan;v=map1;sid=39;z=717733,9074628,48863,33709;sly=eas_32760_xy_def_DR">"Population of communities in Tuvalu"</a>. world-statistics.org. 11 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160323020216/http://tuvalu.popgis.spc.int/#l=en;i=ethnic.t_tuvaluan;v=map1;sid=39;z=717733,9074628,48863,33709;sly=eas_32760_xy_def_DR">Archived</a> from the original on 23 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+communities+in+Tuvalu&rft.pub=world-statistics.org&rft.date=2012-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftuvalu.popgis.spc.int%2F%23l%3Den%3Bi%3Dethnic.t_tuvaluan%3Bv%3Dmap1%3Bsid%3D39%3Bz%3D717733%2C9074628%2C48863%2C33709%3Bsly%3Deas_32760_xy_def_DR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2C2012-41"><a href="#cite_ref-2C2012_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.citypopulation.de/Tuvalu.html">"Population of communities in Tuvalu"</a>. Thomas Brinkhoff. 11 April 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160324124836/http://www.citypopulation.de/Tuvalu.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2016. Retrieved 20 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Population+of+communities+in+Tuvalu&rft.pub=Thomas+Brinkhoff&rft.date=2012-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.citypopulation.de%2FTuvalu.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIACI-42"><a href="#cite_ref-CIACI_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/cook-islands/">"Australia-Oceania: Cook Islands"</a>. CIA The World Factbook. Retrieved 17 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia-Oceania%3A+Cook+Islands&rft.pub=CIA+The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fcook-islands%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwgia.org/en/chile/3407-iw2019-rapa-nui">"Rapa Nui IW 2019"</a>. IWGIA. International Work Group for Indigenous Affairs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191024233338/https://www.iwgia.org/en/chile/3407-iw2019-rapa-nui">Archived</a> from the original on 24 October 2019. Retrieved 17 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IWGIA&rft.atitle=Rapa+Nui+IW+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwgia.org%2Fen%2Fchile%2F3407-iw2019-rapa-nui&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> Approximately 60% of the population of total population of Rapa Nui (3,765) is of native descent. </li> <li id="cite_note-solheimterm-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-solheimterm_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-solheimterm_44-1">b</a> According to the anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Solheim_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Wilhelm Solheim II">Wilhelm Solheim II</a>: "I emphasize again, as I have done in many other articles, that 'Austronesian' is a linguistic term and is the name of a super language family. It should never be used as a name for a people, genetically speaking, or a culture. To refer to people who speak an Austronesian language, the phrase 'Austronesian-speaking people' should be used." Origins of the Filipinos and Their Languages (January 2006) </li> <li id="cite_note-Bellwood2006-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2006_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2006_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2006_45-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2006_45-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2006_45-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2006_45-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2006_45-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bellwood2006_45-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwoodFoxTryon2006" class="citation book cs1">Bellwood P, Fox JJ, Tryon D (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian-series/austronesians">The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives</a>. Australian National University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920942-85-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920942-85-4"><bdi>978-1-920942-85-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200402234524/https://press.anu.edu.au/publications/series/comparative-austronesian-series/austronesians">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2020. Retrieved 23 March 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesians%3A+Historical+and+Comparative+Perspectives&rft.pub=Australian+National+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-920942-85-4&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Fox%2C+James+J.&rft.au=Tryon%2C+Darrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpress.anu.edu.au%2Fpublications%2Fseries%2Fcomparative-austronesian-series%2Faustronesians&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierronRazafindrazakaPaganiRicaut2014" class="citation journal cs1">Pierron, Denis; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Pagani, Luca; Ricaut, François-Xavier; Antao, Tiago; Capredon, Mélanie; Sambo, Clément; Radimilahy, Chantal; Rakotoarisoa, Jean-Aimé; Blench, Roger M.; Letellier, Thierry (21 January 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3903192">"Genome-wide evidence of Austronesian–Bantu admixture and cultural reversion in a hunter-gatherer group of Madagascar"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 111 (3): 936–941. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014PNAS..111..936P">2014PNAS..111..936P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1321860111">10.1073/pnas.1321860111</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3903192">3903192</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24395773">24395773</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Genome-wide+evidence+of+Austronesian%E2%80%93Bantu+admixture+and+cultural+reversion+in+a+hunter-gatherer+group+of+Madagascar&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=936-941&rft.date=2014-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3903192%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014PNAS..111..936P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24395773&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1321860111&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Pierron&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Razafindrazaka%2C+Harilanto&rft.au=Pagani%2C+Luca&rft.au=Ricaut%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier&rft.au=Antao%2C+Tiago&rft.au=Capredon%2C+M%C3%A9lanie&rft.au=Sambo%2C+Cl%C3%A9ment&rft.au=Radimilahy%2C+Chantal&rft.au=Rakotoarisoa%2C+Jean-Aim%C3%A9&rft.au=Blench%2C+Roger+M.&rft.au=Letellier%2C+Thierry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3903192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blust2013-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blust2013_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blust2013_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blust2013_47-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blust2013_47-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blust2013_47-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blust2013_47-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust2013" class="citation book cs1">Blust, Robert A. (2013). The Austronesian languages. Asia-Pacific Linguistics. Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F10191">1885/10191</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-922185-07-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-922185-07-5"><bdi>978-1-922185-07-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesian+languages&rft.series=Asia-Pacific+Linguistics&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F10191&rft.isbn=978-1-922185-07-5&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cheke2010-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cheke2010_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cheke2010_48-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheke2010" class="citation journal cs1">Cheke, Anthony (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.natureseychelles.org/knowledge-centre/scientific-papers-database/scientific-papers/174-the-timing-of-arrival-of-humans-and-their-commensal-animals-on-western-indian-ocean-oceanic-islands/file">"The timing of arrival of humans and their commensal animals on Western Indian Ocean oceanic islands"</a>. Phelsuma. 18 (2010): 38–69. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421030302/http://www.natureseychelles.org/knowledge-centre/scientific-papers-database/scientific-papers/174-the-timing-of-arrival-of-humans-and-their-commensal-animals-on-western-indian-ocean-oceanic-islands/file">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2017. Retrieved 21 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Phelsuma&rft.atitle=The+timing+of+arrival+of+humans+and+their+commensal+animals+on+Western+Indian+Ocean+oceanic+islands&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=2010&rft.pages=38-69&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Cheke&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.natureseychelles.org%2Fknowledge-centre%2Fscientific-papers-database%2Fscientific-papers%2F174-the-timing-of-arrival-of-humans-and-their-commensal-animals-on-western-indian-ocean-oceanic-islands%2Ffile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ku2019-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Ku2019_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuGibson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ku, Kun-Hui; Gibson, Thomas (3 July 2019). "Hierarchy and Egalitarianism in Austronesia". Anthropological Forum. 29 (3): 205–215. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00664677.2019.1626216">10.1080/00664677.2019.1626216</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:197705560">197705560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropological+Forum&rft.atitle=Hierarchy+and+Egalitarianism+in+Austronesia&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=205-215&rft.date=2019-07-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00664677.2019.1626216&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A197705560%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ku&rft.aufirst=Kun-Hui&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horridge_2006-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Horridge_2006_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorridge2006" class="citation book cs1">Horridge, Adrian (2006). Bellwood, Peter (ed.). The Austronesians: historical and comparative perspectives. Canberra, ACT. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7315-2132-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7315-2132-6"><bdi>978-0-7315-2132-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesians%3A+historical+and+comparative+perspectives&rft.place=Canberra%2C+ACT&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7315-2132-6&rft.aulast=Horridge&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Blust2019-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blust2019_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blust2019_51-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blust2019_51-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blust2019_51-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blust2019_51-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust2019" class="citation journal cs1">Blust, Robert (14 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-linguistics-011718-012440">"The Austronesian Homeland and Dispersal"</a>. Annual Review of Linguistics. 5 (1): 417–434. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev-linguistics-011718-012440">10.1146/annurev-linguistics-011718-012440</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Linguistics&rft.atitle=The+Austronesian+Homeland+and+Dispersal&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=417-434&rft.date=2019-01-14&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev-linguistics-011718-012440&rft.aulast=Blust&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1146%252Fannurev-linguistics-011718-012440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pierron_E6498–E6506-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pierron_E6498–E6506_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pierron_E6498–E6506_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierronHeiskeRazafindrazakaRakoto2017" class="citation journal cs1">Pierron, Denis; Heiske, Margit; Razafindrazaka, Harilanto; Rakoto, Ignace; Rabetokotany, Nelly; Ravololomanga, Bodo; Rakotozafy, Lucien M.-A.; Rakotomalala, Mireille Mialy; Razafiarivony, Michel; Rasoarifetra, Bako; Raharijesy, Miakabola Andriamampianina (8 August 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5559028">"Genomic landscape of human diversity across Madagascar"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 114 (32): E6498–E6506. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017PNAS..114E6498P">2017PNAS..114E6498P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1704906114">10.1073/pnas.1704906114</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5559028">5559028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28716916">28716916</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Genomic+landscape+of+human+diversity+across+Madagascar&rft.volume=114&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=E6498-E6506&rft.date=2017-08-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5559028%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2017PNAS..114E6498P&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28716916&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1704906114&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Pierron&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft.au=Heiske%2C+Margit&rft.au=Razafindrazaka%2C+Harilanto&rft.au=Rakoto%2C+Ignace&rft.au=Rabetokotany%2C+Nelly&rft.au=Ravololomanga%2C+Bodo&rft.au=Rakotozafy%2C+Lucien+M.-A.&rft.au=Rakotomalala%2C+Mireille+Mialy&rft.au=Razafiarivony%2C+Michel&rft.au=Rasoarifetra%2C+Bako&rft.au=Raharijesy%2C+Miakabola+Andriamampianina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5559028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Van_Tilburg_1994-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Tilburg_1994_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Van_Tilburg_1994_53-1">b</a> Van Tilburg, Jo Anne. 1994. 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Official Oxford English Dictionary (OED2) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_English_dictionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of English dictionaries">Dictionary</a>). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 22000.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Official+Oxford+English+Dictionary+%28OED2%29&rft.pages=22000&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blust1999-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blust1999_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blust1999_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlust,_Robert_A.1999" class="citation book cs1">Blust, Robert A. (1999). "Subgrouping, circularity and extinction: some issues in Austronesian comparative linguistics". In Zeitoun, Elizabeth; Li, Paul Jen-kuei (eds.). Selected Papers from the Eighth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics. Institute of Linguistics (Preparatory Office), Academia Sinica. pp. 31–94.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Subgrouping%2C+circularity+and+extinction%3A+some+issues+in+Austronesian+comparative+linguistics&rft.btitle=Selected+Papers+from+the+Eighth+International+Conference+on+Austronesian+Linguistics&rft.pages=31-94&rft.pub=Institute+of+Linguistics+%28Preparatory+Office%29%2C+Academia+Sinica&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Blust%2C+Robert+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baldick-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baldick_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baldick_69-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldick2013" class="citation book cs1">Baldick, Julian (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7U6oBAAAQBAJ">Ancient Religions of the Austronesian World: From Australasia to Taiwan</a>. I.B.Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-357-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85773-357-3"><bdi>978-0-85773-357-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726135529/https://books.google.com/books?id=7U6oBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. 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Amsterdam University Press. pp. 16–21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-085-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-8964-085-7"><bdi>978-90-8964-085-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726124827/https://books.google.com/books?id=3selq5OHj88C">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. 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Science. 334 (6052): 94–98. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011Sci...334...94R">2011Sci...334...94R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1211177">10.1126/science.1211177</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10072%2F43493">10072/43493</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3991479">3991479</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21940856">21940856</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=An+Aboriginal+Australian+Genome+Reveals+Separate+Human+Dispersals+into+Asia&rft.volume=334&rft.issue=6052&rft.pages=94-98&rft.date=2011-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3991479%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011Sci...334...94R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21940856&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1211177&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10072%2F43493&rft.aulast=Rasmussen&rft.aufirst=Morten&rft.au=Guo%2C+Xiaosen&rft.au=Wang%2C+Yong&rft.au=Lohmueller%2C+Kirk+E.&rft.au=Rasmussen%2C+Simon&rft.au=Albrechtsen%2C+Anders&rft.au=Skotte%2C+Line&rft.au=Lindgreen%2C+Stinus&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Mait&rft.au=Jombart%2C+Thibaut&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+Toomas&rft.au=Zhai%2C+Weiwei&rft.au=Eriksson%2C+Anders&rft.au=Manica%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Orlando%2C+Ludovic&rft.au=De+La+Vega%2C+Francisco+M.&rft.au=Tridico%2C+Silvana&rft.au=Metspalu%2C+Ene&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Kasper&rft.au=%C3%81vila-Arcos%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+C.&rft.au=Moreno-Mayar%2C+J.+V%C3%ADctor&rft.au=Muller%2C+Craig&rft.au=Dortch%2C+Joe&rft.au=Gilbert%2C+M.+Thomas+P.&rft.au=Lund%2C+Ole&rft.au=Wesolowska%2C+Agata&rft.au=Karmin%2C+Monika&rft.au=Weinert%2C+Lucy+A.&rft.au=Wang%2C+Bo&rft.au=Li%2C+Jun&rft.au=Tai%2C+Shuaishuai&rft.au=Xiao%2C+Fei&rft.au=Hanihara%2C+Tsunehiko&rft.au=van+Driem%2C+George&rft.au=Jha%2C+Aashish+R.&rft.au=Ricaut%2C+Fran%C3%A7ois-Xavier&rft.au=de+Knijff%2C+Peter&rft.au=Migliano%2C+Andrea+B&rft.au=Gallego+Romero%2C+Irene&rft.au=Kristiansen%2C+Karsten&rft.au=Lambert%2C+David+M.&rft.au=Brunak%2C+S%C3%B8ren&rft.au=Forster%2C+Peter&rft.au=Brinkmann%2C+Bernd&rft.au=Nehlich%2C+Olaf&rft.au=Bunce%2C+Michael&rft.au=Richards%2C+Michael&rft.au=Gupta%2C+Ramneek&rft.au=Bustamante%2C+Carlos+D.&rft.au=Krogh%2C+Anders&rft.au=Foley%2C+Robert+A.&rft.au=Lahr%2C+Marta+M.&rft.au=Balloux%2C+Francois&rft.au=Sicheritz-Pont%C3%A9n%2C+Thomas&rft.au=Villems%2C+Richard&rft.au=Nielsen%2C+Rasmus&rft.au=Wang%2C+Jun&rft.au=Willerslev%2C+Eske&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3991479&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jett2017-102"><a href="#cite_ref-Jett2017_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJett2017" class="citation book cs1">Jett, Stephen C. 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Asian Perspectives. 39 (1/2): 71–108. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fasi.2000.0004">10.1353/asi.2000.0004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F17135">10125/17135</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59334219">59334219</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190427082654/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/17135/AP-v39n1-2-71-108.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 April 2019. 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University of California Press. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95383-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-95383-3"><bdi>978-0-520-95383-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726124829/https://books.google.com/books?id=CDQy8OOicF4C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA25">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. 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Science Advances. 1 (2): e1400060. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SciA....1E0060R">2015SciA....1E0060R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1400060">10.1126/sciadv.1400060</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4643814">4643814</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26601144">26601144</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14289693">14289693</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=New+precise+dates+for+the+ancient+and+sacred+coral+pyramidal+tombs+of+Leluh+%28Kosrae%2C+Micronesia%29&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e1400060&rft.date=2015-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4643814%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14289693%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015SciA....1E0060R&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26601144&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.1400060&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=ZT&rft.au=Shen%2C+CC&rft.au=Hobbs%2C+JP&rft.au=Wu%2C+CC&rft.au=Jiang%2C+X&rft.au=Beardsley%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4643814&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRainbirdWilson2015" class="citation journal cs1">Rainbird P, Wilson M (2 January 2015). 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In Thomas N, Cole A, Douglas B (eds.). Tattoo: Bodies, Art and Exchange in the Pacific and the West. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-823-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86189-823-4"><bdi>978-1-86189-823-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726152356/https://books.google.com/books?id=WVfqAQAAQBAJ&lpg=PP1&pg=PP1">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. 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Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51310-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51310-4"><bdi>978-0-231-51310-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131140/https://books.google.com/books?id=T1pz3dcdSgEC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. 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ABC-CLIO. pp. 272–274. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-076-8"><bdi>978-1-61069-076-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726131020/https://books.google.com/books?id=VmRyBAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. 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Centraal Boekhuis. p. 64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6832-192-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6832-192-0"><bdi>978-90-6832-192-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Tattoo%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pages=64&rft.pub=Centraal+Boekhuis&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-90-6832-192-0&rft.au=Van+Dinter&rft.au=Maarten+Hesselt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-krut-247"><a href="#cite_ref-krut_247-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrutak,_Lars2009" class="citation web cs1">Krutak, Lars (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vanishingtattoo.com/kalinga_batok_tattoo_festival.htm">"The Kalinga Batok (Tattoo) Festival"</a>. The Vanishing Tattoo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180406165115/http://www.vanishingtattoo.com/kalinga_batok_tattoo_festival.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 6 April 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Kalinga+Batok+%28Tattoo%29+Festival&rft.pub=The+Vanishing+Tattoo&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Krutak%2C+Lars&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanishingtattoo.com%2Fkalinga_batok_tattoo_festival.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-best-248"><a href="#cite_ref-best_248-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBest1904" class="citation journal cs1">Best E (1904). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document/Volume_13_1904/Volume_13,_No._3,_September_1904/The_Uhi-Maori_or_native_tattooing_instruments,_by_Elsdon_Best,_p166-172/p1">"The Uhi-Maori, or Native Tattooing Instruments"</a>. The Journal of the Polynesian Society. 13 (3): 166–172. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120421032341/http://www.jps.auckland.ac.nz/document//Volume_13_1904/Volume_13%2C_No._3%2C_September_1904/The_Uhi-Maori_or_native_tattooing_instruments%2C_by_Elsdon_Best%2C_p166-172/p1">Archived</a> from the original on 21 April 2012. Retrieved 9 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Polynesian+Society&rft.atitle=The+Uhi-Maori%2C+or+Native+Tattooing+Instruments&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=166-172&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Best&rft.aufirst=Eldson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jps.auckland.ac.nz%2Fdocument%2FVolume_13_1904%2FVolume_13%2C_No._3%2C_September_1904%2FThe_Uhi-Maori_or_native_tattooing_instruments%2C_by_Elsdon_Best%2C_p166-172%2Fp1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor-General_Robley1896" class="citation book cs1">Major-General Robley (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-RobMoko-t1-body-d1-d2.html">"Moko and Mokamokai – Chapter I – How Moko First Became Known to Europeans"</a>. Moko; or Maori Tattooing. Chapman and Hall Limited. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090322172827/https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-RobMoko-t1-body-d1-d2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 March 2009. Retrieved 26 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Moko+and+Mokamokai+%E2%80%93+Chapter+I+%E2%80%93+How+Moko+First+Became+Known+to+Europeans&rft.btitle=Moko%3B+or+Maori+Tattooing&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Chapman+and+Hall+Limited&rft.date=1896&rft.au=Major-General+Robley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-RobMoko-t1-body-d1-d2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-lach-250"><a href="#cite_ref-lach_250-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLach,_Donald_F.Van_Kley,_Edwin_J.1998" class="citation book cs1">Lach, Donald F. & Van Kley, Edwin J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M4t8S7BfgeIC&pg=PA1499">Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume III: A Century of Advance. Book 3: Southeast Asia</a>. University of Chicago Press. p. 1499. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46768-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-46768-9"><bdi>978-0-226-46768-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181105122600/https://books.google.com/books?id=M4t8S7BfgeIC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA1499">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2018. Retrieved 5 August 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+in+the+Making+of+Europe%2C+Volume+III%3A+A+Century+of+Advance.+Book+3%3A+Southeast+Asia&rft.pages=1499&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-226-46768-9&rft.au=Lach%2C+Donald+F.&rft.au=Van+Kley%2C+Edwin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM4t8S7BfgeIC%26pg%3DPA1499&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zumbroich2011a-251"><a href="#cite_ref-Zumbroich2011a_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZumbroich2009" class="citation journal cs1">Zumbroich, Thomas Josef (16 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17348%2Fera.7.0.381-398">"The Ethnobotany of Teeth Blackening in Southeast Asia"</a>. Ethnobotany Research and Applications. 7: 381. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17348%2Fera.7.0.381-398">10.17348/era.7.0.381-398</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnobotany+Research+and+Applications&rft.atitle=The+Ethnobotany+of+Teeth+Blackening+in+Southeast+Asia&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=381&rft.date=2009-11-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17348%2Fera.7.0.381-398&rft.aulast=Zumbroich&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17348%252Fera.7.0.381-398&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zumbroich2011b-252"><a href="#cite_ref-Zumbroich2011b_252-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZumbroich2011" class="citation journal cs1">Zumbroich, Thomas Josef (23 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17348%2Fera.9.0.97-113">"To Strengthen the Teeth and Harden the Gums – Teeth blackening as medical practice in Asia, Micronesia and Melanesia"</a>. Ethnobotany Research and Applications. 9: 097. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17348%2Fera.9.0.97-113">10.17348/era.9.0.97-113</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10125%2F21020">10125/21020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnobotany+Research+and+Applications&rft.atitle=To+Strengthen+the+Teeth+and+Harden+the+Gums+%E2%80%93+Teeth+blackening+as+medical+practice+in+Asia%2C+Micronesia+and+Melanesia&rft.volume=9&rft.pages=097&rft.date=2011-03-23&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10125%2F21020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17348%2Fera.9.0.97-113&rft.aulast=Zumbroich&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Josef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.17348%252Fera.9.0.97-113&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Zumbroich2016-253"><a href="#cite_ref-Zumbroich2016_253-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZumbroich2016" class="citation journal cs1">Zumbroich, Thomas (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9680241">""We blacken our teeth with oko to make them firm" – Teeth blackening in Oceania"</a>. Anthropologica. 57 (2): 539–555. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200924093817/https://www.academia.edu/9680241/We_blacken_our_teeth_with_oko_to_make_them_firm_Teeth_blackening_in_Oceania">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2020. 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Ethnobotany Research & Applications. 10: 523–540.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ethnobotany+Research+%26+Applications&rft.atitle=%22Ny+vazana+tsy+aseho+vahiny%22+%E2%80%93+%22Don%27t+show+your+molars+to+strangers%22+%E2%80%93+Expressions+of+teeth+blackening+in+Madagascar&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=523-540&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Zumbroich&rft.aufirst=Thomas+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F7607892&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis2003-255"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis2003_255-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisElvin-Lewis2003" class="citation book cs1">Lewis WH, Elvin-Lewis MP (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ipQmSriMF9sC&pg=PA448">Medical Botany: Plants Affecting Human Health</a>. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 448–450. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-471-62882-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-471-62882-8"><bdi>978-0-471-62882-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200726125619/https://books.google.com/books?id=ipQmSriMF9sC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA448">Archived</a> from the original on 26 July 2020. 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PLOS ONE. 10 (9): e0136783. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015PLoSO..1036783W">2015PLoSO..1036783W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0136783">10.1371/journal.pone.0136783</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4580586">4580586</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26398231">26398231</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:6469209">6469209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+ONE&rft.atitle=Pulotu%3A+Database+of+Austronesian+Supernatural+Beliefs+and+Practices&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=e0136783&rft.date=2015-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4580586%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A6469209%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015PLoSO..1036783W&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26398231&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0136783&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Sheehan%2C+O&rft.au=Greenhill%2C+SJ&rft.au=Gomes-Ng%2C+S&rft.au=Atkinson%2C+QD&rft.au=Bulbulia%2C+J&rft.au=Gray%2C+RD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4580586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwick2013" class="citation book cs1">Baldwick J (2013). 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Retrieved 18 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+continuity+of+Austronesian+on+Islamic+and+early+colonial+period+in+Maluku+1&rft.aulast=Handoko&rft.aufirst=Wuri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F28014363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fischer1997-259">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer1997_259-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer1997_259-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer1997_259-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fischer1997_259-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFischer1997" class="citation book cs1">Fischer, Steven R. (1997). Rongorongo: The Easter Island Script: History, Traditions, Texts. 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Rapa Nui Journal. 18 (2): 87–94. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711160418/http://islandheritage.org/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2010/06/RNJ_18_2_McLaughlin.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2019. 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Archaeology in Oceania. 40 (3): 115–119. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4453.2005.tb00597.x">10.1002/j.1834-4453.2005.tb00597.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+in+Oceania&rft.atitle=The+Rongorongo+tablets+from+Easter+Island%3A+botanical+identification+and+14C+dating&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=115-119&rft.date=2005-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1834-4453.2005.tb00597.x&rft.aulast=Orliac&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee1992-262"><a href="#cite_ref-Lee1992_262-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1992" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Georgia (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rockartofeasteri0000leeg">The Rock Art of Easter Island: Symbols of Power, Prayers to the Gods</a>. Cotsen Institute of Archaeology. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-917956-74-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-917956-74-4"><bdi>978-0-917956-74-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rock+Art+of+Easter+Island%3A+Symbols+of+Power%2C+Prayers+to+the+Gods&rft.pub=Cotsen+Institute+of+Archaeology&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-917956-74-4&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Georgia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frockartofeasteri0000leeg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wieczorek2016-263"><a href="#cite_ref-Wieczorek2016_263-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWieczorek2016" class="citation journal cs1">Wieczorek, Rafal (31 August 2016). 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John Wiley & Sons, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781444351071" title="Special:BookSources/9781444351071"><bdi>9781444351071</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Madagascar+and+Africa%2C+Austronesian+migration&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Global+Human+Migration&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781444351071&rft.aulast=Beaujard&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIoannidisBlanco-PortilloSandovalHagelberg2020" class="citation journal cs1">Ioannidis, Alexander G.; Blanco-Portillo, Javier; Sandoval, Karla; Hagelberg, Erika; Miquel-Poblete, Juan Francisco; Moreno-Mayar, J. Víctor; Rodríguez-Rodríguez, Juan Esteban; Quinto-Cortés, Consuelo D.; Auckland, Kathryn; Parks, Tom; Robson, Kathryn; Hill, Adrian V. S.; Avila-Arcos, María C.; Sockell, Alexandra; Homburger, Julian R.; Wojcik, Genevieve L.; Barnes, Kathleen C.; Herrera, Luisa; Berríos, Soledad; Acuña, Mónica; Llop, Elena; Eng, Celeste; Huntsman, Scott; Burchard, Esteban G.; Gignoux, Christopher R.; Cifuentes, Lucía; Verdugo, Ricardo A.; Moraga, Mauricio; Mentzer, Alexander J.; Bustamante, Carlos D.; Moreno-Estrada, Andrés (July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8939867">"Native American gene flow into Polynesia predating Easter Island settlement"</a>. Nature. 583 (7817): 572–577. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020Natur.583..572I">2020Natur.583..572I</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2487-2">10.1038/s41586-020-2487-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8939867">8939867</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32641827">32641827</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220420232">220420232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Native+American+gene+flow+into+Polynesia+predating+Easter+Island+settlement&rft.volume=583&rft.issue=7817&rft.pages=572-577&rft.date=2020-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8939867%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220420232%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020Natur.583..572I&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32641827&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41586-020-2487-2&rft.aulast=Ioannidis&rft.aufirst=Alexander+G.&rft.au=Blanco-Portillo%2C+Javier&rft.au=Sandoval%2C+Karla&rft.au=Hagelberg%2C+Erika&rft.au=Miquel-Poblete%2C+Juan+Francisco&rft.au=Moreno-Mayar%2C+J.+V%C3%ADctor&rft.au=Rodr%C3%ADguez-Rodr%C3%ADguez%2C+Juan+Esteban&rft.au=Quinto-Cort%C3%A9s%2C+Consuelo+D.&rft.au=Auckland%2C+Kathryn&rft.au=Parks%2C+Tom&rft.au=Robson%2C+Kathryn&rft.au=Hill%2C+Adrian+V.+S.&rft.au=Avila-Arcos%2C+Mar%C3%ADa+C.&rft.au=Sockell%2C+Alexandra&rft.au=Homburger%2C+Julian+R.&rft.au=Wojcik%2C+Genevieve+L.&rft.au=Barnes%2C+Kathleen+C.&rft.au=Herrera%2C+Luisa&rft.au=Berr%C3%ADos%2C+Soledad&rft.au=Acu%C3%B1a%2C+M%C3%B3nica&rft.au=Llop%2C+Elena&rft.au=Eng%2C+Celeste&rft.au=Huntsman%2C+Scott&rft.au=Burchard%2C+Esteban+G.&rft.au=Gignoux%2C+Christopher+R.&rft.au=Cifuentes%2C+Luc%C3%ADa&rft.au=Verdugo%2C+Ricardo+A.&rft.au=Moraga%2C+Mauricio&rft.au=Mentzer%2C+Alexander+J.&rft.au=Bustamante%2C+Carlos+D.&rft.au=Moreno-Estrada%2C+Andr%C3%A9s&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8939867&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Books">Books</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood1979" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Bellwood" title="Peter Bellwood">Bellwood, Peter S.</a> (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/unset0000unse_h3l9">Man's conquest of the Pacific: The prehistory of Southeast Asia and Oceania</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520103-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520103-1"><bdi>978-0-19-520103-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Man%27s+conquest+of+the+Pacific%3A+The+prehistory+of+Southeast+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-19-520103-1&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Funset0000unse_h3l9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwood2007" class="citation book cs1">Bellwood, Peter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4obAfGBGKY0C">Prehistory of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago</a> (3rd, revised ed.). ANU E Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-921313-12-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-921313-12-7"><bdi>978-1-921313-12-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prehistory+of+the+Indo-Malaysian+Archipelago&rft.edition=3rd%2C+revised&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-921313-12-7&rft.aulast=Bellwood&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4obAfGBGKY0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellwoodFoxTryon2006" class="citation book cs1">Bellwood, Peter; Fox, James J.; Tryon, Darrell, eds. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9uyuHAXBuRkC&q=southern+Philippine+islands+such+as+Mindanao.73+The+arrival+of+the+Spanish+in+Brunei+and+the+initiated+the+same+kind+of">The Austronesians: historical and comparative perspectives</a>. Australian National University. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920942-85-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920942-85-4"><bdi>978-1-920942-85-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Austronesians%3A+historical+and+comparative+perspectives&rft.pub=Australian+National+University&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-920942-85-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9uyuHAXBuRkC%26q%3Dsouthern%2BPhilippine%2Bislands%2Bsuch%2Bas%2BMindanao.73%2BThe%2Barrival%2Bof%2Bthe%2BSpanish%2Bin%2BBrunei%2Band%2Bthe%2Binitiated%2Bthe%2Bsame%2Bkind%2Bof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiamond1998" class="citation book cs1">Diamond, Jared M. (1998). Guns, Germs, and Steel. Vintage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-8306-667-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-8306-667-6"><bdi>978-84-8306-667-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guns%2C+Germs%2C+and+Steel&rft.pub=Vintage&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-84-8306-667-6&rft.aulast=Diamond&rft.aufirst=Jared+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenitez-Johannot2009" class="citation book cs1">Benitez-Johannot, Purissima, ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111016112557/http://artpostasia.com/pathsoforigins/pathsoforigins.html">Paths of Origins</a>. ArtPostAsia Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-971-94292-0-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-971-94292-0-3"><bdi>978-971-94292-0-3</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://artpostasia.com/pathsoforigins/pathsoforigins.html">the original</a> on 16 October 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paths+of+Origins&rft.pub=ArtPostAsia+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-971-94292-0-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fartpostasia.com%2Fpathsoforigins%2Fpathsoforigins.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_J._Fox2006" class="citation book cs1">James J. Fox (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7i_dwpmAf2UC&q=of+the+Spanish+in+Brunei+and+the+Philippines+in+force+in+the+sixteenth+century+initiated+the+same+kind+of+religiously+defined+commercial+and">Origins, Ancestry and Alliance: Explorations in Austronesian Ethnography</a>. ANU E Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-920942-87-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-920942-87-8"><bdi>978-1-920942-87-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origins%2C+Ancestry+and+Alliance%3A+Explorations+in+Austronesian+Ethnography&rft.pub=ANU+E+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-920942-87-8&rft.au=James+J.+Fox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7i_dwpmAf2UC%26q%3Dof%2Bthe%2BSpanish%2Bin%2BBrunei%2Band%2Bthe%2BPhilippines%2Bin%2Bforce%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bsixteenth%2Bcentury%2Binitiated%2Bthe%2Bsame%2Bkind%2Bof%2Breligiously%2Bdefined%2Bcommercial%2Band&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Austronesian_peoples&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCapelliWilsonRichardsStumpf2001" class="citation journal cs1">Capelli C, Wilson JF, Richards M, Stumpf MP, Gratrix F, Oppenheimer S, et al. (February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235276">"A predominantly indigenous paternal heritage for the Austronesian-speaking peoples of insular Southeast Asia and Oceania"</a>. American Journal of Human Genetics. 68 (2): 432–43. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F318205">10.1086/318205</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1235276">1235276</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11170891">11170891</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Human+Genetics&rft.atitle=A+predominantly+indigenous+paternal+heritage+for+the+Austronesian-speaking+peoples+of+insular+Southeast+Asia+and+Oceania&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=432-43&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1235276%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11170891&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F318205&rft.aulast=Capelli&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Wilson%2C+JF&rft.au=Richards%2C+M&rft.au=Stumpf%2C+MP&rft.au=Gratrix%2C+F&rft.au=Oppenheimer%2C+S&rft.au=Underhill%2C+P&rft.au=Pascali%2C+VL&rft.au=Ko%2C+TM&rft.au=Goldstein%2C+DB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1235276&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Mund%C4%81s" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Mundās">Mundās</a>". <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 19 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mund%C4%81s&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustronesian+peoples" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070614013550/http://epress.anu.edu.au/titles/austronesians.html">Books, some online, on Austronesian subjects by the Australian National University</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/44563/Encyclopedia">Encyclopædia Britannica: Austronesian Languages</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Template:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Template talk:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_indigenous_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_peoples#Oceania" title="List of Indigenous peoples">Culture of indigenous Oceania</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>List of resources about traditional arts and culture of Oceania</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Ahu" title="Easter Island">Ahu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_art" title="Indigenous Australian art">Australia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Arts">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa" title="Kapa">kapa (Hawaiʻi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lei_(garland)" title="Lei (garland)">Lei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magimagi" title="Magimagi">magimagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_art" title="New Zealand art">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:M%C4%81ori_art" title="Category:Māori art">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nguzu_nguzu" title="Nguzu nguzu">nguzu nguzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_art" title="Oceanian art">Oceania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinean_art" title="Papua New Guinean art">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reimiro" title="Reimiro">reimiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81_moko" title="Tā moko">tā moko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabua" title="Tabua">tabua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%CA%BBovala" title="Taʻovala">taʻovala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapa_cloth" title="Tapa cloth">tapa ["masi" (Fiji), "ngatu" (Tonga), "siapo" (Sāmoa), " ʻuha" (Rotuma)]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattoo" title="Tattoo">tattoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%93fui" title="Tēfui">tēfui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivaevae" title="Tivaevae">tivaevae</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Broad culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava" title="Kava">"yaqona" (Fiji), or "sakau" (Pohnpei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kava_culture" title="Kava culture">Kava culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_culture" title="Polynesian culture">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa_%27ava_ceremony" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoa 'ava ceremony">Sāmoa 'ava ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wood_carving#Aboriginal" title="History of wood carving">Wood carving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geo-specific, general</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians#Culture" title="Indigenous Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_astronomy" title="Australian Aboriginal astronomy">Australian Aboriginal astronomy</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Culture">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Islands#People_and_culture" title="Caroline Islands">Caroline Islands</a>, -<a href="/wiki/Pwo" title="Pwo">Pwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori#Revival_of_culture" title="Moriori">Chatham Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands#Culture" title="Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Culture" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Fiji" title="Culture of Fiji">Fiji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lau_Islands#Culture_and_economy" title="Lau Islands">Lau Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_traditions_and_ceremonies" title="Fijian traditions and ceremonies">traditions and ceremonies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guam#Culture" title="Guam">Guam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lomilomi_massage" title="Lomilomi massage">Lomilomi massage</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kiribati" title="Culture of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Marquesas_Islands" title="Culture of the Marquesas Islands">French Polynesia's Marquesas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia#Culture" title="Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nauru" title="Culture of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia#Culture" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_New_Zealand" title="Culture of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_culture" title="Māori culture">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue#Culture" title="Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island#Culture" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau#Culture" title="Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Culture of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands#Culture_and_religion" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Culture of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tonga" title="Culture of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders#Culture" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu#Culture" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vanuatu" title="Culture of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna#Culture" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshallese culture">Marshall Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands_stick_chart" title="Marshall Islands stick chart">Stick charts of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yap#Culture" title="Yap">Yap</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yap#Navigation_(sailing)" title="Yap">navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weriyeng" title="Weriyeng">Weriyeng navigation school</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Canoes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aboriginal_dugout_canoe" title="Aboriginal dugout canoe">Aboriginal dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drua" title="Drua">Drua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)#Pacific_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout (boat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaep" title="Kaep">Kaep</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karakoa" title="Karakoa">Karakoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_migration_canoes" title="Māori migration canoes">Māori migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_canoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Outrigger canoe">Outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paopao_(canoe)" title="Paopao (canoe)"> Paopao (Tuvalu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraw" title="Paraw">Paraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_sailing#Polynesian_sailing_canoes" title="Canoe sailing">Polynesian sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proa" title="Proa">Proa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinta" title="Vinta">Vinta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waka_(canoe)" title="Waka (canoe)">Waka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_M%C4%81ori_waka" title="List of Māori waka">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walap" title="Walap">Walap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAparima" title="ʻAparima">ʻAparima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibi" title="Cibi">cibi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fara_(Rotuman_festivity)" title="Fara (Rotuman festivity)">fara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_performance" title="Fire performance">fire dancing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewalking" title="Firewalking">firewalking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haka" title="Haka">haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hivinau" title="Hivinau">hivinau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hula" title="Hula">hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kailao" title="Kailao">kailao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapa_haka" title="Kapa haka">kapa haka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Kiribati" title="Dance in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meke" title="Meke">meke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27ote%27a" title="'ote'a">'ote'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pa%27o%27a" class="mw-redirect" title="Pa'o'a">pa'o'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poi_(performance_art)" title="Poi (performance art)">poi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Rotuma" title="Dance in Rotuma">Rotuma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_culture#Dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Samoan culture">siva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tahiti" title="Category:Dances of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamure" title="Tamure">tāmūrē</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tautoga" title="Tautoga">tautoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dances_of_Tonga" title="Category:Dances of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27upa%27upa" title="'upa'upa">'upa'upa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Australia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garma_Festival_of_Traditional_Cultures" title="Garma Festival of Traditional Cultures">Garma Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li>Hawaiʻi <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aloha_Festivals" title="Aloha Festivals">Aloha Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrie_Monarch_Festival" title="Merrie Monarch Festival">Merrie Monarch Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Invitational_Hula_Festival" title="World Invitational Hula Festival">World Invitational Hula Festival</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Fiji" title="List of festivals in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li>New Zealand <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pasifika_Festival" title="Pasifika Festival">Pasifika Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Matatini" title="Te Matatini">Te Matatini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Community" title="Pacific Community">Pacific Community</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Pacific_Arts" title="Festival of Pacific Arts">Festival of Pacific Arts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Category:Festivals in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_languages" title="Oceanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by area</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Languages_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Oceania" title="Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Fiji" title="Languages of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kiribati" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Marshall_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Nauru" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Zealand" title="Languages of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Palau" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Languages of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tuvalu" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Vanuatu" title="Languages of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Easter_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_New_Caledonia" title="Languages of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Norfolk_Island" title="Languages of Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Tokelau" title="Languages of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">by category</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Languages_of_Oceania" title="Category:Languages of Oceania">Languages of Oceania</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_literature" title="Oceanian literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Literature_of_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Oceania">Literature of Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Federated States of Micronesia (page does not exist)">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Fiji" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Kiribati&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Kiribati (page does not exist)">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Marshall_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Marshall Islands (page does not exist)">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Palau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Palau (page does not exist)">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Papua_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Tonga" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tuvalu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tuvalu (page does not exist)">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Vanuatu" title="Literature of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_the_Cook_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Guam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Guam (page does not exist)">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Literature_of_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Literature of Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Music</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Austral_Islands" title="Music of the Austral Islands">Austral Islands (French Polynesia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Australia" title="Indigenous music of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Music">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Music of the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Easter_Island" title="Music of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Fiji" title="Music of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Guam" title="Music of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kiribati" title="Music of Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lali_(drum)" title="Lali (drum)">Lali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Melanesia" title="Music of Melanesia">Melanesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of Micronesia">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nauru" title="Music of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Caledonia" title="Music of New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_Zealand" title="Music of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_music" title="Māori music">Māori</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Niue" title="Music of Niue">Niue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" title="Music of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Palau" title="Music of Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Sāmoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slit_drum" title="Slit drum">Slit drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Music of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tahiti" title="Music of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tokelau" title="Music of Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vanuatu" title="Music of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Polynesia" title="Music of Polynesia">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aboriginal mythology">Australian Aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fijian_mythology" title="Category:Fijian mythology">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangarevan_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangarevan mythology">Mangarevan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahiti_and_Society_Islands_mythology" title="Tahiti and Society Islands mythology">Maohi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_mythology" title="Māori mythology">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_mythology" title="Melanesian mythology">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menehune" title="Menehune">Menehune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_mythology" title="Micronesian mythology">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_legendary_creatures" title="Category:Oceanian legendary creatures">Oceanian legendary creatures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_mythology" title="Polynesian mythology">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_mythology" title="Rapa Nui mythology">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_mythology" title="Samoan mythology">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvaluan_mythology" title="Tuvaluan mythology">Tuvaluan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vanuatu_mythology" title="Category:Vanuatu mythology">Vanuatuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Policy_Research_Consortium" title="Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium">Asian American and Pacific Islander Policy Research Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Institute_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_Studies" title="Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies">Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australian</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriori" title="Moriori">Chatham Islander (Moriori or Rekohu)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijians" title="Fijians">Fijian (iTaukei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilocano_people" title="Ilocano people">Ilocano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igorot" class="mw-redirect" title="Igorot">Igorot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivatan_people" title="Ivatan people">Ivatans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumad" title="Lumad">Lumad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Demographics of the Marshall Islands">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negrito" title="Negrito">Negrito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Islanders" title="Norfolk Islanders">Norfolk Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_New_Guinea" title="Indigenous people of New Guinea">Papuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maohi" title="Maohi">Indigenous Polynesian (Mā’ohi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_people" title="Rapa Nui people">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotumans" title="Rotumans">Rotuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoans" title="Samoans">Samoan (Tagata Māo‘i)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tagalog_people" title="Tagalog people">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahitians" title="Tahitians">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwanese aborigines">Taiwanese aborigines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokelauan_people" title="Tokelauan people">Tokelauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Tonga" title="Demographics of Tonga">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Islanders" title="Torres Strait Islanders">Torres Strait Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayans" title="Visayans">Visayans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Yami people">Yami</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Religion_in_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Oceania" title="Religion in Oceania">Religion in Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Religion in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Fiji" title="Religion in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kiribati" title="Religion in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Religion in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Nauru" title="Religion in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Zealand" title="Religion in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Palau" title="Religion in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Religion in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Samoa" title="Religion in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Solomon_Islands" title="Religion in Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tonga" title="Religion in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tuvalu" title="Religion in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Vanuatu" title="Religion in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Religion in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Niue" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_American_Samoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Religion_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Religion in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_French_Polynesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Guam" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_New_Caledonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Norfolk_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in the Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Tokelau" title="Religion in Tokelau">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wallis_and_Futuna" class="mw-redirect" title="Religion in Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>For other topics including Oceanian <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinema of Oceania">cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shell_money_in_Oceania" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell money in Oceania">indigenous currency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Oceanian_clothing" title="Category:History of Oceanian clothing">dress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_folklore" title="Category:Oceanian folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:Oceanian_cuisine" title="Category:Oceanian cuisine">cuisine</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Category:Culture_of_Oceania" title="Category:Culture of Oceania">Category:Culture of Oceania</a>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_world_by_continent" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:khaki; padding-top:0.1em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Indigenous_peoples_by_continent" title="Template:Indigenous peoples by continent"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Indigenous_peoples_by_continent" title="Template talk:Indigenous peoples by continent"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous_peoples_by_continent" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Indigenous peoples by continent"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Indigenous_peoples_of_the_world_by_continent" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples</a> of the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">world</a> by <a href="/wiki/Continent" title="Continent">continent</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Location of Africa"><img alt="Location of Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Africa_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Africa" title="Indigenous peoples of Africa">Africa</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Eurasia" title="Location of Eurasia"><img alt="Location of Eurasia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Eurasia_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples#Eurasia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples">Eurasia</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" title="Location of North America"><img alt="Location of North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-North_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas#North_America" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North America</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Location of Oceania"><img alt="Location of Oceania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-Oceania_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_Oceania" title="Indigenous peoples of Oceania">Oceania</a> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;text-align:center;width:17%;"><div> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Location of South America"><img alt="Location of South America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/80px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/120px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg/160px-South_America_in_the_world_%28red%29_%28W3%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="3188" data-file-height="1948" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_South_America" title="Indigenous peoples of South America">South America</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:khaki;"><div> <a href="/wiki/List_of_indigenous_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indigenous peoples">Indigenous peoples by geographic regions</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ancient_seafaring" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ancient_seafaring" title="Template talk:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient_seafaring" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ancient seafaring"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ancient_seafaring" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_seafaring" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient seafaring">Ancient seafaring</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Vessels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Vessels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">Types</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balangay" title="Balangay">Balangay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangka_(boat)" title="Bangka (boat)">Bangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beden" title="Beden">Beden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coracle" title="Coracle">Coracle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhow" title="Dhow">Dhow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_boat" title="Dragon boat">Dragon boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_canoe" title="Dugout canoe">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galley" title="Galley">Galley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Penteconter" title="Penteconter">Penteconter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%27unlun_po" class="mw-redirect" title="K'unlun po">Kunlun ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liburna" title="Liburna">Liburna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longship" title="Longship">Longship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multihull" title="Multihull">Multihull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria" title="Navis lusoria">Navis lusoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_ship" title="Obelisk ship">Obelisk ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outrigger_boat" title="Outrigger boat">Outriggers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Sakman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-outrigger" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-outrigger">Single-outrigger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catamaran" title="Catamaran">Catamaran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimaran" title="Trimaran">Trimaran</a></li></ul></li> <li>Polyremes <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bireme" title="Bireme">Bireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic-era_warships" title="Hellenistic-era warships">Oared warships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trireme" title="Trireme">Trireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrireme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrireme">Quadrireme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinquereme" class="mw-redirect" title="Quinquereme">Quinquereme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hexareme" class="mw-redirect" title="Hexareme">Hexareme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tessarakonteres" title="Tessarakonteres">Tessarakonteres</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raft" title="Raft">Raft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_boat" title="Reed boat">Reed boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship" title="Sailing ship">Sailing ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_royal_ships" title="Ancient Egyptian royal ships">Solar ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomol" title="Tomol">Tomol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C4%81kitimu" title="Tākitimu">Tākitimu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uru_(boat)" title="Uru (boat)">Uru</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">by region</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_vessels#History" title="Austronesian vessels">Austronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Propulsion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paddling" title="Paddling">Paddling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing" title="Sailing">Sailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">Towing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poling_(watercraft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poling (watercraft)">Poling </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">Anchor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_(watercraft)" title="Bow (watercraft)">Bow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabin_(ship)" title="Cabin (ship)">Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deck_(ship)" title="Deck (ship)">Deck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">Figurehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_(watercraft)" title="Hull (watercraft)">Hull</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building#Construction_materials_and_methods" title="Boat building">Planking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keel" title="Keel">Keel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Mast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle" title="Paddle">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder" title="Rudder">Rudder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudder#History_of_the_rudder" title="Rudder">Steering oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sail" title="Sail">Sail</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sail_components" title="Sail components">Sail components</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stem_(ship)" title="Stem (ship)">Stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sternpost" title="Sternpost">Sternpost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strake" title="Strake">Strake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nile_boat#Boat_design_/_steering" title="Nile boat">Tiller</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_shipbuilding_techniques" title="Ancient shipbuilding techniques">Construction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boat_building" title="Boat building">Boat building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Careening" title="Careening">Careening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carvel_(boat_building)" title="Carvel (boat building)">Carvel built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinker_(boat_building)" title="Clinker (boat building)">Clinker built</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortise_and_tenon" title="Mortise and tenon">Mortise and tenon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lashed-lug_boat" title="Lashed-lug boat">Lashed-lug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewn_boat" title="Sewn boat">Sewn-plank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_technology#Navigation_and_ship_building" title="Ancient Egyptian technology">Egypt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rigging" title="Rigging">Rigging</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crab_claw_sail" title="Crab claw sail">Crab claw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fore-and-aft_rig" title="Fore-and-aft rig">Fore-and-aft</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lateen" title="Lateen">Lateen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settee_(sail)" title="Settee (sail)">Settee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanja_sail" title="Tanja sail">Tanja</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Triangular_sail_rig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Triangular sail rig (page does not exist)">Triangular sail</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junk_rig" title="Junk rig">Junk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast-aft_rig" title="Mast-aft rig">Mast-aft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spritsail" title="Spritsail">Spritsail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_rig" title="Square rig">Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armaments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballista" title="Ballista">Ballista</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catapult" title="Catapult">Catapult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corvus_(boarding_device)" title="Corvus (boarding device)">Corvus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolphin_(weapon)" title="Dolphin (weapon)">Dolphin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_ship" title="Fire ship">Fire ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpax" title="Harpax">Harpax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_ram" title="Naval ram">Ram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sambuca_(siege_engine)" title="Sambuca (siege engine)">Sambuca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Navigation,_and_ports_and_harbors" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Navigation, and ports and harbors</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Navigation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">Celestial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cartography" title="History of cartography">Charts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portolan_chart" title="Portolan chart">Portolan chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutter_(nautical)" title="Rutter (nautical)">Rutter (nautical)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_navigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal navigation">Coastal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouses" class="mw-redirect" title="Lighthouses">Lighthouses</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_navigation" title="History of navigation">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piloting" title="Piloting">Piloting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pilot_boat" title="Pilot boat">Pilot boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_pilot" title="Maritime pilot">Maritime pilot</a></li></ul></li> <li>By region: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_navigation" title="Inuit navigation">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_navigation" title="Micronesian navigation">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesian_navigation" title="Polynesian navigation">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Port#Historical_ports" title="Port">Ports</a> and harbors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aden" title="Aden">Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adulis" title="Adulis">Adulis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arikamedu" title="Arikamedu">Arikamedu</a> (Podouke)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_(Gulf_of_Suez)" title="Arsinoe (Gulf of Suez)">Arsinoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalites" title="Avalites">Avalites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbarikon" title="Barbarikon">Barbarikon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bharuch" title="Bharuch">Barygaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_Troglodytica" title="Berenice Troglodytica">Berenice Troglodytica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canopus,_Egypt" title="Canopus, Egypt">Canopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chittagong" title="Chittagong">Chittagong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essina" title="Essina">Essina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiaozhi" title="Jiaozhi">Giao Chỉ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godavaya" title="Godavaya">Godavaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Guangzhou" title="Port of Guangzhou">Guangzhou</a> (Canton)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_of_Jambukola" title="Port of Jambukola">Jambukola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeddah" title="Jeddah">Jeddah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puhar,_Mayiladuthurai" title="Puhar, Mayiladuthurai">Kaveri Poompattinam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a> (Kadaram)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korkai" title="Korkai">Korkai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothal#Dockyard" title="Lothal">Lothal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manthai" title="Manthai">Manthai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurai" title="Madurai">Madurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malao" title="Malao">Malao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersa_Gawasis" title="Mersa Gawasis">Mersa Gawasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myos_Hormos" title="Myos Hormos">Myos Hormos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mottama" title="Mottama">Martaban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chonburi_province" title="Chonburi province">Mueang Phra Rot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscat" title="Muscat">Muscat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muziris" title="Muziris">Muziris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93c_Eo" title="Óc Eo">Óc Eo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cattigara" title="Cattigara">Cattigara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opone" title="Opone">Opone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostia_Antica" title="Ostia Antica">Ostia Antica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piraeus#Ancient_and_medieval_times" title="Piraeus">Piraeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosphorion_Harbour" title="Prosphorion Harbour">Prosphorion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemais_Theron" title="Ptolemais Theron">Ptolemais Theron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qandala" title="Qandala">Qandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kollam" title="Kollam">Quilon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhacotis" title="Rhacotis">Rhacotis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarapion" title="Sarapion">Sarapion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sathing_Phra_district" title="Sathing Phra district">Satingpra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon" title="Sidon">Sidon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socotra" title="Socotra">Socotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonargaon" title="Sonargaon">Sounagoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulum" title="Tulum">Tulum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyndis" title="Tyndis">Tyndis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyre,_Lebanon" title="Tyre, Lebanon">Tyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_al-Jarf" title="Wadi al-Jarf">Wadi al-Jarf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zanzibar" title="History of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_maritime_history" title="Ancient maritime history">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maritime_prehistory" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritime prehistory">Prehistory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_timeline#Prehistory" title="Maritime timeline">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Britain" title="Prehistoric Britain">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceania#Prehistory_of_Oceania" title="Oceania">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Oceania" title="Remote Oceania">Remote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Near_Oceania" title="Near Oceania">Near</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubaid_period" title="Ubaid period">Ubaid period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Civilizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Old Kingdom of Egypt">Old Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Hu%E1%BB%B3nh_culture" title="Sa Huỳnh culture">Sa Huỳnh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapita_culture" title="Lapita culture">Lapita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesians" title="Micronesians">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langkasuka" title="Langkasuka">Langkasuka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedah" title="Kedah">Kedah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champa" title="Champa">Champa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kutai" title="Kutai">Kutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarumanagara" title="Tarumanagara">Tarumanagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalingga_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalingga kingdom">Kalingga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srivijaya" title="Srivijaya">Srivijaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunda_Kingdom" title="Sunda Kingdom">Sunda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polynesians" title="Polynesians">Polynesia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minoan_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Minoan Civilization">Minoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilisation" title="Indus Valley Civilisation">Indus Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamilakam" title="Tamilakam">Tamilakam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Chola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chera_dynasty" title="Chera dynasty">Chera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandya_dynasty" title="Pandya dynasty">Pandya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Somalia" title="Maritime history of Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycenaean_Greece" title="Mycenaean Greece">Mycenaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olmecs" title="Olmecs">Olmecs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carthaginian_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Carthaginian civilization">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_city-states" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek city-states">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_Greece" title="Archaic Greece">Archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Greece" title="Classical Greece">Classical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_Kingdom" title="Nabataean Kingdom">Nabatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Aksum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Rome</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Migration and exploration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Australia">Peopling of Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Micronesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Micronesia">Peopling of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Migration_from_Taiwan">Austronesian Expansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_pre-Roman_Gaul" title="Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul">Greeks in pre-Roman Gaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_exploration" title="Ocean exploration">Ocean exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Phoenician_maritime_expansion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Phoenician maritime expansion (page does not exist)">Phoenician maritime expansion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician%E2%80%93Punic_Sardinia" title="Phoenician–Punic Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necho_II#Phoenician_expedition" title="Necho II">Circumnavigation of Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas#Voyage_to_Britain" title="Pytheas">Pytheas' voyage to Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Julius_Agricola" title="Gnaeus Julius Agricola">Roman circumnavigation of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_maritime_migration_and_exploration" title="Timeline of maritime migration and exploration">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mariners and explorers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henenu_(high_steward)" title="Henenu (high steward)">Henenu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthymenes" title="Euthymenes">Euthymenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanno_the_Navigator" title="Hanno the Navigator">Hanno the Navigator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himilco" title="Himilco">Himilco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sataspes" title="Sataspes">Sataspes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsthenes_of_Thasos" title="Androsthenes of Thasos">Androsthenes of Thasos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archias_of_Pella" title="Archias of Pella">Archias of Pella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nearchus" title="Nearchus">Nearchus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pytheas" title="Pytheas">Pytheas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megasthenes" title="Megasthenes">Megasthenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xu_Fu" title="Xu Fu">Xu Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippalus" title="Hippalus">Hippalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudoxus_of_Cyzicus" title="Eudoxus of Cyzicus">Eudoxus of Cyzicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maes_Titianus" title="Maes Titianus">Maes Titianus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_navies_and_vessels" title="Ancient navies and vessels">Navies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_navy" title="Ancient Egyptian navy">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_navy" title="Achaemenid navy">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_navy" title="Roman navy">Roman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_naval_battles" title="List of naval battles">Battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mediterranean:   <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Alashiya" title="Battles of Alashiya">Alashiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Delta" title="Battle of the Delta">Nile Delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis" title="Battle of Salamis">Salamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Artemisium" title="Battle of Artemisium">Artemisium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Eurymedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Eurymedon">Eurymedon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naupactus" title="Battle of Naupactus">Naupactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Olpae" title="Battle of Olpae">Olpae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Expedition" title="Sicilian Expedition">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynossema" title="Battle of Cynossema">Cynossema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arginusae" title="Battle of Arginusae">Arginusae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mytilene_(406_BC)" title="Battle of Mytilene (406 BC)">Mytilene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Hellespont">Hellespont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Echinades_(322_BC)" title="Battle of the Echinades (322 BC)">Echinades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Salamis_(306_BC)" title="Battle of Salamis (306 BC)">Salamis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mylae" title="Battle of Mylae">Mylae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Hermaeum" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Hermaeum">Cape Hermaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ecnomus" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Ecnomus">Ecnomus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Drepana" title="Battle of Drepana">Drepana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aegates" title="Battle of the Aegates">Aegates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Trasimene" title="Battle of Lake Trasimene">Lake Trasimene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chios_(201_BC)" title="Battle of Chios (201 BC)">Chios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Myonessus" title="Battle of Myonessus">Myonessus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nile" title="Battle of the Nile">Nile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Naulochus" title="Battle of Naulochus">Naulochus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mycale" title="Battle of Mycale">Mycale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Actium" title="Battle of Actium">Actium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tactics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naval_boarding" title="Naval boarding">Boarding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grappling_hook" title="Grappling hook">Grappling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incendiary_device" title="Incendiary device">Incendiaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oared_vessel_tactics" title="Oared vessel tactics">Oared vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailing_ship_tactics" title="Sailing ship tactics">Sailing ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_warfare#Naval_tactics" title="Ancient Greek warfare">Greek navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramming" title="Ramming">Ramming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_maritime_history" title="Indian maritime history">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_history_of_Odisha" title="Maritime history of Odisha">Odisha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_Japan" title="Naval history of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ships_of_ancient_Rome" title="Ships of ancient Rome">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_history_of_South_America&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime history of South America (page does not exist)">South America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_rafts" title="Pre-Columbian rafts">Rafts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Economy_and_trade" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy and <a href="/wiki/Trade#Ancient_history" title="Trade">trade</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_whaling" title="History of whaling">Whaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egyptian_trade" title="Ancient Egyptian trade">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Punt" title="Land of Punt">Land of Punt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo%E2%80%93Mesopotamia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo–Mesopotamia relations">Indo–Mesopotamia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meluhha" title="Meluhha">Meluhha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_jade_culture" title="Philippine jade culture">Maritime Jade Route</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tin_sources_and_trade_in_ancient_times#Trade" class="mw-redirect" title="Tin sources and trade in ancient times">Tin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">Spice trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Southeast_Asia#Early_historical_era" title="History of Southeast Asia">Austronesian network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa_Huynh-Kalanay_Interaction_Sphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa Huynh-Kalanay Interaction Sphere">Sa Huynh-Kalanay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense_trade_route" title="Incense trade route">Incense trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_Silk_Road" title="Maritime Silk Road">Maritime Silk Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Periplus_of_the_Erythraean_Sea" title="Periplus of the Erythraean Sea">Periplus of the Erythraean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_trade_in_the_Maya_civilization" title="Maritime trade in the Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_ancient_Greece#Trade" title="Economy of ancient Greece">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece%E2%80%93Ancient_India_relations#Trade" title="Ancient Greece–Ancient India relations">Greco–Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_shipping" title="Greek shipping">shipping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_commerce#Sea_routes" title="Roman commerce">Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Roman_trade_relations" title="Indo-Roman trade relations">Indo–Roman</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Piracy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Piracy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piracy#History" title="Piracy">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Mediterranean_piracy" title="Ancient Mediterranean piracy">Mediterranean piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Ameinias the Phocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilician_pirates" title="Cilician pirates">Cilician pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_pirates#Piracy_in_the_ancient_world:_pirates_of_Joppa" title="Jewish pirates">Jewish pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_life_and_career_of_Julius_Caesar#Kidnapping_by_pirates" title="Early life and career of Julius Caesar">Kidnapping of Julius Caesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pompey%27s_campaign_against_the_pirates" title="Pompey's campaign against the pirates">Pompey's campaign against the pirates</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Research_and_education" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Research and education</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Blackman" title="David Blackman">David Blackman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Casson" title="Lionel Casson">Lionel Casson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fik_Meijer" title="Fik Meijer">Fik Meijer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sinclair_Morrison" title="John Sinclair Morrison">John Sinclair Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ledyard_Rodgers" title="William Ledyard Rodgers">William L. Rodgers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_G._Starr" title="Chester G. Starr">Chester G. Starr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Archaeologists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bass_(archaeologist)" title="George Bass (archaeologist)">George Bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Yves_Empereur" title="Jean-Yves Empereur">Jean-Yves Empereur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Rankov" title="Boris Rankov">Boris Rankov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Richard_Steffy" title="J. Richard Steffy">J. Richard Steffy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Throckmorton" title="Peter Throckmorton">Peter Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shelley_Wachsmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shelley Wachsmann (page does not exist)">Shelley Wachsmann</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics and theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">Coastal defence and fortification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse" title="Lighthouse">Lighthouses</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lighthouse_of_Alexandria" title="Lighthouse of Alexandria">Alexandria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_art" title="Marine art">Marine art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_navigation" title="Marine navigation">Marine navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_archaeology" title="Maritime archaeology">Maritime archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_warfare#Mediterranean_Sea" title="Naval warfare">Naval warfare</a></li> <li>Maritime temples <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Isthmia" title="Temple of Isthmia">Temple of Isthmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Poseidon,_Sounion" title="Temple of Poseidon, Sounion">Temple of Poseidon, Sounion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samothrace_temple_complex" title="Samothrace temple complex">Samothrace temple complex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nusantao_Maritime_Trading_and_Communication_Network" title="Nusantao Maritime Trading and Communication Network">Nusantao network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_Phoenician_discovery_of_the_Americas" title="Theory of Phoenician discovery of the Americas">Phoenician discovery of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_transoceanic_contact_theories" title="Pre-Columbian transoceanic contact theories">Pre-Columbian theories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Peoples" title="Sea Peoples">Sea Peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipbuilding" title="Shipbuilding">Shipbuilding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden#Shells" title="Midden">Shell middens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">Ship burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacking_(sailing)" title="Tacking (sailing)">Tacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalassocracy" title="Thalassocracy">Thalassocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_archaeology" title="Underwater archaeology">Underwater archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_exploration" title="Underwater exploration">Underwater exploration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_shipwrecks" title="Archaeology of shipwrecks">Wrecks and relics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shipwrecks_before_Anno_Domini" title="List of shipwrecks before Anno Domini">Earliest</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dufuna_canoe" title="Dufuna canoe">Dufuna canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abydos_boats" title="Abydos boats">Abydos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moor_Sand_site" title="Moor Sand site">Moor Sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dokos_shipwreck" title="Dokos shipwreck">Dokos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khufu_ship" title="Khufu ship">Khufu ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dover_Bronze_Age_Boat" title="Dover Bronze Age Boat">Dover Bronze Age Boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uluburun_shipwreck" title="Uluburun shipwreck">Uluburun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canaanite_shipwreck" title="Canaanite shipwreck">Canaanite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Gelidonya#Bronze_Age_shipwreck" title="Cape Gelidonya">Cape Gelidonya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wreck_of_Rochelongue" title="Wreck of Rochelongue">Rochelongue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjortspring_boat" title="Hjortspring boat">Hjortspring</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Austronesia</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pontian_boat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pontian boat (page does not exist)">Pontian boat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Butuan_boats" title="Balangay">Butuan boats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Black_Sea_shipwrecks" title="Ancient Black Sea shipwrecks">Black Sea‎</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sinop_D" title="Sinop D">Sinop D</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala</a></li> <li>Greek: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashkelon_shipwrecks" title="Ashkelon shipwrecks">Ashkelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyrenia ship">Kyrenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontophoros" title="Leontophoros">Leontophoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracusia" title="Syracusia">Syracusia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Phoenician: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gozo_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Gozo Phoenician shipwreck">Gozo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajo_de_la_Campana_Phoenician_shipwreck" title="Bajo de la Campana Phoenician shipwreck">Bajo de la Campana</a></li></ul></li> <li>Punic: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marsala_Punic_shipwreck" title="Marsala Punic shipwreck">Marsala Punic shipwreck</a></li></ul></li> <li>Roman: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alkedo" title="Alkedo">Alkedo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arles_Rh%C3%B4ne_3" title="Arles Rhône 3">Arles Rhône 3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfriars_shipwrecks" title="Blackfriars shipwrecks">Blackfriars I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula%27s_Giant_Ship" title="Caligula's Giant Ship">Caligula's Giant Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Ships_of_De_Meern" title="The Ships of De Meern">De Meern ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isis_(ship)" title="Isis (ship)">Isis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrague_de_Giens_(shipwreck)" title="Madrague de Giens (shipwreck)">Madrague de Giens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemi_ships" title="Nemi ships">Nemi ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_ship_of_Marausa" title="Roman ship of Marausa">Marausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yassi_Ada" title="Yassi Ada">Yassi Ada</a></li></ul></li> <li>Lists: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_surviving_ships" title="List of oldest surviving ships">Oldest surviving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museum_ships" title="List of museum ships">Museum ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_surviving_ancient_ships" title="List of surviving ancient ships">Surviving ancient ships</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H3_(Kuwait)" title="H3 (Kuwait)">H3</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Experimental archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Heyerdahl expeditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kon-Tiki_expedition" title="Kon-Tiki expedition">Kon-Tiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor_Heyerdahl#Boats_Ra_and_Ra_II" title="Thor Heyerdahl">Ra and Ra II</a></li></ul></li> <li>Austronesian replicas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dk%C5%ABle%CA%BBa" title="Hōkūleʻa">Hōkūleʻa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarimanok_(vinta)" title="Sarimanok (vinta)">Sarimanok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te_Au_o_Tonga" title="Te Au o Tonga">Te Au o Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawai%CA%BBiloa#Canoe" title="Hawaiʻiloa">Hawaiʻiloa canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samudra_Raksa" title="Samudra Raksa">Samudra Raksa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alingano_Maisu" title="Alingano Maisu">Alingano Maisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakman" title="Sakman">Saina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balangay#Balangay_Voyage" title="Balangay">Balangay Voyage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fa%CA%BBafaite" title="Faʻafaite">Faʻafaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaualofa" title="Gaualofa">Gaualofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marumaru_Atua" title="Marumaru Atua">Marumaru Atua</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mediterranean <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Olympias_(trireme)" title="Olympias (trireme)">Olympias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navis_lusoria#Other_reconstructions" title="Navis lusoria">Regina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenician_Ship_Expedition" title="Phoenician Ship Expedition">Phoenician Ship Expedition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_ship_replica" title="Viking ship replica">Viking replicas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_(replica_Viking_longship)" title="Viking (replica Viking longship)">Viking</a></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vital_Alsar_Pacific_raft_expeditions" title="Vital Alsar Pacific raft expeditions">Vital Alsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivlia_(ship)" title="Ivlia (ship)">Ivlia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abora_(expeditions)" title="Abora (expeditions)">Abora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viracocha_expedition" title="Viracocha expedition">Viracocha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tangaroa_Expedition" title="Tangaroa Expedition">Tangaroa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutes and conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_on_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology">Advisory Council on Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_Institute_of_America" title="Archaeological Institute of America">Archaeological Institute of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Association_of_Archaeologists" title="European Association of Archaeologists">European Association of Archaeologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Nautical_Archaeology" title="Institute of Nautical Archaeology">Institute of Nautical Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Congress_of_Maritime_Museums" title="International Congress of Maritime Museums">International Congress of Maritime Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nautical_Archaeology_Society" title="Nautical Archaeology Society">Nautical Archaeology Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RPM_Nautical_Foundation" title="RPM Nautical Foundation">RPM Nautical Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_Research_Society" title="Sea Research Society">Sea Research Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Archaeology" title="Society for American Archaeology">Society for American Archaeology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Museums and memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodrum_Castle#Museum_of_Underwater_Archaeology" title="Bodrum Castle">Bodrum Museum of Underwater Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giza_Solar_boat_museum" title="Giza Solar boat museum">Giza Solar boat museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Egyptian_Museum" title="Grand Egyptian Museum">Grand Egyptian Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrenia_Castle#Shipwreck_museum" title="Kyrenia Castle">Ancient Shipwreck Museum at Kyrenia Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Seafaring" title="Museum of Ancient Seafaring">Museum of Ancient Seafaring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Ships,_Pisa" title="Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa">Museum of Ancient Ships, Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Subaquatic_Archaeology" title="National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology">National Museum of Subaquatic Archaeology</a></li> <li>Viking ship museums: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Oslo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Roskilde)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Roskilde)">Roskilde</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/180px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/240px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="353" /></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="vertical-align:center; text-align:center;"><div id="Legend_and_literature" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Legend and literature</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legend" title="Legend">Legend</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_bulrushes" title="Ark of bulrushes">Ark of bulrushes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flood_myths" title="List of flood myths">Flood myths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_flood_narrative" title="Genesis flood narrative">Genesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilgamesh_flood_myth" title="Gilgamesh flood myth">Gilgamesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_flood_myths" title="Ancient Greek flood myths">Greek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odyssey" title="Odyssey">Odyssey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histories_(Herodotus)" title="Histories (Herodotus)">The Histories (Herodotus)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Ocean_(Pytheas)" class="mw-redirect" title="On the Ocean (Pytheas)">On the Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argonautica" title="Argonautica">Argonautica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Histories_(Polybius)" title="The Histories (Polybius)">The Histories (Polybius)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses" title="Metamorphoses">Metamorphoses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeneid" title="Aeneid">Aeneid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png/120px-Galley_-_Layard_-_Ninive_page_324_detail.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" 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