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class="mw-page-title-main">John Sirica</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="John Sirica" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="John Sirica" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="John Sirica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Sirica" title="John Sirica – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="John Sirica" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A1%B4_%EC%8B%9C%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4" title="존 시리카 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="존 시리카" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7" title="جون سيريكا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جون سيريكا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American federal judge (1904–1992)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sirica" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Sirica_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Sirica (disambiguation)">Sirica (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Maximum John" redirects here. For the other U.S. federal judge with the nickname "Maximum John", see <a href="/wiki/John_H._Wood_Jr." title="John H. Wood Jr.">John H. Wood Jr.</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">John Sirica</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Washington_DC_Judge_John_Sirica_in_1974.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Washington_DC_Judge_John_Sirica_in_1974.jpg/180px-Washington_DC_Judge_John_Sirica_in_1974.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Washington_DC_Judge_John_Sirica_in_1974.jpg/270px-Washington_DC_Judge_John_Sirica_in_1974.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Washington_DC_Judge_John_Sirica_in_1974.jpg/360px-Washington_DC_Judge_John_Sirica_in_1974.jpg 2x" data-file-width="709" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Sirica in 1974</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Senior_status" title="Senior status">Senior Judge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">United States District Court for the District of Columbia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />October 31, 1977 – August 14, 1992</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Chief Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">United States District Court for the District of Columbia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1971–1974</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Matthew_Curran" title="Edward Matthew Curran">Edward Matthew Curran</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_Luzerne_Hart_Jr." title="George Luzerne Hart Jr.">George Luzerne Hart Jr.</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">United States District Court for the District of Columbia</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />March 28, 1957 – October 31, 1977</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Appointed by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="List of federal judges appointed by Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Albert_Schweinhaut" title="Henry Albert Schweinhaut">Henry Albert Schweinhaut</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Greene" title="Harold H. Greene">Harold H. Greene</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">John Joseph Sirica</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1904-03-19</span>)</span>March 19, 1904<br /><a href="/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut" title="Waterbury, Connecticut">Waterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">August 14, 1992<span style="display:none">(1992-08-14)</span> (aged 88)<br /><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Gate_of_Heaven_Cemetery_(Silver_Spring,_Maryland)" title="Gate of Heaven Cemetery (Silver Spring, Maryland)">Gate of Heaven Cemetery</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland" title="Silver Spring, Maryland">Silver Spring</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University" title="Georgetown University">Georgetown University</a> (<a href="/wiki/LLB" class="mw-redirect" title="LLB">LLB</a>)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Joseph Sirica</b> (March 19, 1904 – August 14, 1992) was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_federal_judge" title="United States federal judge">United States district judge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">United States District Court for the District of Columbia</a>, where he became famous for his role in the trials stemming from the <a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal">Watergate scandal</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sirica&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="width:18.0em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#233738;"><a href="/wiki/Watergate_scandal" title="Watergate scandal"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">Watergate scandal</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WatergateFromAir.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WatergateFromAir.JPG/250px-WatergateFromAir.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WatergateFromAir.JPG/375px-WatergateFromAir.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/WatergateFromAir.JPG/500px-WatergateFromAir.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span><div class="sidebar-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Watergate_complex" title="Watergate complex">Watergate complex</a> in 2006</div></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#233738;color:white;"> Events</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">List</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Presidency of Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Watergate_scandal" title="Timeline of the Watergate scandal">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_White_House_tapes" title="Nixon White House tapes">Nixon White House tapes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sandwedge" title="Operation Sandwedge">Operation Sandwedge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gemstone" title="Operation Gemstone">Operation Gemstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_United_States_presidential_election" title="1972 United States presidential election">1972 presidential election</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Saturday_Night_Massacre" title="Saturday Night Massacre">Saturday Night Massacre</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">Impeachment process against Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Nixon" title="United States v. Nixon">United States v. Nixon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon%27s_resignation_speech" title="Richard Nixon's resignation speech">Resignation speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Inauguration of Gerald Ford">Inauguration of Gerald Ford</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#233738;color:white;"> <span class="tmp-color" style="color:white">People</span></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Watergate burglars</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Barker" title="Bernard Barker">Bernard Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgilio_Gonzalez" title="Virgilio Gonzalez">Virgilio Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Eugenio Martínez">Eugenio Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._McCord_Jr." title="James W. McCord Jr.">James W. McCord Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sturgis" title="Frank Sturgis">Frank Sturgis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Groups</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Master_list_of_Nixon%27s_political_opponents" title="Master list of Nixon's political opponents">Master list of Nixon's political opponents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon%27s_Enemies_List" title="Nixon's Enemies List">Nixon's Enemies List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_Babies" title="Watergate Babies">Watergate Babies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watergate_Seven" title="Watergate Seven">Watergate Seven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Plumbers" title="White House Plumbers">White House Plumbers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">CRP</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Re-Election_of_the_President" title="Committee for the Re-Election of the President">Committee for the Re-Election of the President</a> (CRP)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_LaRue" title="Fred LaRue">Fred LaRue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Stuart_Magruder" title="Jeb Stuart Magruder">Jeb Stuart Magruder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mardian" title="Robert Mardian">Robert Mardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_N._Mitchell" title="John N. Mitchell">John N. Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Parkinson" title="Kenneth Parkinson">Kenneth Parkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_W._Sloan_Jr." title="Hugh W. Sloan Jr.">Hugh W. Sloan Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Stans" title="Maurice Stans">Maurice Stans</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">White House</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Butterfield" title="Alexander Butterfield">Alexander Butterfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Charles Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dean" title="John Dean">John Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ehrlichman" title="John Ehrlichman">John Ehrlichman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._R._Haldeman" title="H. R. Haldeman">H. R. Haldeman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._Howard_Hunt" title="E. Howard Hunt">E. Howard Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egil_Krogh" title="Egil Krogh">Egil Krogh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Gordon_Liddy" title="G. Gordon Liddy">G. Gordon Liddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_C._Strachan" title="Gordon C. Strachan">Gordon C. Strachan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_Mary_Woods" title="Rose Mary Woods">Rose Mary Woods</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Cox" title="Archibald Cox">Archibald Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Jaworski" title="Leon Jaworski">Leon Jaworski</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Sirica</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Journalists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Bernstein" title="Carl Bernstein">Carl Bernstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Woodward" title="Bob Woodward">Bob Woodward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Sussman" title="Barry Sussman">Barry Sussman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_M._Rosenfeld" title="Harry M. Rosenfeld">Harry M. Rosenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Simons" title="Howard Simons">Howard Simons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bradlee" title="Ben Bradlee">Ben Bradlee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesley_Stahl" title="Lesley Stahl">Lesley Stahl</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Intelligence community</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Felt" title="Mark Felt">Mark Felt</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Deep_Throat_(Watergate)" title="Deep Throat (Watergate)">Deep Throat</a>")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Patrick_Gray" title="L. Patrick Gray">L. Patrick Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Helms" title="Richard Helms">Richard Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">James R. Schlesinger</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Congress</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Baker" title="Howard Baker">Howard Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Ervin" title="Sam Ervin">Sam Ervin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_W._Rodino" title="Peter W. Rodino">Peter W. Rodino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Watergate_Committee" title="United States Senate Watergate Committee">U.S. Senate Watergate Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Impeachment_process_against_Richard_Nixon" title="Impeachment process against Richard Nixon">Impeachment process</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align: center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wills_(security_guard)" title="Frank Wills (security guard)">Frank Wills (security guard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_F._Neal" title="James F. Neal">James F. Neal (prosecutor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men" title="All the President's Men"><i>All the President's Men</i> (book,</a> <a href="/wiki/All_the_President%27s_Men_(film)" title="All the President's Men (film)">film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days" title="The Final Days"><i>The Final Days</i> (book,</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Final_Days_(1989_film)" title="The Final Days (1989 film)">film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_Ambition_(miniseries)" title="Blind Ambition (miniseries)"><i>Blind Ambition</i> (miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_(film)" title="Dick (film)"><i>Dick</i> (1999 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Felt:_The_Man_Who_Brought_Down_the_White_House" title="Mark Felt: The Man Who Brought Down the White House"><i>Mark Felt: The Man who Brought<br />Down the White House</i> (2017 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Watergate_(board_game)" title="Watergate (board game)">Watergate</a></i> (2019 board game)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Slow_Burn_(podcast)" title="Slow Burn (podcast)">Slow Burn</a></i> (2020 series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gaslit_(TV_series)" title="Gaslit (TV series)">Gaslit</a></i> (2022 series)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/White_House_Plumbers_(miniseries)" title="White House Plumbers (miniseries)">White House Plumbers</a></i> (2023 miniseries)</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Watergate" title="Template:Watergate"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Watergate" title="Template talk:Watergate"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Watergate" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Watergate"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Sirica was born in <a href="/wiki/Waterbury,_Connecticut" title="Waterbury, Connecticut">Waterbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>, to Ferdinando (Fred) Sirica, an immigrant from Italy, and Rose (Zinno) Sirica, whose parents were from Italy. Between 1910 and 1918, the Sirica family lived in various cities across the United States, while Fred worked as a barber and made several unsuccessful attempts at running small businesses. The family moved to <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, in 1918, where John attended <a href="/wiki/Emerson_Preparatory_School" title="Emerson Preparatory School">Emerson Preparatory School</a> and eventually transferred to Columbia Preparatory School.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPoObit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPoObit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1922, Fred was running a two-lane bowling alley and poolhall, which was raided by the police for violation of the Prohibition-era <a href="/wiki/Volstead_Act" title="Volstead Act">Volstead Act</a> when liquor was found in the restroom. Fred was arrested, but the charges were dropped. He soon sold the business and moved away.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, John went directly from high school to law school, which was possible in the District of Columbia at the time, and, after two false starts, entered <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgetown Law">Georgetown Law</a> and received a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Laws" title="Bachelor of Laws">Bachelor of Laws</a> in 1926.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPoObit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPoObit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sirica&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sirica fought as a boxer in Washington and Miami in the 1920s and 1930s. He was torn between a career as a boxer and the career in law that he followed after earning a law degree and passing the bar. Boxing champion <a href="/wiki/Jack_Dempsey" title="Jack Dempsey">Jack Dempsey</a> became a close friend.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTObit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTObit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sirica was in private practice of law in Washington, D.C. from 1926 to 1930.<sup id="cite_ref-fjc.gov_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fjc.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was an <a href="/wiki/Assistant_United_States_Attorney" title="Assistant United States Attorney">Assistant United States Attorney</a> for the District of Columbia from 1930 to 1934, and returned to private practice from 1934 to 1957.<sup id="cite_ref-fjc.gov_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fjc.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also served as <a href="/wiki/General_counsel" title="General counsel">general counsel</a> to the House Select Committee to Investigate the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> in 1944; his appointment was opposed by the two Republican members of the committee.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sirica resigned in protest over how the committee dealt with the <a href="/wiki/WMCA_(AM)" title="WMCA (AM)">WMCA</a> radio scandal that year and re-entered private practice.<sup id="cite_ref-fjc.gov_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fjc.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1947, he joined the law firm of Hogan and Hartson in Washington, D.C. (now called <a href="/wiki/Hogan_Lovells" title="Hogan Lovells">Hogan Lovells</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_judicial_service">Federal judicial service</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sirica&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Federal judicial service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sirica was nominated by President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> on February 25, 1957, to a seat on the United States District Court for the District of Columbia vacated by Judge <a href="/wiki/Henry_Albert_Schweinhaut" title="Henry Albert Schweinhaut">Henry Albert Schweinhaut</a>. He was confirmed by the United States Senate on March 26, 1957, and received his commission on March 28, 1957. He served as Chief Judge and a member of the <a href="/wiki/Judicial_Conference_of_the_United_States" title="Judicial Conference of the United States">Judicial Conference of the United States</a> from 1971 to 1974. He assumed <a href="/wiki/Senior_status" title="Senior status">senior status</a> on October 31, 1977. His service terminated on his death on August 14, 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-fjc.gov_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fjc.gov-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Notably, he ruled the law banning Navy women from ships to be unconstitutional in the case <i>Owens v. Brown</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Watergate">Watergate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sirica&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Watergate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sirica rose to national prominence when he ordered President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> to surrender his recordings of <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> conversations to Federal prosecutors. Sirica's involvement in the case began when he presided over the trial of the Watergate burglars. He did not believe the claim that they had acted alone, and through the use of provisional sentencing strongly encouraged them to give information about higher-ups before final sentencing. Under provisional sentencing, judges could give defendants a few months to ponder their sentence before it became final.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One defendant, <a href="/wiki/James_W._McCord_Jr." title="James W. McCord Jr.">James W. McCord Jr.</a>, wrote a letter describing a broader scheme of involvement by people in the Nixon administration. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judicial_demeanor">Judicial demeanor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sirica&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Judicial demeanor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Experienced as a trial lawyer, Sirica was known for his "no-nonsense" demeanor on the bench. His critics said he lacked understanding of people and compassion, that he was guilty of careless legal errors, that he had a misguided view of the purposes of judicial power. Most of all, they attacked him for his conduct of the Watergate trial. <sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was nicknamed "Maximum John" for giving defendants the maximum sentence that guidelines allowed. <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Book">Book</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sirica&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Book"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1979, Sirica published a book, co-authored with <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Stacks&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Stacks (page does not exist)">John Stacks</a>, detailing his participation in the Watergate cases under the title <i>To Set the Record Straight</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recognition">Recognition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sirica&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Recognition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For his role in uncovering the truth about Watergate, Sirica was named <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> magazine's <a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year">Man of the Year</a> in January 1974. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, he received the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a> presented by Awards Council member <a href="/wiki/Leon_Jaworski" title="Leon Jaworski">Leon Jaworski</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sirica&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sirica suffered a severe <a href="/wiki/Heart_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Heart attack">heart attack</a> while at a speaking engagement on February 5, 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-LATObit_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATObit-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the final years of his life, Sirica suffered from a wide range of ailments, both minor and severe.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In the last few weeks of his life, he came down with pneumonia. He fell and broke his collarbone a few days before his death, and was hospitalized at <a href="/wiki/Georgetown_University_Medical_Center" title="Georgetown University Medical Center">Georgetown University Medical Center</a> in Washington, D.C.<sup id="cite_ref-NYTObit_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NYTObit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in the hospital of <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a> at 4:30 p.m. on August 14, 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-LATObit_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LATObit-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-WaPoObit_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPoObit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was interred at <a href="/wiki/Gate_of_Heaven_Cemetery_(Silver_Spring,_Maryland)" title="Gate of Heaven Cemetery (Silver Spring, Maryland)">Gate of Heaven Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Silver_Spring,_Maryland" title="Silver Spring, Maryland">Silver Spring, Maryland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranscell201292_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranscell201292-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sirica was survived by his wife, Lucile Camalier Sirica, and his three children, John Jr., Patricia, and Eileen.<sup id="cite_ref-WaPoObit_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WaPoObit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sirica&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2022 documentary, Watergate, Blueprint for a scandal by Herzog and Co. aired on CNN </p><p>In the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Max_(streaming_service)" title="Max (streaming service)">HBO Max</a> miniseries <i><a href="/wiki/White_House_Plumbers_(miniseries)" title="White House Plumbers (miniseries)">White House Plumbers</a></i>, Sirica is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/F._Murray_Abraham" title="F. Murray Abraham">F. Murray Abraham</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sirica&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFranscell2012" class="citation book cs1">Franscell, Ron (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg5eW51xl7QC&q=%22Gate+of+Heaven+Cemetery%22+%22Silver+Spring&pg=PA92"><i>The Crime Buff's Guide to Outlaw Washington, D.C.</i></a> Guilford, Conn.: Globe Pequot Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780762773855" title="Special:BookSources/9780762773855"><bdi>9780762773855</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crime+Buff%27s+Guide+to+Outlaw+Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.place=Guilford%2C+Conn.&rft.pub=Globe+Pequot+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780762773855&rft.aulast=Franscell&rft.aufirst=Ron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddg5eW51xl7QC%26q%3D%2522Gate%2Bof%2BHeaven%2BCemetery%2522%2B%2522Silver%2BSpring%26pg%3DPA92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sirica" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirica1979" class="citation book cs1">Sirica, John (April 1, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tosetrecordstrai00siri"><i>To Set the Record Straight: The Break-In, the Tapes, the Conspirators, the Pardon</i></a>. New York: W W Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393012344" title="Special:BookSources/0393012344"><bdi>0393012344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Set+the+Record+Straight%3A+The+Break-In%2C+the+Tapes%2C+the+Conspirators%2C+the+Pardon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W+W+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=1979-04-01&rft.isbn=0393012344&rft.aulast=Sirica&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftosetrecordstrai00siri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sirica" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sirica&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WaPoObit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WaPoObit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPoObit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPoObit_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-WaPoObit_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnes1992" class="citation news cs1">Barnes, Bart (August 15, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2002/06/11/AR2005112200807_pf.html">"John Sirica, Watergate Judge, Dies"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=John+Sirica%2C+Watergate+Judge%2C+Dies&rft.date=1992-08-15&rft.aulast=Barnes&rft.aufirst=Bart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2002%2F06%2F11%2FAR2005112200807_pf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sirica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSirica1979" class="citation book cs1">Sirica, John (April 1, 1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/tosetrecordstrai00siri"><i>To Set the Record Straight: The Break-In, the Tapes, the Conspirators, the Pardon</i></a>. New York: W W Norton & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0393012344" title="Special:BookSources/0393012344"><bdi>0393012344</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Set+the+Record+Straight%3A+The+Break-In%2C+the+Tapes%2C+the+Conspirators%2C+the+Pardon&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=W+W+Norton+%26+Co&rft.date=1979-04-01&rft.isbn=0393012344&rft.aulast=Sirica&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftosetrecordstrai00siri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sirica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYTObit-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NYTObit_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NYTObit_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/15/us/sirica-88-dies-persistent-judge-in-fall-of-nixon.html">"Sirica, 88, Dies; Persistent Judge In Fall of Nixon"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. August 15, 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sirica%2C+88%2C+Dies%3B+Persistent+Judge+In+Fall+of+Nixon&rft.date=1992-08-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F08%2F15%2Fus%2Fsirica-88-dies-persistent-judge-in-fall-of-nixon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sirica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fjc.gov-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-fjc.gov_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fjc.gov_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fjc.gov_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-fjc.gov_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fjc.gov/history/judges/sirica-john-joseph">"Sirica, John Joseph - Federal Judicial Center"</a>. <i>www.fjc.gov</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fjc.gov&rft.atitle=Sirica%2C+John+Joseph+-+Federal+Judicial+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fjc.gov%2Fhistory%2Fjudges%2Fsirica-john-joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sirica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Sirica New House Probe Counsel". <i><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_%26_Cable" title="Broadcasting & Cable">Broadcasting and Broadcast Advertising</a></i>. Vol. 26, no. 14. Washington, D.C. April 3, 1944. p. 14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Broadcasting+and+Broadcast+Advertising&rft.atitle=Sirica+New+House+Probe+Counsel&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=14&rft.date=1944-04-03&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sirica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1973" class="citation news cs1">Mason, Howard (November 4, 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/04/archives/a-man-for-this-season-sirica-likes-his-country-the-way-immigrants.html">"Sirica likes his country the way immigrants' sons do"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 4,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sirica+likes+his+country+the+way+immigrants%27+sons+do&rft.date=1973-11-04&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F11%2F04%2Farchives%2Fa-man-for-this-season-sirica-likes-his-country-the-way-immigrants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sirica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/455/291/1415795/">"Owens v. Brown, 455 F. Supp. 291 (D.D.C. 1978)"</a>. <i>Justia Law</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justia+Law&rft.atitle=Owens+v.+Brown%2C+455+F.+Supp.+291+%28D.D.C.+1978%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flaw.justia.com%2Fcases%2Ffederal%2Fdistrict-courts%2FFSupp%2F455%2F291%2F1415795%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sirica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony_J._Gaughan" class="citation journal cs1">Anthony J. Gaughan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/303899263.pdf">"Watergate, Judge Sirica, and the Rule of Law"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>McGeorge Law Review</i>. <b>42</b> (2): 370.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=McGeorge+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Watergate%2C+Judge+Sirica%2C+and+the+Rule+of+Law&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=370&rft.au=Anthony+J.+Gaughan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F303899263.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sirica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMason1973" class="citation news cs1">Mason, Howard (4 November 1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1973/11/04/archives/a-man-for-this-season-sirica-likes-his-country-the-way-immigrants.html">"Sirica likes his country the way immigrants' sons do a man for this season"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Sirica+likes+his+country+the+way+immigrants%27+sons+do+a+man+for+this+season&rft.date=1973-11-04&rft.aulast=Mason&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1973%2F11%2F04%2Farchives%2Fa-man-for-this-season-sirica-likes-his-country-the-way-immigrants.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sirica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/watergate/johnsirica.html">"washingtonpost.com - watergate scandal and deep throat update, john sirica"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=washingtonpost.com+-+watergate+scandal+and+deep+throat+update%2C+john+sirica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fonpolitics%2Fwatergate%2Fjohnsirica.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sirica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/john-j-sirica-2/to-set-the-record-straight-2/">"Review: To Set the Record Straight"</a>. <i>KirkusReviews.com</i>. Kirkus<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=KirkusReviews.com&rft.atitle=Review%3A+To+Set+the+Record+Straight&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kirkusreviews.com%2Fbook-reviews%2Fjohn-j-sirica-2%2Fto-set-the-record-straight-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sirica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuller" class="citation magazine cs1">Muller, Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,2123802,00.html">"John Stacks"</a>. <i>Time</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=John+Stacks&rft.aulast=Muller&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C2123802%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sirica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/covers/0,16641,19740107,00.html">"Judge J. Sirica, Man of the Year, Jan. 7, 1974"</a>. Time.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Judge+J.+Sirica%2C+Man+of+the+Year%2C+Jan.+7%2C+1974&rft.pub=Time&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fcovers%2F0%2C16641%2C19740107%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sirica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#public-service">"Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement"</a>. <i>www.achievement.org</i>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.achievement.org&rft.atitle=Golden+Plate+Awardees+of+the+American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Four-history%2Fgolden-plate-awards%2F%23public-service&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sirica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://achievement.org/our-history/">"Our History Photo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Achievement" class="mw-redirect" title="American Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Our+History+Photo&rft.pub=American+Academy+of+Achievement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fachievement.org%2Four-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sirica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LATObit-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LATObit_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LATObit_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-08-16-mn-6934-story.html">"Watergate Judge John Sirica Dies of Cardiac Arrest"</a>. <i>Los Angeles Times</i>. August 16, 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Watergate+Judge+John+Sirica+Dies+of+Cardiac+Arrest&rft.date=1992-08-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1992-08-16-mn-6934-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Sirica" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFranscell201292-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFranscell201292_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFranscell2012">Franscell 2012</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Sirica&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/onpolitics/watergate/johnsirica.html"><i>Washington Post</i> biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/08/15/us/sirica-88-dies-persistent-judge-in-fall-of-nixon.html"><i>New York Times</i> biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030804122448/http://www.time.com/time/poy2000/archive/1973.html"><i>Time Magazine</i> 1973 Man of the Year Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.turkewitzlaw.com/watergate/index.htm">Watergate trial sketches, with Judge Sirica</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/19473">John Sirica</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li>Finding aid to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms001036">John J. Sirica papers</a> at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/">Library of Congress</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #DDCEF2;">Legal offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Albert_Schweinhaut" title="Henry Albert Schweinhaut">Henry Albert Schweinhaut</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <span class="nowrap">Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">United States District Court for the District of Columbia</a></span> </b><br />1957–1977 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Harold_H._Greene" title="Harold H. Greene">Harold H. Greene</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Matthew_Curran" title="Edward Matthew Curran">Edward Matthew Curran</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <span class="nowrap">Chief Judge of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Columbia" title="United States District Court for the District of Columbia">United States District Court for the District of Columbia</a></span> </b><br />1971–1974 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Luzerne_Hart_Jr." title="George Luzerne Hart Jr.">George Luzerne Hart Jr.</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_Persons_of_the_Year103" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Template talk:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_Persons_of_the_Year" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time Persons of the Year"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_Persons_of_the_Year103" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_Person_of_the_Year" title="Time Person of the Year"><i>Time</i> Persons of the Year</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1927–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> (1927)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Walter_Chrysler" title="Walter Chrysler">Walter Chrysler</a> (1928)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Owen_D._Young" title="Owen D. Young">Owen D. Young</a> (1929)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a> (1930)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Laval" title="Pierre Laval">Pierre Laval</a> (1931)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1932)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_S._Johnson" title="Hugh S. Johnson">Hugh S. Johnson</a> (1933)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1934)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Haile_Selassie" title="Haile Selassie">Haile Selassie</a> (1935)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wallis_Simpson" title="Wallis Simpson">Wallis Simpson</a> (1936)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong Mei-ling</a> (1937)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> (1938)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1939)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1940)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (1941)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> (1942)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1943)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1945)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/James_F._Byrnes" title="James F. Byrnes">James F. Byrnes</a> (1946)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George Marshall</a> (1947)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (1948)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> (1949)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">The American Fighting-Man</a> (1950)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammed Mosaddeq</a> (1951)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II </a> (1952)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> (1953)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> (1954)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Harlow_Curtice" title="Harlow Curtice">Harlow Curtice</a> (1955)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Freedom Fighters</a> (1956)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1957)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a> (1958)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (1959)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> U.S. Scientists: <a href="/wiki/George_Beadle" title="George Beadle">George Beadle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Draper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Franklin_Enders" title="John Franklin Enders">John Enders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Donald A. Glaser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Joshua Lederberg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Libby" title="Willard Libby">Willard Libby</a> / <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Edward Purcell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Isidor Rabi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Emilio Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Charles Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Van_Allen" title="James Van Allen">James Van Allen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Burns_Woodward" title="Robert Burns Woodward">Robert Woodward</a> </span> (1960)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (1961)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_XXIII" title="Pope John XXIII">Pope John XXIII</a> (1962)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> (1963)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1964)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_Westmoreland" title="William Westmoreland">William Westmoreland</a> (1965)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Baby_boomers" title="Baby boomers">The Generation Twenty-Five and Under</a> (1966)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (1967)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Apollo_8" title="Apollo 8">The Apollo 8 Astronauts</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Anders" title="William Anders">William Anders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Borman" title="Frank Borman">Frank Borman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jim_Lovell" title="Jim Lovell">Jim Lovell</a> </span> (1968)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Middle_America_(United_States)" title="Middle America (United States)">The Middle Americans</a> (1969)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Willy_Brandt" title="Willy Brandt">Willy Brandt</a> (1970)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1971)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (1972)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Sirica</a> (1973)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Faisal_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Faisal of Saudi Arabia">King Faisal</a> (1974)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> American Women: <a href="/wiki/Susan_Brownmiller" title="Susan Brownmiller">Susan Brownmiller</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Byerly" title="Kathleen Byerly">Kathleen Byerly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alison_Cheek" title="Alison Cheek">Alison Cheek</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jill_Ker_Conway" title="Jill Ker Conway">Jill Conway</a> / <a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carla_Anderson_Hills" title="Carla Anderson Hills">Carla Hills</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a> / <a href="/wiki/Susie_Sharp" title="Susie Sharp">Susie Sharp</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Sutton_(journalist)" title="Carol Sutton (journalist)">Carol Sutton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Addie_L._Wyatt" title="Addie L. Wyatt">Addie Wyatt</a> </span> (1975)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (1976)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anwar_Sadat" title="Anwar Sadat">Anwar Sadat</a> (1977)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1978)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> (1979)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (1980)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a> (1981)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">The Computer</a> (1982)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Andropov" title="Yuri Andropov">Yuri Andropov</a> (1983)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ueberroth" title="Peter Ueberroth">Peter Ueberroth</a> (1984)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a> (1985)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a> (1986)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1987)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Environmentalism" title="Environmentalism">The Endangered Earth</a> (1988)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a> (1989)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (1990)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ted_Turner" title="Ted Turner">Ted Turner</a> (1991)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (1992)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Peacemakers: <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a> / <a href="/wiki/F._W._de_Klerk" title="F. W. de Klerk">F. W. de Klerk</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a> / <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> </span> (1993)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a> (1994)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Newt Gingrich</a> (1995)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/David_Ho" title="David Ho">David Ho</a> (1996)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Grove" title="Andrew Grove">Andrew Grove</a> (1997)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ken_Starr" title="Ken Starr">Ken Starr</a> (1998)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Bezos" title="Jeff Bezos">Jeff Bezos</a> (1999)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2000)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rudy_Giuliani" title="Rudy Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> (2001)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Whistleblowers: <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Cooper_(accountant)" title="Cynthia Cooper (accountant)">Cynthia Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Coleen_Rowley" title="Coleen Rowley">Coleen Rowley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sherron_Watkins" title="Sherron Watkins">Sherron Watkins</a> </span> (2002)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Iraq_War" title="Iraq War">The American Soldier</a> (2003)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2004)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Good Samaritans: <a href="/wiki/Bono" title="Bono">Bono</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melinda_French_Gates" title="Melinda French Gates">Melinda Gates</a> </span> (2005)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/You_(Time_Person_of_the_Year)" title="You (Time Person of the Year)">You</a> (2006)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a> (2007)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2008)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Bernanke" title="Ben Bernanke">Ben Bernanke</a> (2009)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zuckerberg" title="Mark Zuckerberg">Mark Zuckerberg</a> (2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">The Protester</a> (2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a> (2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> <a href="/wiki/Responses_to_the_West_African_Ebola_virus_epidemic" title="Responses to the West African Ebola virus epidemic">Ebola Fighters</a>: Dr. Jerry Brown / Dr. <a href="/wiki/Kent_Brantly" title="Kent Brantly">Kent Brantly</a> / Ella Watson-Stryker / Foday Gollah / <a href="/wiki/Salome_Karwah" title="Salome Karwah">Salome Karwah</a> </span> (2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Angela_Merkel" title="Angela Merkel">Angela Merkel</a> (2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/MeToo_movement" title="MeToo movement">The Silence Breakers</a> (2017)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="wrap"> The Guardians: <a href="/wiki/Jamal_Khashoggi" title="Jamal Khashoggi">Jamal Khashoggi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Ressa" title="Maria Ressa">Maria Ressa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wa_Lone" title="Wa Lone">Wa Lone</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kyaw_Soe_Oo" title="Kyaw Soe Oo">Kyaw Soe Oo</a> / Staff of <i><a href="/wiki/Capital_Gazette_shooting" title="Capital Gazette shooting">The Capital</a></i> </span> (2018)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greta_Thunberg" title="Greta Thunberg">Greta Thunberg</a> (2019)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kamala_Harris" title="Kamala Harris">Kamala Harris</a> (2020)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Elon Musk</a> (2021)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zelenskyy" title="Volodymyr Zelenskyy">Volodymyr Zelenskyy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ukrainians" title="Ukrainians">Spirit of Ukraine</a> (2022)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Swift" title="Taylor Swift">Taylor Swift</a> (2023)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (2024)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q705980#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1475" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/142837180">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79013872">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068880294">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810584919805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007276086305171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14247299">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/07955377X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10582263">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6n58x87">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a 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