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Give us feedback →</a><a class="_text-xs _font-medium _text-gray-500 hover:_text-gray-900 dark:_text-gray-400 dark:hover:_text-gray-100 contrast-more:_text-gray-800 contrast-more:dark:_text-gray-50" href="https://github.com/graphql/graphql.github.io/tree/source/src/pages/learn/caching.mdx">Edit this page</a><button aria-hidden="true" disabled="" class="_flex _items-center _gap-1.5 _transition _opacity-100 disabled:_opacity-0 _text-xs _font-medium _text-gray-500 hover:_text-gray-900 dark:_text-gray-400 dark:hover:_text-gray-100 contrast-more:_text-gray-800 contrast-more:dark:_text-gray-50">Scroll to top<svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="_-rotate-90 _size-4 _border _rounded-full _border-current"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M9 5l7 7-7 7"></path></svg></button></div></div></nav><div id="reach-skip-nav"></div><article class="_w-full _break-words nextra-content _flex _min-h-[calc(100vh-var(--nextra-navbar-height))] _min-w-0 _justify-center _pb-8 _pr-[calc(env(safe-area-inset-right)-1.5rem)]"><main class="_w-full _min-w-0 _max-w-6xl _px-6 _pt-4 md:_px-12"><div class="nextra-breadcrumb _mt-1.5 _flex _items-center _gap-1 _overflow-hidden _text-sm _text-gray-500 dark:_text-gray-400 contrast-more:_text-current"><div class="_whitespace-nowrap _transition-colors _min-w-[24px] _overflow-hidden _text-ellipsis" title="Learn">Learn</div><svg fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke="currentColor" class="_w-3.5 _shrink-0"><path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="2" d="M9 5l7 7-7 7"></path></svg><div class="_whitespace-nowrap _transition-colors _font-medium _text-gray-700 contrast-more:_font-bold contrast-more:_text-current dark:_text-gray-100 contrast-more:dark:_text-current" title="Caching">Caching</div></div><h1 class="_mt-2 _text-4xl _font-bold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100">Caching</h1> <p class="learn-subtitle">Provide Object Identifiers so clients can build rich caches</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">In an endpoint-based API, clients can use <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Caching" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer" class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]">HTTP caching</a> to avoid refetching resources and to identify when two resources are the same. The URL in these APIs is a <em>globally unique identifier</em> that the client can leverage to build a cache.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">In GraphQL, there’s no URL-like primitive that provides this globally unique identifier for a given object. Hence, it’s a best practice for the API to expose such an identifier for clients to use as a prerequisite for certain types of caching.</p> <h2 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-10 _border-b _pb-1 _text-3xl _border-neutral-200/70 contrast-more:_border-neutral-400 dark:_border-primary-100/10 contrast-more:dark:_border-neutral-400">Globally unique IDs<a href="#globally-unique-ids" id="globally-unique-ids" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h2> <h3 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-8 _text-2xl">Standardize how objects are identified in a schema<a href="#standardize-how-objects-are-identified-in-a-schema" id="standardize-how-objects-are-identified-in-a-schema" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">One possible pattern for this is reserving a field, like <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">id</code>, to be a globally unique identifier. The example schema used throughout these docs uses this approach:</p> <div class="miniGraphiQL"><div class="query-editor"><span class="editor-name rounded-tl">Operation</span></div><div class="result-window"><span class="editor-name rounded-tr">Response</span></div></div> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">This is a powerful tool for client developers. In the same way that the URLs of a resource-based API provide a globally unique key, the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">id</code> field in this system provides a globally unique key.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">If the backend uses something like UUIDs for identifiers, then exposing this globally unique ID may be very straightforward! If the backend doesn’t have a globally unique ID for every object already, the GraphQL layer might have to construct one. Oftentimes, that’s as simple as appending the name of the type to the ID and using that as the identifier. The server might then make that ID opaque by base64-encoding it.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Optionally, this ID can then be used to work with the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">node</code> pattern when using <a class="_text-primary-600 _underline _decoration-from-font [text-underline-position:from-font]" href="/learn/global-object-identification/">global object identification</a>.</p> <h3 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-8 _text-2xl">Compatibility with existing APIs<a href="#compatibility-with-existing-apis" id="compatibility-with-existing-apis" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">One concern with using the <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">id</code> field for this purpose is how a client using the GraphQL API would work with existing APIs. For example, if our existing API accepted a type-specific ID, but our GraphQL API uses globally unique IDs, then using both at once can be tricky.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">In these cases, the GraphQL API can expose the previous API’s IDs in a separate field. This gives us the best of both worlds:</p> <ul class="[:is(ol,ul)_&]:_my-3 [&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _list-disc ltr:_ml-6 rtl:_mr-6"> <li class="_my-2">GraphQL clients can continue to rely on a consistent mechanism to get a globally unique ID.</li> <li class="_my-2">Clients that need to work with our previous API can also fetch <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">previousApiId</code> from the object, and use that.</li> </ul> <h3 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-8 _text-2xl">Alternatives<a href="#alternatives" id="alternatives" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h3> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">While globally unique IDs have proven to be a powerful pattern in the past, they are not the only pattern that can be used, nor are they right for every situation. The critical functionality that the client needs is the ability to derive a globally unique identifier for their caching. While having the server derive that ID simplifies the client, the client can also derive the identifier. This could be as simple as combining the type of the object (queried with <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">__typename</code>) with some type-unique identifier.</p> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">Additionally, if replacing an existing API with a GraphQL API, then it may be confusing if all of the fields in GraphQL are the same <strong>except</strong> <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">id</code>, which changed to be globally unique. This would be another reason why one might choose not to use <code class="nextra-code" dir="ltr">id</code> as the globally unique field.</p> <h2 class="_font-semibold _tracking-tight _text-slate-900 dark:_text-slate-100 _mt-10 _border-b _pb-1 _text-3xl _border-neutral-200/70 contrast-more:_border-neutral-400 dark:_border-primary-100/10 contrast-more:dark:_border-neutral-400">Recap<a href="#recap" id="recap" class="subheading-anchor" aria-label="Permalink for this section"></a></h2> <p class="[&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _leading-7">To recap these recommendations for using caching with GraphQL APIs:</p> <ul class="[:is(ol,ul)_&]:_my-3 [&:not(:first-child)]:_mt-6 _list-disc ltr:_ml-6 rtl:_mr-6"> <li class="_my-2">Defining a globally unique ID field for an Object type can facilitate various types of caching</li> </ul><div class="_mt-16"></div><div class="_mb-8 _flex _items-center _border-t _pt-8 dark:_border-neutral-800 contrast-more:_border-neutral-400 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