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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_the_Highlander_Folk_School"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Role of the Highlander Folk School</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_the_Highlander_Folk_School-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_in_the_1960s_civil_rights_and_other_protest_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_in_the_1960s_civil_rights_and_other_protest_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use in the 1960s civil rights and other protest movements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Use_in_the_1960s_civil_rights_and_other_protest_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Widespread_adaptation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Widespread_adaptation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Widespread adaptation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Widespread_adaptation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Copyright_status" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Copyright_status"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Copyright status</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Copyright_status-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_shall_overcome" title="We shall overcome – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="We shall overcome" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="We Shall Overcome" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_shall_overcome" title="We shall overcome – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="We shall overcome" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="We Shall Overcome" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="We Shall Overcome" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%B1_%D8%A2%D9%86_%D8%BA%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%85%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%85" title="ما بر آن غلبه می‌کنیم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ما بر آن غلبه می‌کنیم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="We Shall Overcome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="हम होंगे कामयाब – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हम होंगे कामयाब" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kita_%27Kan_Menang" title="Kita 'Kan Menang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kita 'Kan Menang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="We Shall Overcome" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="We Shall Overcome" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="We Shall Overcome" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="We Shall Overcome" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="We Shall Overcome" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="We Shall Overcome" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8B%9D%E5%88%A9%E3%82%92%E6%88%91%E7%AD%89%E3%81%AB" title="勝利を我等に – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="勝利を我等に" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="We Shall Overcome" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="We Shall Overcome" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="We Shall Overcome" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="We Shall Overcome" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="We Shall Overcome" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="We Shall Overcome" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome" title="We Shall Overcome – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="We Shall Overcome" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1314091#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Protest song of the civil rights movement</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the protest song. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="We Shall Overcome (disambiguation)">We Shall Overcome (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Joan_Baez_performs_We_Shall_Overcome_Feb_09_2010.webm" title="File:Joan Baez performs We Shall Overcome Feb 09 2010.webm">"We Shall Overcome"</a> (<span class="duration"><span class="min">3</span>:<span class="s">24</span></span>)</div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Joan_Baez_performs_We_Shall_Overcome_Feb_09_2010.webm/232px--Joan_Baez_performs_We_Shall_Overcome_Feb_09_2010.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" height="131" data-durationhint="205" data-mwtitle="Joan_Baez_performs_We_Shall_Overcome_Feb_09_2010.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/Joan_Baez_performs_We_Shall_Overcome_Feb_09_2010.webm/Joan_Baez_performs_We_Shall_Overcome_Feb_09_2010.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/Joan_Baez_performs_We_Shall_Overcome_Feb_09_2010.webm/Joan_Baez_performs_We_Shall_Overcome_Feb_09_2010.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/Joan_Baez_performs_We_Shall_Overcome_Feb_09_2010.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/Joan_Baez_performs_We_Shall_Overcome_Feb_09_2010.webm/Joan_Baez_performs_We_Shall_Overcome_Feb_09_2010.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/Joan_Baez_performs_We_Shall_Overcome_Feb_09_2010.webm/Joan_Baez_performs_We_Shall_Overcome_Feb_09_2010.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/Joan_Baez_performs_We_Shall_Overcome_Feb_09_2010.webm/Joan_Baez_performs_We_Shall_Overcome_Feb_09_2010.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3a/Joan_Baez_performs_We_Shall_Overcome_Feb_09_2010.webm/Joan_Baez_performs_We_Shall_Overcome_Feb_09_2010.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AJoan_Baez_performs_We_Shall_Overcome_Feb_09_2010.webm&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a> performs "We Shall Overcome" at the White House in front of President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, at a celebration of music from the period of the civil rights movement.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>"<b>We Shall Overcome</b>" is a <a href="/wiki/Gospel_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Gospel song">gospel song</a> that is associated heavily with the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a>. The origins of the song are unclear; it was thought to have descended from "I'll Overcome Some Day," a hymn by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Tindley" title="Charles Albert Tindley">Charles Albert Tindley</a>, while the modern version of the song was first said to have been sung by tobacco workers led by Lucille Simmons during the <a href="/wiki/1945%E2%80%931946_Charleston_Cigar_Factory_strike" title="1945–1946 Charleston Cigar Factory strike">1945–1946 Charleston Cigar Factory strike</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>. </p><p>In 1947, the song was published under the title "<b>We Will Overcome</b>" in an edition of the <i><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Songs" title="People's Songs">People's Songs</a> Bulletin</i>, as a contribution of and with an introduction by <a href="/wiki/Zilphia_Horton" title="Zilphia Horton">Zilphia Horton</a>, then-music director of the <a href="/wiki/Highlander_Folk_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Highlander Folk School">Highlander Folk School</a> of Monteagle, Tennessee—an adult education school that trained union organizers. She taught it to many others, including People's Songs director <a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a>, who included it in his repertoire, as did many other activist singers, such as <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hamilton_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Hamilton (musician)">Frank Hamilton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joe_Glazer" title="Joe Glazer">Joe Glazer</a>. </p><p>In 1959, the song began to be associated with the civil rights movement as a <a href="/wiki/Protest_song" title="Protest song">protest song</a>, when <a href="/wiki/Guy_Carawan" title="Guy Carawan">Guy Carawan</a> stepped in with his and Seeger's version as song leader at Highlander, which was then focused on <a href="/wiki/Nonviolent" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonviolent">nonviolent</a> civil rights activism. It quickly became the movement's unofficial anthem. Seeger and other famous folksingers in the early 1960s, such as <a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a>, sang the song at rallies, folk festivals, and concerts in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_United_States" title="Northern United States">North</a> and helped make it widely known. Since its rise to prominence, the song, and songs based on it, have been used in a variety of protests worldwide. </p><p>The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> of the <i>People's Songs Bulletin</i> issue which contained "We Will Overcome" expired in 1976, but <a href="/wiki/The_Richmond_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="The Richmond Organization">The Richmond Organization</a> (TRO) asserted a copyright on the "We Shall Overcome" lyrics, registered in 1960. In 2017, in response to a lawsuit against TRO over allegations of <a href="/wiki/Copyfraud" title="Copyfraud">false copyright claims</a>, a U.S. judge issued an opinion that the registered work was insufficiently different from the "We Will Overcome" lyrics that had fallen into the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> because of <a href="/wiki/Copyright_renewal" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright renewal">non-renewal</a>. In January 2018, the company agreed to a settlement under which it would no longer assert any copyright claims over the song. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins_as_gospel,_folk,_and_labor_song"><span id="Origins_as_gospel.2C_folk.2C_and_labor_song"></span>Origins as gospel, folk, and labor song</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=We_Shall_Overcome&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins as gospel, folk, and labor song"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"I'll Overcome Some Day" was a hymn or <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel music</a> composition by the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Charles_Albert_Tindley" title="Charles Albert Tindley">Charles Albert Tindley</a> of <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> that was first published in 1901.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A noted minister of the <a href="/wiki/Methodist_Episcopal_Church" title="Methodist Episcopal Church">Methodist Episcopal Church</a>, Tindley was the author of approximately 50 gospel hymns, of which "We'll Understand It By and By" and "<a href="/wiki/Stand_by_Me_(Charles_Albert_Tindley_song)" title="Stand by Me (Charles Albert Tindley song)">Stand By Me</a>" are among the best known. The published text bore the epigraph, "Ye shall overcome if ye faint not", derived from <a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a> 6:9: "And let us not be weary in doing good, for in due season we shall reap, if we faint not." The first stanza began: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>The world is one great battlefield,<br /> With forces all arrayed;<br /> If in my heart I do not yield,<br /> I'll overcome some day. </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Tindley's songs were written in an idiom rooted in <a href="/wiki/African-American_culture" title="African-American culture">African American folk traditions</a>, using pentatonic intervals, with ample space allowed for improvised interpolation, the addition of "blue" thirds and sevenths, and frequently featuring short refrains in which the congregation could join.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tindley's importance, however, was primarily as a lyricist and poet whose words spoke directly to the feelings of his audiences, many of whom had been freed from <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the United States">slavery</a> only 36 years before he first published his songs, and were often impoverished, illiterate, and newly arrived in the North.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Even today," wrote musicologist Horace Boyer in 1983, "ministers quote his texts in the midst of their sermons as if they were poems, as indeed they are."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A letter printed on the front page of February 1909, <i>United Mine Workers Journal</i> states: "Last year at a strike, we opened every meeting with a prayer, and singing that good old song, 'We Will Overcome'." This statement implied that the song was well-known, and it was also the first acknowledgment of such a song having been sung in both a secular context and a mixed-race setting.<sup id="cite_ref-theatlantic-whoowns_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic-whoowns-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ars-overcomes_it_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-overcomes_it-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Tindley's "I'll Overcome Some Day" was believed to have influenced the structure for "We Shall Overcome",<sup id="cite_ref-theatlantic-whoowns_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic-whoowns-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with both the text and the melody having undergone a process of alteration. The tune has been changed so that it now echoes the opening and closing melody of "No More Auction Block For Me",<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known from its refrain as "Many Thousands Gone".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was number 35 in <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth_Higginson" title="Thomas Wentworth Higginson">Thomas Wentworth Higginson</a>'s collection of Negro Spirituals that appeared in the <i><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly">Atlantic Monthly</a></i> of June 1867, with a comment by Higginson reflecting on how such songs were composed (i.e., whether the work of a single author or through what used to be called "communal composition"): </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Even of this last composition, however, we have only the approximate date and know nothing of the mode of composition. <a href="/wiki/Allan_Ramsay_(poet)" title="Allan Ramsay (poet)">Allan Ramsay</a> says of the <i>Scots Songs</i>, that, no matter who made them, they were soon attributed to the minister of the parish whence they sprang. And I always wondered, about these, whether they had always a conscious and definite origin in some leading mind, or whether they grew by gradual accretion, in an almost unconscious way. On this point, I could get no information, though I asked many questions, until at last, one day when I was being rowed across from Beaufort to Ladies' Island, I found myself, with delight, on the actual trail of a song. One of the oarsmen, a brisk young fellow, not a soldier, on being asked for his theory of the matter, dropped out a coy confession. "Some good spirituals," he said, "are start jess out o' curiosity. I been a-raise a sing, myself, once." </p><p>My dream was fulfilled, and I had traced out, not the poem alone, but the poet. I implored him to proceed. </p><p>"Once we boys," he said, "went for to tote some rice, and de nigger-driver, he keep a-calling on us; and I say, 'O, de ole nigger-driver!' Den another said, 'First thing my mammy told me was, notin' so bad as a nigger-driver.' Den I made a sing, just puttin' a word, and den another word." </p><p> Then he began singing, and the men, after listening a moment, joined in the chorus as if it were an old acquaintance, though they evidently had never heard it before. I saw how easily a new "sing" took root among them.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a> used the same melodic motif from "No More Auction Block" for his composition, "<a href="/wiki/Blowin%27_in_the_Wind" title="Blowin' in the Wind">Blowin' in the Wind</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus similarities of melodic and rhythmic patterns imparted cultural and emotional resonance ("the same feeling") towards three different, and historically very significant songs. </p><p>Music scholars have also pointed out that the first half of "We Shall Overcome" bears a notable resemblance to the famous lay Catholic hymn "<a href="/wiki/O_Sanctissima" class="mw-redirect" title="O Sanctissima">O Sanctissima</a>", also known as "The Sicilian Mariners Hymn", first published by a London magazine in 1792 and then by an American magazine in 1794 and widely circulated in American hymnals.<sup id="cite_ref-Bobetsky_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobetsky-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second half of "We Shall Overcome" is essentially the same music as the 19th-century hymn "I'll Be All Right".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Victor Bobetsky summarized in his 2015 book on the subject: "'We Shall Overcome' owes its existence to many ancestors and to the constant change and adaptation that is typical of the folk music process."<sup id="cite_ref-Bobetsky_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bobetsky-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_of_the_Highlander_Folk_School">Role of the Highlander Folk School</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=We_Shall_Overcome&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role of the Highlander Folk School"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In October 1945 in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>, members of the <a href="/wiki/Food,_Tobacco,_Agricultural,_and_Allied_Workers" title="Food, Tobacco, Agricultural, and Allied Workers">Food, Tobacco, Agricultural, and Allied Workers</a> union (FTA-CIO), who were mostly female and African American, began <a href="/wiki/1945%E2%80%931946_Charleston_Cigar_Factory_strike" title="1945–1946 Charleston Cigar Factory strike">a five-month strike</a> against the <a href="/wiki/American_Tobacco_Company" title="American Tobacco Company">American Tobacco Company</a>. To keep up their spirits during the cold, wet winter of 1945–1946, one of the strikers, a woman named Lucille Simmons, led a slow "long meter style" version of the gospel hymn, "We'll Overcome (I'll Be All Right)" to end each day's picketing. Union organizer <a href="/wiki/Zilphia_Horton" title="Zilphia Horton">Zilphia Horton</a>, who was the wife of the co-founder of the <a href="/wiki/Highlander_Folk_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Highlander Folk School">Highlander Folk School</a> (later Highlander Research and Education Center), said she learned it from Simmons. Horton was Highlander's music director during 1935–1956, and it became her custom to end group meetings each evening by leading this, her favorite song. During the presidential campaign of <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wallace" title="Henry A. Wallace">Henry A. Wallace</a>, "We Will Overcome" was printed in <i>Bulletin No. 3</i> (September 1948), 8, of <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Songs" title="People's Songs">People's Songs</a>, with an introduction by Horton saying that she had learned it from the interracial FTA-CIO workers and had found it to be extremely powerful. <a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a>, a founding member of People's Songs and its director for three years, learned it from Horton's version in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeger writes: "I changed it to 'We shall'... I think I liked a more open sound; 'We will' has alliteration to it, but 'We shall' opens the mouth wider; the 'i' in 'will' is not an easy vowel to sing well ...."<sup id="cite_ref-seegar-biography_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-seegar-biography-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeger also added some verses ("We'll walk hand in hand" and "The whole wide world around"). </p><p>In 1950, the CIO's Department of Education and Research released the album, <i>Eight New Songs for Labor</i>, sung by <a href="/wiki/Joe_Glazer" title="Joe Glazer">Joe Glazer</a> ("Labor's Troubador"), and the Elm City Four. (Songs on the album were: "I Ain't No Stranger Now", "Too Old to Work", "That's All", "Humblin' Back", "Shine on Me", "Great Day", "The Mill Was Made of Marble", and "We Will Overcome".) During a Southern CIO drive, Glazer taught the song to country singer Texas Bill Strength, who cut a version that was later picked up by 4-Star Records.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The song made its first recorded appearance as "We Shall Overcome" (rather than "We Will Overcome") in 1952 on a disc recorded by <a href="/wiki/Laura_Duncan_(American_singer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Laura Duncan (American singer)">Laura Duncan</a> (soloist) and The Jewish Young Singers (chorus), conducted by <a href="/wiki/Robert_De_Cormier" title="Robert De Cormier">Robert De Cormier</a>, co-produced by Ernie Lieberman and <a href="/wiki/Irwin_Silber" title="Irwin Silber">Irwin Silber</a> on Hootenany Records (Hoot 104-A) (Folkways, FN 2513, BCD15720), where it is identified as a Negro Spiritual. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hamilton_(musician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Hamilton (musician)">Frank Hamilton</a>, a folk singer from California who was a member of People's Songs and later <a href="/wiki/The_Weavers" title="The Weavers">The Weavers</a>, picked up Seeger's version. Hamilton's friend and traveling companion, fellow-Californian <a href="/wiki/Guy_Carawan" title="Guy Carawan">Guy Carawan</a>, learned the song from Hamilton. Carawan and Hamilton, accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Ramblin_Jack_Elliot" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramblin Jack Elliot">Ramblin Jack Elliot</a>, visited Highlander in the early 1950s where they also would have heard Zilphia Horton sing the song. In 1957, Seeger sang for a Highlander audience that included Dr. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, who remarked on the way to his next stop, in <a href="/wiki/Kentucky" title="Kentucky">Kentucky</a>, about how much the song had stuck with him. When, in 1959, Guy Carawan succeeded Horton as music director at Highlander, he reintroduced it at the school. It was the young (many of them teenagers) student-activists at Highlander, however, who gave the song the words and rhythms for which it is currently known, when they sang it to keep their spirits up during the frightening police raids on Highlander and their subsequent stays in jail in 1959–1960. Because of this, Carawan has been reluctant to claim credit for the song's widespread popularity. In the PBS video <i>We Shall Overcome</i>, <a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a> credits Carawan with teaching and singing the song at the founding meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Raleigh,_North_Carolina" title="Raleigh, North Carolina">Raleigh, North Carolina</a>, in 1960. From there, it spread orally and became an anthem of <a href="/wiki/U.S._Southern_states" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Southern states">Southern</a> African American <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor union</a> and civil rights activism.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seeger has also publicly, in concert, credited Carawan with the primary role of teaching and popularizing the song within the civil rights movement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_in_the_1960s_civil_rights_and_other_protest_movements">Use in the 1960s civil rights and other protest movements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=We_Shall_Overcome&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Use in the 1960s civil rights and other protest movements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In August 1963, 22-year old <a href="/wiki/Folksinger" class="mw-redirect" title="Folksinger">folksinger</a> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Baez" title="Joan Baez">Joan Baez</a> led a crowd of 3,000 in singing "We Shall Overcome" at the <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Memorial" title="Lincoln Memorial">Lincoln Memorial</a> during <a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a>'s <a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="March on Washington">March on Washington</a>. <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyndon Johnson">Lyndon Johnson</a>, himself a Southerner, used the phrase "we shall overcome" in addressing Congress on March 15, 1965,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a speech delivered after the violent "<a href="/wiki/Bloody_sunday_(1965)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloody sunday (1965)">Bloody Sunday</a>" attacks on civil rights demonstrators during the <a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches</a>, thus legitimizing the protest movement. </p><p>Four days before the April 4, 1968 <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.</a>, King recited the words from "We Shall Overcome" in his final sermon, delivered in Memphis on Sunday, March 31.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He had done so in a similar sermon he gave previously in 1965 to an interfaith congregation at <a href="/wiki/Temple_Israel_of_Hollywood" title="Temple Israel of Hollywood">Temple Israel of Hollywood</a>, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>We shall overcome. We shall overcome. Deep in my heart I do believe we shall overcome. And I believe it because somehow the arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends towards justice. We shall overcome because Carlyle is right; "no lie can live forever". We shall overcome because <a href="/wiki/William_Cullen_Bryant" title="William Cullen Bryant">William Cullen Bryant</a> is right; "truth crushed to earth will rise again". We shall overcome because <a href="/wiki/James_Russell_Lowell" title="James Russell Lowell">James Russell Lowell</a> is right: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>Truth forever on the scaffold, <br /> Wrong forever on the throne. <br /> Yet that scaffold sways the future, <br /> And behind the then unknown <br /> Standeth God within the shadow, <br /> Keeping watch above his own. </p> </div></blockquote><p> With this faith, we will be able to hew out of the mountain of despair a stone of hope. With this faith, we will be able to transform the jangling discords of our nation into a beautiful symphony of brotherhood. With this faith, we will be able to speed up the day. And in the words of prophecy, every valley shall be exalted. And every mountain and hill shall be made low. The rough places will be made plain and the crooked places straight. And the glory of the Lord shall be revealed and all flesh shall see it together. This will be a great day. This will be a marvelous hour. And at that moment—figuratively speaking in biblical words—the morning stars will sing together and the sons of God will shout for joy<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>"We Shall Overcome" was sung days later by over fifty thousand attendees at the <a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-Kotz05_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kotz05-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Farmworkers in the United States later sang the song in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a> during the strikes and grape boycotts of the late 1960s.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The song was notably sung by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">U.S.</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senator</a> for <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Kennedy" title="Robert F. Kennedy">Robert F. Kennedy</a>, when he led anti-<a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">Apartheid</a> crowds in choruses from the rooftop of his car while touring <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> in 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was also the song which <a href="/wiki/Abie_Nathan" title="Abie Nathan">Abie Nathan</a> chose to broadcast as the anthem of the <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_Peace" title="Voice of Peace">Voice of Peace</a> radio station on October 1, 1993, and as a result it found its way back to South Africa in the later years of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Apartheid_Movement" title="Anti-Apartheid Movement">Anti-Apartheid Movement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/William_Bradford_Reynolds" title="William Bradford Reynolds">William Bradford Reynolds</a>, facing a mounting torrent of criticism for not moving fast enough on civil rights enforcement in the 1980s, sang "We Shall Overcome" hand in hand with <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a> on a trip to meet with the black communities of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Delta" title="Mississippi Delta">Mississippi Delta</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Rights_Association" title="Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association">Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association</a> adopted "we shall overcome" as a slogan and used it in the title of its retrospective publication, <i>We Shall Overcome – The History of the Struggle for Civil Rights in Northern Ireland 1968–1978</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film <i><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(film)" title="Bloody Sunday (film)">Bloody Sunday</a></i> depicts march leader and <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">Member of Parliament</a> (MP) <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Cooper" title="Ivan Cooper">Ivan Cooper</a> leading the song shortly before 1972's <a href="/wiki/Bloody_Sunday_(1972)" title="Bloody Sunday (1972)">Bloody Sunday shootings</a>. In 1997, the Christian men's ministry, <a href="/wiki/Promise_Keepers" title="Promise Keepers">Promise Keepers</a> featured the song on its worship CD for that year: <i>The Making of a Godly Man</i>, featuring worship leader Donn Thomas and the <a href="/wiki/Maranatha!_Music" title="Maranatha! Music">Maranatha!</a> Promise Band. <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a>'s re-interpretation of the song was included on the 1998 tribute album <i>Where Have All the Flowers Gone: The Songs of Pete Seeger</i> as well as on Springsteen's 2006 album <i><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome:_The_Seeger_Sessions" title="We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions">We Shall Overcome: The Seeger Sessions</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Widespread_adaptation">Widespread adaptation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=We_Shall_Overcome&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Widespread adaptation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"We Shall Overcome" was adopted by various labor, nationalist, and political movements both during and after the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. In his memoir about his years teaching English in <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a>, Mark Allen wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a> in 1989, during the intense weeks of the Velvet Revolution, hundreds of thousands of people sang this haunting music in unison in <a href="/wiki/Wenceslas_Square" title="Wenceslas Square">Wenceslas Square</a>, both in English and in <a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>, with special emphasis on the phrase 'I do believe.' This song's message of hope gave protesters strength to carry on until the powers-that-be themselves finally gave up hope themselves. In the Prague of 1964, Seeger was stunned to find himself being whistled and booed by crowds of <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czechs</a> when he spoke out against the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. But those same crowds had loved and adopted his rendition of 'We Shall Overcome.' History is full of such ironies – if only you are willing to see them.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>'Prague Symphony', Praha Publishing, 2008<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>The words "We shall overcome" are sung emphatically at the end of each verse in a song of Northern Ireland's civil rights movement, <i><a href="/wiki/Free_the_People_(The_Dubliners_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free the People (The Dubliners song)">Free the People</a></i>, which protested against the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Demetrius" title="Operation Demetrius">internment policy of the British Army</a>. The movement in Northern Ireland was keen to emulate the movement in the US and often sang "We shall overcome".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Obamas_and_the_Bidens_link_arms_and_sing_%22We_Shall_Overcome%22,_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Obamas_and_the_Bidens_link_arms_and_sing_%22We_Shall_Overcome%22%2C_2011.jpg/220px-The_Obamas_and_the_Bidens_link_arms_and_sing_%22We_Shall_Overcome%22%2C_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Obamas_and_the_Bidens_link_arms_and_sing_%22We_Shall_Overcome%22%2C_2011.jpg/330px-The_Obamas_and_the_Bidens_link_arms_and_sing_%22We_Shall_Overcome%22%2C_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/The_Obamas_and_the_Bidens_link_arms_and_sing_%22We_Shall_Overcome%22%2C_2011.jpg/440px-The_Obamas_and_the_Bidens_link_arms_and_sing_%22We_Shall_Overcome%22%2C_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President Barack Obama, Vice President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> and their wives link arms and sing "We Shall Overcome" at the dedication of the <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> in 2011.</figcaption></figure> <p>The melody was also used (crediting it to Tindley) in a symphony by American composer William Rowland.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 1999, <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="National Public Radio">National Public Radio</a> included "We Shall Overcome" on the "NPR 100" list of most important American songs of the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a reference to the line, in 2009, after the <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Barack_Obama" title="First inauguration of Barack Obama">first inauguration of Barack Obama</a> as the 44th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, a man holding the banner, "WE HAVE OVERCOME" was seen near the Capitol, a day after hundreds of people posed with the sign on <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the attempted <a href="/wiki/Serial_killer" title="Serial killer">serial killer</a> "<a href="/wiki/Lasermannen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasermannen">Lasermannen</a>" shot several immigrants around <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> in 1992, <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Sweden" title="Prime Minister of Sweden">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Bildt" title="Carl Bildt">Carl Bildt</a> and Immigration Minister <a href="/wiki/Birgit_Friggebo" title="Birgit Friggebo">Birgit Friggebo</a> attended a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Rinkeby" title="Rinkeby">Rinkeby</a>. As the audience became upset, Friggebo tried to calm them down by proposing everyone sing "We Shall Overcome". This statement is widely regarded as one of the most embarrassing moments in Swedish politics. In 2008, the newspaper <i><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Dagbladet" title="Svenska Dagbladet">Svenska Dagbladet</a></i> listed the <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Television" title="Sveriges Television">Sveriges Television</a> recording of the event as the best political clip available on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On June 7, 2010, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Waters" title="Roger Waters">Roger Waters</a> of <a href="/wiki/Pink_Floyd" title="Pink Floyd">Pink Floyd</a> fame released a new version of the song as a protest against the <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israeli</a> blockade of <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On July 22, 2012, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Springsteen" title="Bruce Springsteen">Bruce Springsteen</a> performed the song during the memorial-concert in Oslo after the <a href="/wiki/2011_Norway_attacks" title="2011 Norway attacks">terrorist attacks in Norway</a> on July 22, 2011. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, the renowned poet <a href="/wiki/Girija_Kumar_Mathur" title="Girija Kumar Mathur">Girija Kumar Mathur</a> composed a literal translation in <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> "<i>Hum Honge Kaamyab (हम होंगे कामयाब)</i>" which became a popular patriotic/spiritual song during the 1970s and 1980s, particularly in schools.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This song also came to be used by the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Pilgrims" title="Blue Pilgrims">Blue Pilgrims</a> for motivating the <a href="/wiki/India_men%27s_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="India men's national football team">India national football team</a> during international matches. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>-speaking India and <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>, there are two versions, both of which are popular among schoolchildren and political activists. "<i>Amra Korbo Joy</i>" (আমরা করবো জয়)”, is a literal translation by Bengali folk singer <a href="/wiki/Hemanga_Biswas" title="Hemanga Biswas">Hemanga Biswas</a>, re-recorded by <a href="/wiki/Bhupen_Hazarika" title="Bhupen Hazarika">Bhupen Hazarika</a>. Hazarika, who had heard the song during his days in the United States, also translated the song to <a href="/wiki/Assamese_language" title="Assamese language">Assamese</a> as "<i>Ami hom xophol</i>" (আমি হ'ম সফল).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another version, translated by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shibdas_Bandyopadhyay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shibdas Bandyopadhyay (page does not exist)">Shibdas Bandyopadhyay</a>, "<i>Ek Din Shurjer Bhor</i>" (এক দিন সূর্যের ভোর, literally "<i>One Day The Sun Will Rise</i>") was arranged by <a href="/wiki/Ruma_Guha_Thakurta" title="Ruma Guha Thakurta">Ruma Guha Thakurta</a> and recorded by the <a href="/wiki/Calcutta_Youth_Choir" title="Calcutta Youth Choir">Calcutta Youth Choir</a> during the 1971 <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_War_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh War of Independence">Bangladesh War of Independence</a>, becoming one of the bestselling Bengali records. It was a favorite of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Bangladesh" title="Prime Minister of Bangladesh">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Mujibur_Rahman" title="Sheikh Mujibur Rahman">Sheikh Mujibur Rahman</a>, and it was regularly sung at public events after Bangladesh gained its independence in the early 1970s.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2008)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the Indian <a href="/wiki/States_and_union_territories_of_India" title="States and union territories of India">state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kerala" title="Kerala">Kerala</a>, a traditional <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communist</a> stronghold, the song became popular on college campuses during the late 1970s. It was the struggle song of the <a href="/wiki/Students_Federation_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Students Federation of India">Students Federation of India</a> (SFI), the largest student organisation in the country. The song translated into the local <a href="/wiki/Malayalam" title="Malayalam">Malayalam</a> as “<i>Nammal Vijayikkum”</i> by SFI activist <a href="/w/index.php?title=N._P._Chandrasekharan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N. P. Chandrasekharan (page does not exist)">N. P. Chandrasekharan</a>, using the same tune of the original. Later, it was published in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Student_(SFI_newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Student (SFI newspaper) (page does not exist)">Student</a></i>, the monthly magazine of SFI in Malayalam as well as in <i>Sarvadesheeya Ganangal</i> (Mythri Books, Thiruvananthapuram), a translation of international struggle songs. </p><p>"We Shall Overcome" was a prominent song in the 2010 <a href="/wiki/Bollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="Bollywood">Bollywood</a> film <i><a href="/wiki/My_Name_is_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="My Name is Khan">My Name is Khan</a></i>, which compared the struggle of <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> in modern <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">America</a> with the struggles of <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> in the past. The song was sung in both <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> in the film, which starred <a href="/wiki/Kajol" title="Kajol">Kajol</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shah_Rukh_Khan" title="Shah Rukh Khan">Shahrukh Khan</a>. </p><p>In 2014, a recording of <i>We Shall Overcome</i> arranged by composer <a href="/wiki/Nolan_Williams_Jr." title="Nolan Williams Jr.">Nolan Williams Jr.</a> and featuring <a href="/wiki/Mezzo-soprano" title="Mezzo-soprano">mezzo-soprano</a> <a href="/wiki/Denyce_Graves" title="Denyce Graves">Denyce Graves</a> was among several works of art, including the poem <i><a href="/wiki/A_Brave_and_Startling_Truth" title="A Brave and Startling Truth">A Brave and Startling Truth</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a>, were sent to space on the first test flight of the spacecraft <a href="/wiki/Orion_(spacecraft)" title="Orion (spacecraft)">Orion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Argentines" title="Argentines">Argentine</a> writer and singer <a href="/wiki/Mar%C3%ADa_Elena_Walsh" title="María Elena Walsh">María Elena Walsh</a> wrote a Spanish version called "<i>Venceremos</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a> band <a href="/wiki/Dropkick_Murphys" title="Dropkick Murphys">Dropkick Murphys</a> released their version of the song as a single and music video in 2022. Their version can also be found on the expanded edition of their 2021 album, <i><a href="/wiki/Turn_Up_That_Dial" title="Turn Up That Dial">Turn Up That Dial</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Copyright_status">Copyright status</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=We_Shall_Overcome&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Copyright status"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The copyright status of "We Shall Overcome" was disputed in the late 2010s. A <a href="/wiki/Copyright_registration" title="Copyright registration">copyright registration</a> was made for the song in 1960, which is credited as an <a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">arrangement</a> by Zilphia Horton, Guy Carawan, Frank Hamilton, and Pete Seeger, of a work entitled "I'll Overcome", with no known original author.<sup id="cite_ref-theatlantic-whoowns_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic-whoowns-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Horton's heirs, Carawan, Hamilton, and Seeger share the artists' half of the rights, and The Richmond Organization (TRO), which includes Ludlow Music, Essex, Folkways Music, and Hollis Music, holds the publishers' rights, to 50% of the royalty earnings. Seeger explained that he registered the copyright under the advice of TRO, who showed concern that someone else could register it. "At that time we didn't know Lucille Simmons' name", Seeger said.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their royalties go to the "We Shall Overcome" Fund, administered by Highlander under the trusteeship of the "writers". Such funds are purportedly used to give small grants for cultural expression involving African Americans organizing in the U.S. South.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In April 2016, a lawsuit was filed against TRO and Ludlow by the We Shall Overcome Foundation (WSOF), a group led by producer <a href="/wiki/Isaias_Gamboa_(music_producer)" title="Isaias Gamboa (music producer)">Isaias Gamboa</a> that was denied permission to use the song in a documentary on its history. The suit alleged that the TRO-Ludlow copyright claims were invalid because the copyright had not been renewed as required by <a href="/wiki/United_States_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States copyright law">United States copyright law</a> at the time, and that the copyright of the 1948 <i>People's Songs</i> publication containing "We Will Overcome" had therefore expired in 1976. Additionally, it was argued that the registered copyrights only covered specific arrangements of the tune and "obscure alternate verses", that the registered works "did not contain original works of authorship, except to the extent of the arrangements themselves", and that no record of a work entitled "I'll Overcome" existed in the database of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Office" title="United States Copyright Office">United States Copyright Office</a>. The WSOF was working on a documentary about the song and its history, and were denied permission to use the song by TRO-Ludlow. The suit sought to have the copyright status of the song clarified, and the return of all royalties collected by the companies from its usage.<sup id="cite_ref-theatlantic-whoowns_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic-whoowns-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The suit acknowledged that Seeger himself had not claimed to be an author of the song, stating of the song in his autobiography, "No one is certain who changed 'will' to 'shall.' It could have been me with my <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard</a> education. But Septima Clarke, a Charleston schoolteacher (who was director of education at Highlander and after the civil rights movement was elected year after year to the Charleston, S.C. Board of Education) always preferred 'shall.' It sings better." He also reaffirmed that the decision to copyright the song was a defensive measure, with his publisher apparently warning him that "if you don't copyright this now, some Hollywood types will have a version out next year like 'Come on Baby, We shall overcome tonight<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>". Furthermore, the liner notes of Seeger's compilation album <i>If I Had a Hammer: Songs of Hope & Struggle</i> contained a summary on the purported history of the song, stating that "We Shall Overcome" was "probably adapted from the 19th-century hymn, 'I'll Be All Right<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>", and that "I'll Overcome Some Day" was a "possible source" and may have originally been adapted from "I'll Be All Right".<sup id="cite_ref-suit-pdf_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suit-pdf-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gamboa had shown interest in investigating the origins of "We Shall Overcome";<sup id="cite_ref-theatlantic-whoowns_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic-whoowns-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in a book entitled <i><a href="/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome:_Sacred_Song_On_The_Devil%27s_Tongue" class="mw-redirect" title="We Shall Overcome: Sacred Song On The Devil's Tongue">We Shall Overcome: Sacred Song On The Devil's Tongue</a></i>, he notably disputed the song's claimed origins and copyright registration with an alternate theory, suggesting that "We Shall Overcome" was actually derived from "If My Jesus Wills", a hymn by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Shropshire" title="Louise Shropshire">Louise Shropshire</a> that had been composed in the 1930s and had its copyright registered in 1954.<sup id="cite_ref-cincicom-belongstocincy_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cincicom-belongstocincy-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WSOF lawsuit did not invoke this theory, focusing instead on the original belief that the song stemmed from "We Will Overcome".<sup id="cite_ref-theatlantic-whoowns_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-theatlantic-whoowns-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suit-pdf_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suit-pdf-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lawyer backing Gamboa's suit, Mark C. Rifkin, was previously involved in a case that invalidated copyright claims over the song "<a href="/wiki/Happy_Birthday_to_You" title="Happy Birthday to You">Happy Birthday to You</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-billboard-weshalllawsuit_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-billboard-weshalllawsuit-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 8, 2017, Judge <a href="/wiki/Denise_Cote" title="Denise Cote">Denise Cote</a> of the Southern District of New York issued an opinion that there were insufficient differences between the first verse of the "We Shall Overcome" lyrics registered by TRO-Ludlow, and the "We Will Overcome" lyrics from <i>People's Songs</i> (specifically, the aforementioned replacement of "will" with "shall", and changing "down in my heart" to "deep in my heart") for it to qualify as a <a href="/wiki/Threshold_of_originality" title="Threshold of originality">distinct</a> derivative work eligible for its own copyright.<sup id="cite_ref-Ars_Technica_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ars_Technica-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On January 26, 2018, TRO-Ludlow agreed to a final settlement, under which it would no longer claim copyright over the melody or lyrics to "We Shall Overcome".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, TRO-Ludlow agreed that the melody and lyrics were thereafter dedicated to the public domain.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=We_Shall_Overcome&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">Civil rights movement in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">Timeline of the civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_child%27s_prayer#Spirituals" title="Christian child's prayer">Christian child's prayer § Spirituals</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=We_Shall_Overcome&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTindley1900" class="citation book cs1">Tindley, C. Albert (1900). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymnary.org/hymn/NSoG1900/27">"I'll Overcome Some Day"</a>. <i>New Songs of the Gospel</i>. Philadelphia: Hall-Mack Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=I%27ll+Overcome+Some+Day&rft.btitle=New+Songs+of+the+Gospel&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Hall-Mack+Co.&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Tindley&rft.aufirst=C.+Albert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymnary.org%2Fhymn%2FNSoG1900%2F27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horace Clarence Boyer, "Charles Albert Tindley: Progenitor of Black-American Gospel Music", <i>The Black Perspective in Music</i> 11: No. 2 (Autumn, 1983), pp. 103–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyer, [1983], p. 113. "Tindley was a composer for whom the lyrics constituted its major element; while the melody and were handled with care, these elements were regarded as subservient to the text."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boyer (1983), p. 113.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-theatlantic-whoowns-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-theatlantic-whoowns_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theatlantic-whoowns_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theatlantic-whoowns_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theatlantic-whoowns_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theatlantic-whoowns_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-theatlantic-whoowns_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham2016" class="citation web cs1">Graham, David A. (14 April 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2016/04/we-shall-overcome-lawsuit/478068/">"Who Owns 'We Shall Overcome'?"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=Who+Owns+%27We+Shall+Overcome%27%3F&rft.date=2016-04-14&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=David+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fentertainment%2Farchive%2F2016%2F04%2Fwe-shall-overcome-lawsuit%2F478068%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ars-overcomes_it-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ars-overcomes_it_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2016/04/lawyers-who-won-happy-birthday-copyright-case-sue-over-we-shall-overcome/">"Lawyers who won Happy Birthday copyright case sue over "We Shall Overcome"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. 13 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Lawyers+who+won+Happy+Birthday+copyright+case+sue+over+%22We+Shall+Overcome%22&rft.date=2016-04-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Ftech-policy%2F2016%2F04%2Flawyers-who-won-happy-birthday-copyright-case-sue-over-we-shall-overcome%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The United Mine Workers was racially integrated from its founding and was notable for having a large black presence, particularly in Alabama and West Virginia. The Alabama branch, whose membership was three-quarters black, in particular, met with fierce, racially-based resistance during a strike in 1908 and was crushed. See Daniel Letwin, "Interracial Unionism, Gender, and Social Equality in the Alabama Coalfields, 1878–1908", <i>The Journal of Southern History</i> LXI: 3 (August 1955): 519–554.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James Fuld tentatively attributes the change to the version by Atron Twigg and Kenneth Morris. See James J. Fuld, <i>The Book of World-Famous Music: Classical, Popular, and Folk</i> (noted by Wallace and Wallechinsky)1966; New York: Dover, 1995). According to <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Alan Lomax</a>'s <i>The Folk Songs of North America</i>, "No More Auction Block For Me" originated in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> and it was sung by former slaves who fled there after <a href="/wiki/Slavery_Abolition_Act_1833" title="Slavery Abolition Act 1833">Britain abolished slavery in 1833</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eileen Southern, <i>The Music of Black Americans: A History</i>, Second Edition (Norton, 1971): 546–47, 159–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigginson1867" class="citation journal cs1">Higginson, Thomas Wentworth (June 1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/issues/1867jun/spirit.htm">"Negro Spirituals"</a>. <i>The Atlantic Monthly</i>. <b>19</b> (116): 685–694.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=Negro+Spirituals&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=116&rft.pages=685-694&rft.date=1867-06&rft.aulast=Higginson&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Wentworth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fissues%2F1867jun%2Fspirit.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the sleeve notes to Bob Dylan's "Bootleg Series Volumes 1–3" – "...it was Pete Seeger who first identified Dylan's adaptation of the melody of this song ["No More Auction Block"] for the composition of "Blowin' in the Wind". Indeed, Dylan himself was to admit the debt in 1978, when he told journalist Marc Rowland: "Blowin' in the Wind" has always been spiritual. I took it off a song called "No More Auction Block" – that's a spiritual, and "Blowin' in the Wind sorta follows the same feeling..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bobetsky-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bobetsky_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bobetsky_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobetsky2015" class="citation book cs1">Bobetsky, Victor V. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dT_xBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1"><i>We Shall Overcome: Essays on a Great American Song</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 1–13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781442236035" title="Special:BookSources/9781442236035"><bdi>9781442236035</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Shall+Overcome%3A+Essays+on+a+Great+American+Song&rft.pages=1-13&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781442236035&rft.aulast=Bobetsky&rft.aufirst=Victor+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DdT_xBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeward1792" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Seward_(anecdotist)" title="William Seward (anecdotist)">Seward, William</a> (November 1792). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NsMPAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA342">"Drossiana. Number XXXVIII. The Sicilian Mariner's Hymn to the Virgin"</a>. <i>European Magazine</i>. <b>22</b> (5): 342, 385–386<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Magazine&rft.atitle=Drossiana.+Number+XXXVIII.+The+Sicilian+Mariner%27s+Hymn+to+the+Virgin&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=342%2C+385-386&rft.date=1792-11&rft.aulast=Seward&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNsMPAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaw1794" class="citation journal cs1">Shaw, Robert, ed. (May 1794). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdss.org/elibrary/Easmes/Source0/S000893.htm">"Prayer of the Sicilian Mariners"</a>. <i>The Gentleman's Amusement</i>: 25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Gentleman%27s+Amusement&rft.atitle=Prayer+of+the+Sicilian+Mariners&rft.pages=25&rft.date=1794-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdss.org%2Felibrary%2FEasmes%2FSource0%2FS000893.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkPolman1988" class="citation book cs1">Brink, Emily; Polman, Bert, eds. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hymnary.org/tune/sicilian_mariners"><i>The Psalter Hymnal Handbook</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psalter+Hymnal+Handbook&rft.date=1988&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hymnary.org%2Ftune%2Fsicilian_mariners&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallechinskyWallace1978" class="citation book cs1">Wallechinsky, David; Wallace, Irving, eds. (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150225110157/http://taylorhousemuseum.org/history/charles-albert-tindley/"><i>The People's Almanac #2</i></a>. pp. 806–809. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taylorhousemuseum.org/history/charles-albert-tindley/">the original</a> on February 25, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Almanac+%232&rft.pages=806-809&rft.date=1978&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaylorhousemuseum.org%2Fhistory%2Fcharles-albert-tindley%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKytleRoberts2015" class="citation news cs1">Kytle, Ethan J.; Roberts, Blain (March 15, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/15/opinion/sunday/birth-of-a-freedom-anthem.html">"Birth of a Freedom Anthem"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Birth+of+a+Freedom+Anthem&rft.date=2015-03-15&rft.aulast=Kytle&rft.aufirst=Ethan+J.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+Blain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2015%2F03%2F15%2Fopinion%2Fsunday%2Fbirth-of-a-freedom-anthem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunaway, 1990, 222–223; Seeger, 1993, 32; see also, Robbie Lieberman, <i>My Song Is My Weapon: People's Songs, American Communism, and the Politics of Culture, 1930–50</i> (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, [1989] 1995) p. 46, p. 185</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-seegar-biography-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-seegar-biography_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeeger1997" class="citation book cs1">Seeger, Pete (1997). <i>Where Have All The Flowers Gone – A Musical Autobiography</i>. Bethlehem, PA: Sing Out. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1881322106" title="Special:BookSources/1881322106"><bdi>1881322106</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Where+Have+All+The+Flowers+Gone+%E2%80%93+A+Musical+Autobiography&rft.place=Bethlehem%2C+PA&rft.pub=Sing+Out&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=1881322106&rft.aulast=Seeger&rft.aufirst=Pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ronald Cohen and Dave Samuelson, <i>Songs for Political Action: Folkmusic, Topical Songs And the American Left 1926–1953</i>, book published as part of Bear Family Records 10-CD box set issued in Germany in 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunaway, 1990, 222–223; Seeger, 1993, 32.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyndon Johnson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyplace.com/speeches/johnson.htm">speech</a> of March 15, 1965, accessed March 28, 2007 on HistoryPlace.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111012013617/http://prospect.org/csnc/blogs/ezraklein_archive?month=06&year=2008&base_name=a_new_normal">"A new normal"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prospect.org/csnc/blogs/ezraklein_archive?month=06&year=2008&base_name=a_new_normal">the original</a> on 2011-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-10-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+new+normal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prospect.org%2Fcsnc%2Fblogs%2Fezraklein_archive%3Fmonth%3D06%26year%3D2008%26base_name%3Da_new_normal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hearingvoices.com/transcript.php?fID=314">"Hearing Voices - Radio Transcript #"</a>. <i>Hearingvoices.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 March</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hearingvoices.com&rft.atitle=Hearing+Voices+-+Radio+Transcript+%23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhearingvoices.com%2Ftranscript.php%3FfID%3D314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">From the first King had liked to cite these same inspiration passages. "The arc of the moral universe is long, but it bends toward justice" is from the writings of <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="Theodore Parker">Theodore Parker</a> the Unitarian abolitionist minister who was King's favorite theologian. Compare the transcript of this 1957 speech given in Washington, D.C.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mlkonline.net/ballot.html">"Give Us the Ballot"</a>. Address Delivered at the Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom, Washington D.C. 1957-05-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Give+Us+the+Ballot&rft.pub=Address+Delivered+at+the+Prayer+Pilgrimage+for+Freedom%2C+Washington+D.C.&rft.date=1957-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mlkonline.net%2Fballot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kotz05-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kotz05_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKotz2005" class="citation book cs1">Kotz, Nick (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/judgmentdayslynd00kotz/page/419">"14. Another Martyr"</a>. <i>Judgment days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King Jr., and the laws that changed America</i>. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/judgmentdayslynd00kotz/page/419">419</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-618-08825-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-618-08825-3"><bdi>0-618-08825-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=14.+Another+Martyr&rft.btitle=Judgment+days%3A+Lyndon+Baines+Johnson%2C+Martin+Luther+King+Jr.%2C+and+the+laws+that+changed+America&rft.place=Boston&rft.pages=419&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-618-08825-3&rft.aulast=Kotz&rft.aufirst=Nick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjudgmentdayslynd00kotz%2Fpage%2F419&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlan_J._Watt2010" class="citation book cs1">Alan J. Watt (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jTw3BlZgZvYC&q=we+shall+overcome+El+Teatro+Campesino&pg=PA80"><i>Farm Workers and the Churches: The Movement in California and Texas, Volume 8</i></a>. Texas A&M University Press. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781603441933" title="Special:BookSources/9781603441933"><bdi>9781603441933</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Farm+Workers+and+the+Churches%3A+The+Movement+in+California+and+Texas%2C+Volume+8&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781603441933&rft.au=Alan+J.+Watt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjTw3BlZgZvYC%26q%3Dwe%2Bshall%2Bovercome%2BEl%2BTeatro%2BCampesino%26pg%3DPA80&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas,_Evan2002" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Evan (2002-09-10). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/322"><i>Robert Kennedy: His Life</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/robertkennedy00thom/page/322">322</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0329-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-0329-1"><bdi>0-7432-0329-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Robert+Kennedy%3A+His+Life&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2002-09-10&rft.isbn=0-7432-0329-1&rft.au=Thomas%2C+Evan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frobertkennedy00thom%2Fpage%2F322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dunaway ([1981, 1990] 2008) p. 243.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowd1983" class="citation magazine cs1">Dowd, Maureen (1983-07-25). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/archive/6699675/suddenly-it-was-all-action/">"Suddenly It Was All Action"</a>. <i>TIME</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 October</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prague+Symphony&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Praha+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Fdigitalarchive%2Fcontent%2Fserver15982.contentdm.oclc.org%2FBSYMO%2FPROG%2FTRUSVolume6%2FPub411_1959-1960_Trip_SandCam_Con01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcClements2017" class="citation news cs1">McClements, Freya (4 March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/art-and-design/derry-and-we-shall-overcome-we-plagiarised-an-entire-movement-1.2989759">"Derry and 'We Shall Overcome': 'We plagiarised an entire movement'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Irish_Times" title="The Irish Times">The Irish Times</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Derry+and+%27We+Shall+Overcome%27%3A+%27We+plagiarised+an+entire+movement%27&rft.date=2017-03-04&rft.aulast=McClements&rft.aufirst=Freya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fculture%2Fart-and-design%2Fderry-and-we-shall-overcome-we-plagiarised-an-entire-movement-1.2989759&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/programs/specials/vote/100list.html">"The NPR 100 The most important American musical works of the 20th century"</a>. <i>Npr.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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January 20, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.svd.se/nyheter/inrikes/ledarbloggens-youtubiana-hela-listan_1811227.svd">Ledarbloggens Youtubiana – hela listan!</a> <i>Svenska Dagbladet</i>, 2 October 2008 <span class="languageicon">(in Swedish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.floydianslip.com/news/2010/06/roger-waters-releases-we-shall-overcome-video/">Roger Waters releases "We Shall Overcome" video</a>, <i>Floydian Slip</i>, June 7, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prayogshala.com/poems/hum-honge-kaamyab">"Lyrics of Hum Honge Kaamyab (Hindi)"</a>. <i>Prayogshala.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NASA&rft.atitle=Orion+Flight+Test+to+Carry+Mementos+and+Inspirational+Items&rft.date=2014-11-25&rft.aulast=Siceloff&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Fcontent%2Forion-flight-test-to-carry-mementos-and-inspirational-items&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/obituaries/maria-elena-walsh-argentine-writer-and-singer-dies-at-80/2011/01/11/ABIM4JJ_story.html">"Maria Elena Walsh, Argentine writer and singer, dies at 80"</a>. <i>Washington Post</i>. Associated Press. 11 January 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Maria+Elena+Walsh%2C+Argentine+writer+and+singer%2C+dies+at+80&rft.date=2011-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Flocal%2Fobituaries%2Fmaria-elena-walsh-argentine-writer-and-singer-dies-at-80%2F2011%2F01%2F11%2FABIM4JJ_story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsrYA28CtYQ">"Dropkick Murphys "We Shall Overcome" (Music Video)"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. 15 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Dropkick+Murphys+%22We+Shall+Overcome%22+%28Music+Video%29&rft.date=2022-03-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DAsrYA28CtYQ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Seeger, 1993, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Highlander Reports</i>, 2004, p. 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-suit-pdf-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-suit-pdf_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-suit-pdf_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/04/We.shall_.overcome.complaint.pdf">"We Shall Overcome Foundation, C.A. No. on behalf of itself and all others similarly situated v. The Richmond Organization, Inc. (TRO Inc.) and Ludlow Music, Inc"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Southern_District_of_New_York" title="United States District Court for the Southern District of New York">S.D.N.Y.</a><span class="reference-accessdate"> Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=We+Shall+Overcome+Foundation%2C+C.A.+No.+on+behalf+of+itself+and+all+others+similarly+situated+v.+The+Richmond+Organization%2C+Inc.+%28TRO+Inc.%29+and+Ludlow+Music%2C+Inc.&rft.pub=S.D.N.Y.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2016%2F04%2FWe.shall_.overcome.complaint.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cincicom-belongstocincy-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cincicom-belongstocincy_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cincinnati.com/story/news/2015/02/01/shall-overcome-belongs-cincinnati/22593805/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'We Shall Overcome' belongs to Cincinnati"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_Enquirer" class="mw-redirect" title="Cincinnati Enquirer">Cincinnati Enquirer</a></i>. Gannett Company<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cincinnati+Enquirer&rft.atitle=%27We+Shall+Overcome%27+belongs+to+Cincinnati&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cincinnati.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2F2015%2F02%2F01%2Fshall-overcome-belongs-cincinnati%2F22593805%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGamboaHenryOwen2012" class="citation book cs1">Gamboa, Isaias; Henry, JoAnne F.; Owen, Audrey (2012). <i>We Shall Overcome: Sacred Song On The Devil's Tongue</i>. Beverly Hills, California: Amapola. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0615475288" title="Special:BookSources/978-0615475288"><bdi>978-0615475288</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Shall+Overcome%3A+Sacred+Song+On+The+Devil%27s+Tongue&rft.place=Beverly+Hills%2C+California&rft.pub=Amapola&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0615475288&rft.aulast=Gamboa&rft.aufirst=Isaias&rft.au=Henry%2C+JoAnne+F.&rft.au=Owen%2C+Audrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-billboard-weshalllawsuit-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-billboard-weshalllawsuit_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.billboard.com/articles/business/7332976/we-shall-overcome-public-domain-lawsuit-copyright">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Happy Birthday' Legal Team Turns Attention to 'We Shall Overcome'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Billboard</i>. 12 April 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 15,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billboard&rft.atitle=%27Happy+Birthday%27+Legal+Team+Turns+Attention+to+%27We+Shall+Overcome%27&rft.date=2016-04-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.billboard.com%2Farticles%2Fbusiness%2F7332976%2Fwe-shall-overcome-public-domain-lawsuit-copyright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ars_Technica-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ars_Technica_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/09/the-most-famous-civil-rights-song-we-shall-overcome-is-no-longer-copyrighted/">"Judge throws out 57-year-old copyright on 'We Shall Overcome'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. September 11, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Judge+throws+out+57-year-old+copyright+on+%27We+Shall+Overcome%27&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Ftech-policy%2F2017%2F09%2Fthe-most-famous-civil-rights-song-we-shall-overcome-is-no-longer-copyrighted%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarr2017" class="citation news cs1">Karr, Rick (September 11, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2017/09/11/550209220/federal-judge-rules-first-verse-of-we-shall-overcome-public-domain">"Federal Judge Rules First Verse Of 'We Shall Overcome' Public Domain"</a>. <i>Npr.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 11,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Npr.org&rft.atitle=Federal+Judge+Rules+First+Verse+Of+%27We+Shall+Overcome%27+Public+Domain&rft.date=2017-09-11&rft.aulast=Karr&rft.aufirst=Rick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2017%2F09%2F11%2F550209220%2Ffederal-judge-rules-first-verse-of-we-shall-overcome-public-domain&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">As published in copyright registration numbers EU 645288 (27 October 1960) and EP 179877 (7 October 1963).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner" class="citation news cs1">Gardner, Eriq. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr-esq/song-publisher-agrees-we-overcome-public-domain-legal-settlement-1078906">"Song Publisher Agrees 'We Shall Overcome' Is in Public Domain in Legal Settlement"</a>. <i>Hollywood Reporter</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Song+Publisher+Agrees+%27We+Shall+Overcome%27+Is+in+Public+Domain+in+Legal+Settlement&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Eriq&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fthr-esq%2Fsong-publisher-agrees-we-overcome-public-domain-legal-settlement-1078906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200922085951/http://www.whafh.com/case/wolf-haldenstein-frees-copyright-shall-overcome-uss-powerful-song">"Wolf Haldenstein Frees the Copyright to we Shall Overcome, the US's Most Powerful Song"</a>. <i>Whafh.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whafh.com/case/wolf-haldenstein-frees-copyright-shall-overcome-uss-powerful-song">the original</a> on 22 September 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Whafh.com&rft.atitle=Wolf+Haldenstein+Frees+the+Copyright+to+we+Shall+Overcome%2C+the+US%27s+Most+Powerful+Song&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whafh.com%2Fcase%2Fwolf-haldenstein-frees-copyright-shall-overcome-uss-powerful-song&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whafh.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/wso-stipulation-and-order-filed.pdf">"Stipulation and Order of Dismissal With Prejudice"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Whafh.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 14,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Whafh.com&rft.atitle=Stipulation+and+Order+of+Dismissal+With+Prejudice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whafh.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F01%2Fwso-stipulation-and-order-filed.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWe+Shall+Overcome" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=We_Shall_Overcome&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dylan, Li<i>How Can I Keep from Singing: Pete Seeger</i>, (orig. pub. 1981, reissued 1990). Da Capo, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-80399-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-80399-2">0-306-80399-2</a>.</li> <li>___, "The We Shall Overcome Fund". <i>Highlander Reports</i>, newsletter of the Highlander Research and Education Center, August–November 2004, p. 3.</li> <li><i>We Shall Overcome</i>, PBS Home Video 174, 1990, 58 minutes.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=We_Shall_Overcome&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Sing for Freedom: The Story of the Civil Rights Movement Through Its Songs</i>: Compiled and edited by Guy and Candie Carawan; foreword by Julian Bond (New South Books, 2007), comprising two classic collections of freedom songs: <i> We Shall Overcome</i> (1963) and <i>Freedom Is A Constant Struggle</i> (1968), reprinted in a single edition. The book includes a major new introduction by Guy and Candie Carawan, words and music to the songs, important documentary photographs, and firsthand accounts by participants in the civil rights movement. Available from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20070619072824/http://www.highlandercenter.org/r-b-songbooks.asp">Highlander Center</a>.</li> <li><i>We Shall Overcome! Songs of the Southern Freedom Movement</i>: Julius Lester, editorial assistant. Ethel Raim, music editor: Additional musical transcriptions: Joseph Byrd [and] Guy Carawan. New York: Oak Publications, 1963.</li> <li><i>Freedom is a Constant Struggle</i>, compiled and edited by Guy and Candie Carawan. Oak Publications, 1968.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Tsesis" title="Alexander Tsesis">Alexander Tsesis</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=9780300118377"><i>We Shall Overcome: A History of Civil Rights and the Law</i></a>. Yale University Press, 2008.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314093213/http://www.weshallovercomebook.com/overcome_book/Home.html"><i>We Shall Overcome: A Song that Changed the World</i></a>, by Stuart Stotts, illustrated by Terrance Cummings, foreword by Pete Seeger. New York: Clarion Books, 2010.</li> <li><i>Sing for Freedom</i>, Folkways Records, produced by Guy and Candie Carawan, and the Highlander Center. Field recordings from 1960 to 1988, with the Freedom Singers, Birmingham Movement Choir, Georgia Sea Island Singers, Doc Reese, Phil Ochs, Pete Seeger, Len Chandler, and many others. Smithsonian-Folkways CD version 1990.</li> <li><i>We Shall Overcome: The Complete Carnegie Hall Concert, June 8, 1963, Historic Live recording June 8, 1963</i>. 2-disc set, includes the full concert, starring Pete Seeger, with the Freedom Singers, Columbia # 45312, 1989. Re-released 1997 by Sony as a box CD set.</li> <li><i>Voices Of The Civil Rights Movement: Black American Freedom Songs 1960–1966</i>. Box CD set, with the Freedom Singers, Fanny Lou Hammer, and Bernice Johnson Reagon. Smithsonian-Folkways CD ASIN: B000001DJT (1997).</li> <li>Durman, C 2015, 'We Shall Overcome: Essays on a Great American Song edited by Victor V. Bobetsky', <i>Music Reference Services Quarterly</i>, vol. 8, iss. 3, pp. 185–187</li> <li>Graham, D 2016, "Who Owns 'We Shall Overcome'?", <i>The Atlantic</i>, 14 April, accessed 28 April 2017, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/entertainment/archive/2016/04/we-shall-overcome-lawsuit/478068/">Who Owns 'We Shall Overcome'?</a></li> <li>Clark, B. & Borchert, S 2015, "Pete Seeger, Musical Revolutionary", <i>Monthly Review</i>, vol. 66, no. 8, pp. 20–29</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=We_Shall_Overcome&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome_(song)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:We Shall Overcome (song)">We Shall Overcome (song)</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1031839">We Shall Overcome</a> on <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">National Public Radio</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/We_Shall_Overcome_(song)" class="extiw" title="s:We Shall Overcome (song)">Lyrics</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturalequity.org/alanlomax/ce_alanlomax_profile_carawan.php">Authorized Profile of Guy Carawan with history of the song, "We Shall Overcome" from the Association of Cultural Equity</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eastvillageradio.com/modules.php?name=evrsearch"><i>Freedom in the Air: Albany Georgia. 1961–62. SNCC #101</i>.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191012010027/http://www.eastvillageradio.com/modules.php%3Fname%3Devrsearch">Archived</a> 2019-10-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Recorded by Guy Carawan, produced for the Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee by Guy Carawan and Alan Lomax. "<i>Freedom In the Air</i> ... is a record of the 1961 protest in Albany, Georgia, when, two weeks before Christmas, 737 people brought the town nearly to a halt to force its integration. The record's never been reissued and that's a shame, as it's a moving document of a community through its protest songs, church services, and experiences in the thick of the civil rights struggle."—Nathan Salsburg, host, <i>Root Hog or Die</i>, East Village Radio, January 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysongbook.de/msb/songs/w/weshallo.html">Susanne's Folksong-Notizen</a>, excerpts from various articles, liner notes, etc. about "We Shall Overcome".</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gersic.com/writing.php?id=18">Musical Transcription</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130922052545/http://gersic.com/writing.php?id=18">Archived</a> 2013-09-22 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> of "We Shall Overcome," based on a recording of Pete Seeger's version, sung with the SNCC Freedom Singers on the 1963 live Carnegie Hall recording, and the 1988 version by Pete Seeger sung at a reunion concert with Pete and the Freedom Singers on the anthology, <i>Sing for Freedom</i>, recorded in the field 1960–88 and edited and annotated by Guy and Candie Carawan, released in 1990 as Smithsonian-Folkways CD SF 40032.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=5362968">NPR news article</a> including full streaming versions of Pete Seeger's classic 1963 live Carnegie Hall recording and Bruce Springsteen's tribute version.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc19769/m1/">"Pete Seeger & the story of 'We Shall Overcome'"</a> from 1968 interview on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pop_Chronicles" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pop Chronicles">The Pop Chronicles</a></i>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blogs.citypages.com/pscholtes/2006/06/something_about.asp">"Something About That Song Haunts You"</a>, essay on the history of "We Shall Overcome," <i>Complicated Fun</i>, June 9, 2006.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.allbusiness.com/retail-trade/miscellaneous-retail-retail-stores-not/4609485-1.html">"Howie Richmond Views Craft Of Song: Publishing Giant Celebrates 50 Years As TRO Founder", by Irv Lichtman, <i>Billboard</i>, 8, 28, 1999</a>. Excerpt: "Key folk songs in the [TRO] catalog, as arranged by a number of folklorists, are 'We Shall Overcome,' 'Kisses Sweeter Than Wine' 'On Top Of Old Smokey,' 'So Long, It's Been Good To Know You,' 'Goodnight Irene,' 'If I Had A Hammer,' 'Tom Dooley,' and 'Rock Island Line.'"</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Civil_rights_movement" title="Template talk:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Civil_rights_movement" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Civil rights movement"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Civil_rights_movement_(1954–1968)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil rights movement</a> (1954–1968)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Events<br />(<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Timeline of the civil rights movement">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Prior to 1954</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Journey_of_Reconciliation" title="Journey of Reconciliation">Journey of Reconciliation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Order_9981" title="Executive Order 9981">Executive Order 9981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Harry_and_Harriette_Moore" title="Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore">Murders of Harry and Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/McLaurin_v._Oklahoma_State_Regents" title="McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents">McLaurin v. Oklahoma State Regents</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_Rouge_bus_boycott" title="Baton Rouge bus boycott">Baton Rouge bus boycott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1954–1959</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Brown_v._Board_of_Education" title="Brown v. Board of Education">Brown v. Board of Education</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bolling_v._Sharpe" title="Bolling v. Sharpe">Bolling v. Sharpe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Briggs_v._Elliott" title="Briggs v. Elliott">Briggs v. Elliott</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._County_School_Board_of_Prince_Edward_County" title="Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County">Davis v. Prince Edward County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gebhart_v._Belton" title="Gebhart v. Belton">Gebhart v. Belton</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Keys_v._Carolina_Coach_Co." title="Keys v. Carolina Coach Co.">Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till" title="Emmett Till">Emmett Till</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_bus_boycott" title="Montgomery bus boycott">Montgomery bus boycott</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Browder_v._Gayle" title="Browder v. Gayle">Browder v. Gayle</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallahassee_bus_boycott" title="Tallahassee bus boycott">Tallahassee bus boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mansfield_school_desegregation_incident" title="Mansfield school desegregation incident">Mansfield school desegregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_Pilgrimage_for_Freedom" title="Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom">1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">Give Us the Ballot</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ice_Cream_sit-in" title="Royal Ice Cream sit-in">Royal Ice Cream sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Rock_Nine" title="Little Rock Nine">Little Rock Nine</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Cooper_v._Aaron" title="Cooper v. Aaron">Cooper v. Aaron</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1957" title="Civil Rights Act of 1957">Civil Rights Act of 1957</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministers%27_Manifesto" title="Ministers' Manifesto">Ministers' Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katz_Drug_Store_sit-in" title="Katz Drug Store sit-in">Katz Drug Store sit-in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kissing_Case" title="Kissing Case">Kissing Case</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biloxi_wade-ins" title="Biloxi wade-ins">Biloxi wade-ins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1960–1963</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Year%27s_Day_March" title="New Year's Day March">New Year's Day March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sit-in_movement" title="Sit-in movement">Sit-in movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greensboro_sit-ins" title="Greensboro sit-ins">Greensboro sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_sit-ins" title="Nashville sit-ins">Nashville sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibley_Commission" title="Sibley Commission">Sibley Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_sit-ins" title="Atlanta sit-ins">Atlanta sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savannah_Protest_Movement" title="Savannah Protest Movement">Savannah Protest Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenville_Eight" title="Greenville Eight">Greenville Eight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1960" title="Civil Rights Act of 1960">Civil Rights Act of 1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ax_Handle_Saturday" title="Ax Handle Saturday">Ax Handle Saturday</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gomillion_v._Lightfoot" title="Gomillion v. Lightfoot">Gomillion v. Lightfoot</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Boynton_v._Virginia" title="Boynton v. Virginia">Boynton v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Georgia_desegregation_riot" title="University of Georgia desegregation riot">University of Georgia desegregation riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friendship_Nine" title="Friendship Nine">Rock Hill sit-ins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_Day_Address" title="Law Day Address">Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders" title="Freedom Riders">Freedom Rides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anniston_bus_bombing" class="mw-redirect" title="Anniston bus bombing">Anniston bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_bus_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Birmingham bus attack">Birmingham attack</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garner_v._Louisiana" title="Garner v. Louisiana">Garner v. Louisiana</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albany_Movement" title="Albany Movement">Albany Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge_movement_(civil_rights)" title="Cambridge movement (civil rights)">Cambridge movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_sit-ins" title="University of Chicago sit-ins">University of Chicago sit-ins</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Second_Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Second Emancipation Proclamation">Second Emancipation Proclamation</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ole_Miss_riot_of_1962" title="Ole Miss riot of 1962">Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta%27s_Berlin_Wall" title="Atlanta's Berlin Wall">Atlanta's Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace%27s_1963_Inaugural_Address" title="George Wallace's 1963 Inaugural Address">"Segregation now, segregation forever"</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stand_in_the_Schoolhouse_Door" title="Stand in the Schoolhouse Door">Stand in the Schoolhouse Door</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_campaign" title="Birmingham campaign">1963 Birmingham campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Letter_from_Birmingham_Jail" title="Letter from Birmingham Jail">Letter from Birmingham Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_Crusade_(1963)" title="Children's Crusade (1963)">Children's Crusade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_riot_of_1963" title="Birmingham riot of 1963">Birmingham riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church_bombing" title="16th Street Baptist Church bombing">16th Street Baptist Church bombing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Report_to_the_American_People_on_Civil_Rights" title="Report to the American People on Civil Rights">John F. Kennedy's speech to the nation on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_Walk_to_Freedom" title="Detroit Walk to Freedom">Detroit Walk to Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_for_Jobs_and_Freedom" title="March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom">March on Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Have_a_Dream" title="I Have a Dream">"I Have a Dream"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Six_(activists)" title="Big Six (activists)">Big Six</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_movement" title="St. Augustine movement">St. Augustine movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">1964–1968</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">Twenty-fourth Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_school_protests" title="Chester school protests">Chester school protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Tuesday_(1964)" title="Bloody Tuesday (1964)">Bloody Tuesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Monson_Motor_Lodge_protests" title="1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests">1964 Monson Motor Lodge protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murders_of_Chaney,_Goodman,_and_Schwerner" title="Murders of Chaney, Goodman, and Schwerner">workers' murders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1964" title="Civil Rights Act of 1964">Civil Rights Act of 1964</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heart_of_Atlanta_Motel,_Inc._v._United_States" title="Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States">Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katzenbach_v._McClung" title="Katzenbach v. McClung">Katzenbach v. McClung</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964%E2%80%931965_Scripto_strike" title="1964–1965 Scripto strike">1964–1965 Scripto strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">1965 Selma to Montgomery marches</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/How_Long,_Not_Long" title="How Long, Not Long">How Long, Not Long</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">Voting Rights Act of 1965</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_v._Virginia_State_Board_of_Elections" title="Harper v. Virginia State Board of Elections">Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_Against_Fear" title="March Against Fear">March Against Fear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_Conference_on_Civil_Rights" title="White House Conference on Civil Rights">White House Conference on Civil Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memphis_sanitation_strike" title="Memphis sanitation strike">Memphis sanitation strike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Assassination of Martin Luther King Jr.">King assassination</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Funeral_of_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Funeral of Martin Luther King Jr.">funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_assassination_riots" title="King assassination riots">riots</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Act_of_1968" title="Civil Rights Act of 1968">Civil Rights Act of 1968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_People%27s_Campaign" title="Poor People's Campaign">Poor People's Campaign</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Green_v._County_School_Board_of_New_Kent_County" title="Green v. County School Board of New Kent County">Green v. County School Board of New Kent County</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jones_v._Alfred_H._Mayer_Co." title="Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.">Jones v. Alfred H. Mayer Co.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Olympics_Black_Power_salute" title="1968 Olympics Black Power salute">1968 Olympics Black Power salute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activist<br />groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Christian_Movement_for_Human_Rights" title="Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights">Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Negro_Voters_League" title="Atlanta Negro Voters League">Atlanta Negro Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Student_Movement" title="Atlanta Student Movement">Atlanta Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Panther_Party" title="Black Panther Party">Black Panther Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brotherhood_of_Sleeping_Car_Porters" title="Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters">Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Racial_Equality" title="Congress of Racial Equality">Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_Freedom_Now" title="Committee for Freedom Now">Committee for Freedom Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_on_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="Committee on Appeal for Human Rights">Committee on Appeal for Human Rights</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/An_Appeal_for_Human_Rights" title="An Appeal for Human Rights">An Appeal for Human Rights</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_United_Civil_Rights_Leadership" title="Council for United Civil Rights Leadership">Council for United Civil Rights Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Federated_Organizations" title="Council of Federated Organizations">Council of Federated Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_County_Voters_League" title="Dallas County Voters League">Dallas County Voters League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deacons_for_Defense_and_Justice" title="Deacons for Defense and Justice">Deacons for Defense and Justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Council_on_Human_Relations" title="Georgia Council on Human Relations">Georgia Council on Human Relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highlander_Research_and_Education_Center" title="Highlander Research and Education Center">Highlander Folk School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Conference_on_Civil_and_Human_Rights" title="Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights">Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowndes_County_Freedom_Organization" title="Lowndes County Freedom Organization">Lowndes County Freedom Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Freedom_Democratic_Party" title="Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party">Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_Improvement_Association" title="Montgomery Improvement Association">Montgomery Improvement Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NAACP_Youth_Council" title="NAACP Youth Council">Youth Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Student_Movement" title="Nashville Student Movement">Nashville Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Student_Movement" title="Northern Student Movement">Northern Student Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Negro_Women" title="National Council of Negro Women">National Council of Negro Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Urban_League" title="National Urban League">National Urban League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Breadbasket" title="Operation Breadbasket">Operation Breadbasket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Council_of_Negro_Leadership" title="Regional Council of Negro Leadership">Regional Council of Negro Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Christian_Leadership_Conference" title="Southern Christian Leadership Conference">Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Regional_Council" title="Southern Regional Council">Southern Regional Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee" title="Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee">Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Freedom_Singers" title="The Freedom Singers">The Freedom Singers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Auto_Workers" title="United Auto Workers">United Auto Workers (UAW)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wednesdays_in_Mississippi" title="Wednesdays in Mississippi">Wednesdays in Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Political_Council" title="Women's Political Council">Women's Political Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Activists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abernathy" title="Ralph Abernathy">Ralph Abernathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Gray_Adams" title="Victoria Gray Adams">Victoria Gray Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zev_Aelony" title="Zev Aelony">Zev Aelony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathew_Ahmann" title="Mathew Ahmann">Mathew Ahmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_G._Anderson" title="William G. Anderson">William G. Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Elaine_Armstrong" title="Gwendolyn Elaine Armstrong">Gwendolyn Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnold_Aronson" title="Arnold Aronson">Arnold Aronson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Barry" title="Marion Barry">Marion Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daisy_Bates_(activist)" title="Daisy Bates (activist)">Daisy Bates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Belafonte" title="Harry Belafonte">Harry Belafonte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bevel" title="James Bevel">James Bevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Black_(minister)" title="Claude Black (minister)">Claude Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Blackwell" title="Gloria Blackwell">Gloria Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_Blackwell" title="Randolph Blackwell">Randolph Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unita_Blackwell" title="Unita Blackwell">Unita Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezell_Blair_Jr." title="Ezell Blair Jr.">Ezell Blair Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanne_Bland" title="Joanne Bland">Joanne Bland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Bond" title="Julian Bond">Julian Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_E._Boone" title="Joseph E. Boone">Joseph E. Boone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Holmes_Borders" title="William Holmes Borders">William Holmes Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Boynton_Robinson" title="Amelia Boynton Robinson">Amelia Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Boynton" title="Bruce Boynton">Bruce Boynton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raylawni_Branch" title="Raylawni Branch">Raylawni Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Branche" title="Stanley Branche">Stanley Branche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelia_Browder" title="Aurelia Browder">Aurelia Browder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._Rap_Brown" title="H. Rap Brown">H. Rap Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bunche" title="Ralph Bunche">Ralph Bunche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Calhoun" title="John H. Calhoun">John H. Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carawan" title="Guy Carawan">Guy Carawan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stokely_Carmichael" title="Stokely Carmichael">Stokely Carmichael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnnie_Carr" title="Johnnie Carr">Johnnie Carr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chaney" title="James Chaney">James Chaney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._L._Chestnut,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="J. L. Chestnut, Jr.">J. L. Chestnut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colia_Clark" title="Colia Clark">Colia Lafayette Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsey_Clark" title="Ramsey Clark">Ramsey Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septima_Poinsette_Clark" title="Septima Poinsette Clark">Septima Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xernona_Clayton" title="Xernona Clayton">Xernona Clayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldridge_Cleaver" title="Eldridge Cleaver">Eldridge Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Cleaver" title="Kathleen Cleaver">Kathleen Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_Dobbs_Clement" title="Josephine Dobbs Clement">Josephine Dobbs Clement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Cobb_Jr." title="Charles E. Cobb Jr.">Charles E. Cobb Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Lee_Cooper" title="Annie Lee Cooper">Annie Lee Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Cotton" title="Dorothy Cotton">Dorothy Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudette_Colvin" title="Claudette Colvin">Claudette Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Dahmer" title="Vernon Dahmer">Vernon Dahmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Daniels" title="Jonathan Daniels">Jonathan Daniels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_Davis" title="Abraham Lincoln Davis">Abraham Lincoln Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_DeLaine" title="Joseph DeLaine">Joseph DeLaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Dennis_(activist)" title="Dave Dennis (activist)">Dave Dennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Bell_Robinson_Devine" title="Annie Bell Robinson Devine">Annie Bell Robinson Devine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Dobbs" title="John Wesley Dobbs">John Wesley Dobbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Stephens_Due" title="Patricia Stephens Due">Patricia Stephens Due</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Ellwanger" title="Joseph Ellwanger">Joseph Ellwanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evers" title="Charles Evers">Charles Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_Evers" title="Medgar Evers">Medgar Evers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrlie_Evers-Williams" title="Myrlie Evers-Williams">Myrlie Evers-Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Farmer" title="James Farmer">James Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Fauntroy" title="Walter Fauntroy">Walter Fauntroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Forman" title="James Forman">James Forman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Foster" title="Marie Foster">Marie Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Frinks" title="Golden Frinks">Golden Frinks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Goodman_(activist)" title="Andrew Goodman (activist)">Andrew Goodman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Graetz" title="Robert Graetz">Robert Graetz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Gray_(attorney)" title="Fred Gray (attorney)">Fred Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Greenberg" title="Jack Greenberg">Jack Greenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Gregory" title="Dick Gregory">Dick Gregory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Guyot" title="Lawrence Guyot">Lawrence Guyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prathia_Hall" title="Prathia Hall">Prathia Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Fred Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Harbour" title="William E. Harbour">William E. Harbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audrey_Faye_Hendricks" title="Audrey Faye Hendricks">Audrey Faye Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Hendricks" title="Lola Hendricks">Lola Hendricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Henry_(politician)" title="Aaron Henry (politician)">Aaron Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Hill_(attorney)" title="Oliver Hill (attorney)">Oliver Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_L._Hollowell" title="Donald L. Hollowell">Donald L. Hollowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hood" title="James Hood">James Hood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myles_Horton" title="Myles Horton">Myles Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zilphia_Horton" title="Zilphia Horton">Zilphia Horton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._R._M._Howard" title="T. R. M. Howard">T. R. M. Howard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hurley" title="Ruby Hurley">Ruby Hurley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_Ivory" title="Cecil Ivory">Cecil Ivory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Jackson" title="Jesse Jackson">Jesse Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_of_Jimmie_Lee_Jackson" title="Murder of Jimmie Lee Jackson">Jimmie Lee Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richie_Jean_Jackson" title="Richie Jean Jackson">Richie Jean Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._J._Jemison" title="T. J. Jemison">T. J. Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esau_Jenkins" title="Esau Jenkins">Esau Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Johns" title="Vernon Johns">Vernon Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Minis_Johnson" title="Frank Minis Johnson">Frank Minis Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_B._Jones" title="Clarence B. Jones">Clarence Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Charles_Jones" title="J. Charles Jones">J. Charles Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Jones_(activist)" title="Matthew Jones (activist)">Matthew Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernon_Jordan" title="Vernon Jordan">Vernon Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kahn" title="Tom Kahn">Tom Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Kennard" title="Clyde Kennard">Clyde Kennard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._D._King" title="A. D. King">A. D. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chevene_Bowers_King" title="Chevene Bowers King">C.B. King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Sr." title="Martin Luther King Sr.">Martin Luther King Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lafayette" title="Bernard Lafayette">Bernard Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Lawson_(activist)" title="James Lawson (activist)">James Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Lee_(activist)" title="Bernard Lee (activist)">Bernard Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanford_R._Leigh" title="Sanford R. Leigh">Sanford R. Leigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Letherer" title="Jim Letherer">Jim Letherer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Levison" title="Stanley Levison">Stanley Levison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">John Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_Liuzzo" title="Viola Liuzzo">Viola Liuzzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._Alexander_Looby" title="Z. Alexander Looby">Z. Alexander Looby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lowery" title="Joseph Lowery">Joseph Lowery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Luper" title="Clara Luper">Clara Luper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danny_Lyon" title="Danny Lyon">Danny Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malcolm_X" title="Malcolm X">Malcolm X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Mallory" title="Mae Mallory">Mae Mallory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Malone_Jones" title="Vivian Malone Jones">Vivian Malone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Mants" title="Bob Mants">Bob Mants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Mays" title="Benjamin Mays">Benjamin Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_McCain" title="Franklin McCain">Franklin McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_McDew" title="Charles McDew">Charles McDew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_McGill" title="Ralph McGill">Ralph McGill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_McKissick" title="Floyd McKissick">Floyd McKissick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McNeil" title="Joseph McNeil">Joseph McNeil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Meredith" title="James Meredith">James Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Ming" title="William Robert Ming">William Ming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Minnis" title="Jack Minnis">Jack Minnis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amzie_Moore" title="Amzie Moore">Amzie Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._Moore" title="Cecil B. Moore">Cecil B. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_E._Moore" title="Douglas E. Moore">Douglas E. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriette_Moore" title="Harriette Moore">Harriette Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_T._Moore" title="Harry T. Moore">Harry T. Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_Moore" title="Queen Mother Moore">Queen Mother Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Lewis_Moore" title="William Lewis Moore">William Lewis Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_Morgan" title="Irene Morgan">Irene Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Moses_(activist)" title="Bob Moses (activist)">Bob Moses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Moyer" title="William Moyer">William Moyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Muhammad" title="Elijah Muhammad">Elijah Muhammad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_Nash" title="Diane Nash">Diane Nash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Neblett" title="Charles Neblett">Charles Neblett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Huey P. Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._D._Nixon" title="E. D. Nixon">Edgar Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_O%27Dell" title="Jack O'Dell">Jack O'Dell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Orange" title="James Orange">James Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Peck_(pacifist)" title="James Peck (pacifist)">James Peck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Person" title="Charles Person">Charles Person</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homer_Plessy" title="Homer Plessy">Homer Plessy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Clayton_Powell_Jr." title="Adam Clayton Powell Jr.">Adam Clayton Powell Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fay_Bellamy_Powell" title="Fay Bellamy Powell">Fay Bellamy Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_N._Powell" title="Rodney N. Powell">Rodney N. Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Raby" title="Albert Raby">Al Raby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Ragsdale" title="Lincoln Ragsdale">Lincoln Ragsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Philip_Randolph" title="A. Philip Randolph">A. Philip Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond" title="George Raymond">George Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Raymond_Jr." title="George Raymond Jr.">George Raymond Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Johnson_Reagon" title="Bernice Johnson Reagon">Bernice Johnson Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cordell_Reagon" title="Cordell Reagon">Cordell Reagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Reeb" title="James Reeb">James Reeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_D._Reese" title="Frederick D. Reese">Frederick D. Reese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Richardson" title="Gloria Richardson">Gloria Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Richmond_(activist)" title="David Richmond (activist)">David Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Robinson" title="Bernice Robinson">Bernice Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jo_Ann_Robinson" title="Jo Ann Robinson">Jo Ann Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Russell_(politician)" title="Angela Russell (politician)">Angela Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernie_Sanders" title="Bernie Sanders">Bernie Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Schwerner" title="Michael Schwerner">Michael Schwerner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_Seale" title="Bobby Seale">Bobby Seale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleveland_Sellers" title="Cleveland Sellers">Cleveland Sellers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sherrod" title="Charles Sherrod">Charles Sherrod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_D._Shimkin" title="Alexander D. Shimkin">Alexander D. Shimkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Shuttlesworth" title="Fred Shuttlesworth">Fred Shuttlesworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modjeska_Monteith_Simkins" title="Modjeska Monteith Simkins">Modjeska Monteith Simkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_E._Smiley" title="Glenn E. Smiley">Glenn E. Smiley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._Maceo_Smith" title="A. Maceo Smith">A. Maceo Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Miller_Smith" title="Kelly Miller Smith">Kelly Miller Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(activist)" title="Mary Louise Smith (activist)">Mary Louise Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Smith" title="Maxine Smith">Maxine Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Doris_Smith-Robinson" title="Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson">Ruby Doris Smith-Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Kenzie_Steele" title="Charles Kenzie Steele">Charles Kenzie Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hank_Thomas" title="Hank Thomas">Hank Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tillman" title="Dorothy Tillman">Dorothy Tillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._P._Tureaud" title="A. P. Tureaud">A. P. Tureaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartman_Turnbow" title="Hartman Turnbow">Hartman Turnbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Turner_(activist)" title="Albert Turner (activist)">Albert Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._T._Vivian" title="C. T. Vivian">C. T. Vivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A._T._Walden" title="A. T. Walden">A. T. Walden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyatt_Tee_Walker" title="Wyatt Tee Walker">Wyatt Tee Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hollis_Watkins" title="Hollis Watkins">Hollis Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Francis_White" class="mw-redirect" title="Walter Francis White">Walter Francis White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Wilkins" title="Roy Wilkins">Roy Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hosea_Williams" title="Hosea Williams">Hosea Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Freedom_Movement" title="Chicago Freedom Movement">Kale Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Williams" title="Robert F. Williams">Robert F. Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q._V._Williamson" title="Q. V. Williamson">Q. V. Williamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Young" title="Andrew Young">Andrew Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitney_Young" title="Whitney Young">Whitney Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammy_Younge_Jr." title="Sammy Younge Jr.">Sammy Younge Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Zellner" title="Bob Zellner">Bob Zellner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Zwerg" title="James Zwerg">James Zwerg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_Omaha,_Nebraska" title="Civil rights movement in Omaha, Nebraska">Omaha, Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="South Carolina in the civil rights movement">South Carolina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Movement<br />songs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ain%27t_Gonna_Let_Nobody_Turn_Me_%27Round" title="Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round">"Ain't Gonna Let Nobody Turn Me 'Round"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_You_Miss_Me_at_the_Back_of_the_Bus" title="If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus">"If You Miss Me at the Back of the Bus"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbaya" title="Kumbaya">"Kumbaya"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keep_Your_Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Keep Your Eyes on the Prize">"Keep Your Eyes on the Prize"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oh,_Freedom" title="Oh, Freedom">"Oh, Freedom"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/This_Little_Light_of_Mine" title="This Little Light of Mine">"This Little Light of Mine"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Shall_Not_Be_Moved" title="I Shall Not Be Moved">"We Shall Not Be Moved"</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">"We Shall Overcome"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woke_Up_This_Morning_(With_My_Mind_Stayed_On_Freedom)" title="Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)">"Woke Up This Morning (With My Mind Stayed On Freedom)"</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Influences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padayatra" title="Padayatra">Padayatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermon_on_the_Mount" title="Sermon on the Mount">Sermon on the Mount</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyagraha" title="Satyagraha">Satyagraha</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Kingdom_of_God_Is_Within_You" title="The Kingdom of God Is Within You">The Kingdom of God Is Within You</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Crow_laws" title="Jim Crow laws">Jim Crow laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynching_in_the_United_States" title="Lynching in the United States">Lynching in the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plessy_v._Ferguson" title="Plessy v. Ferguson">Plessy v. Ferguson</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Separate_but_equal" title="Separate but equal">Separate but equal</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buchanan_v._Warley" title="Buchanan v. Warley">Buchanan v. Warley</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hocutt_v._Wilson" title="Hocutt v. Wilson">Hocutt v. Wilson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sweatt_v._Painter" title="Sweatt v. Painter">Sweatt v. Painter</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hernandez_v._Texas" title="Hernandez v. Texas">Hernandez v. Texas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Loving_v._Virginia" title="Loving v. Virginia">Loving v. Virginia</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="African-American women in the civil rights movement">African-American women in the movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_civil_rights_movement" title="Jews in the civil rights movement">Jews in the civil rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Circuit_Four" title="Fifth Circuit Four">Fifth Circuit Four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Street_Baptist_Church" title="16th Street Baptist Church">16th Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Ingram_Park" title="Kelly Ingram Park">Kelly Ingram Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A.G._Gaston_Motel" title="A.G. Gaston Motel">A.G. Gaston Motel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethel_Baptist_Church_(Birmingham,_Alabama)" title="Bethel Baptist Church (Birmingham, Alabama)">Bethel Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Chapel_A.M.E._Church_(Selma,_Alabama)" title="Brown Chapel A.M.E. Church (Selma, Alabama)">Brown Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dexter_Avenue_Baptist_Church" title="Dexter Avenue Baptist Church">Dexter Avenue Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holt_Street_Baptist_Church" title="Holt Street Baptist Church">Holt Street Baptist Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Pettus_Bridge" title="Edmund Pettus Bridge">Edmund Pettus Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_on_Washington_Movement" title="March on Washington Movement">March on Washington Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_attacks_against_African-American_churches#20th_Century" title="List of attacks against African-American churches">African-American churches attacked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lynching_victims_in_the_United_States" title="List of lynching victims in the United States">List of lynching victims in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Schools" title="Freedom Schools">Freedom Schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_songs" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedom songs">Freedom songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Mobilization_Committee_to_End_the_War_in_Vietnam" title="National Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam">Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Beyond_Vietnam:_A_Time_to_Break_Silence" title="Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence">Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voter_Education_Project" title="Voter Education Project">Voter Education Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counterculture_of_the_1960s" title="Counterculture of the 1960s">1960s counterculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_American_founding_fathers_of_the_United_States" title="African American founding fathers of the United States">African American founding fathers of the United States</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eyes_on_the_Prize" title="Eyes on the Prize">Eyes on the Prize</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Legacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_in_popular_culture" title="Civil rights movement in popular culture">In popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_Institute" title="Birmingham Civil Rights Institute">Birmingham Civil Rights Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham_Civil_Rights_National_Monument" title="Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument">Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Memorial" title="Civil Rights Memorial">Civil Rights Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Rights_Movement_Archive" title="Civil Rights Movement Archive">Civil Rights Movement Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmett_Till_and_Mamie_Till-Mobley_National_Monument" title="Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument">Emmett Till and Mamie Till-Mobley National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medgar_and_Myrlie_Evers_Home_National_Monument" title="Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument">Medgar and Myrlie Evers Home National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Rides_Museum" title="Freedom Rides Museum">Freedom Rides Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Riders_National_Monument" title="Freedom Riders National Monument">Freedom Riders National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Center_for_Nonviolent_Social_Change" title="King Center for Nonviolent Social Change">King Center for Nonviolent Social Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Day" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Day">Martin Luther King Jr. Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr._Memorial" title="Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial">Martin Luther King Jr. Memorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memorials_to_Martin_Luther_King_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Memorials to Martin Luther King Jr.">other King memorials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="Mississippi Civil Rights Museum">Mississippi Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Civil_Rights_Museum" title="National Civil Rights Museum">National Civil Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Augustine_Foot_Soldiers_Monument" title="St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument">St. Augustine Foot Soldiers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Salute_(statue)" title="Victory Salute (statue)">Olympic Black Power Statue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Noted<br />historians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taylor_Branch" title="Taylor Branch">Taylor Branch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayborne_Carson" title="Clayborne Carson">Clayborne Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dittmer" title="John Dittmer">John Dittmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Eric_Dyson" title="Michael Eric Dyson">Michael Eric Dyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Fager" title="Chuck Fager">Chuck Fager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Fairclough" title="Adam Fairclough">Adam Fairclough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Garrow" title="David Garrow">David Garrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Halberstam" title="David Halberstam">David Halberstam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Harding" title="Vincent Harding">Vincent Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_F._Lawson" title="Steven F. Lawson">Steven F. Lawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doug_McAdam" title="Doug McAdam">Doug McAdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diane_McWhorter" title="Diane McWhorter">Diane McWhorter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_M._Payne" title="Charles M. Payne">Charles M. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Ricks_(journalist)" title="Thomas E. Ricks (journalist)">Thomas E. Ricks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Tyson" title="Timothy Tyson">Timothy Tyson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akinyele_Umoja" title="Akinyele Umoja">Akinyele Umoja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_photographers_of_the_civil_rights_movement" title="List of photographers of the civil rights movement">Movement photographers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#eeeeee;"><div><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:ACRM" title="Wikipedia:ACRM"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/28px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/42px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Logo_SNCC.svg/56px-Logo_SNCC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a 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