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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliability_metrics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Reliability metrics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliability_metrics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Applications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hard-drive_cache" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hard-drive_cache"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Hard-drive cache </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hard-drive_cache-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture_and_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture_and_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Architecture and function </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture_and_function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Architecture and function subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture_and_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controller" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controller"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Controller </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controller-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Wear_leveling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wear_leveling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1.1 Wear leveling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wear_leveling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Memory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Flash_memory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flash_memory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.1 Flash memory </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flash_memory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-DRAM_and_DIMM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#DRAM_and_DIMM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.2 DRAM and DIMM </div> </a> <ul id="toc-DRAM_and_DIMM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3D_XPoint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3D_XPoint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.3 3D XPoint </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3D_XPoint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2.4 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cache_and_buffer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cache_and_buffer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Cache and buffer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cache_and_buffer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battery_and_supercapacitor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battery_and_supercapacitor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Battery and supercapacitor </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battery_and_supercapacitor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Host_Interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Host_Interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Host Interface </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Host_Interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Configurations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Configurations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Configurations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Configurations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Configurations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Configurations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standard_HDD_form_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_HDD_form_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Standard HDD form factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_HDD_form_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standard_card_form_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standard_card_form_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Standard card form factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standard_card_form_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disk-on-a-module_form_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disk-on-a-module_form_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Disk-on-a-module form factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disk-on-a-module_form_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Box_form_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Box_form_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Box form factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Box_form_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bare-board_form_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bare-board_form_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Bare-board form factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bare-board_form_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ball_grid_array_form_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ball_grid_array_form_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Ball grid array form factors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ball_grid_array_form_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development_and_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development_and_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Development and history </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development_and_history-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Development and history subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Development_and_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_SSDs_using_RAM_and_similar_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_SSDs_using_RAM_and_similar_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Early SSDs using RAM and similar technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_SSDs_using_RAM_and_similar_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-SSDs_using_Flash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SSDs_using_Flash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 SSDs using Flash </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SSDs_using_Flash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Enterprise_flash_drives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Enterprise_flash_drives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Enterprise flash drives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Enterprise_flash_drives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drives_using_other_persistent_memory_technologies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drives_using_other_persistent_memory_technologies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Drives using other persistent memory technologies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drives_using_other_persistent_memory_technologies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumer_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumer_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Consumer use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consumer_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sales" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sales"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Sales </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File-system_support" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File-system_support"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 File-system support </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-File-system_support-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle File-system support subsection </button> <ul id="toc-File-system_support-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Linux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Linux </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Linux_performance_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linux_performance_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1.1 Linux performance considerations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linux_performance_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-macOS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#macOS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 macOS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-macOS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microsoft_Windows" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microsoft_Windows"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Microsoft Windows </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microsoft_Windows-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Windows_Vista" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_Vista"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.1 Windows Vista </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_Vista-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_7" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_7"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.2 Windows 7 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_7-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Windows_8.1_and_later" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Windows_8.1_and_later"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3.3 Windows 8.1 and later </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Windows_8.1_and_later-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ZFS" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ZFS"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 ZFS </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ZFS-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-FreeBSD" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#FreeBSD"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 FreeBSD </div> </a> <ul id="toc-FreeBSD-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standardization_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standardization_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Standardization organizations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standardization_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Solid-state drive</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" > 57 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vastetoestand-skyf" title="Vastetoestand-skyf – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vastetoestand-skyf" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B7_%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%B0%D9%88_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AA%D8%A9" title="وسيط تخزين ذو حالة ثابتة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="وسيط تخزين ذو حالة ثابتة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AD" title="সলিড-স্টেট ড্রাইভ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সলিড-স্টেট ড্রাইভ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_(%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE)_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE" title="Полупроводниково (статично) дисково устройство – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Полупроводниково (статично) дисково устройство" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSD" title="SSD – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="SSD" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSD" title="SSD – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="SSD" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Solid-state drive" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_State_Drive" title="Solid State Drive – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Solid State Drive" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-State-Drive" title="Solid-State-Drive – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Solid-State-Drive" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pooljuhtketas" title="Pooljuhtketas – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pooljuhtketas" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AF%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%AC%CF%82_%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Δίσκος στερεάς κατάστασης – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δίσκος στερεάς κατάστασης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidad_de_estado_s%C3%B3lido" title="Unidad de estado sólido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Unidad de estado sólido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solidstata_disko" title="Solidstata disko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Solidstata disko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egoera_solidoko_unitate" title="Egoera solidoko unitate – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egoera solidoko unitate" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AF" title="درایو حالت جامد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درایو حالت جامد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSD" title="SSD – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="SSD" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%94%EB%A6%AC%EB%93%9C_%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8_%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC%EC%9D%B4%EB%B8%8C" title="솔리드 스테이트 드라이브 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="솔리드 스테이트 드라이브" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%B8%D5%B7%D5%BF_%D5%AF%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Կոշտ կրիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կոշտ կրիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A1-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%9F_%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B5" title="सॉलिड-स्टेट ड्राइव – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सॉलिड-स्टेट ड्राइव" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Solid-state drive" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemacu_wujud_padat" title="Pemacu wujud padat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemacu wujud padat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastefnisdrif" title="Fastefnisdrif – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fastefnisdrif" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unit%C3%A0_di_memoria_a_stato_solido" title="Unità di memoria a stato solido – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Unità di memoria a stato solido" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSD" title="SSD – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="SSD" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pusvad%C4%ABt%C4%81ju_disks" title="Pusvadītāju disks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pusvadītāju disks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puslaidininkinis_diskas" title="Puslaidininkinis diskas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Puslaidininkinis diskas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tart%C3%B3s_%C3%A1llapot%C3%BA_meghajt%C3%B3" title="Tartós állapotú meghajtó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tartós állapotú meghajtó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemacu_keadaan_pepejal" title="Pemacu keadaan pepejal – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemacu keadaan pepejal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Solid-state drive" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%89%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9%E3%82%A4%E3%83%96" title="ソリッドステートドライブ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソリッドステートドライブ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halvlederminne" title="Halvlederminne – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Halvlederminne" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSD-minne" title="SSD-minne – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="SSD-minne" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSD" title="SSD – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="SSD" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A9%8C%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A1-%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%9F_%E0%A8%A1%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B5" title="ਸੌਲਿਡ-ਸਟੇਟ ਡਰਾਈਵ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸੌਲਿਡ-ਸਟੇਟ ਡਰਾਈਵ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nap%C4%99d_SSD" title="Napęd SSD – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Napęd SSD" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Unidade_de_estado_s%C3%B3lido" title="Unidade de estado sólido – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Unidade de estado sólido" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Solid-state drive" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinch%27iyasqa_pusachina" title="Sinch'iyasqa pusachina – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sinch'iyasqa pusachina" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Твердотельный накопитель – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Твердотельный накопитель" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSD" title="SSD – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="SSD" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Solid-state drive" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid-state_drive" title="Solid-state drive – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Solid-state drive" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_drive" title="Solid state drive – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Solid state drive" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negibljivi_disk" title="Negibljivi disk – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Negibljivi disk" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSD" title="SSD – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="SSD" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSD" title="SSD – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="SSD" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSD-minne" title="SSD-minne – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="SSD-minne" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D-%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%87%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%A1%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%88%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8D" title="సాలిడ్-స్టేట్ డ్రైవ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సాలిడ్-స్టేట్ డ్రైవ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%8C" title="ซอลิดสเตตไดรฟ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ซอลิดสเตตไดรฟ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kat%C4%B1_h%C3%A2l_s%C3%BCr%C3%BCc%C3%BCs%C3%BC" title="Katı hâl sürücüsü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Katı hâl sürücüsü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSD" title="SSD – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="SSD" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%B9_%DA%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88" title="سالڈ اسٹیٹ ڈرائیو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سالڈ اسٹیٹ ڈرائیو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSD" title="SSD – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="SSD" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Solid_state_drive" title="Solid state drive – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Solid state drive" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%80%81%E7%A1%AC%E7%9B%98" title="固态硬盘 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="固态硬盘" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/SSD" title="SSD – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="SSD" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E6%80%81%E7%A1%AC%E7%9B%98" title="固态硬盘 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="固态硬盘" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q487343#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid_state_drives&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state drives">Solid state drives</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Computer storage device with no moving parts</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"SSD" and "Electronic disk" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/SSD_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="SSD (disambiguation)">SSD (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_disk_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Electronic disk (disambiguation)">Electronic disk (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Solid-state drive</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:2023_Dysk_SSD_Patriot_P210_2TB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/2023_Dysk_SSD_Patriot_P210_2TB.jpg/200px-2023_Dysk_SSD_Patriot_P210_2TB.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/2023_Dysk_SSD_Patriot_P210_2TB.jpg/300px-2023_Dysk_SSD_Patriot_P210_2TB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/2023_Dysk_SSD_Patriot_P210_2TB.jpg/400px-2023_Dysk_SSD_Patriot_P210_2TB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3961" data-file-height="3056" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">A 2.5-inch <a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">Serial ATA</a> solid-state drive</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Usage of <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduced by:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Introduction date:</th><td class="infobox-data">1991; 33 years ago (1991)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capacity:</th><td class="infobox-data">20 MB (2.5-in form factor)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Original concept</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">By:</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Storage_Technology_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Storage Technology Corporation">Storage Technology Corporation</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Conceived:</th><td class="infobox-data">1978; 46 years ago (1978)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capacity:</th><td class="infobox-data">45 MB</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit">[update]</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capacity:</th><td class="infobox-data">Up to 200 TB[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MKNSSDHL1TB-D8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/MKNSSDHL1TB-D8.jpg/220px-MKNSSDHL1TB-D8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/MKNSSDHL1TB-D8.jpg/330px-MKNSSDHL1TB-D8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/MKNSSDHL1TB-D8.jpg/440px-MKNSSDHL1TB-D8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1323" data-file-height="507" /></a><figcaption>A Mushkin 1TB 2280 <a href="/wiki/NVMe" class="mw-redirect" title="NVMe">NVMe</a> SSD. 2280 is the most common size for NVMe SSDs. However, 2230 NVMe SSDs are becoming more common to save space in the system board.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CL4-3D256GB-Q11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/CL4-3D256GB-Q11.jpg/220px-CL4-3D256GB-Q11.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/CL4-3D256GB-Q11.jpg/330px-CL4-3D256GB-Q11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/CL4-3D256GB-Q11.jpg/440px-CL4-3D256GB-Q11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1403" /></a><figcaption>A SSSTC 256GB 2230 NVMe SSD. Since 2020, <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a> (and others) started to use 2230 SSDs in their laptops instead of the more common 2280 size to save space. Many devices like the <a href="/wiki/Steam_Deck" title="Steam Deck">Steam Deck</a> use this size.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MKNSSDAT480GB.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/MKNSSDAT480GB.jpg/220px-MKNSSDAT480GB.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/MKNSSDAT480GB.jpg/330px-MKNSSDAT480GB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/MKNSSDAT480GB.jpg/440px-MKNSSDAT480GB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>A Mushkin 480GB <a href="/wiki/MSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="MSATA">mSATA</a> SSD. Before the <a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a> format, mSATA SSDs were used to save space comparing to the most common 2.5" SSDs. They phased out around 2015 to replace with the newer M.2 format which is way faster traditional 2.5" SATA SSD as it uses the PCI Express standard.</figcaption></figure> A solid-state drive (SSD) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">solid-state storage</a> device that uses <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a> to store data <a href="/wiki/Persistence_(computer_science)" title="Persistence (computer science)">persistently</a>. It is sometimes called semiconductor storage device, solid-state device, or solid-state disk.<a href="#cite_note-iBgF2-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-STEC-2">[2]</a> SSDs rely on non-volatile memory, typically <a href="/wiki/NAND_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="NAND flash">NAND flash</a>, to store data in memory cells. The performance and endurance of SSDs vary depending on the number of bits stored per cell, ranging from high-performing single-level cells (SLC) to more affordable but slower quad-level cells (QLC). In addition to flash-based SSDs, other technologies such as <a href="/wiki/3D_XPoint" title="3D XPoint">3D XPoint</a> offer faster speeds and higher endurance through different data storage mechanisms. Unlike traditional <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drives</a> (HDDs), SSDs have no moving parts, allowing them to deliver faster data access speeds, reduced latency, increased resistance to physical shock, lower power consumption, and silent operation. Often interfaced to a system in the same way as HDDs, SSDs are used in a variety of devices, including <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">enterprise servers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">mobile devices</a>. However, SSDs are generally more expensive on a per-gigabyte basis and have a finite number of write cycles, which can lead to data loss over time. Despite these limitations, SSDs are increasingly replacing HDDs, especially in performance-critical applications and as primary storage in many consumer devices. SSDs come in various form factors and interface types, including <a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a>, <a href="/wiki/PCIe" class="mw-redirect" title="PCIe">PCIe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/NVMe" class="mw-redirect" title="NVMe">NVMe</a>, each offering different levels of performance. Hybrid storage solutions, such as solid-state hybrid drives (SSHDs), combine SSD and HDD technologies to offer improved performance at a lower cost than pure SSDs. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attributes">Attributes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Attributes">edit</a>]</div> An SSD stores data in <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> cells, with its properties varying according to the number of <a href="/wiki/Bit_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bit (computing)">bits</a> stored in each cell (between 1 and 4). Single-level cells (SLC) store one bit of data per cell and provide higher performance and endurance. In contrast, multi-level cells (MLC), triple-level cells (TLC), and quad-level cells (QLC) store more data per cell but have lower performance and endurance. SSDs using <a href="/wiki/3D_XPoint" title="3D XPoint">3D XPoint</a> technology, such as Intel’s Optane, store data by changing electrical resistance instead of storing electrical charges in cells, which can provide faster speeds and longer data persistence compared to conventional flash memory.<a href="#cite_note-SNIA-101-3">[3]</a> SSDs based on <a href="/wiki/NAND_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="NAND flash">NAND flash</a> slowly leak charge when not powered, while heavily-used consumer drives may start losing data typically after one to two year in storage.<a href="#cite_note-Vättö-4">[4]</a> SSDs have a limited lifetime number of writes, and also slow down as they reach their full storage capacity. SSDs also have internal parallelism that allows them to manage multiple operations simultaneously, which enhances their performance.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Unlike HDDs and similar <a href="/wiki/Electromechanical" class="mw-redirect" title="Electromechanical">electromechanical</a> <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">magnetic storage</a>, SSDs do not have moving mechanical parts, which provides advantages such as resistance to physical shock, quieter operation, and faster access times. Their lower latency results in higher input/output rates (IOPS) than HDDs.<a href="#cite_note-dell-study-6">[6]</a> Some SSDs are combined with traditional hard drives in hybrid configurations, such as Intel's <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hystor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hystor (page does not exist)">Hystor</a> and Apple's <a href="/wiki/Fusion_Drive" title="Fusion Drive">Fusion Drive</a>. These drives use both flash memory and spinning magnetic disks in order to improve the performance of frequently-accessed data.<a href="#cite_note-Hystor-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-WD_Black_SSHD_-_CNET_Reviews-8">[8]</a> Traditional interfaces (e.g. <a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serial_Attached_SCSI" title="Serial Attached SCSI">SAS</a>) and <a href="/wiki/List_of_disk_drive_form_factors" title="List of disk drive form factors">standard HDD form factors</a> allow such SSDs to be used as drop-in replacements for HDDs in computers and other devices. Newer form factors such as <a href="/wiki/MSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="MSATA">mSATA</a>, <a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a>, <a href="/wiki/U.2" title="U.2">U.2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samsung_NF1" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsung NF1">NF1</a>/<a href="/wiki/M.3_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="M.3 (computing)">M.3</a>/<a href="/wiki/NGSFF" class="mw-redirect" title="NGSFF">NGSFF</a>,<a href="#cite_note-RLVlL-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-XSOC1-10">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/XFM_Express" class="mw-redirect" title="XFM Express">XFM Express</a> (<a href="/wiki/Crossover_Flash_Memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover Flash Memory">Crossover Flash Memory</a>, form factor XT2)<a href="#cite_note-Q6pr6-11">[11]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_and_Data_Center_Standard_Form_Factor" title="Enterprise and Data Center Standard Form Factor">EDSFF</a><a href="#cite_note-mhkTi-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-SKezS-13">[13]</a> and higher speed interfaces such as <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVM Express</a> (NVMe) over <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> (PCIe) can further increase performance over HDD performance.<a href="#cite_note-SNIA-101-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Comparison_with_other_technologies">Comparison with other technologies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Comparison with other technologies">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hard_disk_drives">Hard disk drives</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hard disk drives">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_performance_characteristics" title="Hard disk drive performance characteristics">Hard disk drive performance characteristics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:480_GB_OCZ-AGIL_ITY3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/480_GB_OCZ-AGIL_ITY3.png/350px-480_GB_OCZ-AGIL_ITY3.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/480_GB_OCZ-AGIL_ITY3.png/525px-480_GB_OCZ-AGIL_ITY3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/480_GB_OCZ-AGIL_ITY3.png/700px-480_GB_OCZ-AGIL_ITY3.png 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="653" /></a><figcaption>SSD benchmark, showing about 230 MB/s reading speed (blue), 210 MB/s writing speed (red) and about 0.1 ms seek time (green), all independent from the accessed disk location</figcaption></figure> Traditional HDD <a href="/wiki/Benchmark_(computing)" title="Benchmark (computing)">benchmarks</a> tend to focus on the performance characteristics such as <a href="/wiki/Rotational_latency" class="mw-redirect" title="Rotational latency">rotational latency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seek_time" class="mw-redirect" title="Seek time">seek time</a>. As SSDs do not need to spin or seek to locate data, they are vastly superior to HDDs in such tests. However, SSDs have challenges with mixed reads and writes, and their performance may degrade over time. Therefore, SSD testing typically looks at when the full drive is first used, as the new and empty drive may have much better write performance than it would show after only weeks of use.<a href="#cite_note-gyMLY-14">[14]</a> The reliability of both HDDs and SSDs varies greatly among models.<a href="#cite_note-PC_World_2014-15">[15]</a> Some field failure rates indicate that SSDs are significantly more reliable than HDDs.<a href="#cite_note-D5XVI-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-behardware_2012-17">[17]</a> However, SSDs are sensitive to sudden power interruption, sometimes resulting in aborted writes or even cases of the complete loss of the drive.<a href="#cite_note-MSkvR-18">[18]</a> Most of the advantages of solid-state drives over traditional hard drives are due to their ability to access data completely electronically instead of electromechanically, resulting in superior transfer speeds and mechanical ruggedness.<a href="#cite_note-jnZgW-19">[19]</a> On the other hand, hard disk drives offer significantly higher capacity for their price.<a href="#cite_note-dell-study-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-QSE1g-20">[20]</a> In traditional HDDs, a rewritten file will generally occupy the same location on the disk surface as the original file, whereas in SSDs the new copy will often be written to different NAND cells for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">wear leveling</a>. The wear-leveling algorithms are complex and difficult to test exhaustively. As a result, one major cause of data loss in SSDs is firmware bugs.<a href="#cite_note-LJEJb-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-C5LuO-22">[22]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Comparison of NAND-based SSD and HDD </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Attribute or characteristic </th> <th>Solid-state drive (SSD) </th> <th>Hard disk drive (HDD) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Price per capacity </td> <td>SSDs are generally more expensive than HDDs and are expected to remain so. As of early 2018, SSD prices were around $0.30 per gigabyte for 4 TB models.<a href="#cite_note-Backblaze2018-23">[23]</a> </td> <td>HDDs, as of early 2018, were priced around $0.02 to $0.03 per gigabyte for 1 TB models.<a href="#cite_note-Backblaze2018-23">[23]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Storage capacity </td> <td>By 2018, SSDs were available in sizes up to 100 TB,<a href="#cite_note-GJObK-24">[24]</a> though lower-cost models typically ranged from 120 GB to 512 GB. </td> <td>HDDs of up to 30 TB were available by 2023.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reliability – data retention </td> <td>Worn-out SSDs may start losing data after as little as three months without power, especially at high temperatures.<a href="#cite_note-Vättö-4">[4]</a> Newer SSDs, depending on usage, may retain data longer. SSDs are generally not suited for long-term archival storage.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> </td> <td>HDDs, when stored in a cool, dry environment, can retain data for longer periods without power. However, over time, mechanical parts may fail, such as the inability to spin up after prolonged storage. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Reliability – longevity </td> <td>SSDs lack mechanical parts, theoretically making them more reliable than HDDs. However, SSD cells wear out after a limited number of writes. Controllers help mitigate this, allowing for many years of use under normal conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Goog2016-27">[27]</a> </td> <td>HDDs have moving parts prone to mechanical wear, but the storage medium (magnetic platters) does not degrade from read/write cycles. Studies have suggested HDDs may last 9–11 years.<a href="#cite_note-Q1fjA-28">[28]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Start-up time </td> <td>SSDs are nearly instantaneous, with no mechanical parts to prepare. </td> <td>HDDs require several seconds to spin up before data can be accessed.<a href="#cite_note-diffen-29">[29]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sequential-access performance </td> <td>Consumer SSDs offer transfer rates between 200 MB/s and 3500 MB/s, depending on the model.<a href="#cite_note-UJjmw-30">[30]</a> </td> <td>HDDs transfer data at approximately 200 MB/s, depending on the rotational speed and location of data on the disk. Outer tracks allow faster transfer rates.<a href="#cite_note-koVNz-31">[31]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Random-access performance </td> <td>SSD random access times are typically below 0.1 ms.<a href="#cite_note-6oWdr-32">[32]</a> </td> <td>HDD random access times range from 2.9 ms (high-end) to 12 ms (laptop HDDs).<a href="#cite_note-HDD_Glossary-33">[33]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Power consumption </td> <td>High-performance SSDs use about half to a third of the power required by HDDs.<a href="#cite_note-8V1wD-34">[34]</a> </td> <td>HDDs use between 2 and 5 watts for 2.5-inch drives, while high-performance 3.5-inch drives can require up to 20 watts.<a href="#cite_note-cBNjq-35">[35]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Acoustic noise </td> <td>SSDs have no moving parts and are silent. Some SSDs may produce a high-pitched noise during block erasure.<a href="#cite_note-gMdea-36">[36]</a> </td> <td>HDDs generate noise from spinning disks and moving heads, which can vary based on the drive's speed. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Temperature control </td> <td>SSDs generally tolerate higher operating temperatures and do not require special cooling.<a href="#cite_note-Sigmetrics-37">[37]</a> </td> <td>HDDs need cooling in high-temperature environments (above 35 °C (95 °F)) to avoid reliability issues.<a href="#cite_note-Fskk3-38">[38]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Memory_cards">Memory cards</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Memory cards">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CompactFlash_IDE_Adaptor.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/CompactFlash_IDE_Adaptor.jpeg/220px-CompactFlash_IDE_Adaptor.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/CompactFlash_IDE_Adaptor.jpeg/330px-CompactFlash_IDE_Adaptor.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/CompactFlash_IDE_Adaptor.jpeg/440px-CompactFlash_IDE_Adaptor.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>CompactFlash card used as an SSD</figcaption></figure> While both <a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">memory cards</a> and most SSDs use flash memory, they have very different characteristics, including power consumption, performance, size, and reliability.<a href="#cite_note-SanDisk_SSD_CF-39">[39]</a> Originally, solid state drives were shaped and mounted in the computer like hard drives.<a href="#cite_note-SanDisk_SSD_CF-39">[39]</a> In contrast, memory cards (such as <a href="/wiki/Secure_Digital" class="mw-redirect" title="Secure Digital">Secure Digital</a> (SD), <a href="/wiki/CompactFlash" title="CompactFlash">CompactFlash</a> (CF), and many others) were originally designed for digital cameras and later found their way into cell phones, gaming devices, GPS units, etc. Most memory cards are physically smaller than SSDs, and designed to be inserted and removed repeatedly.<a href="#cite_note-SanDisk_SSD_CF-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Failure_and_recovery">Failure and recovery</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Failure and recovery">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hard_Disk_Sentinel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hard_Disk_Sentinel.jpg/220px-Hard_Disk_Sentinel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hard_Disk_Sentinel.jpg/330px-Hard_Disk_Sentinel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Hard_Disk_Sentinel.jpg/440px-Hard_Disk_Sentinel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="1199" /></a><figcaption>Disk software showing the SSD is perfect</figcaption></figure> SSDs have different <a href="/wiki/Failure_mode" class="mw-redirect" title="Failure mode">failure modes</a> from traditional magnetic hard drives. Because solid-state drives contain no moving parts, they are generally not subject to mechanical failures. However, other types of failures can occur. For example, incomplete or failed writes due to sudden power loss may be more problematic than with HDDs, and the failure of a single chip may result in the loss of all data stored on it. Nonetheless, studies indicate that SSDs are generally reliable, often exceed their manufacturer-stated lifespan<a href="#cite_note-2016study-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-TR2015-41">[41]</a> and having lower failure rates than HDDs.<a href="#cite_note-2016study-40">[40]</a> However, studies also note that SSDs experience higher rates of uncorrectable errors, which can lead to data loss, compared to HDDs.<a href="#cite_note-u3a39-42">[42]</a> The endurance of an SSD is typically listed on its datasheet in one of two forms: <ul><li>either n DW/D (n drive writes per day)</li> <li>or m TBW (maximum terabytes written), abbreviated TBW.<a href="#cite_note-WD_doc-43">[43]</a></li></ul> For example, a Samsung 970 EVO NVMe M.2 SSD (2018) with 1 TB of capacity has an endurance rating of 600 TBW.<a href="#cite_note-Samsung_Evo_970-44">[44]</a> Recovering data from SSDs presents challenges due to the non-linear and complex nature of data storage in solid-state drives. The internal operations of SSDs vary by manufacturer, with commands (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Trim_(computing)" title="Trim (computing)">TRIM</a> and the ATA Secure Erase) and programs like (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hdparm" title="Hdparm">hdparm</a>) being able to erase and modify the bits of a deleted file. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reliability_metrics">Reliability metrics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reliability metrics">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/JEDEC_Solid_State_Technology_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="JEDEC Solid State Technology Association">JEDEC Solid State Technology Association</a> (JEDEC) has established standards for SSD reliability metrics, which include:<a href="#cite_note-NullLobur2014-45">[45]</a> <ul><li>Unrecoverable Bit Error Ratio (UBER)</li> <li>Terabytes Written (TBW) – the total number of terabytes that can be written to a drive within its warranty period</li> <li>Drive Writes Per Day (DWPD) – the number of times the full capacity of the drive can be written to per day within its warranty period</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Applications">Applications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Applications">edit</a>]</div> In a <a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">distributed computing</a> environment, SSDs can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Distributed_cache" title="Distributed cache">distributed cache</a> layer that temporarily absorbs the large volume of user requests to slower HDD-based backend storage systems. This layer provides much higher bandwidth and lower latency than the storage system would, and can be managed in a number of forms, such as a distributed <a href="/wiki/Key-value_database" class="mw-redirect" title="Key-value database">key-value database</a> and a distributed <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a>. On supercomputers, this layer is typically referred to as <a href="/wiki/Burst_buffer" title="Burst buffer">burst buffer</a>. Flash-based solid-state drives can be used to create network appliances from general-purpose <a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">personal computer</a> hardware. A <a href="/wiki/Write_protection" title="Write protection">write protected</a> flash drive containing the operating system and application software can substitute for larger, less reliable disk drives or CD-ROMs. Appliances built this way can provide an inexpensive alternative to expensive router and firewall hardware.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] SSDs based on an <a href="/wiki/SD_card" title="SD card">SD card</a> with a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Live_SD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Live SD (page does not exist)">live SD</a> operating system are easily <a href="/wiki/SD_card#Optional_write-protect_tab" title="SD card">write-locked</a>. Combined with a <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a> environment or other writable medium, an <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">OS</a> <a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">booted</a> from a write-locked SD card is reliable, persistent and impervious to permanent corruption. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hard-drive_cache">Hard-drive cache</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hard-drive cache">edit</a>]</div> In 2011, Intel introduced a caching mechanism for their <a href="/wiki/Z68" class="mw-redirect" title="Z68">Z68</a> chipset (and mobile derivatives) called <a href="/wiki/Smart_Response_Technology" title="Smart Response Technology">Smart Response Technology</a>, which allows a <a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> SSD to be used as a <a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">cache</a> (configurable as write-through or <a href="/wiki/Write-back" class="mw-redirect" title="Write-back">write-back</a>) for a conventional, magnetic hard disk drive.<a href="#cite_note-pqCuR-46">[46]</a> A similar technology is available on <a href="/w/index.php?title=HighPoint&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HighPoint (page does not exist)">HighPoint</a>'s RocketHybrid <a href="/wiki/PCIe" class="mw-redirect" title="PCIe">PCIe</a> card.<a href="#cite_note-zk9az-47">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">Solid-state hybrid drives</a> (SSHDs) are based on the same principle, but integrate some amount of flash memory on board of a conventional drive instead of using a separate SSD. The flash layer in these drives can be accessed independently from the <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_storage" title="Magnetic storage">magnetic storage</a> by the host using <a href="/w/index.php?title=ATA-8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ATA-8 (page does not exist)">ATA-8</a> commands, allowing the operating system to manage it. For example, Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/ReadyDrive" class="mw-redirect" title="ReadyDrive">ReadyDrive</a> technology explicitly stores portions of the <a href="/wiki/Hibernation_(computing)#Microsoft_Windows" title="Hibernation (computing)">hibernation file</a> in the cache of these drives when the system hibernates, making the subsequent resume faster.<a href="#cite_note-RussinovichSolomon2009b-48">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Dual-drive_hybrid_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Dual-drive hybrid system">Dual-drive hybrid systems</a> are combining the usage of separate SSD and HDD devices installed in the same computer, with overall performance optimization managed by the computer user, or by the computer's <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> software. Examples of this type of system are <a href="/wiki/Bcache" title="Bcache">bcache</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dm-cache" title="Dm-cache">dm-cache</a> on <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>,<a href="#cite_note-q4ffn-49">[49]</a> and Apple's <a href="/wiki/Fusion_Drive" title="Fusion Drive">Fusion Drive</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture_and_function">Architecture and function</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Architecture and function">edit</a>]</div> The primary components of an SSD are the controller and the memory used to store data. Traditionally, early SSDs used volatile <a href="/wiki/DRAM" class="mw-redirect" title="DRAM">DRAM</a> for storage, but since 2009, most SSDs utilize non-volatile <a href="/wiki/NAND_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="NAND flash">NAND flash</a> memory, which retains data even when powered off.<a href="#cite_note-whatisssd-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-SNIA-101-3">[3]</a> Flash memory SSDs store data in <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">metal–oxide–semiconductor</a> (MOS) integrated circuit chips, using non-volatile <a href="/wiki/Floating-gate_MOSFET" title="Floating-gate MOSFET">floating-gate</a> memory cells.<a href="#cite_note-UsWco2-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controller">Controller</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Controller">edit</a>]</div> Every SSD includes a controller, which manages the data flow between the NAND memory and the host computer. The controller is an embedded processor that runs firmware to optimize performance, managing data, and ensuring data integrity.<a href="#cite_note-Bechtolsheim2-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-91nhJ2-53">[53]</a> Some of the primary functions performed by the controller are: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bad_sector" title="Bad sector">Bad block</a> mapping</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cache_(computing)" title="Cache (computing)">Read and write caching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crypto-shredding" title="Crypto-shredding">Crypto-shredding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction" title="Error detection and correction">Error detection and correction</a> using <a href="/wiki/Error-correcting_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Error-correcting code">error-correcting code</a> (ECC), such as <a href="/wiki/BCH_code" title="BCH code">BCH code</a><a href="#cite_note-xbMNL2-54">[54]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(SSD)#Garbage_collection" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage collection (SSD)">Garbage collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_scrubbing" title="Memory scrubbing">Read scrubbing</a> and management of <a href="/wiki/Read_disturb" class="mw-redirect" title="Read disturb">read disturb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">Wear leveling</a></li></ul> The overall performance of an SSD can scale with the number of parallel NAND chips and the efficiency of the controller. For example, controllers that enable parallel processing of NAND flash chips can improve bandwidth and reduce latency.<a href="#cite_note-SSD_Anthology2-55">[55]</a> Micron and Intel pioneered faster SSDs by implementing techniques such as data striping and interleaving to enhance read/write speeds.<a href="#cite_note-JSVZu2-56">[56]</a> More recently, SandForce introduced controllers that incorporate data compression to reduce the amount of data written to the flash memory, potentially increasing both performance and endurance.<a href="#cite_note-Cgh8b2-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wear_leveling">Wear leveling</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Wear leveling">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">Wear leveling</a> and <a href="/wiki/Write_amplification" title="Write amplification">Write amplification</a></div> Wear leveling is a technique used in SSDs to ensure that write and erase operations are distributed evenly across all blocks of the flash memory. Without this, specific blocks could wear out prematurely due to repeated use, reducing the overall lifespan of the SSD. The process moves data that is infrequently changed (cold data) from heavily used blocks, so that data that changes more frequently (hot data) can be written to those blocks. This helps distribute wear more evenly across the entire SSD. However, this process introduces additional writes, known as write amplification, which must be managed to balance performance and durability.<a href="#cite_note-nHbfg2-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-LNyYx2-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Memory">Memory</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Memory">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Flash_memory">Flash memory</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Flash memory">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="width: 30em; margin-left: 1.5em; margin-right: 0;"> <caption>Comparison of architectures<a href="#cite_note-2ecD6-60">[60]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Comparison characteristics </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Multi-level_cell" title="Multi-level cell">MLC</a> : <a href="/wiki/Single-level_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Single-level cell">SLC</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/NAND_Flash" class="mw-redirect" title="NAND Flash">NAND</a> : <a href="/wiki/NOR_flash" class="mw-redirect" title="NOR flash">NOR</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Persistence ratio </td> <td align="center">1 : 10 </td> <td align="center">1 : 10 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sequential write ratio </td> <td align="center">1 : 3 </td> <td align="center">1 : 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sequential read ratio </td> <td align="center">1 : 1 </td> <td align="center">1 : 5 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Price ratio </td> <td align="center">1 : 1.3 </td> <td align="center"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Most SSDs use non-volatile <a href="/wiki/NAND_gate" title="NAND gate">NAND</a> flash memory for data storage, primarily due to its cost-effectiveness and ability to retain data without a constant power supply. NAND flash-based SSDs store data in semiconductor cells, with the specific architecture influencing performance, endurance, and cost.<a href="#cite_note-tv599-61">[61]</a> There are various types of NAND flash memory, categorized by the number of bits stored in each cell: <ul><li>Single-Level Cell (SLC): Stores 1 bit per cell. SLC provides the highest performance, reliability, and endurance but is more expensive.</li> <li>Multi-Level Cell (MLC): Stores 2 bits per cell. MLC offers a balance between cost, performance, and endurance.</li> <li>Triple-Level Cell (TLC): Stores 3 bits per cell. TLC is less expensive but slower and less durable than SLC and MLC.</li> <li>Quad-Level Cell (QLC): Stores 4 bits per cell. QLC is the most affordable option but has the lowest performance and endurance.<a href="#cite_note-CWorldLackluster3-62">[62]</a></li></ul> Over time, SSD controllers have improved the efficiency of NAND flash, incorporating techniques such as <a href="/wiki/Interleaved_memory" title="Interleaved memory">interleaved memory</a>, advanced error correction, and wear leveling to optimize performance and extend the lifespan of the drive.<a href="#cite_note-FGplb-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Drossel-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-mlc-slc-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lucchesi-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jim_Bagley-67">[67]</a> Lower-end SSDs often use QLC or TLC memory, while higher-end drives for enterprise or performance-critical applications may use MLC or SLC.<a href="#cite_note-mlc-slc2-68">[68]</a> In addition to the flat (planar) NAND structure, many SSDs now use 3D NAND (or V-NAND), where memory cells are stacked vertically, increasing storage density while improving performance and reducing costs.<a href="#cite_note-VOyVx2-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="DRAM_and_DIMM">DRAM and DIMM</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: DRAM and DIMM">edit</a>]</div> Some SSDs use volatile DRAM instead of NAND flash, offering very high-speed data access but requiring a constant power supply to retain data. DRAM-based SSDs are typically used in specialized applications where performance is prioritized over cost or non-volatility. Many SSDs, such as <a href="/wiki/NVDIMM" title="NVDIMM">NVDIMM</a> devices, are equipped with backup power sources such as internal batteries or external AC/DC adapters. These power sources ensure data is transferred to a backup system (usually NAND flash or another storage medium) in the event of power loss, preventing data corruption or loss.<a href="#cite_note-BiTMICRO2-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-BgFad2-71">[71]</a> Similarly, <a href="/wiki/ULLtraDIMM" title="ULLtraDIMM">ULLtraDIMM</a> devices use components designed for DIMM modules, but only use flash memory, similar to a DRAM SSD.<a href="#cite_note-4xj0F-72">[72]</a> DRAM-based SSDs are often used for tasks where data must be accessed at high speeds with low latency, such as in high-performance computing or certain server environments.<a href="#cite_note-6VNR12-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="3D_XPoint">3D XPoint</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 3D XPoint">edit</a>]</div> 3D XPoint is a type of non-volatile memory technology developed by Intel and Micron, announced in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-extremetech2-74">[74]</a> It operates by changing the electrical resistance of materials in its cells, offering much faster access times than NAND flash. 3D XPoint-based SSDs, such as Intel’s Optane drives, provide lower latency and higher endurance than NAND-based drives, although they are more expensive per gigabyte.<a href="#cite_note-anandtechJuly20152-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-cnet20152-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other">Other</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> Drives known as <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_drive" title="Hybrid drive">hybrid drives</a> or <a href="/wiki/Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">solid-state hybrid drives</a> (SSHDs) use a hybrid of spinning disks and flash memory.<a href="#cite_note-vQDKb-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-ouSAC-78">[78]</a> Some SSDs use <a href="/wiki/Magnetoresistive_random-access_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetoresistive random-access memory">magnetoresistive random-access memory</a> (MRAM) for storing data.<a href="#cite_note-0cwDb-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-8cbyg-80">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cache_and_buffer">Cache and buffer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cache and buffer">edit</a>]</div> Many flash-based SSDs include a small amount of volatile DRAM as a cache, similar to the <a href="/wiki/Disk_buffer" title="Disk buffer">buffers</a> in hard disk drives. This cache can temporarily hold data while it is being written to the flash memory, and it also stores metadata such as the mapping of logical blocks to physical locations on the SSD.<a href="#cite_note-SSD_Anthology3-81">[81]</a> Some SSD controllers, like those from SandForce, achieve high performance without using an external DRAM cache. These designs rely on other mechanisms, such as on-chip SRAM, to manage data and minimize power consumption.<a href="#cite_note-Demerjian_TPC-C_Records2-82">[82]</a> Additionally, some SSDs use an <a href="/wiki/Write_amplification" title="Write amplification">SLC cache</a> mechanism to temporarily store data in single-level cell (SLC) mode, even on multi-level cell (MLC) or triple-level cell (TLC) SSDs. This improves write performance by allowing data to be written to faster SLC storage before being moved to slower, higher-capacity MLC or TLC storage.<a href="#cite_note-GEsrf2-83">[83]</a> On NVMe SSDs, Host Memory Buffer (HMB) technology allows the SSD to use a portion of the system’s DRAM instead of relying on a built-in DRAM cache, reducing costs while maintaining a high level of performance.<a href="#cite_note-Demerjian_TPC-C_Records2-82">[82]</a> In certain high-end consumer and enterprise SSDs, larger amounts of DRAM are included to cache both file table mappings and written data, reducing write amplification and enhances overall performance.<a href="#cite_note-K6T912-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battery_and_supercapacitor">Battery and supercapacitor</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Battery and supercapacitor">edit</a>]</div> Higher-performing SSDs may include a capacitor or battery, which helps preserve data integrity in the event of an unexpected power loss. The capacitor or battery provides enough power to allow the data in the cache to be written to the non-volatile memory, ensuring no data is lost.<a href="#cite_note-Demerjian_TPC-C_Records3-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-hHUsG2-86">[86]</a> In some SSDs that use multi-level cell (MLC) flash memory, a potential issue known as "lower page corruption" can occur if power is lost while programming an upper page. This can result in previously written data becoming corrupted. To address this, some high-end SSDs incorporate <a href="/wiki/Supercapacitor" title="Supercapacitor">supercapacitors</a> to ensure all data can be safely written during a sudden power loss.<a href="#cite_note-Werner_SSD_Features2-87">[87]</a> Some consumer SSDs have built-in capacitors to save critical data such as the <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory_controller" title="Flash memory controller">Flash Translation Layer</a> (FTL) mapping table. Examples include the Crucial M500 and Intel 320 series.<a href="#cite_note-K6T913-88">[88]</a> Enterprise-class SSDs, such as the Intel DC S3700 series, often come with more robust power-loss protection mechanisms like supercapacitors or batteries.<a href="#cite_note-bdQ9x2-89">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Host_Interface">Host Interface</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Host Interface">edit</a>]</div> The host interface of an SSD refers to the physical connector and the signaling methods used to communicate between the SSD and the host system. This interface is managed by the SSD's controller and is often similar to those found in traditional hard disk drives (HDDs). Common interfaces include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">Serial ATA</a>: One of the most widely used interfaces in consumer SSDs. SATA 3.0 supports transfer speeds up to 6.0 Gbit/s.<a href="#cite_note-Ad1qY2-90">[90]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_attached_SCSI" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial attached SCSI">Serial attached SCSI</a>: Primarily used in enterprise environments, SAS interfaces are faster and more robust than SATA. SAS 3.0 offers speeds of up to 12.0 Gbit/s.<a href="#cite_note-roadmap2-91">[91]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> (PCIe): A high-speed interface used in high-performance SSDs. PCIe 3.0 x4 supports transfer speeds of up to 31.5 Gbit/s.<a href="#cite_note-faq32-92">[92]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a>: A newer interface designed for SSDs that is more compact than SATA or PCIe, often found in laptops and high-end desktops. M.2 supports both SATA (up to 6.0 Gbit/s) and PCIe (up to 31.5 Gbit/s) interfaces.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.2" title="U.2">U.2</a>: Another interface used for enterprise-grade SSDs, providing PCIe 3.0 x4 speeds but with a more robust connector suitable for server environments.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a>: Typically used in enterprise systems, Fibre Channel interfaces offer high data transfer speeds, with modern versions supporting up to 128 Gbit/s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a>: Some external SSDs use the Universal Serial Bus interface, with modern versions like <a href="/wiki/USB_3.1" class="mw-redirect" title="USB 3.1">USB 3.1</a> Gen 2 supporting speeds of up to 10 Gbit/s.<a href="#cite_note-HPT692-93">[93]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">Parallel ATA</a> (PATA): An older interface used in early SSDs, with speeds up to 1064 Mbit/s. PATA has largely been replaced by <a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> due to higher data transfer rates and greater reliability.<a href="#cite_note-RKxU12-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-4uTmC2-95">[95]</a></li> <li>Parallel <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a>: An interface primarily used in servers, with speeds ranging from 40 Mbit/s to 2560 Mbit/s. It has mostly been replaced by Serial Attached SCSI. The last <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a>-based SSD was introduced in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-WubOc2-96">[96]</a></li></ul> SSDs may support various logical interfaces, which define the command sets used by operating systems to communicate with the SSD. Two common logical interfaces include: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Advanced Host Controller Interface">Advanced Host Controller Interface</a> (AHCI): Initially designed for HDDs, AHCI is commonly used with SATA SSDs but is less efficient for modern SSDs due to its overhead.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVM Express</a> (NVMe): A modern interface designed specifically for SSDs, NVMe takes full advantage of the parallelism in SSDs, providing significantly lower latency and higher throughput than AHCI.<a href="#cite_note-SNIA-1012-97">[97]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M.2_2242_SSD_connected_into_USB_3.0_adapter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/M.2_2242_SSD_connected_into_USB_3.0_adapter.jpg/220px-M.2_2242_SSD_connected_into_USB_3.0_adapter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/M.2_2242_SSD_connected_into_USB_3.0_adapter.jpg/330px-M.2_2242_SSD_connected_into_USB_3.0_adapter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/M.2_2242_SSD_connected_into_USB_3.0_adapter.jpg/440px-M.2_2242_SSD_connected_into_USB_3.0_adapter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="714" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a> (2242) solid-state-drive (SSD) connected into <a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">USB</a> 3.0 adapter and connected to computer</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mushkin_Ventura_USB-SSD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mushkin_Ventura_USB-SSD.jpg/220px-Mushkin_Ventura_USB-SSD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mushkin_Ventura_USB-SSD.jpg/330px-Mushkin_Ventura_USB-SSD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Mushkin_Ventura_USB-SSD.jpg/440px-Mushkin_Ventura_USB-SSD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption>Mushkin Ventura, A USB that has an SSD inside</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Configurations">Configurations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Configurations">edit</a>]</div> The size and shape of any device are largely driven by the size and shape of the components used to make that device. Traditional HDDs and <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc_drive" title="Optical disc drive">optical drives</a> are designed around the rotating <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_platter" title="Hard disk drive platter">platter</a>(s) or <a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">optical disc</a> along with the <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive_spindle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard disk drive spindle">spindle motor</a> inside. Since an SSD is made up of various interconnected <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuits</a> (ICs) and an interface connector, its shape is no longer limited to the shape of rotating media drives. Some solid-state storage solutions come in a larger chassis that may even be a rack-mount form factor with numerous SSDs inside. They would all connect to a common bus inside the chassis and connect outside the box with a single connector.<a href="#cite_note-SNIA-101-3">[3]</a> For general computer use, the 2.5-inch form factor (typically found in laptops and used for most SATA SSDs) is the most popular, in three thicknesses<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> (7.0mm, 9.5mm, 14.8 or 15.0mm; with 12.0mm also available for some models). For desktop computers with 3.5-inch hard disk drive slots, a simple adapter plate can be used to make such a drive fit. Other types of form factors are more common in enterprise applications. An SSD can also be completely integrated in the other circuitry of the device, as in the <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a> <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">MacBook Air</a> (starting with the fall 2010 model).<a href="#cite_note-RXXdi-99">[99]</a> As of 2014<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit">[update]</a>, <a href="/wiki/MSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="MSATA">mSATA</a> and <a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a> form factors also gained popularity, primarily in laptops. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_HDD_form_factors">Standard HDD form factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Standard HDD form factors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samsung_SSD_840_120GB_MZ-7TD120--4_LID_REMOVED.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Samsung_SSD_840_120GB_MZ-7TD120--4_LID_REMOVED.JPG/220px-Samsung_SSD_840_120GB_MZ-7TD120--4_LID_REMOVED.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Samsung_SSD_840_120GB_MZ-7TD120--4_LID_REMOVED.JPG/330px-Samsung_SSD_840_120GB_MZ-7TD120--4_LID_REMOVED.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Samsung_SSD_840_120GB_MZ-7TD120--4_LID_REMOVED.JPG/440px-Samsung_SSD_840_120GB_MZ-7TD120--4_LID_REMOVED.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2271" data-file-height="3154" /></a><figcaption>An SSD with a 2.5-inch HDD form factor. The SSD is opened to show what is inside. It contains the controller, DRAM memory, and four NAND flash. Each NAND is 32GB.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:128GB_2230_NVME_SSD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/128GB_2230_NVME_SSD.jpg/220px-128GB_2230_NVME_SSD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/128GB_2230_NVME_SSD.jpg/330px-128GB_2230_NVME_SSD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/128GB_2230_NVME_SSD.jpg/440px-128GB_2230_NVME_SSD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>As this NVMe SSD is only 2230 size, it has a smaller controller chip with only one NAND flash without any DRAM memory.</figcaption></figure> The benefit of using a current <a href="/wiki/HDD_form_factor" class="mw-redirect" title="HDD form factor">HDD form factor</a> would be to take advantage of the extensive infrastructure already in place to mount and connect the drives to the host system.<a href="#cite_note-SNIA-101-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-aGGBC-100">[100]</a> These traditional form factors are known by the size of the rotating media (i.e., 5.25-inch, 3.5-inch, 2.5-inch or 1.8-inch) and not the dimensions of the drive casing. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standard_card_form_factors">Standard card form factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Standard card form factors">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/MSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="MSATA">mSATA</a> and <a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a></div> For applications where space is at a premium, like for ultrabooks or <a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">tablet computers</a>, a few compact form factors were standardized for flash-based SSDs. There is the mSATA form factor, which uses the <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express_Mini_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI Express Mini Card">PCI Express Mini Card</a> physical layout. It remains electrically compatible with the PCI Express Mini Card interface specification while requiring an additional connection to the SATA host controller through the same connector. <a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a> form factor, formerly known as the Next Generation Form Factor (NGFF), is a natural transition from the mSATA and physical layout it used, to a more usable and more advanced form factor. While mSATA took advantage of an existing form factor and connector, M.2 has been designed to maximize usage of the card space, while minimizing the footprint. The M.2 standard allows both SATA and <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> SSDs to be fitted onto M.2 modules.<a href="#cite_note-n8OOK-101">[101]</a> Some high performance, high capacity drives uses standard <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> <a href="/wiki/Add-in_card" class="mw-redirect" title="Add-in card">add-in card</a> form factor to house additional memory chips, permit the use of higher power levels, and allow the use of a large <a href="/wiki/Heat_sink" title="Heat sink">heat sink</a>. There are also adapter boards that converts other form factors, especially M.2 drives with PCIe interface, into regular add-in cards. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disk-on-a-module_form_factors">Disk-on-a-module form factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Disk-on-a-module form factors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Disk_on_module.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Disk_on_module.jpg/220px-Disk_on_module.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Disk_on_module.jpg/330px-Disk_on_module.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Disk_on_module.jpg/440px-Disk_on_module.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="376" /></a><figcaption>A 2 GB disk-on-a-module with PATA interface</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:512GB_DOM_SATA_SSD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/512GB_DOM_SATA_SSD.jpg/220px-512GB_DOM_SATA_SSD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/512GB_DOM_SATA_SSD.jpg/330px-512GB_DOM_SATA_SSD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/512GB_DOM_SATA_SSD.jpg/440px-512GB_DOM_SATA_SSD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="707" data-file-height="1191" /></a><figcaption>DOM (disk-on-module) SSD</figcaption></figure> A disk-on-a-module (DOM) is a flash drive with either 40/44-pin <a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">Parallel ATA</a> (PATA) or <a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> interface, intended to be plugged directly into the motherboard and used as a computer <a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">hard disk drive</a> (HDD). DOM devices emulate a traditional hard disk drive, resulting in no need for special drivers or other specific operating system support. DOMs are usually used in <a href="/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system">embedded systems</a>, which are often deployed in harsh environments where mechanical HDDs would simply fail, or in <a href="/wiki/Thin_client" title="Thin client">thin clients</a> because of small size, low power consumption, and silent operation. As of 2016,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit">[update]</a> storage capacities range from 4 MB to 128 GB with different variations in physical layouts, including vertical or horizontal orientation.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Box_form_factors">Box form factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Box form factors">edit</a>]</div> Many of the DRAM-based solutions use a box that is often designed to fit in a rack-mount system. The number of <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">DRAM</a> components required to get sufficient capacity to store the data along with the backup power supplies requires a larger space than traditional HDD form factors.<a href="#cite_note-UKh9v-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bare-board_form_factors">Bare-board form factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bare-board form factors">edit</a>]</div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_Modular_SATA-Cube_%26_AMP_SATA-Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Viking Technology SATA Cube and AMP SATA Bridge multi-layer SSDs"><img alt="Viking Technology SATA Cube and AMP SATA Bridge multi-layer SSDs" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Viking_Modular_SATA-Cube_%26_AMP_SATA-Bridge.jpg/120px-Viking_Modular_SATA-Cube_%26_AMP_SATA-Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Viking_Modular_SATA-Cube_%26_AMP_SATA-Bridge.jpg/180px-Viking_Modular_SATA-Cube_%26_AMP_SATA-Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Viking_Modular_SATA-Cube_%26_AMP_SATA-Bridge.jpg/240px-Viking_Modular_SATA-Cube_%26_AMP_SATA-Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="420" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Viking Technology SATA Cube and AMP SATA Bridge multi-layer SSDs</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_Modular_SATADIMM_w_Cable.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Viking Technology SATADIMM based SSD"><img alt="Viking Technology SATADIMM based SSD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Viking_Modular_SATADIMM_w_Cable.jpg/120px-Viking_Modular_SATADIMM_w_Cable.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Viking_Modular_SATADIMM_w_Cable.jpg/180px-Viking_Modular_SATADIMM_w_Cable.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Viking_Modular_SATADIMM_w_Cable.jpg/240px-Viking_Modular_SATADIMM_w_Cable.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="475" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Viking Technology SATADIMM based SSD</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Viking_Modular_MO-297_SATA_SSD.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="MO-297 SATA drive-on-a-module (DOM) SSD form factor"><img alt="MO-297 SATA drive-on-a-module (DOM) SSD form factor" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Viking_Modular_MO-297_SATA_SSD.jpg/120px-Viking_Modular_MO-297_SATA_SSD.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Viking_Modular_MO-297_SATA_SSD.jpg/180px-Viking_Modular_MO-297_SATA_SSD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Viking_Modular_MO-297_SATA_SSD.jpg/240px-Viking_Modular_MO-297_SATA_SSD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1356" data-file-height="1038" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">MO-297 SATA drive-on-a-module (DOM) SSD form factor</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Custom_Connector_SATA_SSD_Module.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A custom-connector SATA SSD"><img alt="A custom-connector SATA SSD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Custom_Connector_SATA_SSD_Module.jpg/120px-Custom_Connector_SATA_SSD_Module.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Custom_Connector_SATA_SSD_Module.jpg/180px-Custom_Connector_SATA_SSD_Module.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Custom_Connector_SATA_SSD_Module.jpg/240px-Custom_Connector_SATA_SSD_Module.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="984" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">A custom-connector SATA SSD</div> </li> </ul> Form factors which were more common to memory modules are now being used by SSDs to take advantage of their flexibility in laying out the components. Some of these include <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCIe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mini-PCIe#PCI_Express_Mini_Card" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-PCIe">mini PCIe</a>, <a href="/wiki/DIMM#Form_factors" title="DIMM">mini-DIMM</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MO-297&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MO-297 (page does not exist)">MO-297</a>, and many more.<a href="#cite_note-aXpRJ-103">[103]</a> The SATADIMM from Viking Technology uses an empty DDR3 DIMM slot on the motherboard to provide power to the SSD with a separate SATA connector to provide the data connection back to the computer. The result is an easy-to-install SSD with a capacity equal to drives that typically take a full 2.5-inch <a href="/wiki/Drive_bay" title="Drive bay">drive bay</a>.<a href="#cite_note-qIFdQ-104">[104]</a> At least one manufacturer, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Innodisk_Corporation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Innodisk Corporation (page does not exist)">Innodisk</a>, has produced a drive that sits directly on the SATA connector (SATADOM) on the motherboard without any need for a power cable.<a href="#cite_note-u6dAh-105">[105]</a> Some SSDs are based on the PCIe form factor and connect both the data interface and power through the PCIe connector to the host. These drives can use either direct PCIe flash controllers<a href="#cite_note-KUBX0-106">[106]</a> or a PCIe-to-SATA bridge device which then connects to SATA flash controllers.<a href="#cite_note-EQzBc-107">[107]</a> There are also SSDs that are in the form of PCIe cards, these are sometimes called HHHL (Half Height Half Length), or AIC (Add in Card) SSDs.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ball_grid_array_form_factors">Ball grid array form factors</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Ball grid array form factors">edit</a>]</div> In the early 2000s, a few companies introduced SSDs in <a href="/wiki/Ball_Grid_Array" class="mw-redirect" title="Ball Grid Array">Ball Grid Array</a> (BGA) form factors, such as M-Systems' (now <a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a>) DiskOnChip<a href="#cite_note-afmCP-111">[111]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Storage_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon Storage Technology">Silicon Storage Technology</a>'s NANDrive<a href="#cite_note-qP23g-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-qcnzi-113">[113]</a> (now produced by <a href="/wiki/Greenliant_Systems" title="Greenliant Systems">Greenliant Systems</a>), and Memoright's M1000<a href="#cite_note-W4Bm8-114">[114]</a> for use in embedded systems. The main benefits of BGA SSDs are their low power consumption, small chip package size to fit into compact subsystems, and that they can be <a href="/wiki/Soldered" class="mw-redirect" title="Soldered">soldered</a> directly onto a system motherboard to reduce adverse effects from vibration and shock.<a href="#cite_note-duhuh-115">[115]</a> Such embedded drives often adhere to the <a href="/wiki/EMMC" class="mw-redirect" title="EMMC">eMMC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Universal_Flash_Storage" title="Universal Flash Storage">eUFS</a> standards. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development_and_history">Development and history</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Development and history">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Historical_cost_of_computer_memory_and_storage.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Historical_cost_of_computer_memory_and_storage.svg/220px-Historical_cost_of_computer_memory_and_storage.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Historical_cost_of_computer_memory_and_storage.svg/330px-Historical_cost_of_computer_memory_and_storage.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Historical_cost_of_computer_memory_and_storage.svg/440px-Historical_cost_of_computer_memory_and_storage.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Historical lowest retail prices of <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">computer memory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computer_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer storage">storage</a> </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_SSDs_using_RAM_and_similar_technology">Early SSDs using RAM and similar technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Early SSDs using RAM and similar technology">edit</a>]</div> The first devices resembling solid-state drives (SSDs) used semiconductor technology, with an early example being the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1978_StorageTek_STC_4305&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1978 StorageTek STC 4305 (page does not exist)">1978 StorageTek STC 4305</a>. This device was a plug-compatible replacement for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_2305" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 2305">IBM 2305</a> hard drive, initially using <a href="/wiki/Charge-coupled_devices" class="mw-redirect" title="Charge-coupled devices">charge-coupled devices</a> for storage and later switching to <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random-access_memory" title="Dynamic random-access memory">dynamic random-access memory</a> (DRAM). The STC 4305 was significantly faster than its mechanical counterparts and cost around $400,000 for a 45 MB capacity.<a href="#cite_note-QqWhy-116">[116]</a> Though early SSD-like devices existed, they were not widely used due to their high cost and small storage capacity. In the late 1980s, companies like Zitel began selling DRAM-based SSD products under the name "RAMDisk." These devices were primarily used in specialized systems like those made by UNIVAC and Perkin-Elmer. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SSDs_using_Flash">SSDs using Flash</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: SSDs using Flash">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable floatright" style="max-width: 35em;"> <caption>SSD evolution </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Parameter</th> <th>Started with</th> <th>Developed to</th> <th>Improvement </th></tr> <tr> <td>Capacity</td> <td>20 MB</td> <td>100 TB <a href="#cite_note-Jyarq-117">[117]</a></td> <td>5-million-to-one<a href="#cite_note-QMowX-118">[118]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sequential read speed</td> <td>49.3 MB/s<a href="#cite_note-KunFgr-119">[119]</a></td> <td>15 GB/s<a href="#cite_note-OkyThn-120">[120]</a></td> <td>304.25-to-one<a href="#cite_note-kHpqo-121">[121]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sequential write speed</td> <td>80 MB/s<a href="#cite_note-Hgmhr-122">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-qmckN-123">[123]</a></td> <td>15.200 GB/s<a href="#cite_note-OkyThn-120">[120]</a></td> <td>190-to-one<a href="#cite_note-2tKP5-124">[124]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>IOPS</td> <td>79<a href="#cite_note-KunFgr-119">[119]</a></td> <td>2,500,000<a href="#cite_note-OkyThn-120">[120]</a></td> <td>31,645.56-to-one<a href="#cite_note-5iMk4-125">[125]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Access time</td> <td>0.5 ms<a href="#cite_note-KunFgr-119">[119]</a></td> <td>0.045 ms read, 0.013 ms write <a href="#cite_note-cN9qD-126">[126]</a></td> <td>Read:11-to-one,<a href="#cite_note-zzD6j-127">[127]</a> Write: 38-to-one<a href="#cite_note-mt18j-128">[128]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Price</td> <td>US$50,000 per gigabyte<a href="#cite_note-r05YJ-129">[129]</a></td> <td>US$0.05 per gigabyte<a href="#cite_note-u7scU-130">[130]</a></td> <td>10,000,000-to-one<a href="#cite_note-UZBW6-131">[131]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_DC_S3700_SSD_series,_top_side_of_a_100_GB_SATA_3.0_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Intel_DC_S3700_SSD_series%2C_top_side_of_a_100_GB_SATA_3.0_model.jpg/250px-Intel_DC_S3700_SSD_series%2C_top_side_of_a_100_GB_SATA_3.0_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Intel_DC_S3700_SSD_series%2C_top_side_of_a_100_GB_SATA_3.0_model.jpg/375px-Intel_DC_S3700_SSD_series%2C_top_side_of_a_100_GB_SATA_3.0_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Intel_DC_S3700_SSD_series%2C_top_side_of_a_100_GB_SATA_3.0_model.jpg/500px-Intel_DC_S3700_SSD_series%2C_top_side_of_a_100_GB_SATA_3.0_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_DC_S3700_SSD_series,_bottom_side_of_a_100_GB_SATA_3.0_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Intel_DC_S3700_SSD_series%2C_bottom_side_of_a_100_GB_SATA_3.0_model.jpg/250px-Intel_DC_S3700_SSD_series%2C_bottom_side_of_a_100_GB_SATA_3.0_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Intel_DC_S3700_SSD_series%2C_bottom_side_of_a_100_GB_SATA_3.0_model.jpg/375px-Intel_DC_S3700_SSD_series%2C_bottom_side_of_a_100_GB_SATA_3.0_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Intel_DC_S3700_SSD_series%2C_bottom_side_of_a_100_GB_SATA_3.0_model.jpg/500px-Intel_DC_S3700_SSD_series%2C_bottom_side_of_a_100_GB_SATA_3.0_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:SSDMCEAW120A4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/SSDMCEAW120A4.jpg/250px-SSDMCEAW120A4.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/SSDMCEAW120A4.jpg/375px-SSDMCEAW120A4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/SSDMCEAW120A4.jpg/500px-SSDMCEAW120A4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1599" data-file-height="1199" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_MSATA_SSD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Intel_MSATA_SSD.jpg/250px-Intel_MSATA_SSD.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Intel_MSATA_SSD.jpg/375px-Intel_MSATA_SSD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Intel_MSATA_SSD.jpg/500px-Intel_MSATA_SSD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1599" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Top and bottom sides of a 100GB Intel DC S3700 SATA SSD and a 120GB Intel 535 mSATA SSD.</div></div></div></div> Flash memory, a key component in modern SSDs, was invented in 1980 by <a href="/wiki/Fujio_Masuoka" title="Fujio Masuoka">Fujio Masuoka</a> at Toshiba.<a href="#cite_note-LR4Sv-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-PsRxx-133">[133]</a> Flash-based SSDs were patented in 1989 by the founders of <a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a>,<a href="#cite_note-uZUYs-134">[134]</a> which released its first product in 1991: a 20 MB SSD for IBM laptops.<a href="#cite_note-mOVpl-135">[135]</a> While the storage capacity was limited and the price high (around $1,000), this marked the beginning of a transition to flash memory as an alternative to traditional hard drives.<a href="#cite_note-computer_history-136">[136]</a> In the 1990s, new manufacturers of flash memory drives emerged, including <a href="/wiki/STEC,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="STEC, Inc.">STEC, Inc.</a>,<a href="#cite_note-xScJY-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/M-Systems" title="M-Systems">M-Systems</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Odagiri-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-ilGjH-139">[139]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=BiTMICRO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BiTMICRO (page does not exist)">BiTMICRO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kiTyE-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-OnLi9-141">[141]</a> As the technology advanced, SSDs saw dramatic improvements in capacity, speed, and affordability.<a href="#cite_note-DCoih-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-2Xelp-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-NnTqi-144">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-Daily_Tech_SSD-145">[145]</a> By 2016, commercially available SSDs had more capacity than the largest available HDDs.<a href="#cite_note-Nsx29-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-JfPBO-147">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-HKt3E-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-A7jmh-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-ZSdfU-150">[150]</a> By 2018, flash-based SSDs had reached capacities of up to 100 TB in enterprise products, with consumer SSDs offering up to 16 TB.<a href="#cite_note-Jyarq-117">[117]</a> These advancements were accompanied by significant increases in read and write speeds, with some high-end consumer models reaching speeds of up to 14.5 GB/s.<a href="#cite_note-OkyThn-120">[120]</a> In 2021, NVMe 2.0 with Zoned Namespaces (ZNS) was announced. ZNS allows data to be mapped directly to its physical location in memory, providing direct access on an SSD without a flash translation layer.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> In 2024, Samsung announced what it called the world's first SSD with a hybrid PCIe interface, the Samsung 990 EVO. The hybrid interface runs in either the x4 PCIe 4.0 or x2 PCIe 5.0 modes, a first for an M.2 SSD.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> SSD prices have also fallen dramatically, with the cost per gigabyte decreasing from around $50,000 in 1991 to less than $0.05 by 2020.<a href="#cite_note-u7scU-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Enterprise_flash_drives">Enterprise flash drives</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Enterprise flash drives">edit</a>]</div> Enterprise flash drives (EFDs) are designed for high-performance applications requiring fast input/output operations per second (<a href="/wiki/IOPS" title="IOPS">IOPS</a>), reliability, and energy efficiency. EFDs often have higher specifications than consumer SSDs, making them suitable for mission-critical applications. The term was first used by EMC in 2008 to describe SSDs built for enterprise environments.<a href="#cite_note-HjAAB-153">[153]</a><a href="#cite_note-eA2wW-154">[154]</a> One example of an EFD is the Intel DC S3700 series, launched in 2012. These drives were notable for their consistent performance, maintaining IOPS variation within a narrow range, which is crucial for enterprise environments.<a href="#cite_note-tsmg9-155">[155]</a> Another significant product is the Toshiba PX02SS series, launched in 2016. Designed for write-intensive applications like online transaction processing, these drives achieved impressive read and write speeds and high endurance ratings.<a href="#cite_note-sPOpW-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drives_using_other_persistent_memory_technologies">Drives using other persistent memory technologies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Drives using other persistent memory technologies">edit</a>]</div> In 2017, Intel introduced SSDs based on 3D XPoint technology under the Optane brand. Unlike NAND flash, 3D XPoint uses a different method to store data, offering higher IOPS performance, although sequential read and write speeds remain slower compared to traditional SSDs.<a href="#cite_note-xxSiK-157">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consumer_use">Consumer use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Consumer use">edit</a>]</div> As SSD technology continues to improve, they are increasingly used in ultra-mobile PCs and lightweight laptop systems. The first flash-memory SSD based PC to become available was the Sony Vaio UX90, announced for pre-order on 27 June 2006 and began shipping in Japan on 3 July 2006 with a 16 GB flash memory hard drive.<a href="#cite_note-6IWdz-158">[158]</a> Another of the first mainstream releases of SSD was the <a href="/wiki/OLPC_XO-1" class="mw-redirect" title="OLPC XO-1">XO Laptop</a>, built as part of the <a href="/wiki/One_Laptop_Per_Child" class="mw-redirect" title="One Laptop Per Child">One Laptop Per Child</a> project. Mass production of these computers, built for children in developing countries, began in December 2007. By 2009, <a href="/wiki/Dell" title="Dell">Dell</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dellflash-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-LmHYr-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-pRmfx-161">[161]</a> <a href="/wiki/Toshiba" title="Toshiba">Toshiba</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AxQd3-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-ywjLY-163">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asus" title="Asus">Asus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-G10Dt-164">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple</a>,<a href="#cite_note-macbookairspec-165">[165]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lenovo" title="Lenovo">Lenovo</a><a href="#cite_note-lJ9mp-166">[166]</a> had begun producing laptops with SDDs. By 2010, Apple's <a href="/wiki/MacBook_Air" title="MacBook Air">MacBook Air</a> line began using solid state drives as the default.<a href="#cite_note-sjc2m-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-macbookairspec-165">[165]</a> In 2011, Intel's <a href="/wiki/Ultrabook" title="Ultrabook">Ultrabook</a> became the first widely available consumer computers using SSDs aside from the MacBook Air.<a href="#cite_note-X97JR-168">[168]</a> At present, SDD devices are widely used and distributed by a <a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_hardware_manufacturers#Solid-state_drives_(SSDs)" title="List of computer hardware manufacturers">number of companies</a>, with a small number of companies manufacturing the NAND flash devices within them.<a href="#cite_note-GPLS6-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sales">Sales</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Sales">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Update plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Update" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/42px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/63px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg/84px-Ambox_current_red_Americas.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (April 2018)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> SSD shipments were 11 million units in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-Sw0vx-170">[170]</a> 17.3 million units in 2011<a href="#cite_note-i2013-04-05-171">[171]</a> for a total of US$5 billion,<a href="#cite_note-WO6FY-172">[172]</a> 39 million units in 2012, and were expected to rise to 83 million units in 2013<a href="#cite_note-E4yw8-173">[173]</a> to 201.4 million units in 2016<a href="#cite_note-i2013-04-05-171">[171]</a> and to 227 million units in 2017.<a href="#cite_note-tg2013-05-09-174">[174]</a> Revenues for the SSD market worldwide totaled $585 million in 2008, rising over 100% from $259 million in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-LqyBs-175">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="File-system_support">File-system support</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: File-system support">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_file_systems#File_systems_optimized_for_flash_memory,_solid_state_media" title="List of file systems">File systems optimized for flash memory, solid state media</a></div> The same <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file systems</a> used on hard disk drives can typically also be used on solid state drives. File systems that support SSDs generally also support the TRIM command, which helps the SSD to recycle discarded data. The file system does not need to manage <a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">wear leveling</a> or other flash memory characteristics, as they are handled internally by the SSD. Some <a href="/wiki/Log-structured_file_system" title="Log-structured file system">log-structured file systems</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/F2FS" title="F2FS">F2FS</a>, <a href="/wiki/JFFS2" title="JFFS2">JFFS2</a>) help to reduce <a href="/wiki/Write_amplification" title="Write amplification">write amplification</a> on SSDs, especially in situations where only very small amounts of data are changed, such as when updating <a href="/wiki/File_system#Metadata" title="File system">file-system metadata</a>. If an operating system does not support using TRIM on discrete <a href="/wiki/Paging" class="mw-redirect" title="Paging">swap</a> partitions, it might be possible to use swap files inside an ordinary file system instead. For example, OS X does not support swap partitions; it only swaps to files within a file system, so it can use TRIM when, for example, swap files are deleted.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Linux">Linux</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Linux">edit</a>]</div> Since 2010, standard Linux drive utilities have taken care of appropriate partition alignment by default.<a href="#cite_note-hovkL-176">[176]</a> Kernel support for the TRIM operation was introduced in version 2.6.33 of the Linux kernel mainline, released on 24 February 2010.<a href="#cite_note-Om4z2-177">[177]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ext4" title="Ext4">ext4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Btrfs" title="Btrfs">Btrfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/XFS" title="XFS">XFS</a>, <a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/F2FS" title="F2FS">F2FS</a> file systems include support for the discard (TRIM or UNMAP) function. To make use of TRIM, a file system must be mounted using the <code>discard</code> parameter. Linux <a href="/wiki/Paging" class="mw-redirect" title="Paging">swap</a> partitions are by default performing discard operations when the underlying drive supports TRIM, with the possibility to turn them off.<a href="#cite_note-man-8-swapon-178">[178]</a><a href="#cite_note-debian-ssd-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-3.12.5-swapfile.c-180">[180]</a> Support for queued TRIM, a <a href="/wiki/SATA_3.1" class="mw-redirect" title="SATA 3.1">SATA 3.1</a> feature that results in TRIM commands not disrupting the command queues, was introduced in Linux kernel 3.12, released on November 2, 2013.<a href="#cite_note-u6N4X-181">[181]</a> An alternative to the kernel-level TRIM operation is to use a user-space utility called <samp style="padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em; color:var( --color-subtle, #666666);">fstrim</samp> that goes through all of the unused blocks in a filesystem and dispatches TRIM commands for those areas. The<samp style="padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em; color:var( --color-subtle, #666666);">fstrim</samp>utility is usually run by <a href="/wiki/Cron" title="Cron">cron</a> as a scheduled task.<a href="#cite_note-pmNYx-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linux_performance_considerations">Linux performance considerations</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Linux performance considerations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Intel_SSD_750_series,_400_GB_add-in_card_model,_top_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Intel_SSD_750_series%2C_400_GB_add-in_card_model%2C_top_view.jpg/220px-Intel_SSD_750_series%2C_400_GB_add-in_card_model%2C_top_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Intel_SSD_750_series%2C_400_GB_add-in_card_model%2C_top_view.jpg/330px-Intel_SSD_750_series%2C_400_GB_add-in_card_model%2C_top_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Intel_SSD_750_series%2C_400_GB_add-in_card_model%2C_top_view.jpg/440px-Intel_SSD_750_series%2C_400_GB_add-in_card_model%2C_top_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>An SSD that uses <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVM Express</a> as the logical device interface, in the form of a <a href="/wiki/PCI_Express_3.0" class="mw-redirect" title="PCI Express 3.0">PCI Express 3.0</a> ×4 <a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion card</a></figcaption></figure> During installation, <a href="/wiki/Linux_distribution" title="Linux distribution">Linux distributions</a> usually do not configure the installed system to use TRIM and thus the <code><a href="/wiki/Fstab" title="Fstab">/etc/fstab</a></code> file requires manual modifications.<a href="#cite_note-JxWOV-183">[183]</a> This is because the current Linux TRIM command implementation might not be optimal.<a href="#cite_note-Nxfq0-184">[184]</a> It has been proven to cause a performance degradation instead of a performance increase under certain circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-sW7LA-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-wDoE0-186">[186]</a> As of January 2014,<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit">[update]</a> Linux sends an individual TRIM command to each sector, instead of a vectorized list defining a TRIM range as recommended by the TRIM specification.<a href="#cite_note-zm3XZ-187">[187]</a> For performance reasons, it is recommended to switch the I/O scheduler from the default <a href="/wiki/CFQ" class="mw-redirect" title="CFQ">CFQ</a> (Completely Fair Queuing) to <a href="/wiki/Noop_scheduler" title="Noop scheduler">NOOP</a> or <a href="/wiki/Deadline_scheduler" class="mw-redirect" title="Deadline scheduler">Deadline</a>. CFQ was designed for traditional magnetic media and seek optimization, thus many of those I/O scheduling efforts are wasted when used with SSDs. As part of their designs, SSDs offer much bigger levels of parallelism for I/O operations, so it is preferable to leave scheduling decisions to their internal logic, especially for high-end SSDs.<a href="#cite_note-XfeFr-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-gvY0v-189">[189]</a> A scalable block layer for high-performance SSD storage, known as blk-multiqueue or blk-mq and developed primarily by <a href="/wiki/Fusion-io" title="Fusion-io">Fusion-io</a> engineers, was merged into the <a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_mainline" class="mw-redirect" title="Linux kernel mainline">Linux kernel mainline</a> in kernel version 3.13, released on 19 January 2014. This leverages the performance offered by SSDs and NVMe by allowing much higher I/O submission rates. With this new design of the Linux kernel block layer, internal queues are split into two levels (per-CPU and hardware-submission queues), thus removing bottlenecks and allowing much higher levels of I/O parallelization. As of version 4.0 of the Linux kernel, released on 12 April 2015, <a href="/wiki/VirtIO" class="mw-redirect" title="VirtIO">VirtIO</a> block driver, the <a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> layer (which is used by Serial ATA drivers), <a href="/wiki/Device_mapper" title="Device mapper">device mapper</a> framework, <a href="/wiki/Loop_device" title="Loop device">loop device</a> driver, <a href="/wiki/Unsorted_block_images" class="mw-redirect" title="Unsorted block images">unsorted block images</a> (UBI) driver (which implements erase block management layer for flash memory devices) and <a href="/wiki/RBD_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="RBD (software)">RBD</a> driver (which exports <a href="/wiki/Ceph_(software)" title="Ceph (software)">Ceph</a> RADOS objects as block devices) have been modified to actually use this new interface; other drivers will be ported in the following releases.<a href="#cite_note-8G3eY-190">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-6vcUF-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-sBYPr-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smocf-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-pZrPl-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="macOS">macOS</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: macOS">edit</a>]</div> Versions since Mac OS X 10.6.8 (Snow Leopard) support TRIM but only when used with an Apple-purchased SSD.<a href="#cite_note-3JN4a-195">[195]</a> TRIM is not automatically enabled for third-party drives, although it can be enabled by using third-party utilities such as Trim Enabler. The status of TRIM can be checked in the System Information application or in the <code>system_profiler</code> command-line tool. Versions since OS X 10.10.4 (Yosemite) include <code>sudo trimforce enable</code> as a Terminal command that enables TRIM on non-Apple SSDs.<a href="#cite_note-tGORd-196">[196]</a> There is also a technique to enable TRIM in versions earlier than Mac OS X 10.6.8, although it remains uncertain whether TRIM is actually utilized properly in those cases.<a href="#cite_note-07z3l-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microsoft_Windows">Microsoft Windows</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Microsoft Windows">edit</a>]</div> Prior to version 7, Microsoft Windows did not take any specific measures to support solid state drives. From Windows 7, the standard <a href="/wiki/NTFS" title="NTFS">NTFS file system</a> provides support for the TRIM command.<a href="#cite_note-xoQ7F-198">[198]</a> By default, Windows 7 and newer versions execute TRIM commands automatically if the device is detected to be a solid-state drive. However, because TRIM irreversibly resets all freed space, it may be desirable to disable support where enabling data recovery is preferred over wear leveling.<a href="#cite_note-cKwlG-199">[199]</a> Windows implements TRIM for more than just file-delete operations. The TRIM operation is fully integrated with partition- and volume-level commands such as format and delete, with file-system commands relating to truncate and compression, and with the System Restore (also known as Volume Snapshot) feature.<a href="#cite_note-:1-200">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/Defragmentation" title="Defragmentation">Defragmentation</a> should be disabled on solid-state drives because the location of the file components on an SSD does not significantly impact its performance, but moving the files to make them <a href="/wiki/Contiguous_data_storage" class="mw-redirect" title="Contiguous data storage">contiguous</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Windows_Defrag" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows Defrag">Windows Defrag</a> routine will cause unnecessary write wear on the limited number of write cycles on the SSD. The <a href="/wiki/SuperFetch_feature" class="mw-redirect" title="SuperFetch feature">SuperFetch feature</a> will also not materially improve performance and causes additional overhead in the system and SSD.<a href="#cite_note-w8zKb-201">[201]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Windows_Vista">Windows Vista</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Windows Vista">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> generally expects hard disk drives rather than SSDs.<a href="#cite_note-D2PjZ-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-CWorldSpeedupSSD-203">[203]</a> <a href="/wiki/Windows_Vista" title="Windows Vista">Windows Vista</a> includes <a href="/wiki/ReadyBoost" title="ReadyBoost">ReadyBoost</a> to exploit characteristics of USB-connected flash devices, but for SSDs it only improves the default partition alignment to prevent read-modify-write operations that reduce the speed of SSDs. Most SSDs are typically split into 4 KiB sectors, while earlier systems may be based on 512 byte sectors with their default partition setups unaligned to the 4 KiB boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-1TeKf-204">[204]</a> Windows Vista does not send the TRIM command to solid-state drives, but some third-party utilities such as SSD Doctor will periodically scan the drive and TRIM the appropriate entries.<a href="#cite_note-12toS-205">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Windows_7">Windows 7</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Windows 7">edit</a>]</div> Windows 7 and later versions have native support for SSDs.<a href="#cite_note-:1-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-tMARM-206">[206]</a> The operating system detects the presence of an SSD and optimizes operation accordingly. For SSD devices, Windows 7 disables <a href="/wiki/ReadyBoost" title="ReadyBoost">ReadyBoost</a> and automatic defragmentation.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> Despite the initial statement by Steven Sinofsky before the release of Windows 7,<a href="#cite_note-:1-200">[200]</a> however, defragmentation is not disabled, even though its behavior on SSDs differs.<a href="#cite_note-:0-208">[208]</a> One reason is the low performance of <a href="/wiki/Volume_Shadow_Copy_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Volume Shadow Copy Service">Volume Shadow Copy Service</a> on fragmented SSDs.<a href="#cite_note-:0-208">[208]</a> The second reason is to avoid reaching the practical maximum number of file fragments that a volume can handle.<a href="#cite_note-:0-208">[208]</a> Windows 7 also includes support for the TRIM command to reduce garbage collection for data that the operating system has already determined is no longer valid.<a href="#cite_note-XTKn7-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-0aQpS-210">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Windows_8.1_and_later">Windows 8.1 and later</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Windows 8.1 and later">edit</a>]</div> Windows 8.1 and later Windows systems also support automatic TRIM for PCI Express SSDs based on NVMe. For Windows 7, the KB2990941 update is required for this functionality and needs to be integrated into Windows Setup using DISM if Windows 7 has to be installed on the NVMe SSD. Windows 8/8.1 also supports the SCSI unmap command, an analog of SATA TRIM, for USB-attached SSDs or SATA-to-USB enclosures. It is also supported over <a href="/wiki/USB_Attached_SCSI" title="USB Attached SCSI">USB Attached SCSI</a> Protocol (UASP). While Windows 7 supported automatic TRIM for internal SATA SSDs, Windows 8.1 and Windows 10 support manual TRIM as well as automatic TRIM for SATA, NVMe and USB-attached SSDs. Disk Defragmenter in Windows 10 and 11 may execute TRIM to optimize an SSD.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="ZFS">ZFS</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: ZFS">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris</a> as of version 10 Update 6 (released in October 2008), and recent[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>] versions of <a href="/wiki/OpenSolaris" title="OpenSolaris">OpenSolaris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Solaris_(operating_system)#SXCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Solaris (operating system)">Solaris Express Community Edition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illumos" title="Illumos">Illumos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> with <a href="/wiki/ZFS#Native_ZFS_on_Linux" title="ZFS">ZFS on Linux</a>, and <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a> all can use SSDs as a performance booster for <a href="/wiki/ZFS" title="ZFS">ZFS</a>. A low-latency SSD can be used for the ZFS Intent Log (ZIL), where it is named the SLOG. An SSD may also be used for the level 2 <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_Replacement_Cache" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive Replacement Cache">Adaptive Replacement Cache</a> (L2ARC), which is used to cache data for reading.<a href="#cite_note-brendan_entry_test-212">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: FreeBSD">edit</a>]</div> ZFS for FreeBSD introduced support for TRIM on September 23, 2012.<a href="#cite_note-RbueE-213">[213]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Unix_File_System" title="Unix File System">Unix File System</a> also supports the TRIM command.<a href="#cite_note-TfqcL-214">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Standardization_organizations">Standardization organizations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Standardization organizations">edit</a>]</div> The following are noted standardization organizations and bodies that work to create standards for solid-state drives (and other computer storage devices). The table below also includes organizations which promote the use of solid-state drives. This is not necessarily an exhaustive list. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Organization or committee </th> <th>Subcommittee of: </th> <th>Purpose </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_Information_Technology_Standards" title="International Committee for Information Technology Standards">INCITS</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Coordinates technical standards activity between ANSI in the US and joint ISO/IEC committees worldwide </td></tr> <tr> <td>T10 </td> <td>INCITS </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">SCSI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>T11 </td> <td>INCITS </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">FC</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>T13 </td> <td>INCITS </td> <td><a href="/wiki/AT_Attachment" class="mw-redirect" title="AT Attachment">ATA</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/JEDEC" title="JEDEC">JEDEC</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Develops open standards and publications for the microelectronics industry </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/JEDEC" title="JEDEC">JC-64.8</a> </td> <td>JEDEC </td> <td>Focuses on solid-state drive standards and publications </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nvmhci#Standardization" class="mw-redirect" title="Nvmhci">NVMHCI</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Provides standard software and hardware programming interfaces for nonvolatile memory subsystems </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA_International_Organization" title="Serial ATA International Organization">SATA-IO</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Provides the industry with guidance and support for implementing the SATA specification </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Small_Form_Factor_committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Small Form Factor committee">SFF Committee</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Works on storage industry standards needing attention when not addressed by other standards committees </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Storage_Networking_Industry_Association" title="Storage Networking Industry Association">SNIA</a> </td> <td data-sort-value="" style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #ececec); color: var(--color-base, inherit); vertical-align: middle; text-align: center;" class="table-na">— </td> <td>Develops and promotes standards, technologies, and educational services in the management of information </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Solid_state_storage_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state storage initiative">SSSI</a> </td> <td>SNIA </td> <td>Fosters the growth and success of solid state storage </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Board_solid-state_drive" title="Board solid-state drive">Board solid-state drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solid-state_drive_manufacturers" title="List of solid-state drive manufacturers">List of solid-state drive manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_flash_memory_controller_manufacturers" title="List of flash memory controller manufacturers">List of flash memory controller manufacturers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">Hard disk drive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAID" title="RAID">RAID</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_Core_Module" title="Flash Core Module">Flash Core Module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAM_drive" title="RAM drive">RAM drive</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output 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ACSL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919005146/http://www.storagesearch.com/ssd-slc-mlc-notes.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-09-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Storagesearch.com&rft.atitle=Are+MLC+SSDs+Ever+Safe+in+Enterprise+Apps%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storagesearch.com%2Fssd-slc-mlc-notes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-VOyVx2-69"><a href="#cite_ref-VOyVx2_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.samsung.com/semiconductor/newsroom/news-events/samsung-introduces-worlds-first-3d-v-nand-based-ssd-for-enterprise-applications/">"Samsung Introduces World's First 3D V-NAND Based SSD for Enterprise Applications"</a>. 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ACSL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100822084227/http://www.storagesearch.com/ssd-ram.html">Archived</a> from the original on 22 August 2010. Retrieved 14 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=storagesearch.com&rft.atitle=RAM+SSDs&rft.aulast=Kerekes&rft.aufirst=Zsolt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storagesearch.com%2Fssd-ram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4xj0F-72"><a href="#cite_ref-4xj0F_72-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.networkcomputing.com/storage/hybrid-dimms-and-the-quest-for-speed/a/d-id/1234704?">"Hybrid DIMMs And The Quest For Speed"</a>. 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Retrieved 20 December 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Network+Computing&rft.atitle=Hybrid+DIMMs+And+The+Quest+For+Speed&rft.date=2014-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.networkcomputing.com%2Fstorage%2Fhybrid-dimms-and-the-quest-for-speed%2Fa%2Fd-id%2F1234704%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6VNR12-73"><a href="#cite_ref-6VNR12_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLloyd2010" class="citation web cs1">Lloyd, Chris (28 January 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techradar.com/news/computing-components/storage/next-gen-storage-that-makes-ssd-look-slow-666148/2">"Next-gen storage that makes SSD look slow Using RAM drives for ultimate performance"</a>. techradar.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141204120608/http://www.techradar.com/news/computing-components/storage/next-gen-storage-that-makes-ssd-look-slow-666148/2">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2014. Retrieved 27 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=techradar.com&rft.atitle=Next-gen+storage+that+makes+SSD+look+slow+Using+RAM+drives+for+ultimate+performance&rft.date=2010-01-28&rft.aulast=Lloyd&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.techradar.com%2Fnews%2Fcomputing-components%2Fstorage%2Fnext-gen-storage-that-makes-ssd-look-slow-666148%2F2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-extremetech2-74"><a href="#cite_ref-extremetech2_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.extremetech.com/extreme/211087-intel-micron-reveal-xpoint-a-new-memory-architecture-that-claims-to-outclass-both-ddr4-and-nand">"Intel, Micron reveal Xpoint, a new memory architecture that could outclass DDR4 and NAND – ExtremeTech"</a>. 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As expected, Intel will be providing storage controllers optimized for the 3D XPoint memory</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intel+Announces+Optane+Storage+Brand+For+3D+XPoint+Products&rft.date=2015-08-18&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anandtech.com%2Fshow%2F9541%2Fintel-announces-optane-storage-brand-for-3d-xpoint-products&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cnet20152-76"><a href="#cite_ref-cnet20152_76-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/intel-and-micron-debut-3d-xpoint-storage-technology-thats-1000-times-faster-than-existing-drives/">"Intel, Micron debut 3D XPoint storage technology that's 1,000 times faster than current SSDs"</a>. CNET. 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The SSD Guy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216204943/http://thessdguy.com/seagate-upgrades-sshd-phases-out-7200rpm-hdds/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-16. Retrieved 2014-01-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Seagate+Upgrades+Hybrids%2C+Phases+Out+7%2C200RPM+HDDs&rft.pub=The+SSD+Guy&rft.date=2013-03-30&rft.au=The+SSD+Guy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthessdguy.com%2Fseagate-upgrades-sshd-phases-out-7200rpm-hdds%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ouSAC-78"><a href="#cite_ref-ouSAC_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storagesearch.com/hybriddisks-art.html">"Hybrid Storage Drives"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130606153429/http://www.storagesearch.com/hybriddisks-art.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-06-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hybrid+Storage+Drives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storagesearch.com%2Fhybriddisks-art.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-0cwDb-79"><a href="#cite_ref-0cwDb_79-0">^</a> Douglas Perry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tomshardware.co.uk/ssd-mram-memory-dram-solid-state-drive,news-38610.html">"Buffalo Shows SSDs with MRAM Cache"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216183338/http://www.tomshardware.co.uk/ssd-mram-memory-dram-solid-state-drive,news-38610.html">Archived</a> 2013-12-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-8cbyg-80"><a href="#cite_ref-8cbyg_80-0">^</a> Rick Burgess. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.techspot.com/news/50790-everspin-first-to-ship-st-mram-claims-500x-faster-than-ssds.html">"Everspin first to ship ST-MRAM, claims 500x faster than SSDs"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130403132053/http://www.techspot.com/news/50790-everspin-first-to-ship-st-mram-claims-500x-faster-than-ssds.html">Archived</a> 2013-04-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-SSD_Anthology3-81"><a href="#cite_ref-SSD_Anthology3_81-0">^</a> Cite error: The named reference <code>SSD Anthology3</code> was invoked but never defined (see the <a href="/wiki/Help:Cite_errors/Cite_error_references_no_text" title="Help:Cite errors/Cite error references no text">help page</a>).</li> <li id="cite_note-Demerjian_TPC-C_Records2-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Demerjian_TPC-C_Records2_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Demerjian_TPC-C_Records2_82-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemerjian2010" class="citation web cs1">Demerjian, Charlie (2010-05-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.semiaccurate.com/2010/05/03/sandforce-ssds-break-tpc-c-records/">"SandForce SSDs break TPC-C records"</a>. SemiAccurate.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101127210155/http://semiaccurate.com/2010/05/03/sandforce-ssds-break-tpc-c-records/">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-11-27. 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Retrieved 2010-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SSD+Moving+into+the+Mainstream+as+PCs+Go+100%25+Solid+State&rft.pub=Samsung+Semiconductor%2C+Inc&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Beard%2C+Brian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samsung.com%2Fus%2Fbusiness%2Fsemiconductor%2Fproducts%2Fpdfs%2FSSDsMovingIntoMainstreamBeard.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qIFdQ-104"><a href="#cite_ref-qIFdQ_104-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111104210611/http://www.vikingtechnology.com/products/ssd/satae/satadimm.html">"Enterprise SATADIMM"</a>. Viking Technology. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vikingtechnology.com/products/ssd/satae/satadimm.html">the original</a> on 2011-11-04. Retrieved 2010-11-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enterprise+SATADIMM&rft.pub=Viking+Technology&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vikingtechnology.com%2Fproducts%2Fssd%2Fsatae%2Fsatadimm.html%23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-u6dAh-105"><a href="#cite_ref-u6dAh_105-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.innodisk.com/flashstorage-list.jsp?interface_no=actica_dom">"SATADOM"</a>. Innodisk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707143801/http://www.innodisk.com/flashstorage-list.jsp?interface_no=actica_dom">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-07-07. Retrieved 2011-07-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SATADOM&rft.pub=Innodisk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.innodisk.com%2Fflashstorage-list.jsp%3Finterface_no%3Dactica_dom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KUBX0-106"><a href="#cite_ref-KUBX0_106-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPop2009" class="citation web cs1">Pop, Sebastian (17 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.softpedia.com/news/PCI-Express-SSD-From-Fusion-io-ioXtreme-Is-Aimed-at-the-Consumer-Market-127171.shtml">"PCI Express SSD from Fusion-io ioXtreme Is Aimed at the Consumer Market"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Softpedia" title="Softpedia">Softpedia</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716102004/http://news.softpedia.com/news/PCI-Express-SSD-From-Fusion-io-ioXtreme-Is-Aimed-at-the-Consumer-Market-127171.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 9 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PCI+Express+SSD+from+Fusion-io+ioXtreme+Is+Aimed+at+the+Consumer+Market&rft.pub=Softpedia&rft.date=2009-11-17&rft.aulast=Pop&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.softpedia.com%2Fnews%2FPCI-Express-SSD-From-Fusion-io-ioXtreme-Is-Aimed-at-the-Consumer-Market-127171.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EQzBc-107"><a href="#cite_ref-EQzBc_107-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPariseau2010" class="citation web cs1">Pariseau, Beth (16 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/news/article/0,289142,sid5_gci1454240_mem1,00.html">"LSI delivers Flash-based PCIe card with 6 Gbit/s SAS interface"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101106012145/http://searchstorage.techtarget.com/news/article/0,289142,sid5_gci1454240_mem1,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 November 2010. Retrieved 9 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=LSI+delivers+Flash-based+PCIe+card+with+6+Gbit%2Fs+SAS+interface&rft.date=2010-03-16&rft.aulast=Pariseau&rft.aufirst=Beth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsearchstorage.techtarget.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2F0%2C289142%2Csid5_gci1454240_mem1%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anandtech.com/show/13218/ssd-form-factors-proliferate-at-flash-memory-summit-2018">"SSD Form Factors Proliferate at Flash Memory Summit 2018"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SSD+Form+Factors+Proliferate+at+Flash+Memory+Summit+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anandtech.com%2Fshow%2F13218%2Fssd-form-factors-proliferate-at-flash-memory-summit-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tweaktown.com/reviews/5921/asus-rog-raidr-express-240gb-pcie-ssd-review/index.html">"ASUS ROG RAIDR Express 240GB PCIe SSD Review"</a>. 6 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASUS+ROG+RAIDR+Express+240GB+PCIe+SSD+Review&rft.date=2013-12-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tweaktown.com%2Freviews%2F5921%2Fasus-rog-raidr-express-240gb-pcie-ssd-review%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.snia.org/forums/cmsi/knowledge/formfactors">"SSD Form Factors | SNIA"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SSD+Form+Factors+%26%23124%3B+SNIA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.snia.org%2Fforums%2Fcmsi%2Fknowledge%2Fformfactors&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-afmCP-111"><a href="#cite_ref-afmCP_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKerekes" class="citation web cs1">Kerekes, Zsolt. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storagesearch.com/ssd-13.html">"SSDs"</a>. StorageSearch.com. ACSL. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110527040208/http://www.storagesearch.com/ssd-13.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 May 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=StorageSearch.com&rft.atitle=SSDs&rft.aulast=Kerekes&rft.aufirst=Zsolt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storagesearch.com%2Fssd-13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qP23g-112"><a href="#cite_ref-qP23g_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memec.ch/products/newsletter/sst/sst-issue-9december-2006-sst85ld0128-nandrive-disk-on-chip.html">"New From SST: SST85LD0128 NANDrive - Single Package Flash Based 128MB Solid State Hard Disk Drive with ATA / IDE Interface"</a>. Memec Newsletter. Dec 2006. Retrieved 27 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+From+SST%3A+SST85LD0128+NANDrive+-+Single+Package+Flash+Based+128MB+Solid+State+Hard+Disk+Drive+with+ATA+%2F+IDE+Interface&rft.pub=Memec+Newsletter&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memec.ch%2Fproducts%2Fnewsletter%2Fsst%2Fsst-issue-9december-2006-sst85ld0128-nandrive-disk-on-chip.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-qcnzi-113"><a href="#cite_ref-qcnzi_113-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111001093408/http://www.wwpi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1503:sst-announces-small-ata-solid-state-storage-devices&Itemid=2700970">"SST announces small ATA solid-state storage devices"</a>. Computer Technology Review. 26 Oct 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wwpi.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=1503:sst-announces-small-ata-solid-state-storage-devices&Itemid=2700970">the original</a> on 1 October 2011. Retrieved 27 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SST+announces+small+ATA+solid-state+storage+devices&rft.pub=Computer+Technology+Review&rft.date=2006-10-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wwpi.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D1503%3Asst-announces-small-ata-solid-state-storage-devices%26Itemid%3D2700970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-W4Bm8-114"><a href="#cite_ref-W4Bm8_114-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111125090719/http://www.memoright.com/webe/html/product/03.aspx?Page=1&p=1&num=190">"M1000 Specifications"</a>. Memoright. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.memoright.com/webe/html/product/03.aspx?Page=1&p=1&num=190">the original</a> on 2011-11-25. Retrieved 2011-07-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M1000+Specifications&rft.pub=Memoright&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.memoright.com%2Fwebe%2Fhtml%2Fproduct%2F03.aspx%3FPage%3D1%26p%3D1%26num%3D190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-duhuh-115"><a href="#cite_ref-duhuh_115-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChung2008" class="citation magazine cs1">Chung, Yuping (19 Nov 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eetimes.com/design/automotive-design/4011451/Compact-shock-and-error-tolerant-SSDs-offer-auto-infotainment-storage-options">"Compact, shock- and error-tolerant SSDs offer auto infotainment storage options"</a>. EE Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120517083943/http://www.eetimes.com/design/automotive-design/4011451/Compact-shock-and-error-tolerant-SSDs-offer-auto-infotainment-storage-options">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2012. Retrieved 27 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EE+Times&rft.atitle=Compact%2C+shock-+and+error-tolerant+SSDs+offer+auto+infotainment+storage+options&rft.date=2008-11-19&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Yuping&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eetimes.com%2Fdesign%2Fautomotive-design%2F4011451%2FCompact-shock-and-error-tolerant-SSDs-offer-auto-infotainment-storage-options&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-QqWhy-116"><a href="#cite_ref-QqWhy_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storagesearch.com/storagetek.html">"StorageTek – circa 2004"</a>. storagesearch.com. Retrieved December 11, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=storagesearch.com&rft.atitle=StorageTek+%E2%80%93+circa+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storagesearch.com%2Fstoragetek.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jyarq-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jyarq_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jyarq_117-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMui2021" class="citation web cs1">Mui, Tsing (September 19, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thefpsreview.com/2021/09/19/mushkin-enhanced-source-hc-16-tb-ssd-begins-showing-up-at-retailers/">"Mushkin Enhanced Source HC 16 TB SSD Begins Showing Up at Retailers"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_FPS_Review&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The FPS Review (page does not exist)">The FPS Review</a>. Retrieved June 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+FPS+Review&rft.atitle=Mushkin+Enhanced+Source+HC+16+TB+SSD+Begins+Showing+Up+at+Retailers&rft.date=2021-09-19&rft.aulast=Mui&rft.aufirst=Tsing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thefpsreview.com%2F2021%2F09%2F19%2Fmushkin-enhanced-source-hc-16-tb-ssd-begins-showing-up-at-retailers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-QMowX-118"><a href="#cite_ref-QMowX_118-0">^</a> 100,000,000,000,000 divided by 20,000,000. </li> <li id="cite_note-KunFgr-119">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KunFgr_119-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KunFgr_119-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KunFgr_119-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bit-tech.net/reviews/tech/storage/samsung_32gb_solid_state_drive/2/">"Samsung 32GB Solid State Drive | bit-tech.net"</a>. bit-tech.net.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bit-tech.net&rft.atitle=Samsung+32GB+Solid+State+Drive+%26%23124%3B+bit-tech.net&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbit-tech.net%2Freviews%2Ftech%2Fstorage%2Fsamsung_32gb_solid_state_drive%2F2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-OkyThn-120">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OkyThn_120-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OkyThn_120-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OkyThn_120-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OkyThn_120-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowning2024" class="citation web cs1">Downing, Shane (February 20, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tomshardware.com/pc-components/ssds/crucial-t705-2tb-ssd-review">"Crucial T705 2TB SSD Review: The Fastest SSD on The Planet"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tom%27s_Hardware" title="Tom's Hardware">Tom's Hardware</a>. Retrieved June 21, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tom%27s+Hardware&rft.atitle=Crucial+T705+2TB+SSD+Review%3A+The+Fastest+SSD+on+The+Planet&rft.date=2024-02-20&rft.aulast=Downing&rft.aufirst=Shane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tomshardware.com%2Fpc-components%2Fssds%2Fcrucial-t705-2tb-ssd-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kHpqo-121"><a href="#cite_ref-kHpqo_121-0">^</a> 15,000÷49.3 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hgmhr-122"><a href="#cite_ref-Hgmhr_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/amp/2009-12-08-seagates-first-pulsar-ssds-ready-to-blast-the-enterprise.html">"Seagate's first Pulsar SSDs ready to blast the enterprise"</a>. Engadget. 19 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=Seagate%27s+first+Pulsar+SSDs+ready+to+blast+the+enterprise&rft.date=2019-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2Famp%2F2009-12-08-seagates-first-pulsar-ssds-ready-to-blast-the-enterprise.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-qmckN-123"><a href="#cite_ref-qmckN_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2008-10-31-samsungs-25gb-50gb-enterprise-ssds-cant-stop-wont-stop-und.html">"Samsung's 25GB / 50GB Enterprise SSDs can't stop, won't stop under heavy loads"</a>. Engadget. 18 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=Samsung%27s+25GB+%2F+50GB+Enterprise+SSDs+can%27t+stop%2C+won%27t+stop+under+heavy+loads&rft.date=2019-07-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2008-10-31-samsungs-25gb-50gb-enterprise-ssds-cant-stop-wont-stop-und.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2tKP5-124"><a href="#cite_ref-2tKP5_124-0">^</a> 15,200÷80 </li> <li id="cite_note-5iMk4-125"><a href="#cite_ref-5iMk4_125-0">^</a> 2,500,000÷79 </li> <li id="cite_note-cN9qD-126"><a href="#cite_ref-cN9qD_126-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tweaktown.com/reviews/9664/wd-black-sn850-1tb-nvme-2-ssd/index.html">"WD Black SN850 1TB NVMe M.2 SSD Review"</a>. 9 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WD+Black+SN850+1TB+NVMe+M.2+SSD+Review&rft.date=2020-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tweaktown.com%2Freviews%2F9664%2Fwd-black-sn850-1tb-nvme-2-ssd%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zzD6j-127"><a href="#cite_ref-zzD6j_127-0">^</a> 0.5÷0.045 </li> <li id="cite_note-mt18j-128"><a href="#cite_ref-mt18j_128-0">^</a> 0.5÷0.013 </li> <li id="cite_note-r05YJ-129"><a href="#cite_ref-r05YJ_129-0">^</a> was 20 MB for $1000, so 20÷1000=50 so $50 per MB, a GB is 1000 MB so 50×1000=50,000 </li> <li id="cite_note-u7scU-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-u7scU_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-u7scU_130-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendle2024" class="citation web cs1">Bendle, Stewart (2024-06-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tomshardware.com/features/best-deals-on-ssds#section-best-ssd-deals">"Best SSD and Hard Drive Deals 2024"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tom%27s_Hardware" title="Tom's Hardware">Tom's Hardware</a>. Retrieved 2024-06-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tom%27s+Hardware&rft.atitle=Best+SSD+and+Hard+Drive+Deals+2024&rft.date=2024-06-20&rft.aulast=Bendle&rft.aufirst=Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tomshardware.com%2Ffeatures%2Fbest-deals-on-ssds%23section-best-ssd-deals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UZBW6-131"><a href="#cite_ref-UZBW6_131-0">^</a> 50,000 divided by 0.05 . </li> <li id="cite_note-LR4Sv-132"><a href="#cite_ref-LR4Sv_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eweek.com/storage/1987-toshiba-launches-nand-flash">"1987: Toshiba Launches NAND Flash"</a>. <a href="/wiki/EWeek" title="EWeek">eWeek</a>. April 11, 2012. Retrieved 20 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eWeek&rft.atitle=1987%3A+Toshiba+Launches+NAND+Flash&rft.date=2012-04-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eweek.com%2Fstorage%2F1987-toshiba-launches-nand-flash&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PsRxx-133"><a href="#cite_ref-PsRxx_133-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/storageengine/reusable-semiconductor-rom-introduced/">"1971: Reusable semiconductor ROM introduced"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a>. Retrieved 19 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+History+Museum&rft.atitle=1971%3A+Reusable+semiconductor+ROM+introduced&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fstorageengine%2Freusable-semiconductor-rom-introduced%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-uZUYs-134"><a href="#cite_ref-uZUYs_134-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US5297148">U.S. patent 5,297,148</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mOVpl-135"><a href="#cite_ref-mOVpl_135-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sandisk.com/about/company/history#1995---1991-section">"History of the SanDisk brand. 1991 News"</a>. sandisk.com. SanDisk Corp. 1991. Retrieved December 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sandisk.com&rft.atitle=History+of+the+SanDisk+brand.+1991+News&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sandisk.com%2Fabout%2Fcompany%2Fhistory%231995---1991-section&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-computer_history-136"><a href="#cite_ref-computer_history_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerhistory.org/storageengine/solid-state-drive-module-demonstrated/">"1991: Solid State Drive module demonstrated"</a>. Computer History Museum. Retrieved May 31, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Computer+History+Museum&rft.atitle=1991%3A+Solid+State+Drive+module+demonstrated&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerhistory.org%2Fstorageengine%2Fsolid-state-drive-module-demonstrated%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-xScJY-137"><a href="#cite_ref-xScJY_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellor" class="citation web cs1">Mellor, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/06/17/sizzle_with_this_stec/">"There's a lot of sizzle with this STEC"</a>. theregister.co.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131111170953/http://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/06/17/sizzle_with_this_stec/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 November 2013. Retrieved 24 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=theregister.co.uk&rft.atitle=There%27s+a+lot+of+sizzle+with+this+STEC&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.co.uk%2F2008%2F06%2F17%2Fsizzle_with_this_stec%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Odagiri-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Odagiri_138-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdagiriGotoSunamiNelson2010" class="citation book cs1">Odagiri, Hiroyuki; Goto, Akira; Sunami, Atsushi; Nelson, Richard R. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qfd9bgyozH0C">Intellectual Property Rights, Development, and Catch Up: An International Comparative Study</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 224–227. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957475-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-957475-9"><bdi>978-0-19-957475-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intellectual+Property+Rights%2C+Development%2C+and+Catch+Up%3A+An+International+Comparative+Study&rft.pages=224-227&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-19-957475-9&rft.aulast=Odagiri&rft.aufirst=Hiroyuki&rft.au=Goto%2C+Akira&rft.au=Sunami%2C+Atsushi&rft.au=Nelson%2C+Richard+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQfd9bgyozH0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ilGjH-139"><a href="#cite_ref-ilGjH_139-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDrossel2007" class="citation web cs1">Drossel, Gary (February 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mil-embedded.com/pdfs/SiliconSysts.Feb07.pdf">"Solid-state drives meet military storage security requirements"</a> (PDF). Military Embedded Systems. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714093115/http://www.mil-embedded.com/pdfs/SiliconSysts.Feb07.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 2011-07-14. Retrieved 2010-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Solid-state+drives+meet+military+storage+security+requirements&rft.pub=Military+Embedded+Systems&rft.date=2007-02&rft.aulast=Drossel&rft.aufirst=Gary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mil-embedded.com%2Fpdfs%2FSiliconSysts.Feb07.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kiTyE-140"><a href="#cite_ref-kiTyE_140-0">^</a> One gigabyte (1 GB) is equal to one billion bytes (10003 B). </li> <li id="cite_note-OnLi9-141"><a href="#cite_ref-OnLi9_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100501152203/http://www.bitmicro.com/press_news_releases_1999.php">"BiTMICRO 1999 News Releases"</a>. BiTMICRO. 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bitmicro.com/press_news_releases_1999.php">the original</a> on 2010-05-01. Retrieved 2010-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=BiTMICRO+1999+News+Releases&rft.pub=BiTMICRO&rft.date=1999&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bitmicro.com%2Fpress_news_releases_1999.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DCoih-142"><a href="#cite_ref-DCoih_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100509034736/http://www.fusionio.com/load/media-docsPress/fbdzz/Pressrelease_SANinhand.pdf">"Fusion-io announces ioDrive, placing the power of a SAN in the palm of your hand"</a> (PDF). Fusion-io. 2007-09-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fusionio.com/load/media-docsPress/fbdzz/Pressrelease_SANinhand.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2010-05-09. Retrieved 2010-06-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fusion-io+announces+ioDrive%2C+placing+the+power+of+a+SAN+in+the+palm+of+your+hand&rft.pub=Fusion-io&rft.date=2007-09-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fusionio.com%2Fload%2Fmedia-docsPress%2Ffbdzz%2FPressrelease_SANinhand.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2Xelp-143"><a href="#cite_ref-2Xelp_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tomshardware.com/news/OCZ-Z-Drive-RAID,7181.html">"OCZ's New Blazing Fast 1TB Z SSD Drive"</a>. Tom's Hardware. 2009-03-04. Retrieved 2009-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OCZ%27s+New+Blazing+Fast+1TB+Z+SSD+Drive&rft.pub=Tom%27s+Hardware&rft.date=2009-03-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tomshardware.com%2Fnews%2FOCZ-Z-Drive-RAID%2C7181.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NnTqi-144"><a href="#cite_ref-NnTqi_144-0">^</a> One terabyte (1 TB) is equal to one trillion bytes (10004 B). </li> <li id="cite_note-Daily_Tech_SSD-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Daily_Tech_SSD_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJansen2009" class="citation news cs1">Jansen, Ng (2009-12-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091205184340/http://www.dailytech.com/UPDATED+Micron+Announces+Worlds+First+Native+6Gbps+SATA+Solid+State+Drive/article17007.htm">"Micron Announces World's First Native 6Gbps SATA Solid State Drive"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Daily_Tech" class="mw-redirect" title="Daily Tech">Daily Tech</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailytech.com/UPDATED+Micron+Announces+Worlds+First+Native+6Gbps+SATA+Solid+State+Drive/article17007.htm">the original</a> on 2009-12-05. Retrieved 2009-12-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Tech&rft.atitle=Micron+Announces+World%27s+First+Native+6Gbps+SATA+Solid+State+Drive&rft.date=2009-12-02&rft.aulast=Jansen&rft.aufirst=Ng&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailytech.com%2FUPDATED%2BMicron%2BAnnounces%2BWorlds%2BFirst%2BNative%2B6Gbps%2BSATA%2BSolid%2BState%2BDrive%2Farticle17007.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nsx29-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Nsx29_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnthony2016" class="citation web cs1">Anthony, Sebastian (11 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2016/08/seagate-unveils-60tb-ssd-the-worlds-largest-hard-drive/">"Seagate's new 60TB SSD is world's largest"</a>. Ars Technica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Seagate%27s+new+60TB+SSD+is+world%27s+largest&rft.date=2016-08-11&rft.aulast=Anthony&rft.aufirst=Sebastian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fgadgets%2F2016%2F08%2Fseagate-unveils-60tb-ssd-the-worlds-largest-hard-drive%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JfPBO-147"><a href="#cite_ref-JfPBO_147-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.slashgear.com/seagate-boasts-of-the-fastest-ssd-flash-drive-at-10-gbs-09430785/">"Seagate boasts of the fastest SSD flash drive at 10 GB/s"</a>. SlashGear. 9 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SlashGear&rft.atitle=Seagate+boasts+of+the+fastest+SSD+flash+drive+at+10+GB%2Fs&rft.date=2016-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.slashgear.com%2Fseagate-boasts-of-the-fastest-ssd-flash-drive-at-10-gbs-09430785%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HKt3E-148"><a href="#cite_ref-HKt3E_148-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTallis" class="citation web cs1">Tallis, Billy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.anandtech.com/show/10555/seagate-introduces-10gbs-pcie-ssd-and-60tb-sas-ssd">"Seagate Introduces 10 GB/s PCIe SSD And 60TB SAS SSD"</a>. AnandTech.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AnandTech.com&rft.atitle=Seagate+Introduces+10+GB%2Fs+PCIe+SSD+And+60TB+SAS+SSD&rft.aulast=Tallis&rft.aufirst=Billy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.anandtech.com%2Fshow%2F10555%2Fseagate-introduces-10gbs-pcie-ssd-and-60tb-sas-ssd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-A7jmh-149"><a href="#cite_ref-A7jmh_149-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201025172849/https://www.computerworld.com/article/3101165/data-storage/samsungs-massive-15tb-ssd-can-be-yours-for-about-10k.amp.html">"Samsung's massive 15TB SSD can be yours – for about $10K – Computerworld"</a>. ComputerWorld.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.computerworld.com/article/3101165/data-storage/samsungs-massive-15tb-ssd-can-be-yours-for-about-10k.amp.html">the original</a> on 2020-10-25. Retrieved 2019-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ComputerWorld.com&rft.atitle=Samsung%27s+massive+15TB+SSD+can+be+yours+%E2%80%93+for+about+%2410K+%E2%80%93+Computerworld&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.computerworld.com%2Farticle%2F3101165%2Fdata-storage%2Fsamsungs-massive-15tb-ssd-can-be-yours-for-about-10k.amp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZSdfU-150"><a href="#cite_ref-ZSdfU_150-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scan.co.uk/products/15tb-samsung-pm1633a-enterprise-class-sas-30-12gb-s-ssd-25-3d-v-nand-mlc-145mm-195k-iops">"Samsung 15.36TB MZ-ILS15T0 PM1633a 15TB Enterprise Class SAS 2.5" SSD"</a>. 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Retrieved 2024-01-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tom%27s+Hardware&rft.atitle=Samsung%27s+Hybrid+990+EVO+SSD+announced+%E2%80%94+world%27s+first+hybrid+PCIe+4.0+x4+and+5.0+x2+SSD&rft.date=2024-01-23&rft.au=Shane+Downing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tomshardware.com%2Fpc-components%2Fssds%2Fsamsungs-hybrid-990-evo-ssd-announced-worlds-first-hybrid-pcie-40-x4-and-50-x2-ssd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HjAAB-153"><a href="#cite_ref-HjAAB_153-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellor" class="citation web cs1">Mellor, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://features.techworld.com/storage/3928/emc-has-changed-enterprise-disk-storage-for-ever/">"EMC has changed enterprise disk storage for ever:First into the enterprise flash breech"</a>. 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Retrieved 2010-06-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1.040%3A+efd+%E2%80%93+what%27s+in+a+name%3F&rft.pub=The+Storage+Anarchist&rft.date=2009-02-18&rft.au=Burke%2C+Barry+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthestorageanarchist.typepad.com%2Fweblog%2F2009%2F02%2F1040-efd-whats-in-a-name.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsmg9-155"><a href="#cite_ref-tsmg9_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnand_Lal_Shimpi2012" class="citation web cs1">Anand Lal Shimpi (2012-11-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anandtech.com/show/6433/intel-ssd-dc-s3700-200gb-review/2">"The Intel SSD DC S3700 (200GB) Review?"</a>. 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IT PRO. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080917171521/http://www.itpro.co.uk/111350/dell-gets-flash-with-ssd-option-for-laptops">Archived</a> from the original on 2008-09-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dell+Gets+Flash+With+SSD+Option+for+Laptops&rft.pub=IT+PRO&rft.date=2007-04-25&rft.aulast=Aughton&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itpro.co.uk%2F111350%2Fdell-gets-flash-with-ssd-option-for-laptops&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LmHYr-160"><a href="#cite_ref-LmHYr_160-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Paul (18 January 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2009/01/17/dell-adds-256gb-ssd-option-to-xps-m1330-and-m1730-laptops/">"Dell adds 256GB SSD option to XPS M1330 and M1730 laptops"</a>. engadget.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043836/http://www.engadget.com/2009/01/17/dell-adds-256gb-ssd-option-to-xps-m1330-and-m1730-laptops/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=engadget.com&rft.atitle=Dell+adds+256GB+SSD+option+to+XPS+M1330+and+M1730+laptops&rft.date=2009-01-18&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2009%2F01%2F17%2Fdell-adds-256gb-ssd-option-to-xps-m1330-and-m1730-laptops%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pRmfx-161"><a href="#cite_ref-pRmfx_161-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrothers" class="citation web cs1">Crothers, Brooke. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/dell-first-256gb-solid-state-drive-on-laptops/">"Dell first: 256GB solid-state drive on laptops"</a>. CNet.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150902020917/http://www.cnet.com/news/dell-first-256gb-solid-state-drive-on-laptops/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 September 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNet.com&rft.atitle=Dell+first%3A+256GB+solid-state+drive+on+laptops&rft.aulast=Crothers&rft.aufirst=Brooke&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fdell-first-256gb-solid-state-drive-on-laptops%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AxQd3-162"><a href="#cite_ref-AxQd3_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tomshardware.com/news/Toshiba-Portege-R600-ssd-notebook">"Toshiba Ships First Laptop With a 512 GB SSD"</a>. Tom's Hardware. 2009-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toshiba+Ships+First+Laptop+With+a+512+GB+SSD&rft.pub=Tom%27s+Hardware&rft.date=2009-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tomshardware.com%2Fnews%2FToshiba-Portege-R600-ssd-notebook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-ywjLY-163"><a href="#cite_ref-ywjLY_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10241140-1.html">"Toshiba announces world's first 512GB SSD laptop"</a>. CNET News. 2009-04-14. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110329062228/http://news.cnet.com/8301-17938_105-10241140-1.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-03-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Toshiba+announces+world%27s+first+512GB+SSD+laptop&rft.pub=CNET+News&rft.date=2009-04-14&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.cnet.com%2F8301-17938_105-10241140-1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-G10Dt-164"><a href="#cite_ref-G10Dt_164-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2007" class="citation news cs1">Chen, Shu-Ching Jean (2007-06-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070615012643/http://www.forbes.com/markets/2007/06/07/intel-asustek-laptop-markets-equity-cx_jc_0606markets3.html">"$199 Laptop Is No Child's Play"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Forbes" title="Forbes">Forbes</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/markets/2007/06/07/intel-asustek-laptop-markets-equity-cx_jc_0606markets3.html">the original</a> on 2007-06-15. Retrieved 2007-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forbes&rft.atitle=%24199+Laptop+Is+No+Child%27s+Play&rft.date=2007-06-07&rft.aulast=Chen&rft.aufirst=Shu-Ching+Jean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forbes.com%2Fmarkets%2F2007%2F06%2F07%2Fintel-asustek-laptop-markets-equity-cx_jc_0606markets3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-macbookairspec-165">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macbookairspec_165-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-macbookairspec_165-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/macbookair/specs.html">"Macbook Air Specifications"</a>. Apple Inc. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091001014416/http://www.apple.com/macbookair/specs.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2009-10-01. Retrieved 2009-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Macbook+Air+Specifications&rft.pub=Apple+Inc.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fmacbookair%2Fspecs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-lJ9mp-166"><a href="#cite_ref-lJ9mp_166-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshua_Topolsky2008" class="citation web cs1">Joshua Topolsky (2008-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2008/08/15/lenovo-slips-out-the-new-thinkpad-x301-new-cpus-128gb-ssd-sti/">"Lenovo slips out the new ThinkPad X301: new CPUs, 128GB SSD, still thin as hell"</a>. engadget.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131212140612/http://www.engadget.com/2008/08/15/lenovo-slips-out-the-new-thinkpad-x301-new-cpus-128gb-ssd-sti/">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-12-12. Retrieved 2013-12-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lenovo+slips+out+the+new+ThinkPad+X301%3A+new+CPUs%2C+128GB+SSD%2C+still+thin+as+hell&rft.pub=engadget.com&rft.date=2008-08-15&rft.au=Joshua+Topolsky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2008%2F08%2F15%2Flenovo-slips-out-the-new-thinkpad-x301-new-cpus-128gb-ssd-sti%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sjc2m-167"><a href="#cite_ref-sjc2m_167-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.apple.com/macbookair/">"MacBook Air"</a>. Apple, Inc. 2010-10-20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111222210351/http://www.apple.com/macbookair/">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-12-22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MacBook+Air&rft.pub=Apple%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2010-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.apple.com%2Fmacbookair%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-X97JR-168"><a href="#cite_ref-X97JR_168-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimms" class="citation web cs1">Simms, Craig. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnet.com/news/macbook-air-vs-the-ultrabook-alternatives/">"MacBook Air vs. the ultrabook alternatives"</a>. CNet.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924004013/http://www.cnet.com/news/macbook-air-vs-the-ultrabook-alternatives/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNet.com&rft.atitle=MacBook+Air+vs.+the+ultrabook+alternatives&rft.aulast=Simms&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnet.com%2Fnews%2Fmacbook-air-vs-the-ultrabook-alternatives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GPLS6-169"><a href="#cite_ref-GPLS6_169-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/275886/market-share-held-by-leading-nand-flash-memory-manufacturers-worldwide/">"NAND Flash manufacturers' market share 2018"</a>. Statista.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=NAND+Flash+manufacturers%27+market+share+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F275886%2Fmarket-share-held-by-leading-nand-flash-memory-manufacturers-worldwide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sw0vx-170"><a href="#cite_ref-Sw0vx_170-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.storagereview.com/ssd_sales_up_14_in_2009">SSD Sales up 14% in 2009</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130615102352/http://www.storagereview.com/ssd_sales_up_14_in_2009">Archived</a> 2013-06-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, January 20th, 2010, Brian Beeler, storagereview.com </li> <li id="cite_note-i2013-04-05-171">^ <a href="#cite_ref-i2013-04-05_171-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-i2013-04-05_171-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.isuppli.com/Memory-and-Storage/MarketWatch/pages/Solid-State-Drives-to-Score-Big-This-Year-with-Huge-Shipment-Growth.aspx">Solid State Drives to Score Big This Year with Huge Shipment Growth</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130416232801/http://www.isuppli.com/Memory-and-Storage/MarketWatch/pages/Solid-State-Drives-to-Score-Big-This-Year-with-Huge-Shipment-Growth.aspx">Archived</a> 2013-04-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, April 2, 2012, Fang Zhang, iSupply </li> <li id="cite_note-WO6FY-172"><a href="#cite_ref-WO6FY_172-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecoinsite.com/2012/01/ssd-salesprice-1-dollar-per-gb-2012.html">SSDs sales rise, prices drop below $1 per GB in 2012</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216182827/http://www.ecoinsite.com/2012/01/ssd-salesprice-1-dollar-per-gb-2012.html">Archived</a> 2013-12-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, January 10, 2012, Pedro Hernandez, ecoinsite.com </li> <li id="cite_note-E4yw8-173"><a href="#cite_ref-E4yw8_173-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.storagenewsletter.com/news/marketreport/ihs-ssd-2012">39 Million SSDs Shipped WW in 2012, Up 129% From 2011 – IHS iSuppli</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130528024324/http://www.storagenewsletter.com/news/marketreport/ihs-ssd-2012">Archived</a> 2013-05-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, January 24th, 2013, storagenewsletter.com </li> <li id="cite_note-tg2013-05-09-174"><a href="#cite_ref-tg2013-05-09_174-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tgdaily.com/hardware-brief/71502-ssds-weather-the-pc-storm">SSDs weather the PC storm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131216183622/http://www.tgdaily.com/hardware-brief/71502-ssds-weather-the-pc-storm">Archived</a> 2013-12-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, May 8, 2013, Nermin Hajdarbegovic, TG Daily, accesat la 9 mai 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-LqyBs-175"><a href="#cite_ref-LqyBs_175-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maltiel-consulting.com/SSD_Market_Share_Sales_breakdown_by_density.html">Samsung leads in 2008 SSD market with over 30% share, says Gartner</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130603060420/http://maltiel-consulting.com/SSD_Market_Share_Sales_breakdown_by_density.html">Archived</a> 2013-06-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 10 June 2009, Josephine Lien, Taipei; Jessie Shen, DIGITIMES </li> <li id="cite_note-hovkL-176"><a href="#cite_ref-hovkL_176-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarel_Zak2010" class="citation web cs1">Karel Zak (2010-02-04). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/v2.17/v2.17.1-rc1-ChangeLog">"Changes between v2.17 and v2.17.1-rc1, commit 1a2416c6ed10fcbfb48283cae7e68ee7c7f1c43d"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kernel.org" title="Kernel.org">kernel.org</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525063754/https://www.kernel.org/pub/linux/utils/util-linux/v2.17/v2.17.1-rc1-ChangeLog">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-25. Retrieved 2014-04-13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kernel.org&rft.atitle=Changes+between+v2.17+and+v2.17.1-rc1%2C+commit+1a2416c6ed10fcbfb48283cae7e68ee7c7f1c43d&rft.date=2010-02-04&rft.au=Karel+Zak&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kernel.org%2Fpub%2Flinux%2Futils%2Futil-linux%2Fv2.17%2Fv2.17.1-rc1-ChangeLog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Om4z2-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Om4z2_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_33">"Linux kernel 2.6.33"</a>. kernelnewbies.org. 2010-02-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120616025132/http://kernelnewbies.org/Linux_2_6_33">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-06-16. Retrieved 2013-11-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kernelnewbies.org&rft.atitle=Linux+kernel+2.6.33&rft.date=2010-02-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkernelnewbies.org%2FLinux_2_6_33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-man-8-swapon-178"><a href="#cite_ref-man-8-swapon_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/swapon.8.html">"swapon(8) – Linux manual page"</a>. man7.org. 2013-09-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130714134048/http://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man8/swapon.8.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-07-14. Retrieved 2013-12-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=man7.org&rft.atitle=swapon%288%29+%E2%80%93+Linux+manual+page&rft.date=2013-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fman7.org%2Flinux%2Fman-pages%2Fman8%2Fswapon.8.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-debian-ssd-179"><a href="#cite_ref-debian-ssd_179-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.debian.org/SSDOptimization">"SSD Optimization"</a>. debian.org. 2013-11-22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130705210159/http://wiki.debian.org/SSDOptimization">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-07-05. Retrieved 2013-12-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=debian.org&rft.atitle=SSD+Optimization&rft.date=2013-11-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwiki.debian.org%2FSSDOptimization&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3.12.5-swapfile.c-180"><a href="#cite_ref-3.12.5-swapfile.c_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git/tree/mm/swapfile.c?id=refs/tags/v3.12.5#n2507">"kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git: mm/swapfile.c, line 2507 (Linux kernel stable tree, version 3.12.5)"</a>. kernel.org. 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Retrieved 2012-05-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Enabling+and+Testing+SSD+TRIM+Support+Under+Linux&rft.pub=Techgage&rft.date=2011-05-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftechgage.com%2Farticle%2Fenabling_and_testing_ssd_trim_support_under_linux%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nxfq0-184"><a href="#cite_ref-Nxfq0_184-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-factory/2011-06/msg00065.html">"openSUSE mailing list: SSD detection when creating first time fstab ?"</a>. Lists.OpenSuse.org. 2011-06-02. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110617033158/http://lists.opensuse.org/opensuse-factory/2011-06/msg00065.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-06-17. Retrieved 2012-05-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lists.OpenSuse.org&rft.atitle=openSUSE+mailing+list%3A+SSD+detection+when+creating+first+time+fstab+%3F&rft.date=2011-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flists.opensuse.org%2Fopensuse-factory%2F2011-06%2Fmsg00065.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-sW7LA-185"><a href="#cite_ref-sW7LA_185-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.opensuse.org/SDB:SSD_discard_%28trim%29_support">"SSD discard (trim) support"</a>. openSUSE. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114122717/http://en.opensuse.org/SDB:SSD_discard_%28trim%29_support">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-11-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SSD+discard+%28trim%29+support&rft.pub=openSUSE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.opensuse.org%2FSDB%3ASSD_discard_%2528trim%2529_support&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wDoE0-186"><a href="#cite_ref-wDoE0_186-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patrick-nagel.net/blog/archives/337">"Patrick Nagel: Impact of ext4's discard option on my SSD"</a>. 8 July 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429174315/https://patrick-nagel.net/blog/archives/337">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-04-29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patrick+Nagel%3A+Impact+of+ext4%27s+discard+option+on+my+SSD&rft.date=2011-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpatrick-nagel.net%2Fblog%2Farchives%2F337&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-zm3XZ-187"><a href="#cite_ref-zm3XZ_187-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://git.kernel.org/cgit/linux/kernel/git/stable/linux-stable.git/tree/block/blk-lib.c?id=refs/tags/v3.12.7#n29">"block/blk-lib.c, line 29"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kernel.org" title="Kernel.org">kernel.org</a>. 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Retrieved 2013-10-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linux+I%2FO+Scheduler+Comparison+On+The+Linux+3.4+Desktop&rft.pub=Phoronix&rft.date=2012-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.phoronix.com%2Fscan.php%3Fpage%3Darticle%26item%3Dlinux_iosched_2012%26num%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gvY0v-189"><a href="#cite_ref-gvY0v_189-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1464706">"SSD benchmark of I/O schedulers"</a>. ubuntuforums.org. 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005010807/http://ubuntuforums.org/showthread.php?t=1464706">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-05. 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MacRumors. 25 March 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927023901/http://forums.macrumors.com/showthread.php?t=1124943">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-09-27. Retrieved 2011-06-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MacRumors&rft.atitle=MacRumors+Forum&rft.date=2011-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fforums.macrumors.com%2Fshowthread.php%3Ft%3D1124943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-xoQ7F-198"><a href="#cite_ref-xoQ7F_198-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130728092225/http://www.snia.org/sites/default/files2/sdc_archives/2009_presentations/thursday/NealChristiansen_ATA_TrimDeleteNotification_Windows7.pdf">"ATA Trim/Delete Notification Support in Windows 7"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 25 November 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNIX+and+Linux+System+Administration+Handbook%2C+4%2Fe&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-8131761779&rft.aulast=Nemeth&rft.aufirst=Evi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fisbn%3D8131761770&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASolid-state+drive" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2012/06/inside-the-ssd-revolution-how-solid-state-disks-really-work/">"Solid-state revolution: in-depth on how SSDs really work"</a>. Lee Hutchinson. Ars Technica. June 4, 2012.</li> <li>Mai Zheng, Joseph Tucek, Feng Qin, Mark Lillibridge, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cse.ohio-state.edu/~qin/pub-papers/SSDFault-FAST13.pdf">Understanding the Robustness of SSDs under Power Fault</a>", FAST'13</li> <li>Cheng Li, Philip Shilane, Fred Douglis, Hyong Shim, Stephen Smaldone, Grant Wallace, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/atc14/atc14-paper-li_cheng_nitro.pdf">Nitro: A Capacity-Optimized SSD Cache for Primary Storage</a>", USENIX ATC'14</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Solid-state_drive&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Solid-state_drives" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Solid-state drives">Solid-state drives</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jedec.org/news/pressreleases/jedec-continues-ssd-standardization-efforts">JEDEC Continues SSD Standardization Efforts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://snia.org/sites/default/files/NVM13-Wheeler_Linux_and_NVM.pdf">Linux & NVM: File and Storage System Challenges</a> (PDF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wiki.debian.org/SSDOptimization">Linux and SSD Optimization</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usenix.org/system/files/conference/fast13/fast13-final80.pdf">Understanding the Robustness of SSDs under Power Fault</a> (USENIX 2013, by Mai Zheng, Joseph Tucek, Feng Qin and Mark 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Solid-state_drives" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Solid-state_drive" title="Template:Solid-state drive"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Solid-state_drive" title="Template talk:Solid-state drive"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Solid-state_drive" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Solid-state drive"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Solid-state_drives" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Solid-state drives</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">Encryption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_detection_and_correction" title="Error detection and correction">ECC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_file_system" title="Flash file system">Flash file system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-level_cell" title="Multi-level cell">SLC/MLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory_controller" title="Flash memory controller">Flash memory controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garbage_collection_(SSD)" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage collection (SSD)">Garbage collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOPS" title="IOPS">IOPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bit_rate" title="Bit rate">MB/s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory#Memory_wear" title="Flash memory">Memory wear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-channel_SSD" title="Open-channel SSD">Open-channel SSD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_amplification#Over-provisioning" title="Write amplification">Over-provisioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory#Read_disturb" title="Flash memory">Read disturb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_amplification#Secure_erase" title="Write amplification">Secure erase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_storage" title="Solid-state storage">Solid-state storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trim_(computing)" title="Trim (computing)">Trim command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wear_leveling" title="Wear leveling">Wear leveling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Write_amplification" title="Write amplification">Write amplification</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flash manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK_Hynix" title="SK Hynix">SK Hynix</a> <ul><li>Bought <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>'s NAND flash SSD business and renamed it Solidigm</li></ul></li> <li>Flash Forward (joint venture between <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kioxia" title="Kioxia">Kioxia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Memory_Technologies" title="Yangtze Memory Technologies">YMTC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_flash_memory_controller_manufacturers" title="List of flash memory controller manufacturers">Controllers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Captive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SanDisk" title="SanDisk">SanDisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusion-io" title="Fusion-io">Fusion-io</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HGST" title="HGST">HGST</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STec" title="STec">sTec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kioxia" title="Kioxia">Kioxia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OCZ" title="OCZ">OCZ</a> (bankrupt, assets sold to Toshiba, which later spun off its SSD and flash business to Kioxia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indilinx" title="Indilinx">Indilinx</a> (bought by OCZ)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micron_Technology" title="Micron Technology">Micron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seagate_Technology" title="Seagate Technology">Seagate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SandForce" title="SandForce">SandForce</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SK_Hynix" title="SK Hynix">SK Hynix</a> <ul><li>Bought <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>'s NAND flash SSD business including controllers and renamed it Solidigm</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FADU&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FADU (page does not exist)">FADU</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greenliant_Systems" title="Greenliant Systems">Greenliant Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Goke_Microelectronics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Goke Microelectronics (page does not exist)">Goke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JMicron" title="JMicron">Maxiotek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvell_Technology_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Marvell Technology Group">Marvell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phison" title="Phison">Phison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PMC-Sierra" title="PMC-Sierra">PMC-Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_Motion" title="Silicon Motion">SMI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SSD manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_solid-state_drive_manufacturers" title="List of solid-state drive manufacturers">List of solid-state drive manufacturers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interfaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Host_Controller_Interface" title="Advanced Host Controller Interface">Advanced Host Controller Interface</a> (AHCI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">Fibre Channel</a> (FC)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVM Express</a> (NVMe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> (PCIe)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SATA_Express" title="SATA Express">SATA Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">Serial ATA</a> (SATA)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_attached_SCSI" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial attached SCSI">Serial attached SCSI</a> (SAS)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB" title="USB">Universal Serial Bus</a> (USB)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Configurations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive#Form_factors" title="Hard disk drive">HDD form factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="MSATA">mSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M.2" title="M.2">M.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PCI_Express" title="PCI Express">PCI Express</a> <a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">expansion card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolt_(interface)" title="Thunderbolt (interface)">Thunderbolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/USB-C" title="USB-C">USB Type-C</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.2" title="U.2">U.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U.3" class="mw-redirect" title="U.3">U.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDSFF" class="mw-redirect" title="EDSFF">EDSFF</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_for_Information_Technology_Standards" title="International Committee for Information Technology Standards">INCITS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JEDEC" title="JEDEC">JEDEC / JC-42, JC-64.8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_NAND_Flash_Interface_Working_Group" title="Open NAND Flash Interface Working Group">ONFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NVM_Express#History" title="NVM Express">NVMHCI Work Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_Implementers_Forum" title="USB Implementers Forum">USB-IF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA_International_Organization" title="Serial ATA International Organization">SATA-IO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Form_Factor_Committee" title="Small Form Factor Committee">SFF Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storage_Networking_Industry_Association" title="Storage Networking Industry Association">SNIA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_state_storage_initiative" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid state storage initiative">SSSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCSI" title="SCSI">T10/SCSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fibre_Channel" title="Fibre Channel">T11/FC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_ATA" title="Parallel ATA">T13/ATA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Solid-state_computer_storage" title="Category:Solid-state computer storage">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Basic_computer_components" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Basic_computer_components" title="Template talk:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Basic_computer_components" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Basic computer components"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Basic_computer_components" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Basic <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">components</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Input_device" title="Input device">Input devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pointing_device" title="Pointing device">Pointing devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_tablet" title="Graphics tablet">Graphics tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_controller" title="Game controller">Game controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Light_pen" title="Light pen">Light pen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">Mouse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_mouse" title="Optical mouse">Optical</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_trackpad" title="Optical trackpad">Optical trackpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing_stick" title="Pointing stick">Pointing stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchpad" title="Touchpad">Touchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Touchscreen" title="Touchscreen">Touchscreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trackball" title="Trackball">Trackball</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">Keyboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_scanner" title="Image scanner">Image scanner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">GPU</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microphone" title="Microphone">Microphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sound_chip" title="Sound chip">Sound chip</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcam" title="Webcam">Webcam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Softcam" title="Softcam">Softcam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Output_device" title="Output device">Output devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_monitor" title="Computer monitor">Monitor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_visual_display" title="Electronic visual display">Screen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">Refreshable braille display</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Printer_(computing)" title="Printer (computing)">Printer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plotter" title="Plotter">Plotter</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_speakers" title="Computer speakers">Speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_card" title="Sound card">Sound card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_card" title="Graphics card">Graphics card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Removable_media" title="Removable media">Removable data storage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disk_pack" title="Disk pack">Disk pack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppy_disk" title="Floppy disk">Floppy disk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_disc" title="Optical disc">Optical disc</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">CD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">Flash memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_card" title="Memory card">Memory card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USB_flash_drive" title="USB flash drive">USB flash drive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_case" title="Computer case">Computer case</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">Central processing unit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">Microprocessor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherboard" title="Motherboard">Motherboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">Memory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Random-access_memory" title="Random-access memory">RAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonvolatile_BIOS_memory" title="Nonvolatile BIOS memory">BIOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Data storage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_disk_drive" title="Hard disk drive">HDD</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">SSD</a> (<a href="/wiki/SATA" title="SATA">SATA</a> / <a href="/wiki/NVM_Express" title="NVM Express">NVMe</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid-state_hybrid_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Solid-state hybrid drive">SSHD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Power_supply_unit_(computer)" title="Power supply unit (computer)">Power supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Switched-mode_power_supply" title="Switched-mode power supply">SMPS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Power_MOSFET" title="Power MOSFET">Power MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltage_regulator_module" title="Voltage regulator module">VRM</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">Network interface controller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax_modem" title="Fax modem">Fax modem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansion_card" title="Expansion card">Expansion card</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_port_(hardware)" title="Computer port 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_1394" title="IEEE 1394">FireWire</a> (IEEE 1394)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_port" title="Parallel port">Parallel port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_port" title="Serial port">Serial port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_port" title="Game port">Game port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PS/2_port" title="PS/2 port">PS/2 port</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serial_ATA#eSATA" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial ATA">eSATA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Visual_Interface" title="Digital Visual Interface">DVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VGA_connector" title="VGA connector">VGA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_computing_hardware" 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