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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Political activist</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_activist-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Charity_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Charity_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Charity work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Charity_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Academic_and_writer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Academic_and_writer"> <div 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Fatima Meer" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="فاطمة مير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فاطمة مير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fatima Meer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fatima Meer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fatima Meer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="فاطمه میر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فاطمه میر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fatima Meer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AB%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A4%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%BE_%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%80%E0%AA%B0" title="ફાતિમા મીર – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ફાતિમા મીર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Fatima Meer" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Fatima Meer" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fatima Meer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Fatima Meer" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Fatima Meer" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fatima Meer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fatima Meer" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fatima Meer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fatima Meer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%80,_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Мир, Фатима – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мир, Фатима" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Fatima Meer" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Fatima Meer" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Fatima Meer" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fatima Meer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fatima_Meer" title="Fatima Meer – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Fatima Meer" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q429097#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">South African writer and activist (1928–2010)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Fatima Meer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Fatima_Meer.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/da/Fatima_Meer.jpeg/220px-Fatima_Meer.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/da/Fatima_Meer.jpeg 1.5x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="358" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1928-08-12</span>)</span>12 August 1928<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal Province">Natal</a>, South Africa</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">12 March 2010<span style="display:none">(2010-03-12)</span> (aged 81)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace">Durban, <a href="/wiki/KwaZulu-Natal_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="KwaZulu-Natal Province">KwaZulu-Natal Province</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label">Brook Street Cemetery, Durban</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Natal" title="University of Natal">University of Natal</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation(s)</th><td class="infobox-data role">Writer and academic</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span style="white-space:nowrap;">Notable work</span></th><td class="infobox-data">Higher Than Hope</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Title</th><td class="infobox-data title">Professor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Chota_Meer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismail Chota Meer">Ismail Chota Meer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">3, including <a href="/wiki/Shehnaz_Meer" title="Shehnaz Meer">Shehnaz</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fatima Meer</b> (12 August 1928 – 12 March 2010) was a South African writer, academic, screenwriter, and prominent anti-<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a> activist. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatima_Meer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fatima Meer was born in the Grey Streets of <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a>, South Africa, into a middle-class family of nine, where her father <a href="/w/index.php?title=M.I._Meer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="M.I. Meer (page does not exist)">M.I. Meer</a>, a newspaper editor of TIV(The Indian View),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> instilled in her a consciousness of the racial discrimination that existed in the country. Her mother was Rachel Farrell, the second wife of Moosa Ismail Meer. Her mother was orphaned and of Jewish and Portuguese descent. She converted to Islam and changed her name to Amina.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When she was 16 years old in 1944, she helped raise £1 000 for famine relief in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>, India.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She completed her schooling at the <a href="/wiki/Durban_Girls%27_High_School" title="Durban Girls' High School">Durban Indian Girls High School</a>. When she was still a student she mobilized students to found the Student Passive Resistance Committee to gather funds for the Indian community's passive resistance campaign from 1946 to 1948. The committee led her to meet <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Dadoo" title="Yusuf Dadoo">Yusuf Dadoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monty_Naicker" title="Monty Naicker">Monty Naicker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kesaveloo_Goonam" title="Kesaveloo Goonam">Kesaveloo Goonam</a>. She subsequently attended the <a href="/wiki/University_of_the_Witwatersrand" title="University of the Witwatersrand">University of the Witwatersrand</a> for one year where she was a member of a <a href="/wiki/Trotsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotsky">Trotskyism</a> group that was affiliated to <a href="/wiki/Non-European_Unity_Movement" title="Non-European Unity Movement">Non-European Unity Movement</a> (NEUM).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She went to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Natal" title="University of Natal">University of Natal</a>, where she completed a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">Bachelor's degree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">Master's degree</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_activist">Political activist</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatima_Meer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Political activist"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meer and <a href="/wiki/Kesaveloo_Goonam" title="Kesaveloo Goonam">Kesaveloo Goonam</a> became the first women to be elected as executive of the <a href="/wiki/Natal_Indian_Congress" title="Natal Indian Congress">Natal Indian Congress</a> (NIC) in 1950. She helped to establish the Durban and District Women's League on 4 October 1952 as a group of 70 women. This organisation was started in order to build alliances between Africans and Indians as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Durban_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Durban Riot">race riots</a> between the two groups in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bertha_Mkhize" title="Bertha Mkhize">Bertha Mkhize</a> became the chairperson and Meer became the secretary of the league. The league undertook work such as organizing child care and distributing milk at <a href="/wiki/Cato_Manor" title="Cato Manor">Cato Manor</a>. The League also gathered funds for victims of a tornado at <a href="/wiki/Springs,_Gauteng" class="mw-redirect" title="Springs, Gauteng">Springs</a> where Africans became homeless, and successfully collected £4000 for the <a href="/wiki/Sea_Cow_Lake,_Durban" title="Sea Cow Lake, Durban">Sea Cow Lake</a> flood victims.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> gained power in 1948 and started implementing their policy of <a href="/wiki/Internal_resistance_to_apartheid" title="Internal resistance to apartheid">anti-apartheid</a>, Meer's activism increased and as a result of her activism, she was first "<a href="/wiki/Ban_(law)" title="Ban (law)">banned</a>" in 1952 for three years.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_African_Women" title="Federation of South African Women">Federation of South African Women</a> (FEDSAW), established on 17 April 1954 in the <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg_Trades_Hall" title="Johannesburg Trades Hall">Trades Hall</a> on Rissik Street, in central <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>, which spearheaded the historical women's march at the <a href="/wiki/Union_Buildings" title="Union Buildings">Union Buildings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pretoria" title="Pretoria">Pretoria</a>, on 9 August 1956. She was one of the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_(South_Africa)" title="Women's March (South Africa)">Women's March</a> in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same year, she organized a committee to gather funds for bail and support the families of Natal political leaders who were in the <a href="/wiki/1956_Treason_Trial" title="1956 Treason Trial">treason trial</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1960s, Meer organised night vigils to protest against the mass detention of anti-apartheid activists without trial outside Durban prison. She was also one of the organisers of a week-long vigil at the Gandhi Settlement in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Phoenix, KwaZulu-Natal">Phoenix</a>. The leader of the vigil was <a href="/wiki/Sushila_Nayyar" title="Sushila Nayyar">Sushila Gandhi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1970s, Meer started to embrace <a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Ideology</a> with <a href="/wiki/South_African_Students%27_Organisation" title="South African Students' Organisation">South African Student Organisation</a> (SASO) led by <a href="/wiki/Steve_Biko" title="Steve Biko">Steve Biko</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1975, Meer co-founded the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Women%27s_Federation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Black Women's Federation (page does not exist)">Black Women's Federation</a> (BWF) with <a href="/wiki/Winnie_Madikizela-Mandela" title="Winnie Madikizela-Mandela">Winnie Mandela</a>. Meer became the first president of the organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A year later, she was banned again for a period of five years. The banning order came after she attended a meeting of the Black Studies Programme where she was a key speaker with a speech entitled "Twenty-Five Years of Apartheid Rule".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 1976, after <a href="/wiki/Soweto_uprising" title="Soweto uprising">Soweto Uprisings</a>, 11 women from BWF were arrested and detained under Section 6 of the Terrorism Act. They were placed in solitary confinement at <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Hill,_Johannesburg" title="Constitution Hill, Johannesburg">Fort Prison</a> on <a href="/wiki/Johannesburg" title="Johannesburg">Johannesburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She narrowly survived an assassination attempt shortly after her release from detention in 1976 when she was shot at her family home in Durban, but not harmed. Her son, Rashid, went into exile in the same year. She was attacked again and blamed the second attack on the <a href="/wiki/Black_Consciousness_Movement" title="Black Consciousness Movement">Black Consciousness Movement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inkatha_Freedom_Party" title="Inkatha Freedom Party">Inkatha Freedom Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TL2010_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1980s, Meer founded Co-ordinating Committee of Black (Indian, Coloured, African) Ratepayers Organisations to oppose the injustices which were happening to the black townships caused by Durban municipality.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She declined the offer of a seat in parliament in 1994, because of her preference for non-governmental work.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1999, Meer founded the Concerned Citizens' Group (CCG) to persuade Indian people not to vote for white parties in the next election.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She was a strong supporter of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> and boycotted <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a>'s trip to South Africa in 1998, claiming that he was a blasphemer.<sup id="cite_ref-TL2010_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was involved in protests against the oppression and assault of the Palestinian people and the US-led invasion of Afghanistan. She founded Jubilee 2000 to campaign for the cancellation of <a href="/wiki/Third_World_debt" class="mw-redirect" title="Third World debt">Third World debt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Charity_work">Charity work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatima_Meer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Charity work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>She published her book entitled <i>Portrait of Indian South Africans</i> in 1969 and donated all revenue from the sale of the book to the Gandhi Settlement for the needs to build Gandhi Museum and Clinic.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She helped an operation to rescue 10 000 Indian flood victims at Tin Town which was located on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/Umgeni_River" title="Umgeni River">Umgeni River</a>. Meer built temporary housing in a tent and organized relief food and clothing. Later, she successfully negotiated permanent settlement for them in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Phoenix, KwaZulu-Natal">Phoenix</a>. Meer also founded and became a leader of Natal Education Trust which gather money from the Indian community to build schools in <a href="/wiki/Umlazi" title="Umlazi">Umlazi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port_Shepstone" title="Port Shepstone">Port Shepstone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inanda,_KwaZulu-Natal" title="Inanda, KwaZulu-Natal">Inanda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She founded Tembalishe Tutorial College at Gandhi's Phoenix home to taught blacks in secretarial skills in 1979. Crafts Centre also established at the Settlement to taught <a href="/wiki/Screen_printing" title="Screen printing">screen printing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewing" title="Sewing">sewing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Embroidery" title="Embroidery">embroidery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knitting" title="Knitting">knitting</a> for unemployed, Both the college and the crafts Center were closed in 1982 following after Fatima detainment for breaching her banning order caused of supervising the work outside of Durban boundary.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1980s, she organised scholarships for ten students to go to United States and assisted the "SAVE OUR HOMES COMMITTEE"  which was founded by the Coloured community of Sparks Estate to seek justice for who were threatened by the Durban Municipality whom wanted to take their homes.They succeeded gain the compensation for the act.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the cooperation with <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, she organized scholarship for South African students to study medicine and the political sciences in India.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IBR does tutorial programmes to improve the low matric pass rate and Phambili High was founded in 1986 for African students.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1992,(2 years before the first democratic election) Fatima Meer founded the Clare Estate Environment Group as a response to the needs of shack dwellers and rural migrants. They have no right in urban areas and need clean water, sanitation and proper settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Khanyisa School Project was founded in 1993 as a preparatory school for underprivileged African children before they go to formal school. She was also founded Khanya Women's Skills Training Centre in 1996, which teach 150 Black women in <a href="/wiki/Pattern_(sewing)" title="Pattern (sewing)">pattern-cutting</a>, sewing, adult literacy and business management.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatima_Meer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fatima Meer married her first cousin in 1950, <a href="/wiki/Ismail_Meer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismail Meer">Ismail Meer</a>. This was not uncommon in the Sunni Bhora community where she grew up. Ismail Meer was a prominent lawyer and anti-apartheid activist. He was an active member of the KwaZulu-Natal ANC provincial legislature. In the 1960s he was arrested and charged with treason, along with Nelson Mandela, and other activists. In 1995, Fatima Meer's son Rashid died in a car accident.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She is survived by two daughters <a href="/wiki/Shehnaz_Meer" title="Shehnaz Meer">Shehnaz</a>, a Land Claims Court judge, and Shamim, a social science consultant.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_and_writer">Academic and writer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatima_Meer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Academic and writer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meer became a lecturer of sociology and a staff member of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Natal" title="University of Natal">University of Natal</a> from 1956 to 1988. She was the first non-white person to hold that position.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also a visiting professor at a number of universities in abroad. Meer became a <a href="/wiki/Fellow" title="Fellow">fellow</a> of the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">London School of Economics</a>, and received three honorary doctorates. First, she received an Honorary Doctorate in <a href="/wiki/Philosophy" title="Philosophy">Philosophy</a> from <a href="/wiki/Swarthmore_College" title="Swarthmore College">Swarthmore College</a> (1984) and in <a href="/wiki/Humanities" title="Humanities">Humane Letters</a> from <a href="/wiki/Bennett_College" title="Bennett College">Bennet College</a> in the United States (1994). Later, she received Honorary Doctorate in <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">Social Sciences</a> from <a href="/wiki/Natal_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Natal University">Natal University</a> in South Africa (1998).<sup id="cite_ref-TL2010_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She founded the Institute for Black Research (IBR), which became a research and publishing institution and educational NGO in 1972<sup id="cite_ref-:4_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatima_Meer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatima_Meer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Portrait of Indian South Africans</i> (1969)</li> <li><i>The Apprenticeship of a Mahatma</i> (1970)</li> <li><i>Race and Suicide in South Africa</i> (1976)</li> <li><i>Towards Understanding Iran Today</i> (1985)</li> <li><i>Resistance in the Townships</i> (1989)</li> <li><i>Higher than Hope</i> (1990) (the first authorized biography of <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>, which was translated into 13 languages)</li> <li><i>The South African Gandhi: The Speeches and Writings of M.K. Gandhi</i> (1996)</li> <li><i>Passive Resistance, 1946: A Selection of Documents</i> (1996)</li> <li><i>Fatima Meer: Memories of Love and Struggle</i> (2017)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatima_Meer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Screenwriter, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Making_of_the_Mahatma" title="The Making of the Mahatma">The Making of the Mahatma</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Shyam_Benegal" title="Shyam Benegal">Shyam Benegal</a> film which was based on her book <i>The Apprenticeship of a Mahatma</i>; the film was co-produced by India and South Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours,_decorations,_awards_and_distinctions"><span id="Honours.2C_decorations.2C_awards_and_distinctions"></span>Honours, decorations, awards and distinctions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatima_Meer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Honours, decorations, awards and distinctions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Union of South African Journalists Award (1975)</li> <li>Imal Abdullah Haroon Award for the Struggle against Oppression and Racial Discrimination (1990)</li> <li>Vishwa Gurjari Award for Contribution to Human Rights (1994)</li> <li>Top 100 Women Who Shook South Africa list (1999)</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pravasi_Bharatiya_Samman_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pravasi_Bharatiya_Samman_Ribbon.png/70px-Pravasi_Bharatiya_Samman_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pravasi_Bharatiya_Samman_Ribbon.png/105px-Pravasi_Bharatiya_Samman_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pravasi_Bharatiya_Samman_Ribbon.png/140px-Pravasi_Bharatiya_Samman_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="885" data-file-height="243" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Pravasi_Bharatiya_Samman" title="Pravasi Bharatiya Samman">Pravasi Bharatiya Samman</a> (2003)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>#45 <a href="/wiki/SABC3%27s_Great_South_Africans" class="mw-redirect" title="SABC3's Great South Africans">Top 100 Great South Africans</a> (2004)</li> <li>South African National Order: <a href="/wiki/Order_for_Meritorious_Service" title="Order for Meritorious Service">Order for Meritorious Service</a> in silver (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Luthuli" title="Order of Luthuli">The Order of Luthuli in Silver</a> (2017)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_legacy">Death and legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatima_Meer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fatima Meer died at St. Augustine's Hospital in Durban on 12 March 2010, aged 81, from a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a> which she suffered two weeks earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-TL2010_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TL2010-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A collection of Fatima Meer's political and academic writings entitled <i>Voices of Liberation</i> was published in 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her paintings and drawings have been exhibited at Constitutional Hill since August 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatima_Meer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_subject_to_banning_orders_under_apartheid" title="List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid">List of people subject to banning orders under apartheid</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatima_Meer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejournalist.org.za/pioneers/the-indian-press-a-proud-history-in-south-africa">"The Indian press: A proud history in of the portguese people"</a>. <i>The Journalist</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 June</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Journalist&rft.atitle=The+Indian+press%3A+A+proud+history+in+of+the+portguese+people&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejournalist.org.za%2Fpioneers%2Fthe-indian-press-a-proud-history-in-south-africa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima+Meer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVilla-Vicencio,_Charles.1996" class="citation book cs1">Villa-Vicencio, Charles. 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Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91626-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91626-5"><bdi>978-0-520-91626-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45728692">45728692</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+spirit+of+freedom+%3A+South+African+leaders+on+religion+and+politics&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45728692&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91626-5&rft.au=Villa-Vicencio%2C+Charles.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublishing.cdlib.org%2Fucpressebooks%2Fview%3FdocId%3Dft4p3006kc%26chunk.id%3Dd0e6228%26toc.depth%3D1%26toc.id%3Dd0e6228%26brand%3Ducpress&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima+Meer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sahistory.org.za/people/professor-fatima-meer">"Professor Fatima was the first Indian woman to fight apartheid | South African History Online"</a>. <i>www.sahistory.org.za</i>. 29 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sahistory.org.za&rft.atitle=Professor+Fatima+was+the+first+Indian+woman+to+fight+apartheid+%7C+South+African+History+Online&rft.date=2011-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sahistory.org.za%2Fpeople%2Fprofessor-fatima-meer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima+Meer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mg.co.za/article/2010-03-13-anc-bids-farewell-to-selfless-mama-fatima/">"ANC bids farewell to selfless Mama Fatima"</a>. <i>The Mail &Guardian</i>. 13 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Wire&rft.atitle=7+films+based+on+or+inspired+by+the+life+of+Mahatma+Gandhi&rft.date=2019-10-02&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=Yash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theindianwire.com%2Fentertainment%2F7-films-based-inspired-life-mahatma-gandhi-194041%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima+Meer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hindustantimes.com/india/fatima-meer/story-2C56KnqUkYjDxNurflrVNK.html">"Fatima Meer"</a>. <i>Hindustan Times</i>. 13 January 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Fatima+Meer&rft.date=2003-01-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Findia%2Ffatima-meer%2Fstory-2C56KnqUkYjDxNurflrVNK.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima+Meer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.za/speeches/president-jacob-zuma-bestows-2017-national-orders-awards-28-apr-2017-0000">"President Jacob Zuma bestows 2017 National Orders Awards | South African Government"</a>. <i>www.gov.za</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.gov.za&rft.atitle=President+Jacob+Zuma+bestows+2017+National+Orders+Awards+%7C+South+African+Government&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.za%2Fspeeches%2Fpresident-jacob-zuma-bestows-2017-national-orders-awards-28-apr-2017-0000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima+Meer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/books/voices-of-liberation-fatima-meer">"Voices of Liberation – Fatima Meer – The Human Sciences Research Council (HSRC)"</a>. <i>www.hsrcpress.ac.za</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.hsrcpress.ac.za&rft.atitle=Voices+of+Liberation+%E2%80%93+Fatima+Meer+%E2%80%93+The+Human+Sciences+Research+Council+%28HSRC%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hsrcpress.ac.za%2Fbooks%2Fvoices-of-liberation-fatima-meer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima+Meer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDwamena2019" class="citation magazine cs1">Dwamena, Anakwa (23 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-defiantly-everyday-drawings-of-fatima-meer">"The Defiantly Everyday Drawings of Fatima Meer"</a>. <i>The New Yorker</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+Yorker&rft.atitle=The+Defiantly+Everyday+Drawings+of+Fatima+Meer&rft.date=2019-10-23&rft.aulast=Dwamena&rft.aufirst=Anakwa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Fculture%2Fculture-desk%2Fthe-defiantly-everyday-drawings-of-fatima-meer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFatima+Meer" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fatima_Meer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fatima-Meer">Biography in Encyclopædia Britannica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/professor-fatima-meer">Biography on SA History online</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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