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href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="لئو کوپر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لئو کوپر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A6%D9%88_%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="لئو کوپر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لئو کوپر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B8_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BA%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Լեո Կուպեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լեո Կուպեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo_Kuper" title="Leo Kuper – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Leo Kuper" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%95_%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="ליאו קופר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליאו קופר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q6523955#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Leo Kuper</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1904-11-24</span>)</span>24 November 1904<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">Johannesburg</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 May 1994<span style="display:none">(1994-05-23)</span> (aged 89)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Los Angeles</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Kuper" title="Hilda Kuper">Hilda Kuper</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="font-size:85%;">1966<span class="nowrap">  </span></span><a href="/wiki/Herskovits_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Herskovits Prize">Herskovits Prize</a><sup id="cite_ref-snac_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">UCLA</a>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Natal" title="University of Natal">University of Natal</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Leo Kuper</b> (20 November 1908 – 23 May 1994)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-independent-1994-05-27_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-1994-05-27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a South African <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a> specialising in the study of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_legal_career">Early life and legal career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Kuper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and legal career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kuper was born to a <a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Lithuanian Jews">Lithuanian Jewish</a> family. His siblings included his sister Mary (d. 1948), who in later life directed the Johannesburg Legal Aid Bureau.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-independent-1994-05-27_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-1994-05-27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kuper trained in law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a>, receiving there his BA and LLB degrees.<sup id="cite_ref-independent-1994-05-27_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-1994-05-27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a lawyer, he represented African clients in human-rights cases, and also represented one of the country's early non-<a href="/wiki/Racial_segregation" title="Racial segregation">segregated</a> <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">trade unions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-independent-1994-05-27_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-1994-05-27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He supported the establishment of South Africa's first <a href="/wiki/Legal_aid" title="Legal aid">legal aid</a> charity.<sup id="cite_ref-independent-1994-05-27_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-1994-05-27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wartime_service">Wartime service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Kuper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Wartime service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kuper served with the <a href="/wiki/Eighth_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Eighth Army (United Kingdom)">Eighth Army</a> in Kenya, Egypt, and Italy, as an <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_officer" title="Intelligence officer">intelligence officer</a>, from 1940 to 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-independent-1994-05-27_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-1994-05-27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snac_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the war he organised the National War Memorial Health Foundation, which provided social and medical services for disadvantaged people from all backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-independent-1994-05-27_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-1994-05-27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-snac_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_and_political_activities">Scholarly and political activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Kuper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scholarly and political activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1947, Kuper went to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a>, where he earned an M.A. in sociology.<sup id="cite_ref-snac_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was subsequently appointed Lecturer in Sociology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Birmingham" title="University of Birmingham">University of Birmingham</a> in England.<sup id="cite_ref-snac_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Birmingham, Kuper directed a research project intended to help the city of <a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a> recover from the bombing it received during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-snac_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This project culminated in the publication of <i>Living in Towns</i> (1953).<sup id="cite_ref-snac_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kuper completed a doctorate in sociology at the University of Birmingham in 1952, and moved to <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, South Africa, as Professor of Sociology at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Natal" title="University of Natal">University of Natal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-snac_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-snac-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kuper was an active opponent of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>. Under his headship, the Sociology Department at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Natal" title="University of Natal">University of Natal</a> was the only <a href="/wiki/Racial_integration" title="Racial integration">integrated</a> academic department in South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_den_Berghe1989158–159_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_den_Berghe1989158–159-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kuper and his colleague <a href="/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer">Fatima Meer</a> were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a> by the apartheid government, and classes taught in the department were infiltrated by government spies, resulting in a <a href="/wiki/Chilling_effect" title="Chilling effect">chilling effect</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_den_Berghe1989170_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_den_Berghe1989170-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During his time in Durban, Kuper co-founded the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_South_Africa" title="Liberal Party of South Africa">Liberal Party of South Africa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cdlib_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdlib-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cambridge_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cambridge-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hilda-odnb_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilda-odnb-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became chairman of its Natal branch.<sup id="cite_ref-independent-1994-05-27_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-1994-05-27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 December 1956, Kuper and <a href="/wiki/Alan_Paton" title="Alan Paton">Alan Paton</a> spoke on behalf of the Liberal Party at a fundraising event in Durban in aid of the <a href="/wiki/1956_Treason_Trial" title="1956 Treason Trial">Treason Trial</a> defendants.<sup id="cite_ref-journctd_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journctd-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They and four other speakers were arrested and charged under a segregationist statute, the Natal Provincial Notice No. 78 of 1933, accused of "holding, or attending, or participating in ... a meeting of natives".<sup id="cite_ref-journctd_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journctd-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the ensuing trial, Paton recalled: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>I remember only one thing ... I said to [Leo Kuper] that although this was the first time I had sat in the dock, I did not mind it at all. He said to me, with that gentle smile which was one of his great characteristics, "I don't like it at all."<sup id="cite_ref-journctd_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journctd-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>On 1 August 1957, all six defendants were acquitted on appeal.<sup id="cite_ref-journctd_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-journctd-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1960s, Kuper moved to <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a>, United States, where he took up teaching and researching at <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a> and was appointed professor of sociology.<sup id="cite_ref-cdlib_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdlib-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His publications include <i>The Pity of it All</i>, <i>Passive Resistance in South Africa</i>, and <i>The Prevention of Genocide</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHance196885_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHance196885-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His book <i><a href="/wiki/Genocide:_Its_Political_Use_in_the_Twentieth_Century" title="Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century">Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century</a></i> (1981) was particularly widely cited.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kuper was a founding member of <a href="/wiki/Institute_on_the_Holocaust_and_Genocide" title="Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide">the International Council of the Institute on the Holocaust and Genocide</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Jerusalem. In the mid-1980s, he founded <a href="/wiki/International_Alert" title="International Alert">International Alert</a>, with the support of <a href="/wiki/Michael_Young,_Baron_Young_of_Dartington" title="Michael Young, Baron Young of Dartington">Michael Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ennals" title="Martin Ennals">Martin Ennals</a> and others.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalchinsky200899_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalchinsky200899-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETottenJacobs2013273-_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETottenJacobs2013273--16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETottenBartrop2008131_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETottenBartrop2008131-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Kuper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1936, Kuper married anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Kuper" title="Hilda Kuper">Hilda Beemer</a>, with whom he had two daughters:<sup id="cite_ref-cdlib_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cdlib-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-independent-1994-05-27_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-independent-1994-05-27-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the international human rights lawyer Dr Jenny Kuper and the painter and sculptor Mary Kuper.<sup id="cite_ref-hilda-odnb_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hilda-odnb-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Kuper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKuper1953" class="citation book cs1">Kuper, Leo (1953). <i>Living in Towns: selected research papers in urban sociology of the Faculty of Commerce and Social Science, University of Birmingham</i>. Cresset Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+in+Towns%3A+selected+research+papers+in+urban+sociology+of+the+Faculty+of+Commerce+and+Social+Science%2C+University+of+Birmingham&rft.pub=Cresset+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Passive Resistance in South Africa by Leo Kuper (New Haven, Yale University Press, 1957, 256 p., 4 p. of plates : ill. ; 21 cm).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper1953" class="citation book cs1">Kuper, Leo (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DCm5HgAACAAJ"><i>The Background to Passive Resistance: South Africa, 1952</i></a>. British Journal of Sociology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Background+to+Passive+Resistance%3A+South+Africa%2C+1952&rft.pub=British+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDCm5HgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuperWattsDavies1987" class="citation book cs1">Kuper, Leo; Watts, Hilstan; Davies, Ronald (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S177nQEACAAJ"><i>Durban: A Study in Racial Ecology</i></a>. St. Martin's Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Durban%3A+A+Study+in+Racial+Ecology&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Watts%2C+Hilstan&rft.au=Davies%2C+Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DS177nQEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper1960" class="citation book cs1">Kuper, Leo (1960). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HXijQAAACAAJ"><i>The College Brew: A Satire</i></a>. Durban: Universal Printing Works.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+College+Brew%3A+A+Satire&rft.place=Durban&rft.pub=Universal+Printing+Works&rft.date=1960&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHXijQAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeo_Kuper1965" class="citation book cs1">Leo Kuper (1965). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/africanbourgeois0000kupe"><i>An African Bourgeoisie: Race, Class, and Politics in South Africa</i></a></span>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+African+Bourgeoisie%3A+Race%2C+Class%2C+and+Politics+in+South+Africa&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Leo+Kuper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafricanbourgeois0000kupe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span> Pp. xviii+ 452. 21s. paperback.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuperKuper1965" class="citation book cs1">Kuper, Hilda; Kuper, Leo (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8WSGBAkBSN0C&pg=PA1"><i>African Law: Adaptation and Development</i></a>. University of California Press. GGKEY:JB0L2JNY412.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=African+Law%3A+Adaptation+and+Development&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Hilda&rft.au=Kuper%2C+Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8WSGBAkBSN0C%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuperSmith1969" class="citation book cs1">Kuper, Leo; Smith, Michael Garfield (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8h9wAyRsYTMC"><i>Pluralism in Africa</i></a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01872-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-01872-3"><bdi>978-0-520-01872-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pluralism+in+Africa&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-520-01872-3&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Smith%2C+Michael+Garfield&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8h9wAyRsYTMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper1975" class="citation book cs1">Kuper, Leo (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YR9JUxYlJOkC"><i>Race, class and power: ideology and revolutionary change in plural societies</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36845-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-202-36845-0"><bdi>978-0-202-36845-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race%2C+class+and+power%3A+ideology+and+revolutionary+change+in+plural+societies&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-202-36845-0&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYR9JUxYlJOkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper1975" class="citation book cs1">Kuper, Leo (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5qXqjgEACAAJ"><i>Race, Science and Society</i></a>. Unesco/Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231039086" title="Special:BookSources/9780231039086"><bdi>9780231039086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Race%2C+Science+and+Society&rft.pub=Unesco%2FAllen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780231039086&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5qXqjgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper1977" class="citation book cs1">Kuper, Leo (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6B1qAAAAIAAJ"><i>The pity of it all: polarisation of racial and ethnic relations</i></a>. Duckworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-1114-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7156-1114-2"><bdi>978-0-7156-1114-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+pity+of+it+all%3A+polarisation+of+racial+and+ethnic+relations&rft.pub=Duckworth&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7156-1114-2&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6B1qAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuperKuper1981" class="citation book cs1">Kuper, Leo; Kuper, Hilda (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8YCjuAAACAAJ"><i>South Africa: Human Rights and Genocide; Biography as Interpretation</i></a>. Indiana University, African Studies Program. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-941934-33-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-941934-33-6"><bdi>978-0-941934-33-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Africa%3A+Human+Rights+and+Genocide%3B+Biography+as+Interpretation&rft.pub=Indiana+University%2C+African+Studies+Program&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-941934-33-6&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft.au=Kuper%2C+Hilda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8YCjuAAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper1983" class="citation book cs1">Kuper, Leo (1983). <a href="/wiki/Genocide:_Its_Political_Use_in_the_Twentieth_Century" title="Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century"><i>Genocide: Its Political Use in the Twentieth Century</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03120-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03120-1"><bdi>978-0-300-03120-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+Its+Political+Use+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03120-1&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper1984" class="citation book cs1">Kuper, Leo (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWpFAQAAIAAJ"><i>International action against genocide</i></a>. Minority Rights Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780946690121" title="Special:BookSources/9780946690121"><bdi>9780946690121</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+action+against+genocide&rft.pub=Minority+Rights+Group&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9780946690121&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrWpFAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper1985" class="citation book cs1">Kuper, Leo (1985). <a href="/wiki/The_Prevention_of_Genocide" title="The Prevention of Genocide"><i>The Prevention of Genocide</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03418-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-03418-9"><bdi>978-0-300-03418-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prevention+of+Genocide&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-300-03418-9&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cases and Materials on Genocide by Leo Kuper Foundation Staff, Publisher: Routledge (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859419298" title="Special:BookSources/9781859419298">9781859419298</a>/1859419291).</li> <li>Genocide Reader (Criminology) by Leo Kuper Foundation, Routledge Cavendish, 1 January 2007, 600 pages.</li> <li><i>"Blueprint for Living Together"</i> in Leo Kuper, ed., Living in Towns, London, 1953.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper1949" class="citation journal cs1">Kuper, L. (1949). "The South African Native: Caste, Proletariat or Race?". <i>Social Forces</i>. <b>28</b> (2): 146–153. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2572640">10.2307/2572640</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7732">0037-7732</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2572640">2572640</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=The+South+African+Native%3A+Caste%2C+Proletariat+or+Race%3F&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=146-153&rft.date=1949&rft.issn=0037-7732&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2572640%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2572640&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper1950" class="citation journal cs1">Kuper, Leo (1950). "Review of 'White Settlers and Native Peoples'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". <i>The British Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>1</b> (4): 363. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F586900">10.2307/586900</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1315">0007-1315</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/586900">586900</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Review+of+%27White+Settlers+and+Native+Peoples%27&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=363&rft.date=1950&rft.issn=0007-1315&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F586900%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F586900&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper1951" class="citation journal cs1">Kuper, Leo (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/josf29&div=48&id=&page=">"Social Science Research and the Planning of Urban Neighbourhoods"</a>. <i>Social Science Research and the Planning of Urban Neighbourhoods</i>. <b>29</b>: 237–243.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Science+Research+and+the+Planning+of+Urban+Neighbourhoods&rft.atitle=Social+Science+Research+and+the+Planning+of+Urban+Neighbourhoods&rft.volume=29&rft.pages=237-243&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fheinonline.org%2FHOL%2FLandingPage%3Fhandle%3Dhein.journals%2Fjosf29%26div%3D48%26id%3D%26page%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper1953" class="citation journal cs1">Kuper, Leo (1953). "The Background to Passive Resistance (South Africa, 1952)". <i>The British Journal of Sociology</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 243–256. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F587540">10.2307/587540</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0007-1315">0007-1315</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/587540">587540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+British+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=The+Background+to+Passive+Resistance+%28South+Africa%2C+1952%29&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=243-256&rft.date=1953&rft.issn=0007-1315&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F587540%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F587540&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper1954" class="citation journal cs1">Kuper, L. (1954). "The Control of Social Change: A South African Experiment". <i>Social Forces</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 19–29. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2573139">10.2307/2573139</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0037-7732">0037-7732</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2573139">2573139</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=The+Control+of+Social+Change%3A+A+South+African+Experiment&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=19-29&rft.date=1954&rft.issn=0037-7732&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2573139%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2573139&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>"Techniques. of Social Control in South Africa"</i> by Leo Kuper, Listener 55, 31 May 1956, pp. 708.</li> <li>"<i>Rights and riots in Natal</i>" by Leo Kuper In Africa South, Vol.4, No.2, Jan–Mar 1960, pp. 20–26.</li> <li><i>"The Heightening of Racial Tension"</i> by Leo Kuper, In The Heightening of Racial Tension, Vol.2, 1960, pp. 24–32.</li> <li><i>"Ethnic and Racial Pluralism: Some Aspects of Polarization and Depluralization."</i> In Leo Kuper and MG. Smith, M.G. (Eds) Pluralism in Africa. Berkeley and Los</li> <li><i>"Racialism and Integration in South African Society"</i> by Leo Kuper, In Racialism and Integration in South African Society, Vol.4, 1963, pp. 26–31.</li> <li><i>"The problem of violence in South Africa"</i> by Leo Kuper, in Inquiry (Taylor & Francis), Vol.7 (1–4), 1964, pages 295–303.</li> <li><i>"Book Review: Caneville: The Social Structure of a South African Town. Pierre L. Van Den Berghe, Edna Miller"</i> by Leo Kuper, In American Journal of Sociology, Vol.71 (1), 1965, pp. 115.</li> <li><i>"Neighbour on the Hearth."</i> by Leo Kuper – Environmental Psychology: Man and His Physical Setting, edited by H. M. Proshansky, W. H. Ittelson and L. G. Rivlin, (New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1970).</li> <li><i>"Continuities and Discontinuities in Race Relations: Evolutionary or Revolutionary Change"</i> by Leo Kuper in Cahiers d'études africaines ( published by EHESS ), Vol. 10, Cahier 39, 1970, pp. 361–383.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kuper, Leo (2009). "Theories of Revolution and Race Relations*". <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>13</b> (1): 87–107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500006125">10.1017/S0010417500006125</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4175">0010-4175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Theories+of+Revolution+and+Race+Relations%2A&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=87-107&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500006125&rft.issn=0010-4175&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>"African Nationalism in South Africa, 1910–1964"</i> by Leo Kuper in The Oxford History of South Africa, Vol. II, M. Wilson and L. Thompson (eds.), Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1971, pp. 424–476.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper2009" class="citation journal cs1">Kuper, Leo (2009). "Race, Class and Power: Some Comments on Revolutionary Change". <i>Comparative Studies in Society and History</i>. <b>14</b> (4): 400–421. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0010417500006782">10.1017/S0010417500006782</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0010-4175">0010-4175</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Comparative+Studies+in+Society+and+History&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Class+and+Power%3A+Some+Comments+on+Revolutionary+Change&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=400-421&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0010417500006782&rft.issn=0010-4175&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper1975" class="citation journal cs1">Kuper, Leo (1975). "Censorship by proxy". <i>Index on Censorship</i>. <b>4</b> (3): 48–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03064227508532449">10.1080/03064227508532449</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-4220">0306-4220</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144663151">144663151</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Index+on+Censorship&rft.atitle=Censorship+by+proxy&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=48-50&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144663151%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0306-4220&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03064227508532449&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>"Book Review: Ethnicity and Resource Competition in Plural Societies. Leo A. Despres"</i> by Leo Kuper, In American Journal of Sociology, Vol.82 (5), 1977, pp. 1146.</li> <li><i>"Types of Genocide and Mass Murder"</i> by Leo Kuper, In Israel W. Charny (ed.) Toward the understanding and prevention of genocide: Proceedings of the International Conference on the Holocaust and Genocide. Boulder and London: Westview Press, 1984, pages 32–47.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper2009" class="citation book cs1">Kuper, Leo (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pDTnlYtAKAMC&pg=PA43">"The Turkish genocide of Armenians, 1915–1917"</a>. In Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.). <i>The Armenian Genocide in Perspective</i>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-0891-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-0891-0"><bdi>978-1-4128-0891-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Turkish+genocide+of+Armenians%2C+1915%E2%80%931917&rft.btitle=The+Armenian+Genocide+in+Perspective&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-0891-0&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpDTnlYtAKAMC%26pg%3DPA43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>"The Nazi Doctors: Medical Killing and the Psychology of Genocide."</i>, by Robert Jay Lifton and by <b>Leo Kuper</b>, Political Science Quarterly, Vol.102 (1), March 1987, pp. 175.</li> <li><i>"In the Belly of the Beast: The Modern State as Mass Murderer"</i> by Robin M. Williams, <b>Leo Kuper</b>, in Contemporary Sociology, Vol.16 (4), 1987, pp. 502.</li> <li><i>"Genocide and the Modern Age: Etiology and Case Studies of Mass Death"</i> by <b>Leo Kuper</b>, Isidor Walliman, Michael N. Dobkowski, In Contemporary Sociology, Vol.17 (1), 1988, pp. 24.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper1989" class="citation journal cs1">Kuper, Leo (1989). "Biology as Destiny: The Scientific Mystifications of Medical Mass Murder". <i>Contemporary Sociology</i>. <b>18</b> (5). Robert N. Proctor (ed.): 753–755. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2073343">10.2307/2073343</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1939-8638">1939-8638</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2073343">2073343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Sociology&rft.atitle=Biology+as+Destiny%3A+The+Scientific+Mystifications+of+Medical+Mass+Murder&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=753-755&rft.date=1989&rft.issn=1939-8638&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2073343%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2073343&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>"Theological warrants for genocide: Judaism, Islam and Christianity"</i> by Leo Kuper – Terrorism and Political Violence, Volume 2, Issue 3, 1990, pages 351–379.</li> <li><i>"On Jewish Disconnection from Other Genocides."</i> by Leo Kuper – Internet on the Holocaust and Genocide, Issues 49–50, Special Section, 1990, p. 7.</li> <li>Revolution and Genocide: On the Origins of the Armenian Genocide and the Holocaust, 2nd edition by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Melson_(political_scientist)" title="Robert Melson (political scientist)">Robert Melson</a>, <b>Leo Kuper</b> (Introduction), <b>Leo Kuper</b> (Foreword by)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper1990" class="citation journal cs1">Kuper, L. (1990). "The genocidal state: an overview". <i>State Violence and Ethnicity</i>: 19–51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=State+Violence+and+Ethnicity&rft.atitle=The+genocidal+state%3A+an+overview&rft.pages=19-51&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>"The Genocidal State: An Overview"</i>, by Leo Kuper in Pierre L. van den Berghe, ed., State Violence and Ethnicity (Niwot, CO: University Press of Colorado), 1990, pp. 44.</li> <li><i>"The Roots of Evil: The Origins of Genocide and Other Group Violence."</i> by <b>Leo Kuper</b>, Ervin Staub, In Contemporary Sociology, Vol.19 (5), 1990, pp. 683.</li> <li><i>"The Genocidal Mentality: Nazi Holocaust and Nuclear Threat"</i> by <b>Leo Kuper</b>, Robert Jay Lifton, Erik Markusen, In Contemporary Sociology, Vol.20 (2), 1991, pp. 217.</li> <li><i>"Lethal Politics: Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder since 1917"</i> by <b>Leo Kuper</b>, R. J. Rummel, In Contemporary Sociology, Vol.20 (3), 1991, pp. 433.</li> <li><i>"Reflections on the Prevention of Genocide,"</i> by Leo Kuper in <a href="/wiki/Helen_Fein" title="Helen Fein">Helen Fein</a> (Ed.) Genocide Watch. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1992, pp. 135–161.</li> <li><i>"Theoretical Issues relating to Genocide: Uses and Abuses"</i> by Leo Kuper in G.J. Andreopoulos (ed.), Genocide: Conceptual and Historical Dimensions, University of Pennsylvania Press, Philadelphia, 1994, p. 31-46.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Kuper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-snac-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-snac_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snac_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snac_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snac_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snac_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snac_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snac_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-snac_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/ark:/99166/w6t19nfq">"Kuper, Leo. - Social Networks and Archival Context"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kuper%2C+Leo.+-+Social+Networks+and+Archival+Context&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsocialarchive.iath.virginia.edu%2Fark%3A%2F99166%2Fw6t19nfq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Charny, Israel W. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?public=false&handle=hein.journals/hologen8&page=446&collection=journals">Professor Leo Kuper.</a>" Holocaust & Genocide Stud. 8 (1994): 446.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-independent-1994-05-27-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-independent-1994-05-27_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent-1994-05-27_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent-1994-05-27_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent-1994-05-27_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent-1994-05-27_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent-1994-05-27_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent-1994-05-27_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent-1994-05-27_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-independent-1994-05-27_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuper" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Kuper" title="Adam Kuper">Kuper, Adam</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304042629/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-leo-kuper-1438982.html">"Obituary: Leo Kuper"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-leo-kuper-1438982.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 November</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Obituary%3A+Leo+Kuper&rft.aulast=Kuper&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fobituary-leo-kuper-1438982.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernstein" class="citation book cs1">Bernstein, Edgar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211128142956/http://ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1950_9_BritishCommon.pdf"><i>Union of South Africa</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 298. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcarchives.org/AJC_DATA/Files/1950_9_BritishCommon.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 28 November 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Union+of+South+Africa&rft.pages=298&rft.aulast=Bernstein&rft.aufirst=Edgar&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcarchives.org%2FAJC_DATA%2FFiles%2F1950_9_BritishCommon.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_den_Berghe1989158–159-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_den_Berghe1989158–159_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_den_Berghe1989">van den Berghe 1989</a>, pp. 158–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_den_Berghe1989170-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_den_Berghe1989170_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_den_Berghe1989">van den Berghe 1989</a>, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaters2015" class="citation journal cs1">Waters, Geoff (2015). "Liberalism interruptus: Leo Kuper and the Durban school of oppositional empirical sociology of the 1950s and 1960s". <i>Transformation: Critical Perspectives on Southern Africa</i>. <b>88</b> (1): 43–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftrn.2015.0020">10.1353/trn.2015.0020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1726-1368">1726-1368</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:142756499">142756499</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transformation%3A+Critical+Perspectives+on+Southern+Africa&rft.atitle=Liberalism+interruptus%3A+Leo+Kuper+and+the+Durban+school+of+oppositional+empirical+sociology+of+the+1950s+and+1960s&rft.volume=88&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=43-61&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A142756499%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1726-1368&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftrn.2015.0020&rft.aulast=Waters&rft.aufirst=Geoff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdlib-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cdlib_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdlib_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdlib_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslauMaquetNixon1994" class="citation web cs1">Leslau, Wolf; Maquet, Jacques; Nixon, Charles (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://texts.cdlib.org/view?docId=hb5g50061q&chunk.id=div00059&brand=calisphere&doc.view=entire_text">"In Memoriam Hilda Kuper, Anthropology: Los Angeles"</a>. <i>University of California</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+California&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam+Hilda+Kuper%2C+Anthropology%3A+Los+Angeles&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Leslau&rft.aufirst=Wolf&rft.au=Maquet%2C+Jacques&rft.au=Nixon%2C+Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftexts.cdlib.org%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dhb5g50061q%26chunk.id%3Ddiv00059%26brand%3Dcalisphere%26doc.view%3Dentire_text&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cambridge-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cambridge_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0001972000036986">"Hilda Kuper, 1911–92"</a>. <i>Africa</i>. <b>64</b> (1): 145–149. 2011. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0001972000036986">10.1017/S0001972000036986</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0001-9720">0001-9720</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa&rft.atitle=Hilda+Kuper%2C+1911%E2%80%9392&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=145-149&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0001972000036986&rft.issn=0001-9720&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS0001972000036986&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hilda-odnb-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hilda-odnb_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hilda-odnb_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"Hilda Kuper". <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a></i> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F95674">10.1093/ref:odnb/95674</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hilda+Kuper&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F95674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-journctd-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-journctd_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-journctd_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-journctd_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-journctd_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaton1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Paton" title="Alan Paton">Paton, Alan</a> (1988). <a href="/wiki/Journey_Continued:_An_Autobiography" class="mw-redirect" title="Journey Continued: An Autobiography"><i>Journey Continued: An Autobiography</i></a>. Oxford University Press. pp. 161–162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-219237-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-219237-0"><bdi>978-0-19-219237-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+Continued%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.pages=161-162&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-19-219237-0&rft.aulast=Paton&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHance196885-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHance196885_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHance1968">Hance 1968</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?cites=4558015780527514487">"Google Scholar"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Google+Scholar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.co.uk%2Fscholar%3Fcites%3D4558015780527514487&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharny1999" class="citation book cs1">Charny, Israel W., ed. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q30HcvCVuIC&pg=PA376"><i>Encyclopedia of Genocide</i></a>. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-928-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87436-928-1"><bdi>978-0-87436-928-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Genocide&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-87436-928-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Q30HcvCVuIC%26pg%3DPA376&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGalchinsky200899-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGalchinsky200899_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGalchinsky2008">Galchinsky 2008</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETottenJacobs2013273--16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETottenJacobs2013273-_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTottenJacobs2013">Totten & Jacobs 2013</a>, pp. 273-.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETottenBartrop2008131-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETottenBartrop2008131_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTottenBartrop2008">Totten & Bartrop 2008</a>, p. 131.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGalchinsky2008" class="citation book cs1">Galchinsky, Michael (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IUUuFeeM1OwC&pg=PA99"><i>Jews and Human Rights: Dancing at Three Weddings</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5267-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5267-8"><bdi>978-0-7425-5267-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jews+and+Human+Rights%3A+Dancing+at+Three+Weddings&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5267-8&rft.aulast=Galchinsky&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIUUuFeeM1OwC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTottenJacobs2013" class="citation book cs1">Totten, Samuel; Jacobs, Steven Leonard (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mMzM5Q2Mxv8C&pg=PA273"><i>Pioneers of Genocide Studies</i></a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4974-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4128-4974-6"><bdi>978-1-4128-4974-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneers+of+Genocide+Studies&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4128-4974-6&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+Steven+Leonard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmMzM5Q2Mxv8C%26pg%3DPA273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTottenBartrop2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Totten, Samuel; Bartrop, Paul Robert (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rgGA91skoP4C&pg=PA131"><i>Dictionary of Genocide: A-L</i></a>. Vol. 1: A-L. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34642-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34642-2"><bdi>978-0-313-34642-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Genocide%3A+A-L&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34642-2&rft.aulast=Totten&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rft.au=Bartrop%2C+Paul+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrgGA91skoP4C%26pg%3DPA131&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_Berghe1989" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_L._van_den_Berghe" title="Pierre L. van den Berghe">van den Berghe, Pierre</a> (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ao0iAAAAMAAJ"><i>Stranger in their Midst</i></a>. University Press of Colorado. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0870812025" title="Special:BookSources/0870812025"><bdi>0870812025</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stranger+in+their+Midst&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0870812025&rft.aulast=van+den+Berghe&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAo0iAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/29/obituaries/leo-kuper-85-dies-wrote-on-genocide.html">"Leo Kuper, 85, Dies; Wrote on Genocide"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>. 29 May 1994<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Leo+Kuper%2C+85%2C+Dies%3B+Wrote+on+Genocide&rft.date=1994-05-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F05%2F29%2Fobituaries%2Fleo-kuper-85-dies-wrote-on-genocide.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharny1994" class="citation journal cs1">Charny, Israel W. (1994). "In Memoriam: Professor Leo Kuper". <i>Holocaust and Genocide Studies</i>. <b>8</b> (3): 446–447. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhgs%2F8.3.446">10.1093/hgs/8.3.446</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/8756-6583">8756-6583</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Holocaust+and+Genocide+Studies&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam%3A+Professor+Leo+Kuper&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=446-447&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhgs%2F8.3.446&rft.issn=8756-6583&rft.aulast=Charny&rft.aufirst=Israel+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHance1968" class="citation book cs1">Hance, William A. (1968). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/southernafricau00hanc"><i>Southern Africa and the United States</i></a></span>. New York, Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Southern+Africa+and+the+United+States&rft.pub=New+York%2C+Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Hance&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsouthernafricau00hanc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALeo+Kuper" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leo_Kuper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidewatch.org/">Leo Kuper Foundation website ?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.crl.edu/search/Y?SEARCH=leo+kuper&searchscope=1">Research biography and collection details</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt9t1nb5sg&doc.view=entire_text&brand=oac">Collections archived by University of California</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB48MdBph7KY6GcbFCG73">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/131549219">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50058265">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121866471">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121866471">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/897742">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd131549219.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/030455650">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6t19nfq">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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