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<li id="toc-Rescue_equipment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rescue_equipment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Rescue equipment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rescue_equipment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aircraft_used" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aircraft_used"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Aircraft used</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aircraft_used-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Germany military organization (1935–1945)</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Heinkel_he_59.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Heinkel_he_59.jpg/220px-Heinkel_he_59.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Heinkel_he_59.jpg/330px-Heinkel_he_59.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Heinkel_he_59.jpg/440px-Heinkel_he_59.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="1781" /></a><figcaption>The German <i>Seenotdienst</i> operated 14 <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_59" title="Heinkel He 59">Heinkel He 59</a> <a href="/wiki/Floatplane" title="Floatplane">floatplanes</a> (like this <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force" title="Finnish Air Force">Finnish Air Force</a> example) as well as a variety of fast boats.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><b>Seenotdienst</b></i> (sea rescue service) was a German military organization formed within the <i><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i> (German Air Force) to save downed airmen from emergency <a href="/wiki/Water_landing" title="Water landing">water landings</a>. The <i>Seenotdienst</i> operated from 1935 to 1945 and was the first organized <a href="/wiki/Air-sea_rescue" title="Air-sea rescue">air-sea rescue</a> service.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Seenotdienst</i> was at first operated as a civilian service run by the military, and later was brought formally into the <i>Luftwaffe</i>. Throughout their existence, the group solved a number of organizational, operational and technical challenges to create an effective rescue force. When <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">American</a> air leaders observed the German success, they modeled their own rescue forces after the <i>Seenotdienst</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1977-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies of World War II</a> advanced, denying sea areas to German forces, local groups of the <i>Seenotdienst</i> were disbanded. The last active group served in the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> in March 1945. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1930s">1930s</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seenotdienst&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: 1930s"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1935, Lieutenant Colonel Konrad Goltz of the <i>Luftwaffe</i>, a supply officer based at the port of <a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, was given the task of organizing the <i>Seenotdienst</i>, an air-sea rescue organization that would focus on the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a>. Goltz gained coordination with aircraft units of the <i><a href="/wiki/Kriegsmarine" title="Kriegsmarine">Kriegsmarine</a></i> as well as with civilian lifeboat societies<sup id="cite_ref-Kieschnick_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieschnick-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <i><a href="/wiki/German_Maritime_Search_and_Rescue_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="German Maritime Search and Rescue Service">German Maritime Search and Rescue Service</a></i> (DGzRS, or "Deutsche Gesellschaft zur Rettung Schiffbrüchiger").<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1977-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He held administrative command over the Ships and Boats Group which was organized at Kiel within the <i>Luftwaffe</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goltz was to operate the <i>Seenotdienst</i> as a civilian organization manned by both military and civilian personnel, with civil registrations applied to the aircraft. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg/225px-Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg/300px-Flag_of_the_Red_Cross.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Red cross markings were painted on the rescue units</figcaption></figure> <p>Early in 1939, with the growing probability of war against Great Britain, the <i>Luftwaffe</i> carried out large-scale rescue exercises over water. Land-based German bombers used for search duties proved inadequate in range, so bomber air bases were constructed along the coast to facilitate an air net over the Baltic and North seas.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1977-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following this, the <i>Luftwaffe</i> determined to procure a dedicated air-sea rescue seaplane, choosing a modification of the <a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_59" title="Heinkel He 59">Heinkel He 59</a>, a twin-engine biplane with <a href="/wiki/Float_(nautical)" title="Float (nautical)">floats</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 14 He 59s of the oldest models were sent to be fitted with first aid equipment, electrically heated sleeping bags, artificial respiration equipment, a floor hatch with a telescoping ladder to reach the water, a hoist, signaling devices, and lockers to hold all the gear.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1977-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Heinkel He 59s were painted white with red crosses to indicate emergency services.<sup id="cite_ref-Lepage_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lepage-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A varied collection of small surface craft were placed under the command of the air-sea rescue division. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II">World War II</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seenotdienst&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first multiple air-sea rescue operation occurred on December 18, 1939.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1977-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A group of 24 British <a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Vickers Wellington</a> <a href="/wiki/Medium_bomber" title="Medium bomber">medium bombers</a> were frustrated by low clouds and fog in their mission to bomb <a href="/wiki/Wilhelmshaven" title="Wilhelmshaven">Wilhelmshaven</a>, and they turned for home. The formation attracted the energetic attention of <i>Luftwaffe</i> pilots flying <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_109" title="Messerschmitt Bf 109">Bf 109</a> <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Messerschmitt_Bf_110" title="Messerschmitt Bf 110">Bf 110</a> <a href="/wiki/Heavy_fighter" title="Heavy fighter">heavy fighters</a>, and more than half of the Wellingtons went down in the North Sea. German <i>Seenotdienst</i> rescue boats based at <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rnum" title="Hörnum">Hörnum</a> worked with He 59s to save some twenty British airmen from the icy water.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1977-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1940 as the German advance moved to occupy Denmark and Norway, the <i>Seenotdienst</i> added bases along the coasts of those countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A squadron of obsolescent <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_18" title="Dornier Do 18">Dornier Do 18s</a> that had been used for sea reconnaissance was assigned to air-sea rescue.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the Heinkels that had been flying out of the island of <a href="/wiki/Sylt" title="Sylt">Sylt</a> were transferred to <a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a> in northern Denmark.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two bases in Norway were located at <a href="/wiki/Stavanger" title="Stavanger">Stavanger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>. In many cases local rescue societies cooperated with the <i>Seenotdienst</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When the Netherlands and France fell to the German advance in May and June 1940, more rescue bases were put into operation. <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schellingwoude" title="Schellingwoude">Schellingwoude</a> became rescue bases in the Netherlands, and <a href="/wiki/Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulogne">Boulogne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg" title="Cherbourg">Cherbourg</a> in France hosted rescue units that were soon to be active during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Seenotdienst</i> was taken formally into the <i>Luftwaffe</i> in July 1940, becoming <i>Luftwaffeninspektion 16</i> (German Air Force Inspectorate 16) under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant General"><i>Generalleutnant</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Hans-Georg_von_Seidel" title="Hans-Georg von Seidel">Hans-Georg von Seidel</a>, the Quartermaster General of the <i>Luftwaffe</i>, and thus indirectly under <i><a href="/wiki/General_der_Flieger" title="General der Flieger">General der Flieger</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Hans_Jeschonnek" title="Hans Jeschonnek">Hans Jeschonnek</a>, the Chief of the <i>Luftwaffe</i> General Staff.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dutch rescue craft belonging to the Noord- en zuid-Hollandsche Redding Maatschappij (NZHRM, translated <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Sea_Rescue_Institution" title="Royal Netherlands Sea Rescue Institution">North and South Holland Sea Rescue Institution</a>) and the Zuid-Hollandsche Maatschappij tot Redding van Schipbreukelingen (ZHMRS) were incorporated into the <i>Seenotdienst</i> during the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Netherlands_(1939%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Netherlands (1939–1945)">occupation of the Netherlands</a>. The fast motor life boats were painted white with red crosses, though twice the boats were strafed by Allied aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civilian boatmen enjoyed good relations with German authorities. Between 1940 and 1945, the Dutch boats saved some 1,100 seamen and airmen. Near the end of the occupation some local boat commanders defied the Nazi regime, and three Dutch lifeboats escaped across the Channel, one carrying 40 Jews to sanctuary in England.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response to the heavy toll of German air action against Great Britain July–August 1940, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Galland" title="Adolf Galland">Adolf Galland</a> recommended that German pilots in trouble over the ocean make an emergency <a href="/wiki/Water_landing" title="Water landing">water landing</a> in their aircraft instead of bailing out and parachuting down. The aircraft each carried an <a href="/wiki/Inflatable_boat" title="Inflatable boat">inflatable rubber raft</a> which would help the airmen avoid <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a> from continued immersion in the cold water, and increase the time available for rescue. By comparison, British fighters such the <a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Supermarine Spitfire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Hurricane" title="Hawker Hurricane">Hawker Hurricane</a> did not carry inflatable rafts, only <a href="/wiki/Personal_flotation_device" title="Personal flotation device">life jackets</a> which were little help against the cold.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1977-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1940, a white-painted He 59 operating near <a href="/wiki/Deal,_Kent" title="Deal, Kent">Deal, Kent</a> was shot down and the crew taken captive because it was sharing the air with 12 Bf 109 fighters and because the British were wary of <i>Luftwaffe</i> aircraft dropping spies and saboteurs.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1977-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German pilot's log showed that he had noted the position and direction of British convoys—British officials determined that this constituted military <a href="/wiki/Reconnaissance" title="Reconnaissance">reconnaissance</a>, not rescue work. The <a href="/wiki/Air_Ministry" title="Air Ministry">Air Ministry</a> issued Bulletin 1254 indicating that all enemy air-sea rescue aircraft were to be destroyed if encountered. <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> later wrote "We did not recognise this means of rescuing enemy pilots who had been shot down in action, in order that they might come and bomb our civil population again."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Germany protested this order on the grounds that rescue aircraft were part of the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Convention">Geneva Convention</a> agreement stipulating that belligerents must respect each other's "mobile sanitary formations" such as field ambulances and <a href="/wiki/Hospital_ship" title="Hospital ship">hospital ships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1977-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Churchill argued that rescue aircraft were not anticipated by the treaty, and were not covered.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1977-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British attacks on He 59s increased. The <i>Seenotdienst</i> ordered the rescue aircraft armed<sup id="cite_ref-Lepage_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lepage-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as painted in the <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> scheme of their area of operation. The use of civil registration and red cross markings was abandoned. A <i>Seenotdienst</i> gunner shot down an attacking <a href="/wiki/No._43_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 43 Squadron RAF">No. 43 Squadron RAF</a> Hurricane fighter on July 20.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rescue flights were to be protected by fighter aircraft when possible. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dornier_Do24.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Dornier_Do24.jpg/220px-Dornier_Do24.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Dornier_Do24.jpg/330px-Dornier_Do24.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Dornier_Do24.jpg/440px-Dornier_Do24.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption>Some powerful <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_24" title="Dornier Do 24">Dornier Do 24</a> aircraft were captured in the Netherlands and fitted for rescue, and many more ordered.</figcaption></figure> <p>In August, a few captured French and Dutch seaplanes were modified for rescue and attached to the organization. Some three-engined <a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_24" title="Dornier Do 24">Dornier Do 24</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boats</a> that were built in the Netherlands, and eight French <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A9guet_521_Bizerte" title="Bréguet 521 Bizerte">Bréguet 521 Bizerte</a> models were refitted with standard <i>Seenotdienst</i> rescue supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further bases set up at <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brest,_France" title="Brest, France">Brest</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Nazaire" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Nazaire">St. Nazaire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royan" title="Royan">Royan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More aircraft were brought under <i>Seenotdienst</i> command on an <i>ad hoc</i> basis, depending on the urgency. On May 22, 1941, in the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a> off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, a squadron of Do 24s was called upon to rescue survivors of the sinking of the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Gloucester_(62)" title="HMS Gloucester (62)"><i>Gloucester</i></a>—some 65 British sailors were picked up.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolaou_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolaou-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the battle for <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, some 1,000 rescue missions were flown by Do 24s, with many shot down.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolaou_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolaou-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In saving Italian sailors from the <a href="/wiki/Italian_battleship_Roma_(1940)" title="Italian battleship Roma (1940)">battleship <i>Roma</i></a>, four out of five Do 24T aircraft were shot down. The fifth flying boat rescued 19 men.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolaou_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolaou-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_and_American_response">British and American response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seenotdienst&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: British and American response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the first two years of war, the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Marine_Branch" title="Royal Air Force Marine Branch">Royal Air Force Marine Branch</a> had no coordinated air-sea rescue units—only about 28 <a href="/wiki/Crash_rescue_boat" title="Crash rescue boat">crash boats</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and no dedicated aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1977-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ditching of a British aeroplane in the Channel or the North Sea usually doomed its crew.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1977-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fate of downed airmen was primarily in the hands of their parent organization, and they had little they could do to help the crash boats locate the accident site. In January 1941, a Directorate of Air-Sea Rescue was formed by the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> for the purpose of saving those in distress at sea, especially airmen. Proper provisioning of rescue squadrons was slow, and it took more than a year for sea-going rescue boats and aircraft to come together in active ASR squadrons.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between February and August 1941, of the 1,200 British airmen that landed in the Channel or the North Sea, 444 were rescued, with 78 more picked up and interned by the <i>Seenotdienst</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organization copied much from the successful efforts of the <i>Seenotdienst</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1977-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British air-sea rescue units began in September 1942 to work with the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> to coordinate rescue activities over the Channel and the North Sea. Observers from the U.S. took cues from both the <i>Seenotdienst</i> and the British rescue operations. The combined US-UK effort led to the saving of some 2,000 American fliers from the seas around the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the time of its inception to the end of the war, the British effort alone rescued 13,629 people from the ocean, 8,000 of which were airmen.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Retreat">Retreat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seenotdienst&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Retreat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-033-33,_Pillau,_Hafen,_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-033-33%2C_Pillau%2C_Hafen%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-033-33%2C_Pillau%2C_Hafen%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-033-33%2C_Pillau%2C_Hafen%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-033-33%2C_Pillau%2C_Hafen%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-033-33%2C_Pillau%2C_Hafen%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1989-033-33%2C_Pillau%2C_Hafen%2C_Fl%C3%BCchtlinge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baltiysk" title="Baltiysk">Pillau</a>, January 1945. Boats and aircraft of the <i>Seenotdienst</i> helped evacuate thousands of German citizens during the last four months of war.</figcaption></figure> <p>As the Allies advanced following the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Normandy" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Normandy">invasion of Normandy</a> in June 1944, the <i>Luftwaffe</i> pulled bases back to keep them from being overrun. Units of the <i>Seenotdienst</i> whose areas of operation were threatened by Allied activity were disbanded or reorganized into other groups with safer locations. For instance, in July 1944, surrounded by the <a href="/wiki/VIII_Corps_(United_States)" title="VIII Corps (United States)">U.S. VIII Corps</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">gathering to attack Brest</a>, <i>Seenotstaffel 1</i> that had been operating there since June 1940, with a southern detachment at <a href="/wiki/Hourtin" title="Hourtin">Hourtin</a>, was sent to <a href="/wiki/Baltiysk" title="Baltiysk">Pillau</a> in the Baltic Sea, then redesignated <i>Seenotstaffel 60</i> in August.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 1944, German leadership decided that the flying boat manufacturing resources could be put to better use elsewhere, and ordered the Dornier factory to cease making Do 24s.<sup id="cite_ref-Nicolaou_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nicolaou-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most persons that a single <i>Seenotdienst</i> aircraft rescued in one sortie was 99 children and 14 adults carried by a Do 24, saved from orphanages threatened by the Soviet advance into <a href="/wiki/Koszalin" title="Koszalin">Koszalin</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolberg_(1945)" title="Battle of Kolberg (1945)">Battle of Kolberg</a> at the beginning of March 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieschnick_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieschnick-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The load was so great that the aircraft was unable to take off—instead, it wave-hopped and taxied back to base.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieschnick_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieschnick-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same battle, six boats working with the <i>Seenotdienst</i> made repeated trips March 17–18 to a pier in <a href="/wiki/Kolberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kolberg">Kolberg</a> and evacuated 2,356 people.<sup id="cite_ref-Kieschnick_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kieschnick-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rescue_equipment">Rescue equipment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seenotdienst&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rescue equipment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Battle of Britain, a problem that the <i>Seenotdienst</i> observed among both British and German aircrew was termed <i>Rettungskollaps</i> (rescue collapse)—a number of rescued fliers lost consciousness and died some 20–90 minutes after being pulled from the icy water. Investigation into the matter was initiated, including <a href="/wiki/Nazi_human_experimentation#Freezing_experiments" title="Nazi human experimentation">experiments on prisoners</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a> which involved submersing men in extremely cold water to induce severe <a href="/wiki/Hypothermia" title="Hypothermia">hypothermia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The human subjects were then warmed up using various methods under analysis such as being wrapped in an electrically heated sleeping bag, or being bathed in warm or hot water. Some 80–100 prisoners died in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1940 at the suggestion of <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Udet" title="Ernst Udet">Ernst Udet</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wadman63_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wadman63-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> yellow-painted <i>Rettungsbojen</i><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (sea rescue buoys) were placed by the Germans in waters where air emergencies were likely.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The highly visible buoy-type floats held emergency equipment including food, water, blankets and dry clothing enough for four men, and they attracted distressed airmen from both sides of the conflict. British airmen and seamen called them "Lobster Pots" for their shape.<sup id="cite_ref-Wadman63_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wadman63-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> German and British rescue boats checked the floats from time to time, picking up any airmen they found, though enemy airmen were immediately made <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner of war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1977-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i>Seenotdienst</i> carried out its own studies that determined which new rescue inventions were to be incorporated throughout the <i>Luftwaffe</i>. A bright green <a href="/wiki/Fluorescein" title="Fluorescein">fluorescein</a> dye was found to be useful to mark the area of a water landing, and all German aircraft began to carry the dye. Compact inflatable dinghies were developed for all combat aircraft, even single-engine fighters.<sup id="cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tilford1992-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aircraft_used">Aircraft used</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seenotdienst&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Aircraft used"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arado_Ar_196" title="Arado Ar 196">Arado Ar 196</a><sup id="cite_ref-Seenotgruppe_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seenotgruppe-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arado_Ar_199" title="Arado Ar 199">Arado Ar 199</a><sup id="cite_ref-Seenotgruppe_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seenotgruppe-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breguet_521" class="mw-redirect" title="Breguet 521">Breguet Br.521 <i>Bizerte</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cant_Z.506" class="mw-redirect" title="Cant Z.506">Cant Z.506</a><sup id="cite_ref-Seenotgruppe_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seenotgruppe-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_18" title="Dornier Do 18">Dornier Do 18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dornier_Do_24" title="Dornier Do 24">Dornier Do 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_58" class="mw-redirect" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 58">Focke-Wulf Fw 58</a><sup id="cite_ref-Seenotgruppe_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seenotgruppe-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focke-Wulf_Fw_190" title="Focke-Wulf Fw 190">Focke-Wulf Fw 190</a><sup id="cite_ref-Seenotgruppe_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seenotgruppe-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_59" title="Heinkel He 59">Heinkel He 59</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_60" title="Heinkel He 60">Heinkel He 60</a><sup id="cite_ref-Seenotgruppe_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seenotgruppe-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_114" title="Heinkel He 114">Heinkel He 114</a><sup id="cite_ref-Seenotgruppe_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seenotgruppe-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinkel_He_115" title="Heinkel He 115">Heinkel He 115</a><sup id="cite_ref-Seenotgruppe_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seenotgruppe-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_52" title="Junkers Ju 52">Junkers Ju 52</a><sup id="cite_ref-Seenotgruppe_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seenotgruppe-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junkers_W_34" title="Junkers W 34">Junkers W 34</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seenotdienst&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combat_search_and_rescue" title="Combat search and rescue">Combat search and rescue</a> (the modern term for operations of this type)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seenotdienst&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Notes</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFFeltus" class="citation cs2">Feltus, Pamela, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707073437/http://www.historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com/ContentPages/ContentPage.aspx?entryId=1144925&currentSection=1130224&productid=3">"Air-Sea Rescue"</a>, <i>History and the Headlines</i>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com/ContentPages/ContentPage.aspx?entryId=1144925&currentSection=1130224&productid=3">the original</a> on July 7, 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+and+the+Headlines&rft.atitle=Air-Sea+Rescue&rft.aulast=Feltus&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyandtheheadlines.abc-clio.com%2FContentPages%2FContentPage.aspx%3FentryId%3D1144925%26currentSection%3D1130224%26productid%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeenotdienst" class="Z3988"></span> ABC-CLIO, 2008. Retrieved on December 16, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tilford1977-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1977_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tilford, 1977.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kieschnick-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kieschnick_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kieschnick_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kieschnick_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kieschnick_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kieschnick, Peter. (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parow-info.de/Parow%201935/Seenotdienst.html"><i>Seenotdienst der Luftwaffe im Bereich Parow</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719072006/http://www.parow-info.de/Parow%201935/Seenotdienst.html">Archived</a> 2011-07-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tilford1992-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tilford1992_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tilford, Earl H., Jr. <i>Search and rescue in Southeast Asia</i>, pp. 4–8. Center for Air Force History. DIANE Publishing, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4289-9284-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4289-9284-7">1-4289-9284-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lepage-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lepage_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lepage_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lepage, Jean-Denis G. G. <i>Aircraft of the Luftwaffe 1935-1945: An Illustrated History</i>, p. 315. McFarland, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-3937-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-3937-8">0-7864-3937-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hooton, E. R. <i>Eagle in Flames: The Fall of the Luftwaffe</i>, p. 16. Brockhampton Press, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86019-995-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-86019-995-X">1-86019-995-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nielsen, 1968, pp. 80–81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, 2003, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, 2003, p. 71.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill, Winston</a>. <i>Their Finest Hour</i>, p. 285. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1986 (reissue). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-41056-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-41056-8">0-395-41056-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staerck, Chris, and Paul Sinnott. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JOZZBKFebacC&pg=PA178"><i>Luftwaffe: The Allied Intelligence Files</i>, p. 178. Brassey's, 2002.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57488-387-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-57488-387-9">1-57488-387-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wadman, 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.specialtypress.com/specialty/contentfiles/322.pdf">p. 60.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716114442/http://www.specialtypress.com/specialty/contentfiles/322.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nicolaou-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolaou_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolaou_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolaou_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nicolaou_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolaou, Stéphane. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Hs4Ni-w7RO0C&pg=PA126"><i>Flying boats & seaplanes: a history from 1905</i>, p. 126.</a> Zenith Imprint, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-0621-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-0621-4">0-7603-0621-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Such as the 35 knot British Power Boat Company, 64ft High Speed Launch, Type 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roskill, Stephen Wentworth. <i>The War at Sea, 1939–1945, Volume 1</i>, pp. 332–333. H. M. Stationery Office, 1954.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Evans, 2003, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holm, Michael. "The Luftwaffe, 1933–1945." 1997–2003. <i>Seenot Einheiten:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/air/seefl/seenot1.html"><i>Seenotstaffel 1</i>.</a> Retrieved on December 18, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Golden, Frank; Michael Tipton. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=voG0CtDBKMwC&pg=PA247"><i>Essentials of sea survival</i>, pp. 247–249.</a> Human Kinetics, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7360-0215-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7360-0215-4">0-7360-0215-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tyson, Peter. PBS.org. <i>Holocaust on trial</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/holocaust/experiside.html#free">The Experiments: Freezing.</a> Retrieved on December 17, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wadman63-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wadman63_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wadman63_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wadman, 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.specialtypress.com/specialty/contentfiles/323.pdf">p. 63.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716114521/http://www.specialtypress.com/specialty/contentfiles/323.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130726151902/http://pillbox.org.uk/pillblogs/detail.asp?ID=352">"PillBlogs: Some of our Lobster Pots are missing"</a>. <i>www.pillbox.org.uk</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pillbox.org.uk/pillblogs/detail.asp?ID=352">the original</a> on 2013-07-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.pillbox.org.uk&rft.atitle=PillBlogs%3A+Some+of+our+Lobster+Pots+are+missing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pillbox.org.uk%2Fpillblogs%2Fdetail.asp%3FID%3D352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASeenotdienst" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seenotgruppe-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seenotgruppe_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seenotgruppe_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seenotgruppe_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seenotgruppe_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seenotgruppe_22-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seenotgruppe_22-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seenotgruppe_22-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seenotgruppe_22-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seenotgruppe_22-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dornier Do-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dornier24.com/pages/units/sngr.html">"Seenotgruppe."</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dornier Do-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dornier24.com/pages/units/snfkdo1.html">"Seenotflug-Kommando 1."</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Born, Karl. <i>Rettung zwischen den Fronten: Seenotdienst der deutschen Luftwaffe 1939–1945</i>. Mittler, 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8132-0489-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-8132-0489-8">3-8132-0489-8</a></li> <li>Boyne, Walter J. <i>Beyond the Wild Blue: A History of the U.S. Air Force, 1947–1997</i>. Macmillan, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-18705-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-18705-X">0-312-18705-X</a></li> <li>Dierich, Wolfgang, editor. Stiftung Luftwaffenehrenmal e.V. <i>Die Verbände der Luftwaffe: 1935–1945: Gliederungen u. Kurzchroniken: Eine Dokumentation</i>. Motorbuch-Verlag, 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-87943-437-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-87943-437-9">3-87943-437-9</a></li> <li>Evans, Clayton. <i>Rescue at sea: an international history of lifesaving, coastal rescue craft and organisations</i>. Naval Institute Press, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-59114-713-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-59114-713-1">1-59114-713-1</a></li> <li>Nicolaou, Stéphane. <i>Flying boats & seaplanes: a history from 1905</i>. Zenith Imprint, 1998. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-0621-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-0621-4">0-7603-0621-4</a></li> <li>Nielsen, Andreas. <i>The German Air Force General Staff</i>. Issue 173 of USAF historical studies. Ayer Publishing, 1968. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-405-00043-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-405-00043-X">0-405-00043-X</a></li> <li>Thurling, Horst. <i>Die 7. Seenotstaffel: 1941–1944</i>. Horst Thurling, 1997. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-932403-01-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-932403-01-9">978-3-932403-01-9</a></li> <li>Tilford, Earl H., Jr., Captain, USAF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/aureview/1977/jan-feb/tilford.html">"Seenotdienst: Early Development of Air-Sea Rescue"</a>, <i>Air University Review</i>, January–February 1977</li> <li>Tilford, Earl H., Jr. <i>Search and rescue in Southeast Asia</i>, pp. 4–8. Center for Air Force History. DIANE Publishing, 1992. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4289-9284-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-4289-9284-7">1-4289-9284-7</a></li> <li>Wadman, David; Adam Thompson. (2009) <i>Seeflieger: Luftwaffe Maritime Aircraft and Units, 1935–1945</i>. Classic Publications. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-903223-97-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-903223-97-0">1-903223-97-0</a></li></ul> </div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seenotdienst&oldid=1211393658">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Seenotdienst&oldid=1211393658</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Luftwaffe" title="Category:Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Rescue_aviation_units_and_formations" title="Category:Rescue aviation units and formations">Rescue aviation units and formations</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 March 2024, at 09:01<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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