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id="toc-Discovery_and_early_sightings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norwegian_annexation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norwegian_annexation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Norwegian annexation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norwegian_annexation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Recent history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norvegia_Station" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norvegia_Station"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Norvegia Station </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norvegia_Station-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography_and_geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography_and_geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography and geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography_and_geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Nature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Politics and government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bouvet Island</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 91 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" > 91 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouveteiland" title="Bouveteiland – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bouveteiland" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvetinsel" title="Bouvetinsel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bouvetinsel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%87" title="جزيرة بوفيه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزيرة بوفيه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islla_Bouvet" title="Islla Bouvet – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Islla Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buve_adas%C4%B1" title="Buve adası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Buve adası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AA" title="বোভেত দ্বীপ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বোভেত দ্বীপ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8D" title="Бувэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бувэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8D_(%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E)" title="Бувэ (востраў) – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бувэ (востраў)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Буве – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Буве" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet_(ostrvo)" title="Bouvet (ostrvo) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bouvet (ostrvo)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enez_Bouvet" title="Enez Bouvet – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Enez Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet" title="Bouvet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet%C3%B8ya" title="Bouvetøya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bouvetøya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet%C5%AFv_ostrov" title="Bouvetův ostrov – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bouvetův ostrov" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ynys_Bouvet" title="Ynys Bouvet – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ynys Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet%C3%B8en" title="Bouvetøen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bouvetøen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvetinsel" title="Bouvetinsel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bouvetinsel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet%27_saar" title="Bouvet' saar – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bouvet' saar" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B2%CE%AD" title="Μπουβέ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπουβέ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Bouvet" title="Isla Bouvet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Isla Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buvet-Insulo" title="Buvet-Insulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Buvet-Insulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet_uhartea" title="Bouvet uhartea – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bouvet uhartea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%87" title="جزیره بووه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جزیره بووه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvetoy" title="Bouvetoy – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bouvetoy" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Bouvet" title="Île Bouvet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Île Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouveteil%C3%A2n" title="Bouveteilân – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Bouveteilân" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellan_Bouvet" title="Ellan Bouvet – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ellan Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_Bouvet" title="Illa Bouvet – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Illa Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%80%EB%B2%A0%EC%84%AC" title="부베섬 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="부베섬" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%BE%D5%A5" title="Բուվե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բուվե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet_(otok)" title="Bouvet (otok) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bouvet (otok)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insulo_Bouvet" title="Insulo Bouvet – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Insulo Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Bouvet" title="Pulau Bouvet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pulau Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_de_Bouvet" title="Insula de Bouvet – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Insula de Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouveteyja" title="Bouveteyja – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Bouveteyja" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isola_Bouvet" title="Isola Bouvet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Isola Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%91%D7%94_(%D7%90%D7%99)" title="בובה (אי) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בובה (אי)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulo_Bouvet" title="Pulo Bouvet – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pulo Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A3%E1%83%95%E1%83%94" title="ბუვე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბუვე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Буве аралы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Буве аралы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikirwa_cya_Bouve" title="Ikirwa cya Bouve – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ikirwa cya Bouve" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kisiwa_cha_Bouvet" title="Kisiwa cha Bouvet – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kisiwa cha Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_Bouvet" title="Insula Bouvet – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Insula Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buv%C4%93_sala" title="Buvē sala – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Buvē sala" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvetinsel" title="Bouvetinsel – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bouvetinsel" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buv%C4%97" title="Buvė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Buvė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isoa_de_Bouvet" title="Isoa de Bouvet – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Isoa de Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet" title="Bouvet – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet-sziget" title="Bouvet-sziget – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bouvet-sziget" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Буве – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Буве" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D9%88%DA%A4%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="جزيرة بوڤيتويا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جزيرة بوڤيتويا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulau_Bouvet" title="Pulau Bouvet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pulau Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Буве арал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Буве арал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet_(eiland)" title="Bouvet (eiland) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bouvet (eiland)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81" title="बोउभेट टापु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="बोउभेट टापु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99%E5%B3%B6" title="ブーベ島 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブーベ島" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Бувен гӀайре – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бувен гӀайре" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet-Eilun" title="Bouvet-Eilun – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bouvet-Eilun" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet%C3%B8ya" title="Bouvetøya – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bouvetøya" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet%C3%B8ya" title="Bouvetøya – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bouvetøya" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illa_Bouvet" title="Illa Bouvet – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Illa Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%D9%B9" title="جزیرہ بووٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جزیرہ بووٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isla_Bouvet" title="Isla Bouvet – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Isla Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%DB%90%D9%BC_%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%88" title="بووېټ ټاپو – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بووېټ ټاپو" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wyspa_Bouveta" title="Wyspa Bouveta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wyspa Bouveta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilha_Bouvet" title="Ilha Bouvet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ilha Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buve_atawlar%C4%B1" title="Buve atawları – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Buve atawları" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insula_Bouvet" title="Insula Bouvet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Insula Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet_Wat%27a" title="Bouvet Wat'a – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Bouvet Wat'a" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Остров Буве – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Остров Буве" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bouvet Island" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Bouvet Island" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvetov_ostrov" title="Bouvetov ostrov – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bouvetov ostrov" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvetov_otok" title="Bouvetov otok – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bouvetov otok" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Острво Буве – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Острво Буве" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet_(otok)" title="Bouvet (otok) – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bouvet (otok)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet%E2%80%99nsaari" title="Bouvet’nsaari – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bouvet’nsaari" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet%C3%B6n" title="Bouvetön – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bouvetön" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B0%E1%82%87%E1%81%B5%E1%80%AF%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%95%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%82%85%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89" title="မူႇၵုၼ် ပူးဝႅတ်ႉ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မူႇၵုၼ် ပူးဝႅတ်ႉ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7" title="เกาะบูเว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกาะบูเว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet_Adas%C4%B1" title="Bouvet Adası – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bouvet Adası" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B5" title="Буве – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Буве" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%88%DB%81" title="جزیرہ بووہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="جزیرہ بووہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BA%A3o_Bouvet" title="Đảo Bouvet – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đảo Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapuropod-an_Bouvet" title="Kapuropod-an Bouvet – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kapuropod-an Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dunu_Buwet" title="Dunu Buwet – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Dunu Buwet" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%9F%A6%E5%B2%9B" title="布韦岛 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="布韦岛" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bouvet_Island" title="Bouvet Island – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Bouvet Island" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Er%C3%A9k%C3%B9%E1%B9%A3%C3%B9_Bouvet" title="Erékùṣù Bouvet – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Erékùṣù Bouvet" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%B6%AD%E5%B3%B6" title="布維島 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="布維島" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%9F%A6%E5%B2%9B" title="布韦岛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="布韦岛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q23408#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bouvet_Island&params=54.42_S_03.36_E_type:isle_region:BV">54°25′S 3°22′E / 54.42°S 03.36°E / -54.42; 03.36</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Uninhabited volcanic island and dependency of Norway in the South Atlantic Ocean</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Dependent territory of Norway</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192207">.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em;width:23em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div td,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-above{font-size:1.25em;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.25em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-official-below{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-other{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-caption{padding-top:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-nick,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-motto{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-elevation{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-pol-div-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-pol-div vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Bouvet Island</div><div class="ib-pol-div-native nickname">Bouvetøya (<a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Dependencies_of_Norway" title="Dependencies of Norway">Dependent territory of Norway</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouvet_Island_on_the_globe_(Antarctica_centered).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Bouvet Island (circled in red, in the Atlantic Ocean)"><img alt="Location of Bouvet Island (circled in red)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bouvet_Island_on_the_globe_%28Antarctica_centered%29.svg/290px-Bouvet_Island_on_the_globe_%28Antarctica_centered%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bouvet_Island_on_the_globe_%28Antarctica_centered%29.svg/435px-Bouvet_Island_on_the_globe_%28Antarctica_centered%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bouvet_Island_on_the_globe_%28Antarctica_centered%29.svg/580px-Bouvet_Island_on_the_globe_%28Antarctica_centered%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="798" data-file-height="798" /></a><div class="ib-pol-div-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Bouvet Island (circled in red, in the Atlantic Ocean)</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Annexed by Norway</th><td class="infobox-data">23 January 1928 (1928-01-23)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dependency status</th><td class="infobox-data">27 February 1930<a href="#cite_note-LOV19300227-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nature reserve declared</th><td class="infobox-data">17 December 1971<a href="#cite_note-FOR19711217-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependency</a> under a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Monarch</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Harald_V_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Harald V of Norway">Harald V</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Administered by </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_Public_Security" title="Ministry of Justice and Public Security">Ministry of Justice and Public Security</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Baron (de jure) </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Nils_Olav_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Nils Olav III">Nils Olav III</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Bouvet_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Geography of Bouvet Island">Area</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">49 km2 (19 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">Glaciated</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data">93%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Highest elevation<div class="ib-pol-div-elevation"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">780 m (2,560 ft)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population</th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-pol-div-fake-li">• Estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BV" title="ISO 3166-2:BV">BV</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.no" title=".no">.no</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.bv" title=".bv">.bv</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a></li></ul></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size: 100%;"><div style="background-color: #E7AF97;"><a href="/wiki/IUCN_protected_area_categories" title="IUCN protected area categories">IUCN category</a> Ia (<a href="/wiki/Strict_nature_reserve" title="Strict nature reserve">strict nature reserve</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 270px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="270" data-height="200" data-zoom="13" data-overlays="["_e8a182c70c23d2a83fcf5c920f6d5ea255f001d6"]"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,270x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bouvet_Island&revid=1256911246&groups=_e8a182c70c23d2a83fcf5c920f6d5ea255f001d6" width="270" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,13,a,a,270x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bouvet_Island&revid=1256911246&groups=_e8a182c70c23d2a83fcf5c920f6d5ea255f001d6 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Bouvet Island (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbuːveɪ/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BOO-vay</a>; <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: Bouvetøya<a href="#cite_note-polar-stadnamn-Bouvetøya-4">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">[bʉˈvèːœʏɑ]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Berulfsen-1969-5">[4]</a> is an uninhabited island and dependency of <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>. It is a protected nature reserve. It is a <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic" title="Subantarctic">subantarctic</a> volcanic island, situated in the South <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> at the southern end of the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a>, and is the world's most <a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Earth#Remoteness" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Earth">remote</a> island. Located north of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Circle" title="Antarctic Circle">Antarctic Circle</a>, it is not part of the southern region covered by the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a>. The island lies 1,700 km (1,100 mi) north of the <a href="/wiki/Princess_Astrid_Coast" title="Princess Astrid Coast">Princess Astrid Coast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, 1,870 km (1,160 mi) east of the <a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a>, 1,845 km (1,146 mi) south of <a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a>, and 2,520 km (1,570 mi) south-southwest of the coast of South Africa. It has an area of 49 km2 (19 sq mi), 93 percent of which is covered by a <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a>. The centre of the island is the ice-filled crater of an inactive <a href="/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano">volcano</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Skerry" title="Skerry">skerries</a> and one smaller island, <a href="/wiki/Lars%C3%B8ya" title="Larsøya">Larsøya</a>, lie along its coast. Nyrøysa, created by a rock slide in the late 1950s, is the only easy place to land and is the location of a <a href="/wiki/Weather_station" title="Weather station">weather station</a>. The island was first spotted on 1 January 1739 by the Frenchman <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier</a>, during a French exploration mission in the <a href="/wiki/South_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="South Atlantic">South Atlantic</a> with the ships Aigle and Marie. They did not make landfall. He mislabeled the coordinates for the island, and it was not sighted again until 1808, when the British <a href="/wiki/Whaler" title="Whaler">whaler</a> James Lindsay encountered it and named it Lindsay Island.<a href="#cite_note-Mills-2003-1-96-6">[5]</a> The first claim to have landed on the island was made by the American sailor <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Benjamin Morrell</a>, although this claim is disputed. In 1825, the island was claimed for the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a> by George Norris, who named it Liverpool Island. He also reported having sighted another island nearby, which he named <a href="/wiki/Thompson_Island_(South_Atlantic)" title="Thompson Island (South Atlantic)">Thompson Island</a>, but this was later shown to be a <a href="/wiki/Phantom_island" title="Phantom island">phantom island</a>. In 1927, the <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen#The_Norvegia_expeditions" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">first Norvegia expedition</a> landed on the island, and claimed it for Norway. At that point, the island was given its current name of Bouvet Island ("Bouvetøya" in Norwegian).<a href="#cite_note-wordpress-abandoned-lifeboat-7">[6]</a> In 1930, following resolution of a dispute with the United Kingdom over claiming rights, it was declared a Norwegian dependency. In 1971, it was designated a <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserve</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouvet_Island&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Discovery_and_early_sightings">Discovery and early sightings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouvet_Island&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Discovery and early sightings">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouvet_island_0.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bouvet_island_0.jpg/290px-Bouvet_island_0.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bouvet_island_0.jpg/435px-Bouvet_island_0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Bouvet_island_0.jpg/580px-Bouvet_island_0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1608" data-file-height="1070" /></a><figcaption>Hand-coloured photograph of the southeast coast of Bouvet Island in 1898</figcaption></figure> The island was discovered on 1 January 1739 by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Charles_Bouvet_de_Lozier" title="Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier">Jean-Baptiste Charles Bouvet de Lozier</a>, commander of the French ships Aigle and Marie.<a href="#cite_note-Mills-2003-1-96-6">[5]</a> Bouvet, who was searching for a presumed large southern continent, spotted the island through the fog and named the cape he saw <a href="/wiki/Cap_de_la_Circoncision" class="mw-redirect" title="Cap de la Circoncision">Cap de la Circoncision</a>. He was not able to land and did not <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigate" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumnavigate">circumnavigate</a> his discovery, thus not clarifying if it was an island or part of <a href="/wiki/Terra_Australis" title="Terra Australis">a continent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 62  His plotting of its position was inaccurate,<a href="#cite_note-Mill-1905-9">[8]</a>: 47  leading several expeditions to fail to find the island.<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 58  <a href="/wiki/James_Cook" title="James Cook">James Cook</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Second_voyage_of_James_Cook" title="Second voyage of James Cook">second voyage</a> set off from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a> on 22 November 1772 and attempted to find the island, but also failed.<a href="#cite_note-Hough-1994-10">[9]</a> The next expedition to spot the island was in 1808 by James Lindsay, captain of the <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Enderby_%26_Sons" title="Samuel Enderby & Sons">Samuel Enderby & Sons</a>' (SE&S) <a href="/wiki/Snow_(ship)" title="Snow (ship)">snow</a> <a href="/wiki/Whaler" title="Whaler">whaler</a> Swan.<a href="#cite_note-Burney-1817-11">[10]</a> Swan and another Enderby whaler, <a href="/wiki/Otter_(1807_ship)" title="Otter (1807 ship)">Otter</a> were in company when they reached the island and recorded its position, though they were unable to land.<a href="#cite_note-McGonigal-2003-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mills-2003-13">[12]</a>: 434–435  Lindsay could confirm that the "cape" was indeed an island.<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 62  The next expedition to arrive at the island was American <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Morrell" title="Benjamin Morrell">Benjamin Morrell</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Seal_hunting" title="Seal hunting">seal hunting</a> ship Wasp. Morrell, by his own account, found the island without difficulty (with "improbable ease", in the words of historian William Mills)<a href="#cite_note-Mills-2003-13">[12]</a>: 434–435  before landing and hunting 196 seals.<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 62  In his subsequent lengthy description, Morrell does not mention the island's most obvious physical feature: Its permanent ice cover.<a href="#cite_note-Mill-1905-9">[8]</a>: 106–107  This has caused some commentators to doubt whether he actually visited the island.<a href="#cite_note-Mills-2003-13">[12]</a>: 434–435 <a href="#cite_note-Simpson-Housley-1992-14">[13]</a> On 10 December 1825, SE&S's George Norris, master of the Sprightly, landed on the island,<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 62  named it Liverpool Island and claimed it for the <a href="/wiki/British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="British Crown">British Crown</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a> on 16 December.<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 63  The next expedition to spot the island was Joseph Fuller and his ship Francis Allyn in 1893, but he was not able to land on the island. German <a href="/wiki/Carl_Chun" title="Carl Chun">Carl Chun</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Valdivia_Expedition" title="Valdivia Expedition">Valdivia Expedition</a> arrived at the island in 1898. They were not able to land, but dredged the seabed for geological samples.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-1967-15">[14]</a> They were also the first to accurately fix the island's position.<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 63  At least three sealing vessels visited the island between 1822 and 1895. A voyage of exploration in 1927–1928 also took seal pelts.<a href="#cite_note-Headland-2018-16">[15]</a> Norris also spotted a second island in 1825, which he named <a href="/wiki/Thompson_Island_(South_Atlantic)" title="Thompson Island (South Atlantic)">Thompson Island</a>, which he placed 72 km (45 mi) north-northeast of Liverpool Island. Thompson Island was also reported in 1893 by Fuller, but in 1898 Chun did not report seeing such an island, nor has anyone since.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-1967-15">[14]</a> However, Thompson Island continued to appear on maps as late as 1943.<a href="#cite_note-ARH-NAM-1943-17">[16]</a> A 1967 paper suggested that the island might have disappeared in an undetected volcanic eruption, but in 1997 it was discovered that the ocean is more than 2,400 m (7,900 ft) deep in the area.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norwegian_annexation">Norwegian annexation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouvet_Island&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Norwegian annexation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouvet_Island_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bouvet_Island_1927.jpg/290px-Bouvet_Island_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bouvet_Island_1927.jpg/435px-Bouvet_Island_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Bouvet_Island_1927.jpg/580px-Bouvet_Island_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="796" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption>The claiming of the island on 1 December 1927</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cape_Circoncision_-_Bouvet_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cape_Circoncision_-_Bouvet_Island.jpg/290px-Cape_Circoncision_-_Bouvet_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cape_Circoncision_-_Bouvet_Island.jpg/435px-Cape_Circoncision_-_Bouvet_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Cape_Circoncision_-_Bouvet_Island.jpg/580px-Cape_Circoncision_-_Bouvet_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>The first hut, built on <a href="/wiki/Cape_Circoncision" title="Cape Circoncision">Cape Circoncision</a>, in 1929</figcaption></figure> In 1927, the First Norvegia Expedition, led by Harald Horntvedt and financed by the shipowner and philanthropist <a href="/wiki/Lars_Christensen" title="Lars Christensen">Lars Christensen</a>, was the first to make an extended stay on the island. Observations and surveying were conducted on the island and <a href="/wiki/Oceanographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanographic">oceanographic</a> measurements performed in the sea around it. At Ny Sandefjord, a small hut was erected and, on 1 December, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Norway" title="Flag of Norway">Norwegian flag</a> was hoisted and the island claimed for Norway. The annexation was established by a royal decree on 23 January 1928.<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 63  The claim was initially protested by the United Kingdom, on the basis of Norris's landing and annexation. However, the British position was weakened by Norris's sighting of two islands and the uncertainty as to whether he had been on Thompson or Liverpool (i.e. Bouvet) Island. Norris's positioning deviating from the correct location combined with the island's small size and lack of a <a href="/wiki/Natural_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural harbour">natural harbour</a> made the UK accept the Norwegian claim.<a href="#cite_note-Kyvik-2008-19">[18]</a>: 52  This resulted in diplomatic negotiations between the two countries, and in November 1929, Britain renounced its claim to the island.<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 63  The <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen#The_Norvegia_expeditions" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Second Norvegia Expedition</a> arrived in 1928 with the intent of establishing a staffed meteorological radio station, but a suitable location could not be found.<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 63  By then both the flagpole and hut from the previous year had been washed away. The <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen#The_Norvegia_expeditions" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Third Norvegia Expedition</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Hjalmar_Riiser-Larsen" title="Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen">Hjalmar Riiser-Larsen</a>, arrived the following year and built a new hut at <a href="/wiki/Cape_Circoncision" title="Cape Circoncision">Cape Circoncision</a> and on Larsøya. The expedition carried out <a href="/wiki/Aerial_photography" title="Aerial photography">aerial photography</a> of the island and was the first Antarctic expedition to use aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 64  The Dependency Act, passed by the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliament of Norway">Parliament of Norway</a> on 27 February 1930, established Bouvet Island as a Norwegian dependency, along with <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LOV19300227-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Eared_seal" title="Eared seal">eared seal</a> was protected on and around the island in 1929, and in 1935 all seals around the island were protected.<a href="#cite_note-placenames-npolar-Bouvetøya-20">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent_history">Recent history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouvet_Island&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Recent history">edit</a>]</div> In 1955, the South African frigate <a href="/wiki/SAS_Transvaal" title="SAS Transvaal">SAS Transvaal</a> visited the island.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Nyrøysa, a rock-strewn ice-free area, the largest such on Bouvet, was created sometime between 1955 and 1958, probably by a landslide.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> In 1964, the island was visited by the British naval ship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Protector_(A146)" title="HMS Protector (A146)">HMS Protector</a>. One of Protector's two <a href="/wiki/Westland_Whirlwind_(helicopter)" title="Westland Whirlwind (helicopter)">Westland Whirlwind</a> helicopters landed a small survey team on the island led by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Commander" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant Commander">Lieutenant Commander</a> Alan Crawford at Nyrøysa for a brief visit. Shortly after landing, the survey team discovered an abandoned <a href="/wiki/Lifeboat_(shipboard)" title="Lifeboat (shipboard)">lifeboat</a> in a small lagoon. With very little time, a brief search was made but no other signs of human activity were found, and the identity of the lifeboat remained a mystery for many years.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a>: 177–85  On 17 December 1971, the entire island and its territorial waters were protected as a <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserve</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOR19711217-2">[2]</a> A scientific landing was made in 1978, during which the underground temperature was measured to be 25 °C (77 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Rubin-2005-24">[23]</a> In addition to scientific surveys,<a href="#cite_note-Baker-1967-15">[14]</a> the lifeboat found by the Protector team was recovered from Nyrøysa, although no other signs of people were found.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin-2005-24">[23]</a> The lifeboat was believed to belong to a Soviet scientific reconnaissance vessel.<a href="#cite_note-26">[b]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Vela_incident" title="Vela incident">Vela incident</a> took place on 22 September 1979, on or above the sea between Bouvetøya and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a>, when the American <a href="/wiki/Vela_(satellite)" title="Vela (satellite)">Vela Hotel</a> satellite 6911 registered an unexplained <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_nuclear_explosions" title="Effects of nuclear explosions">double flash</a>. This observation has been variously interpreted as a meteor, or an instrumentation glitch, but most independent assessments conclude it was an <a href="/wiki/Vela_incident" title="Vela incident">undeclared joint nuclear test</a> carried out by South Africa and Israel.<a href="#cite_note-Rubin-2005-24">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hersh-1991-27">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rhodes-2011-28">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-Weiss-2011-29">[27]</a> In the mid-1980s, Bouvetøya, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Mayen" title="Jan Mayen">Jan Mayen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Svalbard" title="Svalbard">Svalbard</a> were considered as locations for the new <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_International_Ship_Register" title="Norwegian International Ship Register">Norwegian International Ship Register</a>, but the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_convenience" title="Flag of convenience">flag of convenience</a> registry was ultimately established in <a href="/wiki/Bergen" title="Bergen">Bergen</a>, Norway, in 1987.<a href="#cite_note-Kyvik-2008-19">[18]</a>: 189  In 2007, the island was added to Norway's tentative list of nominations as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> as part of the transnational nomination of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishing</a> in the Southern Ocean is subject to the <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Conservation_of_Antarctic_Marine_Living_Resources" title="Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources">Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources</a>, which defines maximum catch quotas for a <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable fisheries">sustainable exploitation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_krill" title="Antarctic krill">Antarctic krill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Schiermeier-2010-31">[29]</a> Surveys conducted in 2000 showed high concentration of krill around Bouvetøya. In 2004, <a href="/wiki/Aker_BioMarine" title="Aker BioMarine">Aker BioMarine</a> was awarded a concession to fish krill, and additional quotas were awarded from 2008 for a total catch of 620,000 t (610,000 long tons; 680,000 short tons).<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a> There is a controversy as to whether the fisheries are sustainable, particularly in relation to krill being important food for whales.<a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> In 2009, Norway filed with the <a href="/wiki/UN_Commission_on_the_Limits_of_the_Continental_Shelf" class="mw-redirect" title="UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf">UN Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf</a> to extend the outer limit of the continental shelf past 200 NM (230 mi; 370 km) surrounding the island.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> The expedition ship Hanse Explorer visited Bouvet Island on 20 and 21 February 2012 as part of "Expédition pour le Futur".<a href="#cite_note-Expedition-Futur-2012-03-12-35">[33]</a> The expedition's goal was to land and climb the highest point on the island.<a href="#cite_note-36">[c]</a> Bouvet Island is assigned the amateur radio callsign prefix 3Y0,<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> and several amateur radio <a href="/wiki/DX-pedition" title="DX-pedition">DX-peditions</a> have been conducted to the island.<a href="#cite_note-DX-Bouvet-1989-1990-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-DX-Bouvet-3Y5X-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-DX-Bouvet-3Y0E-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-radcom199008_3y5x-41">[38]</a> The <a href="/wiki/3Y0J_Bouvet_Island_DXpedition" title="3Y0J Bouvet Island DXpedition">3Y0J DX-pedition to Bouvet Island</a> took place between January and February 2023, but had to be reduced in scope and eventually cut short due to bad and worsening weather conditions.<a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Norvegia_Station">Norvegia Station</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouvet_Island&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Norvegia Station">edit</a>]</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Antarctic base in Norwegian Polar Institute</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">Norvegia Station</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/Research_stations_in_Antarctica" title="Research stations in Antarctica">Antarctic base</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container center" style="width: 250px; height: 200px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm-intl" data-width="250" data-height="200" data-zoom="10" data-lat="-54.407052" data-lon="3.287791" data-overlays="["_7ceb9e032c46800c6044588038fe3835218ff005"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/10/-54.407052/3.287791/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,-54.407052,3.287791,250x200.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bouvet_Island&revid=1256911246&groups=_7ceb9e032c46800c6044588038fe3835218ff005" width="250" height="200" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm-intl,10,-54.407052,3.287791,250x200@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Bouvet_Island&revid=1256911246&groups=_7ceb9e032c46800c6044588038fe3835218ff005 2x" alt="Map" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bouvet_Island&params=54.407052_S_3.287791_E_type:city">54°24′25″S 3°17′16″E / 54.407052°S 3.287791°E / -54.407052; 3.287791</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /> <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Operator</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Established</th><td class="infobox-data">1927 (1927)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">6</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Winter<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div></th><td class="infobox-data">0</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/UN/LOCODE" title="UN/LOCODE">UN/LOCODE</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname">NO</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Active times</th><td class="infobox-data">Every summer</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data">Operational</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Activities</th><td class="infobox-data">Meteorology</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Facilities</th><td class="infobox-data">Dorms and labs</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npolar.no/en/norvegia/">npolar.no</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Since the 1970s, the island has been visited frequently by Norwegian Antarctic expeditions. In 1977 a temporary five-man station and an <a href="/wiki/Automated_weather_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated weather station">automated weather station</a> were constructed and staffed for two months in 1978 and 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 64  In March 1985, a Norwegian expedition experienced sufficiently clear weather to allow the entire island to be photographed from the air, resulting in the first accurate map of the whole island, 247 years after its discovery.<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 59  The <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a> established a 36 m2 (390 sq ft) research station, made of <a href="/wiki/Shipping_container" title="Shipping container">shipping containers</a>, at Nyrøysa in 1996. On 23 February 2006, the island experienced a magnitude 6.2 earthquake whose epicentre was about 100 km (62 mi) away,<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> weakening the station's foundation and causing it to be blown to sea during a winter storm.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a> In December 2012, a new research station was sent by ship from <a href="/wiki/Troms%C3%B8" title="Tromsø">Tromsø</a> in Norway, via <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town" title="Cape Town">Cape Town</a>, to Bouvet.<a href="#cite_note-47">[44]</a> The robust and technically advanced station was assembled in Nyrøysa, on the north-western part of the island, the only place wide enough to land by helicopter. The elevated station is formed by three modules placed on a steel platform fixed into a concrete base. It can accommodate six people for periods of 2–4 months, and it is designed and equipped to resist rough weather conditions. The energy is supplied by wind power, which makes it easier to operate the equipment during the long periods when the station is uninhabited. The base is equipped with an automatic meteorological station that sends data via satellite throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography_and_geology">Geography and geology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouvet_Island&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Geography and geology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouvet_Island_topographic_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bouvet_Island_topographic_map-en.svg/330px-Bouvet_Island_topographic_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bouvet_Island_topographic_map-en.svg/495px-Bouvet_Island_topographic_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Bouvet_Island_topographic_map-en.svg/660px-Bouvet_Island_topographic_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="1926" /></a><figcaption>Map of Bouvet Island</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouvet_Island_west_coast_glacier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bouvet_Island_west_coast_glacier.jpg/330px-Bouvet_Island_west_coast_glacier.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bouvet_Island_west_coast_glacier.jpg/495px-Bouvet_Island_west_coast_glacier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Bouvet_Island_west_coast_glacier.jpg/660px-Bouvet_Island_west_coast_glacier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>Glacier on Bouvet Island's west coast</figcaption></figure> Bouvetøya is a volcanic island constituting the top of a <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">shield volcano</a> just off the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Indian_Ridge" title="Southwest Indian Ridge">Southwest Indian Ridge</a> in the South Atlantic Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> The island measures 9.5 by 7 km (5.9 by 4.3 mi) and covers an area of 49 km2 (19 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-placenames-npolar-Bouvetøya-20">[19]</a> including a number of small rocks and skerries and one sizable island, <a href="/wiki/Lars%C3%B8ya" title="Larsøya">Larsøya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-larsoya-50">[47]</a> It is located in the Subantarctic, south of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a>,<a href="#cite_note-51">[48]</a> which, by some definitions, would place the island in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Southern Ocean</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a> Bouvet Island is one of the <a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Earth" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Earth">most remote islands</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-53">[50]</a> The closest land is <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a> of Antarctica, which is 1,700 km (1,100 mi) to the south,<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 58  and <a href="/wiki/Gough_Island" title="Gough Island">Gough Island</a>, 1,845 km (1,146 mi) to the north.<a href="#cite_note-npolar-54">[51]</a> The closest inhabited location is <a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a> island, 2,250 km (1,400 mi) to the northwest.<a href="#cite_note-placenames-npolar-Bouvetøya-20">[19]</a> To its west, the <a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a> lie about 1,900 km (1,200 mi) away, and to its east are the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a>, about 2,500 km (1,600 mi) away.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Nyrøysa is a 2 by 0.5 km (1.2 by 0.3 mi) terrace located on the north-west coast of the island. Created by a <a href="/wiki/Rock_slide" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock slide">rock slide</a> sometime between 1955 and 1957, it is the island's easiest access point.<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 59  It is the site of the automatic weather station.<a href="#cite_note-Hyser-Bouvetøya-birdlife-55">[52]</a> The north-west corner is the peninsula of <a href="/wiki/Cape_Circoncision" title="Cape Circoncision">Cape Circoncision</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[53]</a> From there, east to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Valdivia" title="Cape Valdivia">Cape Valdivia</a>, the coast is known as Morgenstiernekysten.<a href="#cite_note-57">[54]</a> <a href="/wiki/Store_Kari_Rock" title="Store Kari Rock">Store Kari</a> is an islet located 1.2 km (0.75 mi) east of the cape.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a> From Cape Valdivia, southeast to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Lollo" title="Cape Lollo">Cape Lollo</a>, on the east side of the island, the coast is known as Victoria Terrasse.<a href="#cite_note-59">[56]</a> From there to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Fie" title="Cape Fie">Cape Fie</a> at the southeastern corner, the coast is known as <a href="/wiki/Mowinckelkysten" title="Mowinckelkysten">Mowinckelkysten</a>. Svartstranda is a section of <a href="/wiki/Black_sand" title="Black sand">black sand</a> which runs 1.8 km (1.1 mi) along the section from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Meteor" title="Cape Meteor">Cape Meteor</a>, south to Cape Fie.<a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> After rounding Cape Fie, the coast along the south side is known as Vogtkysten.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a> The westernmost part of it is the 300 m (980 ft) long shore of Sjøelefantstranda.<a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a> Off Catoodden, on the south-western corner, lies <a href="/wiki/Lars%C3%B8ya" title="Larsøya">Larsøya</a>, the only island of any size off Bouvetøya.<a href="#cite_note-larsoya-50">[47]</a> The western coast from Catoodden north to Nyrøysa, is known as Esmarchkysten. Midway up the coast lies Norvegiaodden (<a href="/wiki/Cape_Norvegia" title="Cape Norvegia">Cape Norvegia</a>)<a href="#cite_note-63">[60]</a> and 0.5 km (0.31 mi) off it the skerries of Bennskjæra.<a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> Ninety-three percent of the island is covered by <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a>, giving it a domed shape.<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 59  The summit region of the island is Wilhelmplatået, slightly to the west of the island's centre.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-1967-15">[14]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateau</a> is 3.5 km (2.2 mi) across<a href="#cite_note-SI-Volcanism-Bouvet-65">[62]</a> and surrounded by several peaks.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-1967-15">[14]</a> The tallest is <a href="/wiki/Olavtoppen" title="Olavtoppen">Olavtoppen</a>, 780 m (2,560 ft) <a href="/wiki/Above_mean_sea_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Above mean sea level">above mean sea level</a> (AMSL),<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 59  followed by <a href="/wiki/Lykketoppen" title="Lykketoppen">Lykketoppen</a> (766 m or 2,513 ft AMSL)<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mosbytoppane" title="Mosbytoppane">Mosbytoppane</a> (670 m or 2,200 ft AMSL).<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a> Below Wilhelmplatået is the main <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a> responsible for creating the island.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-1967-15">[14]</a> The last <a href="/wiki/Eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Eruption">eruption</a> took place circa 2000 BCE, producing a <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> flow at Cape Meteor.<a href="#cite_note-SI-Volcanism-Bouvet-65">[62]</a> The volcano is presumed to be in a declining state.<a href="#cite_note-Baker-1967-15">[14]</a> The temperature 30 cm (12 in) below the surface is 25 °C (77 °F).<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 59  The island's total coastline is 29.6 km (18.4 mi).<a href="#cite_note-factbook-68">[65]</a> Landing on the island is very difficult, as it normally experiences high seas and features a <a href="/wiki/Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">steep coast</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 59  During the winter, it is surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Pack_ice" class="mw-redirect" title="Pack ice">pack ice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-placenames-npolar-Bouvetøya-20">[19]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bouvet_triple_junction" title="Bouvet triple junction">Bouvet triple junction</a> is located 275 km (171 mi) west of Bouvet Island. It is a <a href="/wiki/Triple_junction" title="Triple junction">triple junction</a> between the <a href="/wiki/South_American_plate" title="South American plate">South American plate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/African_plate" title="African plate">African plate</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_plate" title="Antarctic plate">Antarctic plate</a>, and of the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Indian_Ridge" title="Southwest Indian Ridge">Southwest Indian Ridge</a> and the <a href="/wiki/American%E2%80%93Antarctic_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="American–Antarctic Ridge">American–Antarctic Ridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mitchell-Livermore-etal-2000-69">[66]</a> <div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:1249px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouvet_Island_west_coast.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A view of the west coast of Bouvet Island"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bouvet_Island_west_coast.jpg/1241px-Bouvet_Island_west_coast.jpg" decoding="async" width="1241" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bouvet_Island_west_coast.jpg/1862px-Bouvet_Island_west_coast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Bouvet_Island_west_coast.jpg/2482px-Bouvet_Island_west_coast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="12941" data-file-height="2086" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouvet_Island_west_coast.jpg" title="File:Bouvet Island west coast.jpg"> </a></div>A view of the west coast of Bouvet Island</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouvet_Island&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> The island is located south of the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Convergence" title="Antarctic Convergence">Antarctic Convergence</a>, giving it a marine <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_climate" class="mw-redirect" title="Antarctic climate">Antarctic climate</a> dominated by heavy clouds and fog. It experiences a mean temperature of −1 °C (30 °F),<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 59  with January average of 1 °C (34 °F) and September average of −3 °C (27 °F).<a href="#cite_note-npolar-54">[51]</a> The monthly high mean temperatures fluctuate little through the year.<a href="#cite_note-Climate-Zone-bouvet-island-70">[67]</a> The peak temperature of 14 °C (57 °F) was recorded in March 1980, caused by intense sun radiation. Spot temperatures as high as 20 °C (68 °F) have been recorded in sunny weather on rock faces.<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 59  The island predominantly experiences a weak <a href="/wiki/West_wind" title="West wind">west wind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-npolar-54">[51]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Bouvet Island </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD7B0; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.2 (50.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 (51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE8D2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.7 (45.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFF7EF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.6 (42.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FBFBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.8 (38.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFF5EB; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.9 (42.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.3 (45.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFE2C5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.7 (47.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4CA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.3 (46.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.6 (51.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4AA; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">10.6 (51.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FAFAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.7 (38.7) </td> <td style="background: #FCFCFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.0 (39.2) </td> <td style="background: #F8F8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.3 (37.9) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 (36.5) </td> <td style="background: #ECECFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.0 (33.8) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.4 (31.3) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2 (29.8) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.1 (30.0) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8 (30.6) </td> <td style="background: #E9E9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.5 (32.9) </td> <td style="background: #F0F0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.8 (35.2) </td> <td style="background: #F6F6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.0 (37.4) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1.4 (34.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #EFEFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.7 (35.1) </td> <td style="background: #F1F1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.0 (35.6) </td> <td style="background: #EEEEFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.5 (34.7) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (33.6) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8 (30.6) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2 (28.0) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3 (26.1) </td> <td style="background: #D3D3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.6 (25.5) </td> <td style="background: #D4D4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.3 (26.1) </td> <td style="background: #DDDDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.8 (28.8) </td> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.3 (31.5) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.9 (33.6) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−0.7 (30.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #E5E5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.3 (31.5) </td> <td style="background: #E6E6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.1 (31.8) </td> <td style="background: #E4E4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.4 (31.3) </td> <td style="background: #E2E2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−0.8 (30.6) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5 (27.5) </td> <td style="background: #D1D1FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.9 (25.0) </td> <td style="background: #CACAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.3 (22.5) </td> <td style="background: #C6C6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.0 (21.2) </td> <td style="background: #C7C7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−5.8 (21.6) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.1 (24.6) </td> <td style="background: #D9D9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.5 (27.5) </td> <td style="background: #E0E0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−1.2 (29.8) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−2.7 (27.1) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6 (27.3) </td> <td style="background: #DADAFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.2 (28.0) </td> <td style="background: #D5D5FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.2 (26.2) </td> <td style="background: #CDCDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.7 (23.5) </td> <td style="background: #B2B2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−9.7 (14.5) </td> <td style="background: #AFAFFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.2 (13.6) </td> <td style="background: #9696FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−14.8 (5.4) </td> <td style="background: #9595FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15 (5) </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−18.7 (−1.7) </td> <td style="background: #9494FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−15.2 (4.6) </td> <td style="background: #B9B9FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−8.4 (16.9) </td> <td style="background: #D0D0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−4.1 (24.6) </td> <td style="background: #8181FF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−18.7 (−1.7) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: Météo climat stats (Norvege)<a href="#cite_note-Météo-climat-Norvege-71">[68]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Météo Climat stats (Isl. Bouvet)<a href="#cite_note-Météo-climat-Bouvet-72">[69]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nature">Nature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouvet_Island&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nature">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouvet_aerial_photo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bouvet_aerial_photo.jpg/290px-Bouvet_aerial_photo.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bouvet_aerial_photo.jpg/435px-Bouvet_aerial_photo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Bouvet_aerial_photo.jpg/580px-Bouvet_aerial_photo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> image of Bouvet Island from space</figcaption></figure> The harsh climate and ice-bound terrain limits non-animal life to <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ascomycetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascomycetes">ascomycetes</a> including symbiotic <a href="/wiki/Lichens" class="mw-redirect" title="Lichens">lichens</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Non-vascular_plant" title="Non-vascular plant">non-vascular plants</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mosses" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosses">mosses</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liverworts" class="mw-redirect" title="Liverworts">liverworts</a>). The flora are representative for the maritime Antarctic and are <a href="/wiki/Phytogeographically" class="mw-redirect" title="Phytogeographically">phytogeographically</a> similar to those of the <a href="/wiki/South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Sandwich Islands">South Sandwich Islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands" title="South Shetland Islands">South Shetland Islands</a>. Vegetation is limited because of the ice cover, although <a href="/wiki/Snow_algae" title="Snow algae">snow algae</a> are recorded. The remaining vegetation is located in snow-free areas such as <a href="/wiki/Nunatak" title="Nunatak">nunatak</a> ridges and other parts of the summit plateau, the coastal cliffs, capes and beaches. At Nyrøysa, five species of moss, six ascomycetes (including five lichens), and twenty algae have been recorded. Most snow-free areas are so steep and subject to frequent <a href="/wiki/Avalanche" title="Avalanche">avalanches</a> that only <a href="/wiki/Crustose" title="Crustose">crustose</a> lichens and algal formations are sustainable. There are six <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> ascomycetes, three of which are lichenized.<a href="#cite_note-Hyser-Bouvetøya-birdlife-55">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouvet_island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bouvet_island.jpg/290px-Bouvet_island.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bouvet_island.jpg/435px-Bouvet_island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Bouvet_island.jpg/580px-Bouvet_island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="521" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cape_Valdivia" title="Cape Valdivia">Cape Valdivia</a>, the northernmost point of Bouvet Island, in 2009</figcaption></figure> The island has been designated as an <a href="/wiki/Important_Bird_Area" title="Important Bird Area">Important Bird Area</a> by <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a> because of its importance as a <a href="/wiki/Breeding_ground" class="mw-redirect" title="Breeding ground">breeding ground</a> for <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a>. In 1978–1979 there were an estimated 117,000 breeding <a href="/wiki/Penguins" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguins">penguins</a> on the island, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Macaroni_penguin" title="Macaroni penguin">macaroni penguin</a> and, to a lesser extent, <a href="/wiki/Chinstrap_penguin" title="Chinstrap penguin">chinstrap penguin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_penguin" title="Adélie penguin">Adélie penguin</a>, although these were only estimated to be 62,000 in 1989–1990. Nyrøysa is the most important <a href="/wiki/Bird_colony" title="Bird colony">colony</a> for penguins, supplemented by Posadowskybreen, Kapp Circoncision, Norvegiaodden and across from Larsøya. <a href="/wiki/Southern_fulmar" title="Southern fulmar">Southern fulmar</a> is by far the most common non-penguin bird with 100,000 individuals. Other breeding seabirds consist of <a href="/wiki/Cape_petrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape petrel">Cape petrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_prion" title="Antarctic prion">Antarctic prion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_storm_petrel" title="Wilson's storm petrel">Wilson's storm petrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-bellied_storm_petrel" title="Black-bellied storm petrel">black-bellied storm petrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subantarctic_skua" class="mw-redirect" title="Subantarctic skua">subantarctic skua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_giant_petrel" title="Southern giant petrel">southern giant petrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snow_petrel" title="Snow petrel">snow petrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slender-billed_prion" title="Slender-billed prion">slender-billed prion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_tern" title="Antarctic tern">Antarctic tern</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kelp_gull" title="Kelp gull">Kelp gull</a> is thought to have bred on the island earlier. Non-breeding birds which can be found on the island include the <a href="/wiki/King_penguin" title="King penguin">king penguin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wandering_albatross" class="mw-redirect" title="Wandering albatross">wandering albatross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black-browed_albatross" title="Black-browed albatross">black-browed albatross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campbell_albatross" title="Campbell albatross">Campbell albatross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_yellow-nosed_albatross" title="Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross">Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sooty_albatross" title="Sooty albatross">sooty albatross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light-mantled_albatross" title="Light-mantled albatross">light-mantled albatross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_giant_petrel" title="Northern giant petrel">northern giant petrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_petrel" title="Antarctic petrel">Antarctic petrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blue_petrel" title="Blue petrel">blue petrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soft-plumaged_petrel" title="Soft-plumaged petrel">soft-plumaged petrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_petrel" title="Kerguelen petrel">Kerguelen petrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/White-headed_petrel" title="White-headed petrel">white-headed petrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fairy_prion" title="Fairy prion">fairy prion</a>, <a href="/wiki/White-chinned_petrel" title="White-chinned petrel">white-chinned petrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_shearwater" title="Great shearwater">great shearwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_diving_petrel" title="Common diving petrel">common diving petrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_polar_skua" title="South polar skua">south polar skua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_jaeger" title="Parasitic jaeger">parasitic jaeger</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hyser-Bouvetøya-birdlife-55">[52]</a> The only non-bird <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> on the island are <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>, specifically the <a href="/wiki/Southern_elephant_seal" title="Southern elephant seal">southern elephant seal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_fur_seal" title="Antarctic fur seal">Antarctic fur seal</a>, which breed on the island. In 1998–1999, there were 88 elephant seal pups and 13,000 fur seal pups at Nyrøysa. <a href="/wiki/Southern_right_whale" title="Southern right whale">Southern right whale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humpback_whale" title="Humpback whale">humpback whale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fin_whale" title="Fin whale">fin whale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_right_whale_dolphin" title="Southern right whale dolphin">southern right whale dolphin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hourglass_dolphin" title="Hourglass dolphin">hourglass dolphin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Orca" title="Orca">orca</a> are seen in the surrounding waters.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hyser-Bouvetøya-birdlife-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_government">Politics and government</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouvet_Island&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Politics and government">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bouvet_Island_ISS017-E-16161_no_text_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bouvet_Island_ISS017-E-16161_no_text_%28cropped%29.JPG/220px-Bouvet_Island_ISS017-E-16161_no_text_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bouvet_Island_ISS017-E-16161_no_text_%28cropped%29.JPG/330px-Bouvet_Island_ISS017-E-16161_no_text_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Bouvet_Island_ISS017-E-16161_no_text_%28cropped%29.JPG/440px-Bouvet_Island_ISS017-E-16161_no_text_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2041" /></a><figcaption>Image courtesy of the Image Science & Analysis Laboratory, NASA Johnson Space Center</figcaption></figure> Bouvetøya is one of three dependencies of Norway.<a href="#cite_note-Gisle-1999-76">[73]</a> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a>, which are subject to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic_Treaty_System" title="Antarctic Treaty System">Antarctic Treaty System</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Barr-1987-8">[7]</a>: 65  Bouvetøya is not disputed.<a href="#cite_note-factbook-68">[65]</a> The dependency status entails that the island is not part of the Kingdom of Norway, but is still under Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a>. This implies that the island can be <a href="/wiki/Cede" class="mw-redirect" title="Cede">ceded</a> without violating the first article of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Norway" title="Constitution of Norway">Constitution of Norway</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gisle-1999-76">[73]</a> Norwegian administration of the island is handled by the Polar Affairs Department of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_and_the_Police_(Norway)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Justice and the Police (Norway)">Ministry of Justice and the Police</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> The annexation of the island is regulated by the Dependency Act of 24 March 1933. It establishes that Norwegian <a href="/wiki/Criminal_law" title="Criminal law">criminal law</a>, <a href="/wiki/Private_law" title="Private law">private law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Procedural_law" title="Procedural law">procedural law</a> apply to the island, in addition to other laws that explicitly state they are valid on the island. It further establishes that all land belongs to the state, and prohibits the storage and detonation of nuclear products.<a href="#cite_note-LOV19300227-1">[1]</a> Bouvet Island has been designated with the <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2" title="ISO 3166-2">ISO 3166-2</a> code <a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BV" title="ISO 3166-2:BV">BV</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> and was subsequently awarded the <a href="/wiki/Country_code" title="Country code">country code</a> <a href="/wiki/Top-level_domain" title="Top-level domain">top-level domain</a> <a href="/wiki/.bv" title=".bv">.bv</a> on 21 August 1997.<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> The domain is managed by <a href="/wiki/Norid" title="Norid">Norid</a> but is not in use.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">exclusive economic zone</a> surrounding the island covers an area of 441,163 km2 (170,334 sq mi).<a href="#cite_note-81">[78]</a> Monitoring of compliance with resource laws and regulations is carried out through the <a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Conservation_of_Antarctic_Marine_Living_Resources" title="Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources">Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources</a> (CCAMLR) which includes 27 member states, including Norway. Utilizing an intelligence-sharing approach, vessels that may have participated in illegal, unregulated or unreported fishing are subject to blacklisting and potential enforcement measures by member states and through <a href="/wiki/INTERPOL" class="mw-redirect" title="INTERPOL">INTERPOL</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nils_Olav_wide.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nils_Olav_wide.jpg/220px-Nils_Olav_wide.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nils_Olav_wide.jpg/330px-Nils_Olav_wide.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Nils_Olav_wide.jpg/440px-Nils_Olav_wide.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1071" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/King_penguin" title="King penguin">king penguin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Zoo" title="Edinburgh Zoo">Edinburgh Zoo</a> named <a href="/wiki/Nils_Olav" title="Nils Olav">Nils Olav</a>, Baron of the Bouvet Islands</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/King_penguin" title="King penguin">king penguin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Zoo" title="Edinburgh Zoo">Edinburgh Zoo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nils_Olav" title="Nils Olav">Major General Sir Nils Olav III</a>, carries the title Baron of the Bouvet Islands.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouvet_Island&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/48px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/64px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Norway" title="Portal:Norway">Norway portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolle_Bay" title="Bolle Bay">Bolle Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Norway" title="List of islands of Norway">List of islands of Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands" title="List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands">List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrell_Reef" title="Morrell Reef">Morrell Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norris_Reef" title="Norris Reef">Norris Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norvegia_Rock" title="Norvegia Rock">Norvegia Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B8ver_Anchorage" title="Røver Anchorage">Røver Anchorage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiess_Rocks" title="Spiess Rocks">Spiess Rocks</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouvet_Island&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The internet domain suffix .bv is allocated to Bouvetøya, but has never been used. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> The scientific reconnaissance vessel 'Slava-9' began its regular 13th cruise with the 'Slava' Antarctic whaling fleet on 22 October 1958 ... On 27 November she got to Bouvet Island. A group of sailors landed, but were unable to leave the island in time because of worsened weather and stayed on it for about 3 days. The people were withdrawn by helicopter on 29 November 1958.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> The first four climbers (Aaron Halstead, Will Allen, Bruno Rodi and Jason Rodi) were the first humans to climb the highest peak. A <a href="/wiki/Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">time capsule</a> containing the top visions of the future for 2062 was left behind. The next morning, Aaron Halstead led five other climbers (Sarto Blouin, Seth Sherman, Chakib Bouayed, <a href="/wiki/Cindy_Sampson" title="Cindy Sampson">Cindy Sampson</a>, and Akos Hivekovics) to the top.<a href="#cite_note-Expedition-Futur-2012-03-12-35">[33]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouvet_Island&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LOV19300227-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LOV19300227_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOV19300227_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LOV19300227_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lovdata.no/all/tl-19300227-003-0.html#1">"Lov om Bouvet-øya, Peter I's øy og Dronning Maud Land m.m. (bilandsloven)"</a> (in Norwegian). Lovdata. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231248/http://www.lovdata.no/all/tl-19300227-003-0.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2013. Retrieved 29 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lov+om+Bouvet-%C3%B8ya%2C+Peter+I%27s+%C3%B8y+og+Dronning+Maud+Land+m.m.+%28bilandsloven%29&rft.pub=Lovdata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lovdata.no%2Fall%2Ftl-19300227-003-0.html%231&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOR19711217-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOR19711217_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOR19711217_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lovdata.no/for/sf/md/xd-19711217-0009.html">"Forskrift om fredning av Bouvetøya med tilliggende territorialfarvann som naturreservat"</a> (in Norwegian). Lovdata. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606224540/http://lovdata.no/for/sf/md/xd-19711217-0009.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 June 2014. Retrieved 9 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forskrift+om+fredning+av+Bouvet%C3%B8ya+med+tilliggende+territorialfarvann+som+naturreservat&rft.pub=Lovdata&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flovdata.no%2Ffor%2Fsf%2Fmd%2Fxd-19711217-0009.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-polar-stadnamn-Bouvetøya-4"><a href="#cite_ref-polar-stadnamn-Bouvetøya_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stadnamn.npolar.no/Bouvetøya/Bouvetøya">"Bouvetøya"</a>. stadnamn.npolar.no. Place names in Norwegian polar areas. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=stadnamn.npolar.no&rft.atitle=Bouvet%C3%B8ya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstadnamn.npolar.no%2FBouvet%C3%B8ya%2FBouvet%C3%B8ya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Berulfsen-1969-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Berulfsen-1969_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerulfsen1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Berulfsen, Bjarne (1969). Norsk Uttaleordbok (in Norwegian). Oslo: <a href="/wiki/Aschehoug" title="Aschehoug">H. Aschehoug & Co (W Nygaard)</a>. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norsk+Uttaleordbok&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=H.+Aschehoug+%26+Co+%28W+Nygaard%29&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Berulfsen&rft.aufirst=Bjarne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mills-2003-1-96-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mills-2003-1-96_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills-2003-1-96_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2003" class="citation book cs1">Mills, William James (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C">Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576074220" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576074220"><bdi>978-1576074220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Polar+Frontiers%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=96&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1576074220&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=William+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPYdBH4dOOM4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wordpress-abandoned-lifeboat-7"><a href="#cite_ref-wordpress-abandoned-lifeboat_7-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://allkindsofhistory.wordpress.com/2011/02/13/an-abandoned-lifeboat-at-worlds-end/">"An abandoned lifeboat at world's end"</a>. allkindsofhistory.wordpress.com. A Blast from the Past. 13 February 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111102134836/http://allkindsofhistory.wordpress.com/2011/02/13/an-abandoned-lifeboat-at-worlds-end/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2011. Retrieved 7 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=allkindsofhistory.wordpress.com&rft.atitle=An+abandoned+lifeboat+at+world%27s+end&rft.date=2011-02-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fallkindsofhistory.wordpress.com%2F2011%2F02%2F13%2Fan-abandoned-lifeboat-at-worlds-end%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barr-1987-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barr-1987_8-21">v</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarr1987" class="citation book cs1">Barr, Susan (1987). Norway's Polar Territories. Oslo: Aschehoug. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8203156894" title="Special:BookSources/8203156894"><bdi>8203156894</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norway%27s+Polar+Territories&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Aschehoug&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=8203156894&rft.aulast=Barr&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mill-1905-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mill-1905_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mill-1905_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMill1905" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Robert_Mill" title="Hugh Robert Mill">Mill, Hugh Robert</a> (1905). The Siege of the South Pole. London: Alston Rivers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+the+South+Pole&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Alston+Rivers&rft.date=1905&rft.aulast=Mill&rft.aufirst=Hugh+Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hough-1994-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Hough-1994_10-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHough1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hough" title="Richard Hough">Hough, Richard</a> (1994). Captain James Cook. Hodder and Stoughton. p. 248. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0340825561" title="Special:BookSources/0340825561"><bdi>0340825561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Captain+James+Cook&rft.pages=248&rft.pub=Hodder+and+Stoughton&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0340825561&rft.aulast=Hough&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burney-1817-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Burney-1817_11-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurney1817" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_Burney" title="James Burney">Burney, James</a> (1817). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uNI-AAAAYAAJ">A Chronological History of the Discoveries in the South Sea or Pacific Ocean</a>. Vol. V. p. 35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Chronological+History+of+the+Discoveries+in+the+South+Sea+or+Pacific+Ocean&rft.pages=35&rft.date=1817&rft.aulast=Burney&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuNI-AAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-McGonigal-2003-12"><a href="#cite_ref-McGonigal-2003_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGonigal2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_McGonigal" title="David McGonigal">McGonigal, David</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8bFcJgX0lIUC&pg=PA135">Antarctica</a>. London: Frances Lincoln. p. 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0711229808" title="Special:BookSources/978-0711229808"><bdi>978-0711229808</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica&rft.place=London&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Frances+Lincoln&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0711229808&rft.aulast=McGonigal&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8bFcJgX0lIUC%26pg%3DPA135&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mills-2003-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mills-2003_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills-2003_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mills-2003_13-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMills2003" class="citation book cs1">Mills, William James (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PYdBH4dOOM4C&pg=PA435">Exploring Polar Frontiers: A historical encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576074220" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576074220"><bdi>978-1576074220</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Polar+Frontiers%3A+A+historical+encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1576074220&rft.aulast=Mills&rft.aufirst=William+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPYdBH4dOOM4C%26pg%3DPA435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simpson-Housley-1992-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Simpson-Housley-1992_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimpson-Housley1992" class="citation book cs1">Simpson-Housley, Paul (1992). Antarctica: Exploration, perception, and metaphor. New York: Routledge. p. 60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415082259" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415082259"><bdi>978-0415082259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica%3A+Exploration%2C+perception%2C+and+metaphor&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=60&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0415082259&rft.aulast=Simpson-Housley&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baker-1967-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Baker-1967_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker-1967_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker-1967_15-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker-1967_15-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker-1967_15-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker-1967_15-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Baker-1967_15-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaker,_P.E.1967" class="citation journal cs1">Baker, P.E. (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120316114353/http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin13_06.pdf">"Historical and geological notes on Bouvetøya"</a> (PDF). British Antarctic Survey Bulletin (13): 71–84. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/documents/bas_bulletins/bulletin13_06.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 16 March 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Antarctic+Survey+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Historical+and+geological+notes+on+Bouvet%C3%B8ya&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=71-84&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Baker%2C+P.E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.antarctica.ac.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fbas_bulletins%2Fbulletin13_06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Headland-2018-16"><a href="#cite_ref-Headland-2018_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeadland2018" class="citation book cs1">Headland, R.K., ed. (2018). Historical Antarctic Sealing Industry. Scott Polar Research Institute. Cambridge University. p. 168. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0901021267" title="Special:BookSources/978-0901021267"><bdi>978-0901021267</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Antarctic+Sealing+Industry&rft.pages=168&rft.pub=Cambridge+University&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0901021267&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ARH-NAM-1943-17"><a href="#cite_ref-ARH-NAM-1943_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA.R.H.N.A.M.1943" class="citation journal cs1">A.R.H.; N.A.M. (1943). "Review: A New Chart of the Antarctic". <a href="/wiki/The_Geographical_Journal" title="The Geographical Journal">The Geographical Journal</a>. 102 (1): 29–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1789367">10.2307/1789367</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1789367">1789367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Geographical+Journal&rft.atitle=Review%3A+A+New+Chart+of+the+Antarctic&rft.volume=102&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=29-34&rft.date=1943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1789367&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1789367%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=A.R.H.&rft.au=N.A.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1806-03-">"Thompson Island"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120923041437/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1806-03-">Archived</a> from the original on 23 September 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Thompson+Island&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volcano.si.edu%2Fworld%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvnum%3D1806-03-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kyvik-2008-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kyvik-2008_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kyvik-2008_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKyvik2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kyvik, Helga, ed. (2008). Norge i Antarktis (in Norwegian). Oslo: Schibsted Forlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8251625890" title="Special:BookSources/978-8251625890"><bdi>978-8251625890</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norge+i+Antarktis&rft.place=Oslo&rft.pub=Schibsted+Forlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8251625890&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-placenames-npolar-Bouvetøya-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-placenames-npolar-Bouvetøya_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-placenames-npolar-Bouvetøya_20-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-placenames-npolar-Bouvetøya_20-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-placenames-npolar-Bouvetøya_20-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://placenames.npolar.no/stadnamn/Bouvet%C3%B8ya?ident=902593">"Bouvetøya"</a>. placenames.npolar.no. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130314122934/http://placenames.npolar.no/stadnamn/Bouvet%C3%B8ya?ident=902593">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=placenames.npolar.no&rft.atitle=Bouvet%C3%B8ya&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplacenames.npolar.no%2Fstadnamn%2FBouvet%25C3%25B8ya%3Fident%3D902593&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"South African expedition to Bouvetøya, 1955". <a href="/wiki/Polar_Record" title="Polar Record">Polar Record</a>. 8 (54): 256–258. September 1956. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1956PoRec...8..256.">1956PoRec...8..256.</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS003224740004907X">10.1017/S003224740004907X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:251062020">251062020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Record&rft.atitle=South+African+expedition+to+Bouvet%C3%B8ya%2C+1955&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=54&rft.pages=256-258&rft.date=1956-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A251062020%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS003224740004907X&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1956PoRec...8..256.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/IBAs/AfricaCntryPDFs/Bouvet.pdf">"Bouvet"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313172001/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/IBAs/AfricaCntryPDFs/Bouvet.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bouvet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdlife.org%2Fdatazone%2Fuserfiles%2Ffile%2FIBAs%2FAfricaCntryPDFs%2FBouvet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford1982" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Allan (1982). Tristan da Cunha and the Roaring Forties. Edinburgh: Charles Skilton Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-284-98589-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-284-98589-7"><bdi>978-0-284-98589-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/868642138">868642138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tristan+da+Cunha+and+the+Roaring+Forties&rft.place=Edinburgh&rft.pub=Charles+Skilton+Ltd&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F868642138&rft.isbn=978-0-284-98589-7&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Allan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rubin-2005-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin-2005_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin-2005_24-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rubin-2005_24-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2005" class="citation book cs1">Rubin, Jeff (2005). Antarctica. Lonely Planet. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1740590945" title="Special:BookSources/1740590945"><bdi>1740590945</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antarctica&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1740590945&rft.aulast=Rubin&rft.aufirst=Jeff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Transactions of the Oceanographical Institute. p. 129.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transactions+of+the+Oceanographical+Institute&rft.pages=129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hersh-1991-27"><a href="#cite_ref-Hersh-1991_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHersh1991" class="citation book cs1">Hersh, Seymour (1991). The Samson option: Israel's Nuclear arsenal and American foreign policy. Random House. p. 271. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394570065" title="Special:BookSources/0394570065"><bdi>0394570065</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Samson+option%3A+Israel%27s+Nuclear+arsenal+and+American+foreign+policy&rft.pages=271&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0394570065&rft.aulast=Hersh&rft.aufirst=Seymour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rhodes-2011-28"><a href="#cite_ref-Rhodes-2011_28-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhodes2011" class="citation book cs1">Rhodes, Richard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qZgBYgfJvc8">Twilight of the Bombs: Recent challenges, new dangers, and the prospects for a world without nuclear weapons</a>. Random House. pp. 164–169. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0307387417" title="Special:BookSources/978-0307387417"><bdi>978-0307387417</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Twilight+of+the+Bombs%3A+Recent+challenges%2C+new+dangers%2C+and+the+prospects+for+a+world+without+nuclear+weapons&rft.pages=164-169&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0307387417&rft.aulast=Rhodes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqZgBYgfJvc8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-Weiss-2011-29"><a href="#cite_ref-Weiss-2011_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeiss2011" class="citation journal cs1">Weiss, Leonard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606232313/http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/23198/Weiss_IsraelNuclearTest.pdf">"Israel's 1979 nuclear test and the U.S. cover-up"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Policy" title="Middle East Policy">Middle East Policy</a>. 18 (4): 83–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1475-4967.2011.00512.x">10.1111/j.1475-4967.2011.00512.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iis-db.stanford.edu/pubs/23198/Weiss_IsraelNuclearTest.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 June 2014. 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ARRL – The National Association for Amateur Radio. The National Association for Amateur Radio. Retrieved 1 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ARRL+%E2%80%93+The+National+Association+for+Amateur+Radio&rft.atitle=International+Call+Sign+Series&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arrl.org%2Finternational-call-sign-series&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DX-Bouvet-1989-1990-38"><a href="#cite_ref-DX-Bouvet-1989-1990_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allatelefonkataloger.com/dagfra/044bouvet.html">"Bouvet (3Y/B)"</a>. 25 December 1989 – 13 January 1990. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124042419/http://www.allatelefonkataloger.com/dagfra/044bouvet.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 January 2018. 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Retrieved 28 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M+6.2+%E2%80%93+Bouvet+Island+region&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fearthquake.usgs.gov%2Fearthquakes%2Feventpage%2Fusp000eang%23general_summary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaklin2010" class="citation web cs1">Jaklin, Patrick (20 July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130314122923/http://www.npolar.no/no/nyheter/2007/2007-10-19-norsk-feltstasjon-tatt-av-naturkrefter.html">"Norsk feltstasjon tatt av naturkreftene ved Antarktis"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a>. 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Retrieved 9 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norsk+feltstasjon+tatt+av+naturkreftene+ved+Antarktis&rft.pub=Norwegian+Polar+Institute&rft.date=2010-07-20&rft.aulast=Jaklin&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npolar.no%2Fno%2Fnyheter%2F2007%2F2007-10-19-norsk-feltstasjon-tatt-av-naturkrefter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGovernment_Publications_Office2016" class="citation book cs1">Government Publications Office (18 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HfywxU2EnFwC">The World Factbook 2016-17</a>. Government Printing Office. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-16-093327-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-16-093327-1"><bdi>978-0-16-093327-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+Factbook+2016-17&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=2016-08-18&rft.isbn=978-0-16-093327-1&rft.au=Government+Publications+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHfywxU2EnFwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolde2014" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Molde, Eivind (7 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrk.no/norge/ny-_ekstremstasjon_-pa-bouvetoya-1.11525409">"Ny "ekstremstasjon" på Bouvetøya"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NRK" title="NRK">NRK</a> (in Norwegian). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140211023811/http://www.nrk.no/norge/ny-_ekstremstasjon_-pa-bouvetoya-1.11525409">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2014. Retrieved 11 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NRK&rft.atitle=Ny+%22ekstremstasjon%22+p%C3%A5+Bouvet%C3%B8ya&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft.aulast=Molde&rft.aufirst=Eivind&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Fnorge%2Fny-_ekstremstasjon_-pa-bouvetoya-1.11525409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrk.no/norge/ny-_ekstremstasjon_-pa-bouvetoya-1.11525409">"Bouvetøya"</a>. NRK. 7 February 2014. Retrieved 3 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NRK&rft.atitle=Bouvet%C3%B8ya&rft.date=2014-02-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrk.no%2Fnorge%2Fny-_ekstremstasjon_-pa-bouvetoya-1.11525409&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=386020">"Bouvet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>. Retrieved 5 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.atitle=Bouvet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvn%3D386020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-larsoya-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-larsoya_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-larsoya_50-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stadnamn.npolar.no/stadnamn/Lars%C3%B8ya?ident=903010&lang=en">"Larsøya"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130314123005/http://stadnamn.npolar.no/stadnamn/Lars%C3%B8ya?ident=903010&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 8 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lars%C3%B8ya&rft.pub=Norwegian+Polar+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstadnamn.npolar.no%2Fstadnamn%2FLars%25C3%25B8ya%3Fident%3D903010%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:488">"Antarctic Convergence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240525234240/https://www.webcitation.org/67YMrdClM?url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f%3Fp=gnispq:5:3640568296138586::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:488">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 10 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antarctic+Convergence&rft.pub=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fpls%2Fgnispublic%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A488&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.grida.no/graphicslib/detail/the-antarctic-convergence_26e0">"The Antarctic convergence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Environment_Programme" title="United Nations Environment Programme">United Nations Environment Programme</a>/GRID-Arendal. 25 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120602004941/http://grida.no/graphicslib/detail/the-antarctic-convergence_26e0">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Antarctic+convergence&rft.pub=United+Nations+Environment+Programme%2FGRID-Arendal&rft.date=2012-02-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.grida.no%2Fgraphicslib%2Fdetail%2Fthe-antarctic-convergence_26e0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120528054941/https://volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=18&rpage=highlights">"Volcanology Highlights"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/region.cfm?rnum=18&rpage=highlights">the original</a> on 28 May 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Volcanology+Highlights&rft.pub=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volcano.si.edu%2Fworld%2Fregion.cfm%3Frnum%3D18%26rpage%3Dhighlights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-npolar-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-npolar_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-npolar_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-npolar_54-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415125957/http://www.npolar.no/no/antarktis/bouvetoya.html">"Bouvetøya"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.npolar.no/no/antarktis/bouvetoya.html">the original</a> on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 10 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bouvet%C3%B8ya&rft.pub=Norwegian+Polar+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.npolar.no%2Fno%2Fantarktis%2Fbouvetoya.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hyser-Bouvetøya-birdlife-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hyser-Bouvetøya-birdlife_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyser-Bouvetøya-birdlife_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyser-Bouvetøya-birdlife_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hyser-Bouvetøya-birdlife_55-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyser" class="citation web cs1">Hyser, Onno. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/IBAs/AfricaCntryPDFs/Bouvet.pdf">"Bouvetøya"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/BirdLife_International" title="BirdLife International">BirdLife International</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130313172001/http://www.birdlife.org/datazone/userfiles/file/IBAs/AfricaCntryPDFs/Bouvet.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BirdLife+International&rft.atitle=Bouvet%C3%B8ya&rft.aulast=Hyser&rft.aufirst=Onno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.birdlife.org%2Fdatazone%2Fuserfiles%2Ffile%2FIBAs%2FAfricaCntryPDFs%2FBouvet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stadnamn.npolar.no/stadnamn/Bennskjera?ident=902575&lang=en">"Kapp Circoncision"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160603154137/http://stadnamn.npolar.no/stadnamn/Kapp+Circoncision?ident=901077&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kapp+Circoncision&rft.pub=Norwegian+Polar+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstadnamn.npolar.no%2Fstadnamn%2FBennskjera%3Fident%3D902575%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stadnamn.npolar.no/stadnamn/Kapp+Valdivia?ident=901087&lang=en">"Kapp Valdivia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130314122940/http://stadnamn.npolar.no/stadnamn/Kapp+Valdivia?ident=901087&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Kapp+Valdivia&rft.pub=Norwegian+Polar+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstadnamn.npolar.no%2Fstadnamn%2FKapp%2BValdivia%3Fident%3D901087%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120716222224/http://stadnamn.npolar.no/stadnamn/Store-Kari?ident=902130&lang=en">"Store-Kari"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stadeumn.npolar.no/stadnamn/Store-Kari?ident=902130&lang=en">the original</a> on 16 July 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Store-Kari&rft.pub=Norwegian+Polar+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstadeumn.npolar.no%2Fstadnamn%2FStore-Kari%3Fident%3D902130%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stadnamn.npolar.no/stadnamn/Kapp+Lollo?ident=901082&lang=en">"Kapp Lollo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130314122933/http://stadnamn.npolar.no/stadnamn/Kapp+Lollo?ident=901082&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2013. 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Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Svartstranda&rft.pub=Norwegian+Polar+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstadnamn.npolar.no%2Fstadnamn%2FSvartstranda%3Fident%3D902185%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stadnamn.npolar.no/stadnamn/Svartstranda?ident=902185&lang=en">"Vogtkysten"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130314122945/http://stadnamn.npolar.no/stadnamn/Vogtkysten?ident=902470&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vogtkysten&rft.pub=Norwegian+Polar+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstadnamn.npolar.no%2Fstadnamn%2FSvartstranda%3Fident%3D902185%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stadnamn.npolar.no/stadnamn/Sj%C3%B8elefantstranda?ident=901938&lang=en">"Sjøelefantstranda"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130314122952/http://stadnamn.npolar.no/stadnamn/Sj%C3%B8elefantstranda?ident=901938&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sj%C3%B8elefantstranda&rft.pub=Norwegian+Polar+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstadnamn.npolar.no%2Fstadnamn%2FSj%25C3%25B8elefantstranda%3Fident%3D901938%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stadnamn.npolar.no/stadnamn/Vogtkysten?ident=902470&lang=en">"Norvegiaodden"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240525234640/https://www.webcitation.org/67aMdkwEq?url=http://stadnamn.npolar.no/stadnamn/Norvegiaodden%3Fident=901511&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norvegiaodden&rft.pub=Norwegian+Polar+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstadnamn.npolar.no%2Fstadnamn%2FVogtkysten%3Fident%3D902470%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stadnamn.npolar.no/stadnamn/Bennskjera?ident=902575&lang=en">"Bennskjæra"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Polar_Institute" title="Norwegian Polar Institute">Norwegian Polar Institute</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130314123011/http://stadnamn.npolar.no/stadnamn/Bennskjera?ident=902575&lang=en">Archived</a> from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bennskj%C3%A6ra&rft.pub=Norwegian+Polar+Institute&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstadnamn.npolar.no%2Fstadnamn%2FBennskjera%3Fident%3D902575%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SI-Volcanism-Bouvet-65">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SI-Volcanism-Bouvet_65-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-SI-Volcanism-Bouvet_65-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1806-02-">"Bouvet"</a>. Global Volcanism Program. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111202222049/http://www.volcano.si.edu/world/volcano.cfm?vnum=1806-02-">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bouvet&rft.pub=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.volcano.si.edu%2Fworld%2Fvolcano.cfm%3Fvnum%3D1806-02-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:9163">"Lykke Peak"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240525234802/https://www.webcitation.org/67bIa4cd7?url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f%3Fp=gnispq:5:1080405097172969::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:9163">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lykke+Peak&rft.pub=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fpls%2Fgnispublic%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A9163&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f?p=gnispq:5:::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:10304">"Mosby Peak"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Geographic_Names_Information_System" title="Geographic Names Information System">Geographic Names Information System</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20240525234841/https://www.webcitation.org/67bIfeYqD?url=http://geonames.usgs.gov/pls/gnispublic/f%3Fp=gnispq:5:3949913289827917::NO::P5_ANTAR_ID:10304">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2024. Retrieved 12 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mosby+Peak&rft.pub=Geographic+Names+Information+System&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeonames.usgs.gov%2Fpls%2Fgnispublic%2Ff%3Fp%3Dgnispq%3A5%3A%3A%3ANO%3A%3AP5_ANTAR_ID%3A10304&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-factbook-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-factbook_68-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/bouvet-island/">"Bouvet Island"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Retrieved 9 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Bouvet+Island&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Fbouvet-island%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mitchell-Livermore-etal-2000-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Mitchell-Livermore-etal-2000_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchellLivermoreFabrettiCarrara2000" class="citation journal cs1">Mitchell, Neil C.; Livermore, Roy A.; Fabretti, Paola; Carrara, Gabriela (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/neil.mitchell/pubs/2000JGRBouvet.pdf">"The Bouvet triple junction, 20 to 10 Ma, and extensive transtensional deformation adjacent to the Bouvet and Conrad transforms"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research" title="Journal of Geophysical Research">Journal of Geophysical Research</a>. 105 (B4): 8279–8296. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JGR...105.8279M">2000JGR...105.8279M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F1999JB900399">10.1029/1999JB900399</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120424230058/http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/neil.mitchell/pubs/2000JGRBouvet.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 April 2012. Retrieved 11 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.atitle=The+Bouvet+triple+junction%2C+20+to+10+Ma%2C+and+extensive+transtensional+deformation+adjacent+to+the+Bouvet+and+Conrad+transforms&rft.volume=105&rft.issue=B4&rft.pages=8279-8296&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F1999JB900399&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JGR...105.8279M&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Neil+C.&rft.au=Livermore%2C+Roy+A.&rft.au=Fabretti%2C+Paola&rft.au=Carrara%2C+Gabriela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpersonalpages.manchester.ac.uk%2Fstaff%2Fneil.mitchell%2Fpubs%2F2000JGRBouvet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Climate-Zone-bouvet-island-70"><a href="#cite_ref-Climate-Zone-bouvet-island_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climate-zone.com/climate/bouvet-island/celsius/bouvet-island.htm">Monthly averages for Bouvet Island</a>. 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Retrieved 1 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Monthly+averages+for+Bouvet+Island&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.climate-zone.com%2Fclimate%2Fbouvet-island%2Fcelsius%2Fbouvet-island.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Météo-climat-Norvege-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Météo-climat-Norvege_71-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://meteo-climat-bzh.dyndns.org/listenormale-1981-2010-1-p88.php">Moyennes 1981–2010 Norvege (Atlantique Sud)</a> (Report) (in French). 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Journal of Heredity. 111 (3): 263–276. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesaa010">10.1093/jhered/esaa010</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7238439">7238439</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32347944">32347944</a> – via Silverchair.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Heredity&rft.atitle=Genetic+Diversity+and+Connectivity+of+Southern+Right+Whales+%28Eubalaena+australis%29+Found+in+the+Brazil+and+Chile%E2%80%93Peru+Wintering+Grounds+and+the+South+Georgia+%28Islas+Georgias+del+Sur%29+Feeding+Ground&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=263-276&rft.date=2020-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7238439%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32347944&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesaa010&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Emma+L&rft.au=Ott%2C+Paulo+H&rft.au=McMillan%2C+Louise+F&rft.au=Galletti+Vernazzani%2C+B%C3%A1rbara&rft.au=Neveceralova%2C+Petra&rft.au=Vermeulen%2C+Els&rft.au=Gaggiotti%2C+Oscar+E&rft.au=Andriolo%2C+Artur&rft.au=Baker%2C+C+Scott&rft.au=Bamford%2C+Connor&rft.au=Best%2C+Peter&rft.au=Cabrera%2C+Elsa&rft.au=Calderan%2C+Susannah&rft.au=Chirife%2C+Andrea&rft.au=Fewster%2C+Rachel+M&rft.au=Flores%2C+Paulo+A+C&rft.au=Frasier%2C+Timothy&rft.au=Freitas%2C+Thales+R+O&rft.au=Groch%2C+Karina&rft.au=Hulva%2C+Pavel&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+Amy&rft.au=Leaper%2C+Russell&rft.au=Leslie%2C+Matthew+S&rft.au=Moore%2C+Michael&rft.au=Oliveira%2C+Larissa&rft.au=Seger%2C+Jon&rft.au=Stepien%2C+Emilie+N&rft.au=Valenzuela%2C+Luciano+O&rft.au=Zerbini%2C+Alexandre&rft.au=Jackson%2C+Jennifer+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%2Fjhered%2Fesaa010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://litografa.wixsite.com/artiolaphotographer/whales">"Whales"</a>. artiolaphotographer.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=artiolaphotographer&rft.atitle=Whales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flitografa.wixsite.com%2Fartiolaphotographer%2Fwhales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nhm.uio.no/fakta/zoologi/fugl/ringmerking/PDF/Bouvet_Atlantic.pdf">"The Bouvet Island Atlantic Odyssey"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 26 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+classifications+in+migration+statistics+%E2%80%93+present+situation+and+proposals+for+a+Eurostat+standard&rft.pub=United+Nations+Statistical+Commission+and+United+Nations+Economic+Commission+for+Europe&rft.date=1998-03&rft.aulast=Takle&rft.aufirst=Mona+Takle&rft.au=Vassenden%2C+K%C3%A5re&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unece.org%2Fstats%2Fdocuments%2F1998%2F03%2Fmigration%2F5.e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100813161615/https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bv.html">"Delegation Record for .BV"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Assigned_Numbers_Authority" title="Internet Assigned Numbers Authority">Internet Assigned Numbers Authority</a>. 13 November 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iana.org/domains/root/db/bv.html">the original</a> on 13 August 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Delegation+Record+for+.BV&rft.pub=Internet+Assigned+Numbers+Authority&rft.date=2009-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iana.org%2Fdomains%2Froot%2Fdb%2Fbv.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101005074110/http://www.norid.no/omnorid/bv-sj.en.html">"The .bv and .sj top level domains"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Norid" title="Norid">Norid</a>. 3 August 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.norid.no/omnorid/bv-sj.en.html">the original</a> on 5 October 2010. Retrieved 5 September 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+.bv+and+.sj+top+level+domains&rft.pub=Norid&rft.date=2010-08-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.norid.no%2Fomnorid%2Fbv-sj.en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seaaroundus.org/eez/74.aspx">"EEZ Waters of Bouvet Isl. (Norway)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127210923/http://www.seaaroundus.org/eez/74.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2012. Retrieved 9 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EEZ+Waters+of+Bouvet+Isl.+%28Norway%29&rft.pub=University+of+British+Columbia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seaaroundus.org%2Feez%2F74.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.regjeringen.no/contentassets/cef2a67e958849689aa7e89341159f29/en-gb/pdfs/stm201420150032000engpdfs.pdf">"Norwegian Interests and Policy in the Antarctic"</a> (PDF). Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 12 June 2015. Retrieved 8 September 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norwegian+Interests+and+Policy+in+the+Antarctic&rft.pub=Norwegian+Ministry+of+Foreign+Affairs&rft.date=2015-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.regjeringen.no%2Fcontentassets%2Fcef2a67e958849689aa7e89341159f29%2Fen-gb%2Fpdfs%2Fstm201420150032000engpdfs.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.edintattoo.co.uk/news/a-guard-of-honour-for-sir-nils-olav-the-most-famous-king-penguin-in-the-world">"A Guard of Honour for Sir Nils Olav – the most famous king penguin in the world"</a>. Royal Edinburgh Military Tattoo. Retrieved 30 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Royal+Edinburgh+Military+Tattoo&rft.atitle=A+Guard+of+Honour+for+Sir+Nils+Olav+%E2%80%93+the+most+famous+king+penguin+in+the+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.edintattoo.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fa-guard-of-honour-for-sir-nils-olav-the-most-famous-king-penguin-in-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABouvet+Island" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bouvet_Island&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Bouvet Island at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Bouvet_Island" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Bouvet Island">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/category:Bouvet_Island" class="extiw" title="c:category:Bouvet Island">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Bouvet_Island" class="extiw" title="voy:Bouvet Island">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23408" class="extiw" title="d:Q23408">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sometimes-interesting.com/2012/01/11/the-most-remote-island-in-the-world/">The Most Remote Island in the World</a> – Sometimes Interesting, 11 November 2012</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bouvetdx.org/">Amateur Radio DX Pedition to Bouvet Island 3Y0Z</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://random-times.com/2018/06/27/bouvet-island-the-most-remote-place-of-the-world/">Bouvet Island, the most remote island in the World</a> – Random-Times.com, June 2018'</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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<div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Peri-Antarctic_countries_and_overseas_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Peri-Antarctic_countries_and_overseas_territories" title="Template:Peri-Antarctic countries and overseas territories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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Island and McDonald Islands">Heard Island and McDonald Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macquarie_Island" title="Macquarie Island">Macquarie Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bouvet Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern Territories</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam">Amsterdam Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul">Saint Paul Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Subantarctic_Islands" title="New Zealand Subantarctic Islands">NZ Subantarctic Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Islands" title="Prince Edward Islands">Prince Edward Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>"Peri-Antarctic" (meaning "close to the <a href="/wiki/Antarctic" title="Antarctic">Antarctic</a>") does not include <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica" title="Territorial claims in Antarctica">territorial claims in Antarctica</a> itself.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Template:Outlying territories of European countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Template talk:Outlying territories of European countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Outlying territories of European countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Outlying_territories_of_European_countries" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Outlying territories of European countries</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Territories under European <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> but closer to or on continents other than Europe (see <a href="/wiki/Template:Outlying_territories_of_European_countries#Inclusion_criteria" title="Template:Outlying territories of European countries">inclusion criteria</a> for further information).</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Denmark</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroe_Islands" title="Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern and Antarctic Lands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Paul_and_Amsterdam_Islands" title="Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands">Saint Paul and Amsterdam Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam"> Amsterdam Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul"> Saint Paul Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassas_da_India" title="Bassas da India">Bassas da India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Island" title="Europa Island">Europa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorioso_Islands" title="Glorioso Islands">Glorioso Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banc_du_Geyser" title="Banc du Geyser"> Geyser Shoal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Nova_Island" title="Juan de Nova Island">Juan de Nova Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromelin_Island" title="Tromelin Island">Tromelin Island</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aruba" title="Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Netherlands" title="Caribbean Netherlands">Caribbean Netherlands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonaire" title="Bonaire">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saba_(island)" title="Saba (island)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius" title="Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Maarten" title="Sint Maarten">Sint Maarten</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Norway</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bouvet Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_I_Island" title="Peter I Island">Peter I Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Maud_Land" title="Queen Maud Land">Queen Maud Land</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madeira" title="Madeira">Madeira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canary_Islands" title="Canary Islands">Canary Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Ceuta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melilla" title="Melilla">Melilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plazas_de_Soberan%C3%ADa" class="mw-redirect" title="Plazas de Soberanía">Plazas de Soberanía</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Island" title="Alboran Island">Alboran Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhucemas_Islands" title="Alhucemas Islands">Alhucemas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chafarinas_Islands" title="Chafarinas Islands">Chafarinas Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velez_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Velez Islands">Velez Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascension_Island" title="Ascension Island">Ascension Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Tristan da Cunha">Tristan da Cunha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23408#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23408#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23408#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/249383208">VIAF</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4450775-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh87007247">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX6222500">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007536591105171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/3413ecd3-a1f0-3e21-a226-d9ff3ed480b7">MusicBrainz area</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/volcano.cfm?vn=386020">Global Volcanism Program</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/4a004f78-aff4-4d80-baf6-3d4b3d38ca93">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/QyPwHMSj">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Bouvet_Island&params=54.42_S_03.36_E_type:isle_region:BV">54°25′S 3°22′E / 54.42°S 03.36°E / -54.42; 03.36</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bouvet_Island&oldid=1256911246">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bouvet_Island&oldid=1256911246</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bouvet_Island" title="Category:Bouvet Island">Bouvet Island</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antarctic_region" title="Category:Antarctic region">Antarctic region</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1920s_establishments_in_Antarctica" title="Category:1920s establishments in Antarctica">1920s establishments in Antarctica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Dependencies_of_Norway" title="Category:Dependencies of Norway">Dependencies of Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Important_Bird_Areas_of_Antarctica" title="Category:Important Bird Areas of Antarctica">Important Bird Areas of Antarctica</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Important_Bird_Areas_of_Norwegian_overseas_territories" title="Category:Important Bird Areas of Norwegian overseas territories">Important Bird Areas of Norwegian overseas territories</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Important_Bird_Areas_of_subantarctic_islands" title="Category:Important Bird Areas of subantarctic islands">Important Bird Areas of subantarctic islands</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Inactive_volcanoes" title="Category:Inactive volcanoes">Inactive volcanoes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islands_of_the_South_Atlantic_Ocean" title="Category:Islands of the South Atlantic Ocean">Islands of the South Atlantic Ocean</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Category:Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Nature_reserves_in_Norway" title="Category:Nature reserves in Norway">Nature reserves in Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Penguin_colonies" title="Category:Penguin colonies">Penguin colonies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Polygenetic_shield_volcanoes" title="Category:Polygenetic shield volcanoes">Polygenetic shield volcanoes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ridge_volcanoes" title="Category:Ridge volcanoes">Ridge volcanoes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seabird_colonies" title="Category:Seabird colonies">Seabird colonies</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Seal_hunting" title="Category:Seal hunting">Seal hunting</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_1928" title="Category:States and territories established in 1928">States and territories established in 1928</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Uninhabited_islands_of_Norway" title="Category:Uninhabited islands of Norway">Uninhabited islands of Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanoes_of_Norway" title="Category:Volcanoes of Norway">Volcanoes of Norway</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volcanoes_of_the_Southern_Ocean" title="Category:Volcanoes of the Southern Ocean">Volcanoes of the Southern Ocean</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Norwegian-language_sources_(no)" title="Category:CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)">CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no)</a></li><li><a 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